University of South Carolina Libraries
?ATE FARMING. Thai Means Real Drrersiioa fross the Risks of objections to a one-crop sys agriculture are eet forth in No. fc? of the office of the sec which Is a reprint of an ad by Bradford Knapp at iss of southern bankers. >ns why s one-crop system la are stated by Mr. Knapp to be use the system depends >ket end crop conditions of crop alone. Failure of crop of market alike bring se r. Because It doee not pro the maintenance of soil fer Because it falls to provide live stocs: industry to the waste products of the id* make He waste lands pro Because It dees not pro a system of farm manage nmder which Ubor. teams, and he used td ths fullest ad? it brings return bat once a year instead of the money over more than mse It doee not produce foods to supply the Upon the farm and keep them and strength. Ik limits knowledge, nsr ip. and dots not tester doee encc urage fai-minav' for these evils Is diver Dtierslfl cation ' however, then a change cotton to rrowing some? one Louisiana man. who that he was a convert to dl planted 400 acres of to? la other instances farmers from cotton to eom and had S*? for sale In the fall. This, not diversification U all. Is defined In the new clrcu ajnicuttural system throuRh S living or the people upon Is fr*t produced ami then n if products suited to the soil and the market condition* ttry are jsdlctously selected the main Items or profit tale la the great markets pi always keeping In rnlnd the for maintaining the ferttl sott. i easse thlni le eesentlals for its In the South are stated r garden for ?Very fem ' From one-tenth of an of on ?-hah1 an loss ted, ' well tilled, and OSl* rally as any other <?ror tri, Is what ira mean by s If must he planted in ?ee>' as to have contimiou? thus providing something for family tablo as many days In the To this Should of aa acre of p* er sweet potatoes, as food for the fe Northum or ci.n to supply the fam On the subject of ; autle tins may be obtair ed sgrknitturnJ colleges an mspwrtmont of agriculture. Produce enough corn to d the live stock, with for one year, with a little far safety. Produce) surssicnt oats and assail grain to supplement the for a year, with certainty, these small grates con the sell ln winter end provide for* nv* stock, ties any and forage U supply the live on ths farm for one year, not the wihter and summer 1? whieh not only produce hay enrten the soil. I. Produce he neceaenry mea. the) family by increased attention *T and hogs. I any poultry! hng* becsruse they can be increas raptdly for meat production, farmers should plan grafluatyl ahd' improve through the cattle' and other live so ss to consume the otherwise stets artel make our un )r?ft? er sntlllahis lande productive, family should have at 1 that one ean be In milk time. We should set some to which to work. For farmer not less thsn ons and twh sows: not less than sly two sows: not 1 'ft Hens, preferably 50 A far the etnaM-owner farmer ha set teas then two milk oows. than two sows, and not less ?? sad preferably 100 hens. All stseutd he well tended, fed, asid properly bred. When the Irving has been pro srow cotton for the main mon 1 have endeavored to lay principles rather than particular crops. For e*> m eemiarld sectione of Texse Oklahoma ths grain sorghums would naturally be substituted In place of the corn, and these, togeth? er with Sudfin grass, would furnish forage. These same general principled apply to tobacco territory, and rice territory." To put thle program into effect, two suggestions are made to the bankers and merchants In the cotton States: (1) That they conduct a campaign for a change- in the conditions on which' credit Is extended to farmers, no that "safe farming" may bo fos? tered and not discouraged. (!) To carry on an organised cam-j naign for marketing surplus products as near home as possible. In one case In Louisiana a farmer had a carload of lospedesa hay. He had difficulty m disposing ol it, but anally through the medium of the county agent, he sold it In a town 10 miles away to a livery stable keeper who had been in the habit of buying all his hay in Kansas and Colorado. In South Carolina about a year ago a carload of hogs had to be eent to Richmond or Baltimore to ho market? ed, although |S0.0f0.0e0 worth of pork products were being brought Into the State overy year. Such con ditlons encourage farmers to persist in the hazardous plan oC risking every? thing upon one crop. "Safe farming" may be beet promoted by giving to It financial credit and better marketing facilities. CAN XING AND SANITATION. Absolute Cleanliness Required by dab Deneoastsatori Serve as Object Les |i son to Entire Household. I, ?-> I rnh'Tf *??***** of I home sanitation in a more practical (way than the home canning of fruits land vegetables, iaccording to the dem? onstration ageir* of tl?e department I of agriculture and State colleges who I are working with the girls' canning Iclubs in the South. The first step in (every canning demonstration Is to [make certain that the' kitchen and all (utensils are absolutely clean and that [the product to be canned Is in sound, I wholesome condition. The next stei I la to sterilise thoroughly utensils II fruit, and cabs and jars, as heat and i Icleaullneas are the only preserving II elements allowed. In teaching the A "why" and "wherefore" of heat and 11 cleanliness In 'canning, the demon I stratorg am able to give the girls, ii r Ida. simple way, practical knowledge ol >lthe effects of bacteria and molde and ? Jto make them rcuilsc that dirt lo gyn? lonymous with these dentruetiv? rj'germa.