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WEDNESDAY, SEPTEM3ER 22,1909. The Humter Watchman was found I in 1K5S and the True Southron in The Watchman and Southron ?w ha* the combined circulation and rewce of both of the old papers, U manifestly the best advertising luni In Sumter. 60tM too PAR *Tbe new rule of City Council for S?dOing orrlcertt of the police force to <nckt?*r koclal clubs has created an un "uauMi amount of discussion. There swm? t i Ih? room for debate as to the ?ease* nie wring of the new rule?some porwon* construing the rule to mean that police officers must not enter so vW?J dsbs shlle on duty, while others Itold that officers are forbidden to water so ill clubs at any time, wheth? er wft duty or not. If this is the true flBbewt of the new regulation it Is go )ng too far. A policeman Is a public pervant. it Is true, but he Is also a eil?sen and has the same rights as stfbw citizens enjoy. When off duty fhtty hn ? the right to visit places of ?ssis^'humU and recreation as other teltlsens do. If a policeman cannot ?njoy the privilege, when not on active slutv. of spending an hour or so In a wlufe. of which he is a member, or extending ihn theatre or going to see % moving picture show, or going Ash? ling, or attending church, prayer sneeting, lodge meeting, or a baseball game, he is in tough luck, and had brtt?o hunt another Job. Every cltl w?a will uoprove of a rule forblddisg gtoUrv'fficn visiting social clubs or any vtkw place of amusement or recrea? tion when on duty, unless It Is neces" to do ho in the discharge of duty, when city Council undertakes to what .? pulblic official?pollce <*r any other man In the pay esf the city? shsll do with his time when off duty, they are going too far* Id lmi, connection it Is not Inappro? priate to advert to the current report' Health Officer Reardon has been |u*red, SM a condlton precedent to btx retention of the office, to give up 'ihm position as doorkeeper and ticket taker at the Opera House. It is right ?mud pro poi that the Health Officer be required i ? give his full time and at? tention r > the duties of the office and *hat he be held to a strict nceount abliiV but if be gives ten or more "* boo ?iv to the faithful discharge lb .lufic* of his position, neither the \My Council nor the Board of Health has any right to say to him * that he shall not occasionally put in ? two 'in three hours extra work be t4NPen lb. hours of S and 11 p. m. ^Pher inlsht as well say to him that ifejesrtiiii t. ^t attend a performance in 'the up<"? h >use or go to church or Jtoadny night. There Is such a thing im yomi to extremes and this Is one wf from? times. Require the members wff the police force and the Health ?OJflrrr to perf >rm their full duty and to conduct themselves at all times 4MS. i?rtn .-e* a nd gentlemen should. Isst pait Interfere with their rights ja? men and citlsens. A 11 ?ruber of City Council states Ukat t* regulation In respect to po tkn* ?aVer* visiting social elbs has gjgflggptsgs to officers on duty only and wwt *o wlien they are off duty. This m a reasonable and proper regula tgtsw iwfl any officer who leaves, or Isss K*<t. bis beat to visit a social club wr say other place of rest, recreation ear enl"? -tulnm?nt should be dismissed grt>rn ibt. feree. see TYil trial of the alleged gispensary anmfte* will I I iken up In the Rlch Oawnty I cirt of General 0ge> is ihi., week, and unless the able ?.n<J ieso?m ? iful counsel the defend *sam have engaged to defend them ?Stall And it v/?y to secure a postpone> sweril. lb. In.iile history of the big myuM im v hm.? ill be revealed to the pwbla Attorney General Ljpon b<?s swao i.' H . protates to bring the ger*'i?*> i ? trial and we sincerely trust W> v . 11 in proving tic- guiil asr i ret] man whe aotrepdeo, or aid* ?41 and .?bin others m de;r-ud at^ Hteb H be eoss his part it will kw H? 'buy .?? Um trial Jury to do the.r .. It Attorney General Lyon pre . eOfl proof of the guilt *?.t '% oi.-n .in trial .'.nd the jury fails ko It i,* In a verdict according to the law ??? * . ib-nee, he will he as de 4 \ . edit as If the trial re iM ; In ti i.ietlon. Attorney Ge,, Vri.' , . . i i i b ? ( omicended for sc. rr*. a true i.iii against the aliased ?*.?? I if he a NNiiftpKahes no SSM?l '?????'. 0| ? ' Ital .!e CU I * ?-.1 set I?i*'whlein T;?ft Is Just as good a pwrtt saas as MdHch, Payne or Caa< w^?o are Ihs Repa bl loan pai ly sei 1 the i tp?1 I of Expert A c mi M II PalSSSli Whe was em? it b> i?i..hi the bOOkS and ,ii - *?l Oie city Officers was pre la Otty Caejpatl it was read and tmltr* ' i ? special committee. Said savsjggirtti betaf dtraetad i?