* The girl who neglects t< ?Make these things Into' account soot i {gets a serious object lesson In a spoil led batch of canned vegetables. Fol lowing such demonstrations it is fai II easier to get fan* Hies to adopt sanl i jtary measures with, milk, water, and I other foods than when the general 11subject of sanitation is attacked di? rectly or in an abstract way. II In their campaigns against the 11 house fly, the county agents In . . -1 rfouth have found that inducing the I children to make a home-constructed 11 flytrap is far more effective than Itter? ? lature or general dtacusslon of the dan Igor from these typhoid carriers, One*. I the family natalls such a trap and i sees that It Is cater, ing hundreds and I thousands of these dirty insects right where their food In proposed, they i J are ready to consider further pre? ventive measures such as the destruc? tion of the larvae of files lit the man? ors heaps. Kt Is then not difficult tc I Induce them to screen their doors and I windows, and to continue the use of I flytraps to catch the few files that get I In In spite of screens. Willingness to j exercise the greatest care in the dis? position of garbage and filth, and es ipeotally to prevent riles from passing I from stables and outhouses Into the (house, follows logically. TOP DRESS SMALL GRAIN. Clemson College, Feb. II.?Far? mers who desire to get the beet re? sults from their oats and whea Hhould make preparations to apply a top dressing of nitrate of soda to them at the proper time, advises Clemson College. Nitrate of soda is especially desirable as a top-dress? er because of Its ready availability. ' On poor land that has not been well fertilized oats should receive pert of the nitrate of soda application early In March and the remainder of it just as the oats begin to boot or joint. On good land, where fertili? sation is ample, the entire application may be made when the oats are be? ginning to Joint. Wheat should re? ceive the same treatmont. HISTORIC HOUSE BURNED. Richmond. Vs., Feh. 23.?"Dund ora." a home butlt near Montlcello, by Thomas Jefferscn. for his nephew, Peter Jefferson Car, and latterly oc? cupied by the family of the late John B. Moon, was destroyed by fire at an early hour this mornlrg. The cause of the blase Is not known. Mrs.'Belle Maury and Misses Esther, Mary. Hallls, Agnss and Ann Moon, members of the family who occu? pied ths house, escaped with only their clothing. FRIENDSHIP IN BUSINESS. Ab Important, Yet Oft Ignored, In? fluence Leading to Success in a Man's Chosen Calling. (By Edward A. Roberts In Lancaster, Pa., Chamber of Commerce Bulle? tin.) What is the greatest factor in busi? ness-getting today Some men, especially In the build? ing business, would quickly reply prices; others would say service, and still others would regard reputation as the essential requisite. Few men would attach much importance to so? ciability or friendship as a primary In? fluence leading to success in the business world, and yet if you will stop to consider the matter, you will observe that the men in Cleveland who occupy the highest positions in the business world are also the men who are, for the most part, cordial fellows to meet and who spend more or less time In association with oth? ers. Tou will also probably conclude that the man who neglects to cultivate the equality of friendliness nowadays Is proceeding under a definite handi? cap. In the olden days when business was transacted largely through per? sonal contact of the individual with the individual?that is, before the telephone and other agencies for OUlck communication were available? there was not so much need of me? diums for encouraging that personal acquaintance which every one will admit constitutes a distinct business Such mediums are now a necessary ]>art of business life. That is why ws have in Cleveland, as in most oth? er large cities, a great variety of spec? ialised organizations which lead, in many instances, to b dsiness affiliations. Promotion of Good Feeling. A leading feature of all the existing organisations Is the promotion of so? ciability and good feeling not only for the benefit derived by the Individual fetmeelf but also for the general good of the industry in which he Is engag? ed. Unless a man Is connected with rich an 'association or other means of meeting men out of business hours, he may have dealimrs for years with them without even having a speaking acquaintance. To realise how strong the personal element; is in business getting, Just recall how readily you wlir go for a stitrofMelothes to a tailor with whom you- are well acquainted or for a pair Iof shoes to a store where you know the clerk, or for a piece of haberdash? er jr to a dealer who knows your likes and dislikes rather than to a strange place. It is the custom with many large corporations to assign certain of their men to membership in specific ortranlsatiens with a view to establish? ing a direct connection and affording opportunities for cultivating personal n> ft tact In many cases the cost of membership is mad) a legitimate charge by ths company and is figured as im item of regular expense. A well-known business man said to me the other day: "Until recently it was my belief that the man who stuck constantly to his desk and gave indi? vidual attention to evt ry item of his business would get ahead faster than the man who gave a portion of his lime to outside mattem and sought companionship and social activities In connection with business. After some observation, however, I am con? vinced that I have been on the wrong track and that not only does attend? ance at meetings, dinners, etc., have a direct business value, but that these affairs afford a mental recreation and Often an Inspiration which not only help* the business man in his own individual efficiency but these rela? tions profit him more than he realis? es." FLETCHER'S NOMINATION UP. Washington, Feb. 23.?President Wilson's nomination of Henry Prather Fletcher as ambassador to Mexico, op? posed by come Republican senators who insist that the time Is not ripe for assignment of a diplomatic rep? resentative to the Carranaa govern? ment, was favorably reported to the senate today by the foreign relations committee. It will come up at an executive session tomorrow, with ad? ministration leaders urging confirma? tion as soon as possible. The committee vote was twelve to two. Senators Borah and Smith, of Michigan, Republicans, being the only members voting negatively, and Senator Lodge, ranking Republican member, joining with those favoring confirmation. Administration senators believe favorable action by the senate la assured. Marty Trees Treated. During 1916 the demonstration agents of Clemson College and the United States Department of Agri? culture did more horticultural work for farmers than ever before. On the farms of men who were carry? ing on orchird work under their directions, the county agents pruned and sprayed 65,486 fruit trees, most of those being peach, DISPOSAL. OF DEAD ANIMALS. Burling or Burning All Carcasses Will Reduce Spread of Infectious Diseases. Often when animals die on the farm no disposal is made of their carcasses other than to drag them into a field or a near-by woods, where they are left on the surface of the ground to decompose or to be eaten by buzzards, crows, dogs, and other scavengers, or animals which feed on carrion. This practice can not be too se? verely condemned, because it con? tributes seriously to the dissemination of disease germs and the perpetuation of infectious diseases. The carcasses of animals which have succumbed to infectious diseases like anthrax, hog cholera, blackleg, tuberculosis, etc., are charged with myriads of virulent disease germs, and just as long as they remain where scavengers can reach them and por? tions of them can be carried away promiscuously, they are a dangerous meance over a large territory to ail animals which are liable to be at? tacked by disease germs. Even car* sa of animals which have died from other causes than Infectious die eases, unless they are disposed of In a proper way, are a source of danger. Left on the surface of the ground their odor soon invitee scavengers to congregate and to bring with them the infectious material with which they may have become contaminated by eating carrion elsewhere Dead animals on the farm should be hurled deep enough to prevent them from being dug up again, or they should he burned. To burn large carcasses like those of dead horses and cattle is difficult and laborious and requires a large quantity of fuel. Ih" most instances it is more economical to bury them. All ani? mals which have died of infectious diseases and are buried should be covered with a heavy layer of lime before the graves are closed. In the winter, when the ground is froten, It Js : more difficult to dig graves than at other seasons of the year, but it Is just in cold weather that disease germs remain alive and virulent longest In dead organic mat? ter and that scavengers travel the longest distance, have the best appe? tites, and are most likely to carry dis? ease germs on and,in their bodies. The extra trouble of digging graves In the winter is easily offset by the greater danger It counteracts. Low temperature prevents the multiplica? tion of'disease germs, but many kinds of disease germs are not killed or de* privad of their pernicious possibilities by exposure to a lower temperature than the lowest reached during an icy, arctic winter. Everywhere f?rmere not only should attend to the proper and safe disposal of the bodies of their own animals which unfortunately die, but they should insist on the proper disposal of the bodies of all animals which die anywhere in the regions in which their farms are located. FRUIT GROWERS CHEERED. Florence, Feb. 23.?The recent visit of Prof. Nivens, of Clemson to this county in the interest of