> tin- roa* ?4mi*0u of referesMM te digest the re m*vt (?? t report spell to Coanell with r.?r4t?is'?? odalinis Several months Farmers' Union News ?AND - Practical Thoughts for Practical Farmers (Conducted by K. \V. Dubbs, President Farmers' Union of Sumter County.) The Watchman and Southron having decided to double its service by semi-weekly publication, would improve tha?t service by special features. The first to be Inaugurated Is this Department for the Farmers' Union and Practica' Farmers which I have been requested to conduct. It will be my aim to give the Union news and official calls of the Union. To that end officers, and members of the Union are requested to use these columns. Also to publish such clippings from the agricultural papers and Govern? ment Bulletins as I think will be of practical benefit to our readers. Ori? ginal articles by any of our readers telling o/ their successes or failures "will be appreciated and published. Trustini? thl& Department will be of mutual benefit to all concerned, THE EDITOR. All communications for tl Is Department should be sent to E. W. Dabbs. Mayesville, S. C. Some Random Thoughts. With the two issues of this week the series of articles on tile dralnane will close. It la a subject that neod.s more attention than the vast major? ity of our farmers give. If some of the money that is wasted each year on ammonlated fertilizers were put into drainage there would be a per? manent improvement of our farms, and larger yields from less fertilizers would be the results. Drainage in connection with the growing of legumes and feeding stock will* work such a revolution in our farming methods that there will be no more poor lands where this sys? tem is Intelligently followed. The sumter County Union will meet on the 1st Friday in October, the 1st day of the month, with the iSlliott local in Lee County. This will be next week. E. W. D. TILE DRAINAGE IX FOUii CAP TENS. CHAPTER III. Depth of Drains. As our object in underdrainage is lo make available to the crop as much oil as the crop can utilize it is evl ? drnt that if we can arrive at a cor i ? et notion as to the depth crop roots i would peivjtrute the soil. If they had free access to it, we can also tlx the proper (It |.;h for our drams; for the roots would extend to the same depth in ill soils regardless of the character Oj tli.- toll*. I have In on aide to see lor myself that cotton roots in drained clay soils, penetrate as far as three and one-half feet felow the sur? face. But farm crops will not send their roots Into stagnant water, and this fact explains why crops that have started off to growing nicely on re? tentive soils, during favorable weath? er, are checked In their growth by a wet season, after which they have a tendency to parch. The roots, having entered deeply into the soil the rains cause the water table or top line of ? saturation to rise among the roots which the crop has then to throw off; and after the soil water again recedes, the crop, having lost its deep roots, Is then occupying only the first few inches of soil, and must consequently suffer for want of sufficient water. In a field that had been drained three and one-half feet deep and planted In cotton, I noticed, after the winter rains set In and the drains were dis? charging water that quantities of small roots passing down the drains had lodged against the iron grating at the outlet of the main drain. The mass of roots that had accumulated in this way had almost completely filled the five-inch pipe from the end back seveial feet, ar.d it was nc.vs sary to remove the grating and sub? stitute a shackle valve, opening out? ward, so the roots could pass out as they weif v. -ashed down by the wah r The.se runts, resembling masses of matte I hair, ea.rtuinly belonged to the cotton crop of tiie teaaon .1?;st then passed, for they had the peculiar taste of OOttOB roots, and no treei or other crop- ii??t even grata- had been al? lowed lo grow on the land. Thin would atom to thow that the opinion held by most of the later writers on this subject. that drains should be placed lour ftot below the surface, Is about correct, i cannot refrain from comparing tin ted bod formed by four feet of a naturally retentive toll thai has been i i? i wi um t?aiMMMMMMMHi 1 for the tummtTi but it was expected that th? report would ha ready when Council e i ,? ??. In nn Lhe 13til in? stant. When the report was not forthcoming Tuesday night thoaewho aspected the committee lo report wer? disappointed and there h is since been a revival ol curiosity concernlnM 'he 'i rralaon report i nd the ultimate dis? position that is to be made of it. Hav* i Iruj heard the report read In Uoun Jed. the writer not devoured with curi? osity concerning the report, hut a large majority of out readeri are ask? ing why ii has been plgeon-holded? They want to know when it is to be '. published. |f