the fruit growers seems to have resulted In cheering up some of them, and con? vincing others that they can make good if they start over. Prof. Nivens showed several farmers how to prune their trees, and he did a great deal of the pruning himself. He found several really model orchards In this vicinity; Most of them, however, he found had been very sadly neglected, and he told the farmers that they had best let the trees grow that year and start over. He found most of them too old and too badly diseased to try to save them by spraying, and too far gone in their own way to prune It is the desire of j the representatives of this work to have one model orchard, If possible, in {every community, so that the farmers can learn how to care for their trees, and Mr. McLendon has secured the cooperation of a number of growers in this way. There are at least three model orchards near Florence, and he has secured the cooperation of the Tans Bay school, and in that way he lc working out into the county in this fruit tree culture. Three model or? chards here are said to be those of Thomas H. Harllee, Jr., J. J. Jennings and the Pee Dee. experiment station. There are others that are good, but these are selected as models. Full directions will be given all farmers In all matters relating to the care of their trees and fighting disease, most of which disease is easy to con? trol If taken in time. Mr. Harllee is I said not to have lost a crop of peaches in five years, and he gladly assists any farmer in this work along with the county agent, and so does Mr. Currtn and Mr. Jennings. A number of new trees have been ordered from Clemson through the county agent, farmers being surprised to know that they can get the very best trees from the. college at 3 cents apiece. A number of young orchards have been set out In the county and the authorities agree that this section Is peculiarly suited to fruit culture, TO KNOW FARM'S COST. Take Stock of Everything Before Crop Season Begins end Also When It Is Over. Clemson College. Feb. 22.?One of the first steps toward finding, leaks and increasing pronts on the farm is to take an inventory of all property included In the farmstead, euch as land, buildings, stock, equipment, feedstuffs, etc. This is a good time to make such an inventory in South Carolina and another inventory should be made at the close of the cropping year and compared with the one tak? en now. Use an ordinary composition book, giving each subject a page to Itself; this is, a page to farm implements, one to cattle, etc. Inventory each class in detail first* Then at the end of this-detail inventory make a sum* mary for the whole farm. In ruling off the pages/for an inventory, leave a column in which may be placed the values at the end of the cropping year, in order that a comparison for the year may be easily made. In deciding on the value of things, allow for annual depreciation ae follows: In buildings, 5 per cent; in I machinery, 10 per cent; in horses more than five years old, 10 per cent; In cows, 8 per cent. The following headings are sug? gested for the inventory: Land, Farm buildings, I Household goods, ! Farm implements and vehicles, Fertilisers, including manure. Horses and mutes, Cattle, Hogs, Sheep, * Poultry, Cotton, v ' ' . Grain, Hay. Hay, Miscellaneous feedstuffs, Cash on hand and in bank, Paid up life insurance, Money due-you. If euch an inventory le made at regular intervals and I if from the total value is subtracted the total amount owing, a farmor will always have an accurate idea of the net worth of his holdings.?Extension Division, Clemson Agricultural Col? lege. SIGNS M'CORMICR COUNTY ACT. Supreme Court to Rule on Legality off MoUhm Mtassnu Provides for County Commission Columbia, Feb. 26.?Carrying the provision that the act shall not go Into effect until after a favorable de? cision by the supreme court in the ap? peal from the decision of the State board of canvassers, the act to es? tablish McCormick county lias been signed by Qov. Manning. It is furth? er provided that the act shall not be construed as affecting any question be? fore the supreme court, j McCormick county, as proposed, is situated along* the banks of the Sa? vannah river and was formed from parts of Greenwood, Abbeville and Edgefleld counties. The county Is at? tached to the Third congressional dis? trict, consisting of Abbeville, Green? wood, Andereon, Pickens and Oconee, and to the Eleventh judicial circuit consisting, of Saluda, Edgefleld and Lexington. ;. The new county will.be entitled to one representative and one senator. Abbeville county, which is now;repre? sented by three men in the lower, house, will hereafter be represented by two; the other counties remain the same. I \ ? The act creates the following board of commissioners: J. E. Brltt, T. J. Price, J. T. Fooche, J. B. Harmon, R. F. Morris, J. C. Kennedy, L. N. Cham? berlain, Warren McDaniel and W. R. Parks. The preliminary requisites for the formation of the new county, the matter of government, etc., are placed in the hands of this body. If the pend? ing . euit is favorably decided by the; supreme court there will be a special election April 11, iai6, when county, officers will be elected until the results of the general election In November have been affirmed. ., -'. jl The governor is authorised to. ap? point & special commission of seven members, one each from Edgefleld, Abbeville, .Greenwood counties, two. from MoCorraick county and two from other counties, who shall divide- and' apportion between the new county and the old counties the present lawful and bona fide indebtedness of the old counties. 