it is to be published at ail. They want to see for themselvei whether the report was worth $ti<>0. have elapsed and the special commit? tee has not reported. There wer* icod and suthcient reasons why the committee could not report before Council adjourned regular meetings mellowed throughout by the action of drains and filled with fertilizing ma? terial carried down Into it by the rains, with the few inches or a foot at most, of the same character of soil in Its natural state below which is stag? nant water. Would you not like to scrape up and clean out your stables and pen your cattle to get manure to spread on that deep mellow soil? Think of the possibilities of only ten acres of such land, enriched down to the level of the drains-growing richer as time goes on. Such a ten Bore field would be a vertiable cotton or corn factory, if I may so apply the term. Distance Apart of Drains. What should be the proper distance between drains, is a question that is more difficult to answer. Deep drains may be placed at wider intervals than ?1 allow drains. But while it is true trat depth and distance have some relation to each other, we are not to suppose as .some have, that drains may be placed at almost any distance apart provided they are deep enough. A:? I have before said?and indeed the truth is self evident?water finds its way much more rapidly through some soils than through others, so it should not surprise you when I make the statement that theft are soils that c in be as well drained by placing the lines of drains 1(0 to 200 feet apart as other soils would be with drains at 40 to 60 feet intervals. Irrespec? tive of cost clay soils can not have too many drains, but economy demands that there be enough and no more. The effect of the drains in drying the soil decreases as the distance from the drains increases. At just what distance the vanishing point of this influence would be. may not be known; but we should endeavor to so adjust the intervals between the drains that the going out from one drain we would get within the in? fluence of the next before reaching the distance of that vanishing point. Experience is, after all, the only guide to the correct solution of this prob? lem. The soil nearest the drains is the first to dry; so in a drained field the effect of the drains is seen In the drying belts cf ground constantly ? Idenlng, that correspond In position with the drains beneath. If the dry? ing belts of soil do not merge into each other, or if they extend their Width too slowly after approaching arly to their limit, the drains are too far apart. It is possible to locate the drains within a very few feet, ly taking the middle lines of these ?Irving belts. Again, if the drains are too far apart the crops are very much better over and near the drains than Rlldway betwen them. In mak? ing these observations due regard should be had for the age of the drainage work; for, as 1 have before shown, it requires several seasons for drains in retentive soils to come into ' full action, and their effect will ex ' t- ad as time goes on. In the sttffest (day s??ils that have come within my experience, three and I one-half fe< t drains at forty to fifty feet Intervals, in land generally too \ >?{ for eith< .? cotton or corn, brought such land into condition for high class gardening, leaving nothing to i>? desired in the way of drain;:-,'. Drainage less thorough than this would, without doubl have increased very considerably the yield of the lees tender and less dlscriminatir.K Held crops, es will appear furtha r on. tn creek bottom with clay subsoil drains three and one-half feet deep ami eighty feel apart gave excelleni results, \\t win settle upon four feet then as tlx- proper depth for underdralns, This depth should lie secured where not toi? expensive, in working through some nun! Mats I have had to content myself with less than this depth, ow? ing t'? 'he tendency of the earth to cave, which at the greater depth would have made a sharing necessary, ESven the small difference in depth of half a foot makes a great difference in the tendency of soft earth i?? slid?>. Of. course, when we are cut? ting through a slight rise In the ground and wish to maintain the four fool depth In the lower ground be? yond, it may become necessary to ex? ceed this depth. Again, when we are Intercepting the water of springs or the slpe water coming down from higher land, will he necessare to go deeper than four feet, in order to j prevent the sipe water from per- [ OOlatlng through the soil under the drain to lower ground beyond. To surface-ditches at such frequent intervals as would be effective in draining the subsoil there are the following objections: First?It is impracticable to main- i tain the surface ditch at a sufficient depth to draw off the subsoil water. Second?Too much space is con? sumed by the surface-ditch. A ditch four feet deep, even in a stiff soil, and only wide enough on the bottom to admit the cleaning tools, would in a short time, be fully nine feet wide on top, owing to the natural slope that such earth takes in repose. The four or live feet an each bank of the I ditch, lost to any but hand cultivation, swells the width of lost land to eigh? teen or twenty feet for each ditch. Third?The first cost of the sur? face ditch of such depth, to say notb- I Ing of the annual cleaning, would be I sever:;! times greater than the cost of! opening the same depth of trench for I under-drains. J Rate of Inclination. I onee undertook to drain a very I flat f.eld, and alter running levels I over it found that the line along which it would be necesasry to lay | my main drain had a fall of only I one foot in l.GOO feet. I was then afraid to proceed with the work, as I thought that the velocity of the water in the drains would not be sufficient to keep them cl?an; though I took into account the head ol pressure exerted by the water in the soil above the pipes. While looking over the results of some experiments made by M. Dubuat, a French engi? neer, upon the scouring effects of wa- I tor, I found that a velocity of three Inches per second would move river mud In a seml-lfind condition, and this is about the same sort of ma? terial that I feared would choke my drains. Placing the outlet of my main drain nearly five feet below the surface. I laid this drain and all I lateral drains at an inclination of one I foot in BOO feet, allowing the upper j ends of all drains to rise to whev- j over they would with this rate of I fall. 1 finished the job twelve y*n?s| ago. .and last spring, before undor'nk- [ intr a piece of work In a fortv-a -r? j flefd where my drains would nec-s I ?alily have a much Hatter grade than j this, or one foot in 800, l dug Into I several Of my old lateral drains inj order to observe their condttlov). I They were as clean inside as when 1 1 laid them, so 1 proceeded with my I new' work. I knew that in the Fen j district of Lincolnshire umlerdrain - I were laid on an absolute lev.!; bat j i I had imagined that these could b?? I of no considerable length. I would j not now hesitate to lay three-Inch J drain four feet deep and one thous :>rd feet long on a perfect level. The principal of its working is this: Ima? gine a pipe one thousand feet long, j laid on a perfect level, and four feet I bfelow the surface of the ground, j Suppose that at every foot in the j length of this pipe a small vertical pipe connects with it and extends upward to the surface of the ground J and filled with water. Then we have j one thousand such stand-pipes, each one of which is filled with water, and j the weight of the water in the stand pipes acts in forcing the water along I the level pipe below. Of course in practice there is a lot of allow ance to I be made for friction and for decreas? ing head as the water falls in the J Btandplpea, but the principle is coi - j rect nevertheless. The water in the soil above each I joint of our drain, is acting through the joint upon the water In the drain just as the water In each stand-pipe would aci in the water in the horiz? ontal pipe of our imaginary arrange men:. I do not mean that you should not get all the fall you can, but wished to show that it is possible to under drain our ftatteat lands. This < x tremely Hat work must of course be executed with great precision. The nicety With which a brick layer places each brick to a line In the lace of a wall and In first-class work, repre ?enta the degree of pre< islon we should strive for and get, in laying the drains, Unlike the lim of brick in the wall, slight lateral deviations :" the drains make no practical dif? ference In their workings; but Iho made line must be strictly followed, Sizes of Drains. There are several * Ircumatances that must be considered In adjusting the sizes of underdralnB. The condition of the surface drain age. The texture of the soil, whether free or n tentlve, The rate of inclination. Depth Of the drains. Length of the drains. in eurface drainage the manner of accomplishing the end sought is dif? ferent according as the land is roll irg or level. On rolling land the ob? it d Rhould be to remove the surplus water slowly by a system of terra? dltclv b or furrowai In order <<? pre? vent erosion und at the same time allow the water time to soak Into the soil. On Very Rat lands the ditches may frequently be cut along the lines of greatest descent without giv? ing them too much fall. In either ease, when no water is allowed t'> flow on the land from outlying areas, and the surface drainage