1 The county will have seven town? ships. Ammonia and Nitrogen. Frequently the nitrogen content of a fertiliser is expressed in terms of ammonia, which sounds larger. Am? monia contains fourteen parts of ni? trogen and three parte of hydrogen. In other words, ammonia la four? teen-seventeenths nitrogen and a ni? trogen content given in terms of am? monia can be reduced to nitrogen by multiplying the figure by fourteen seventeenths. MOTHER PRIZE TAUEN. BRITISH STEAMER WESTBTJRN IN GERMAN HANDS. Two Hundred Prisoners Taken From Other Ships Captured by Moewe on the Vessel, Which Scope at Santa Cms for Repairs. London, Feb. 23.?A dispatch re* celved from Santa Crux, Tenerlffe (Canary Islands) says the British steamer Westburn has put in there for repairs flying the German flag and with a prise crew of seven men and one officer. The officer is believed to belong to the Germain raider Moewe In addition to her own crew there are 206 prisoners taken from various British vessels in the Westburn. The Westburn left Liverpool January 21 for Buenos Ayrea. - The Westburn is a vessel of 3,800 tons. She was.built in 1893 and la owned by J- Westall of Sunderland. The prisoners on board came from the British steamers Elamenco, Hor? ace, Clan MacTaviah and Cambridge, the British bark Edinburgh and the Belgian steamer Luxembourg. ? The Westburn after her departure from Liverpool was last reported aa passing St. Vincent, Cape Verde, Feb? ruary 4. The Elamenco left Newport, England, for Valparaiso January 21 and the Horace left Buenos Ayres Jan* uary 26 for Liverpool. The Luxem? bourg was on a voyage from Newport for the South American port January If. The bark Edinburgh sailed from Ragoon, India, Seutember 21 for Liv? erpool. The Luxembourg and the Flamenco had been placed on the overdue list. The Cambridge can not be Identi? fied. The fact that the steamer West burn has among the prisoners on board men. from the British steamer Clan MacTaviah. which was sunk after an exciting battle with the German raider Moewe oft* the coast of Africa In January seemingly would Indicate that the Flamenco, Horace, Edinburgh and Luxembuourg had met a similar fate. The Moewe. which captured the British South African liner Appam, which was later taken into Hampton Roads by a German prise crew, in ad? dition to disposing of the Can Mae* Tavish, destroyed six other steamers, the Corbrldge, which probably Is the Cambridge referred to in the London dispatch. Trader, Author, Ariadne* Drumonby and Farrinford. The Luxembourg and the Elamoneo are the largest of the*von? Ha mention ed In the London dispatch. Beth .of them carry passengem The Elamen? co, which belongs to the Pacific Steam Navigation company, waa 4,600 tone and the Luxembourg, owned by the Belgium, National ?Transportation com? pany of Antwerp* displaced 4,111 gross tons. The Horace wee of ?, 335 tone and belonged to the Liver? pool, Brasil de River Platte Steam Navigation company. The Corbrldge Is owned by the Corbrldge, Steam? ship company of Cardiff and waa of Mil tons. The Edinburgh waa a bark of L471 tone. Her home port was London. WHY PRUNING PAYS. < 5 Cemson College,; j Feb. 22.?Tree pruning is work that most be. dene before spring arrives with its life reviving effect on trees, as after that the wood will be no longer, dormant and severe pruning .may result in se? rious injury. Therefore, farmers In this State who have not attended to their pruning are advised to get busy-with it now. , An expert of the. United States Department of Agriculture ? summar? ises the principal objects of orchard pruning as follows: j 1. To modify the vigor of the tree. . 2. To keep'the tree shapely and within bounds. 3, To make the tree more stocky. 4. To open the tree top so aa to admit air and sunshine. 6. To reduce the struggle for ea* Istence In the tree top. '* 6. To remove dead or interfering branches. | 7. ' To aid In stimulating the de? velopment of fruit buda 8. To thin the fruit. 9. .To' make thorough spraying possible. ? . * $ 10. To . facilitate ' the harvesting of the fruit The Horticultural " \ Division of Clemson College will answer any questions about pruning that South Carolina farmers wish to ask. An Important Implement. One of the most Important of farm Implements is sadly neglected on many South Carolina farma It can be bought for five cents or less. Yet. an intelligent use of It can save a farmer hundreds of dollars. Use of it will in many cases turn an unprof? itable farm into a profitable one or will increase the profits where some are already being made. This mar? velous farm implement is the com? mon lead pencil. Most farmers do too little "figuring" for their ow SOOd, ^ ^ Si ,'r MM *, afr *?6 ? - ?I