is as should be, the amount of percolativ< water to he carried off by the un derdratns may be taken as being the same. As a drain in a free soil will "draw" from a greater distance than one in a retentive soil the size of the former should be the greater, the lengths of both drains being the same. If I <^>uld get such sizes then I w ould wish, I should adopt two inches p.s the minimum size for all soils. The lateral drains would begin at their upper ends with an inside di? ameter of two inches, and the size of drain would be increased as the drain becomes lilled with water in Itl course towards the outlet or its junc? tion with the main drain. In completing the sizes of drains the total amount of the yearly rain? fall Is not so much to be considered as the fact that we often have a large per cent, of the whole year's rain concentrated within two or three weeks, and that right at the time when it is necessary to prepare the land for planting; or. as was the case this year, right in the midst of the growing season when it served only to injure or ruin the crops. It is evi? dent then that drains which would be just large enough ?.o properly drain the ground with such rainfall as we have, distributed somewhat equal? ly through the year, would be too small to suit weather conditions as they actually exist. A system of drains in a retentive soil that would remove one-fourth of an inch of rain in twenty-four hours, would so re? lieve the soil of its water of satura? tion as would bring about that alter? nate circulation of air and water through the soil which is so neces? sary to healthy growth. I will here call your attention to the fact that a drain of a capacity just sufficient to lower the water of a lake one-fourth of an Inch In twenty-four hours, will lower the water In the soil of a Held < f the same area of the lake manv times that amount in the same time, because in the latter case 5^u are dealing with the soli of saturation only, ami not with the water of at? traction. With such Ilat grades as would probably be necessary in bottom land and In rather stiff clay soil. I would consider the following sizes as being sufficient: 2 inch pipe for 2 1-2 acres. 2 1-3 inch pipe for 4 1-4 acres. 3 inch pipe for 7 acres. I 4 inch pipe for 14 acres. r. inch pipe for 25 : en s. 6 inch pipe for 40 acres, s inch piper for ?7 acres. In a mor ? open sell wh'.tfh woul absorb rain more rapidly, I would, i| place of the above su' StltUte the fol? lowing: I Inch pipe for 2 acres. I 1-2 inch pipe for 3 1-4 acres. 3 inch pipe for 5 acres. 4 inch pipe f??r 11 acres. 5 inch pipe for 20 acres. 6 inch pipe for 30 acres. S inch pipe for 6?5 acres. The sizes in above tables were computed for a fall of one foot in r.00 feet, or two and one-half inches in 100 feet, which is about the same. These sizes are for the out'ets. For instance, when the drainage of ST-acre or 66-acre field (as the ci may be > is all discharged through a single outlet, the main drain would begin at its lower end with an 8-in. pipe. This size would be properly reduced to the next size, after receiv? ing a certain portion ot the lateral system, and so on up the course o^f the drain. In a fiat field of 50 acres where all the drainage water was distributed through one outlet, I began the main drain at the outlet with a 5-inch pipe. If I had the work to do over i would begin with a 6-inch pipe. 'pB JESSE G. WHITFIELD. Demopolis, Ala. ?In Southern Cultivator. There is a nice crop of crab grass hay on the court house square. ^ Daily New York Onion Market. New York, Sept. 20? Open High Low Close Jan 12 78 12 88 12 74 12 88 Mob 12 83 12 96 12 78 12 9? May 12 88 13 00 12 82 12 18 Sept 12 78 12 78 12 7 Oct 12 65 12 78 12 61 ?2 Dec 12 80 12 93 12 74 12 Tone?Steady. FOH BALIS?Land at a bargain, 2 35 acres of farming land in Sumter County, for sale at $25.00 per acre. This includes an eight room house, barn, tenant house and flowing a? tesian well, with good timber on the tract. Purchaser to pay for papers. For a quick cash sa?e see me. Dr. Walter Cheyne. 9-18-4t FOR BALE?Seven room house, lar well fenced lot. Price low. App to S. F., 23 Warren street. 9-18-2W FOlt SALE?Seed rye and oats, will have seed wheat, barley etc., later. Booth-Harby Livestock Co., 8-2 _# FOR SALE?My Sans Souci planta? tion of six hundred acres at State burg, Sumter County. S. C. WIH sell as a whole or in parcels. Ap? ply at once to owner. C. L. Stuck ey, Bishopville, S. C. 9-13-4t-2t-a-*^. W. & S. 4t. O'Donnell&Co. The Big Store of Sumter. Another lot, 10,000 yards, of those Justly Celebrated VAL LACES, They are better than ever before. 50c per Doz Yards, 5 Cents per Yard, O'Donnell * Co. Reed's Fine Shoes For Women, New Fall Styles. Godman's Celebrat? ed School Shoes Are Here.