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SHERIDAN & SIMS, Proprietors. Syuscim^i?N. O n Q. Year'...' ~ , '.?.S1.5 0 six Months....:.^:....1;...........:.i.oo Hiuist?riioi' the Go?pcl................ j.uo Advkutiskmentd. First Instortion.........:V.::...l.'..$!l.oo Euch Subsequent Insertion............ou ' Liberal contracts made for 3 mbptb and over. > ' - # 'A'nyiv WOTQB P?^VElf. ! /?<,.,-. 8 I 7F<*T" I) ?: an orangebukg invention?can it bis ? rjrTr'l. ized f Editor Orangeburg Democrat: Sir?I propose giving the public a brief sketch of an invention through fhe medium of your paper, provided you deem it worthy your notice and --'ft^&sfcrtijpfk.jj biii^^ivo-n^y nopsis of ther details in general, which are contained in manuscript, a few of which I have issued, they be ing of auch prolixity as would not allow a request of being published in a single issue. J hope ere the sum mercloses to bp able to havd a num ber of said manuscripts sent out, that, by extending the copies from one to another after perusal the greater number of individuals will have seen the manuscript in full. I claim this invention lb bo entirely original and of such practical utility, as to bar all and every comment by any who may claim skepticism. Jt wiii bo remembered that I hazarded to make a public exhibit of this same discovery whilst in its incipienccncv, and that, top, to a very limited ex tent at our County Fair three years ago next October. I had then only reached the first parallel j creating a perpetual motion, it is true; but that motion simply gained admiration without the first redeeming step to ward the purpose in view. Since then I have practically accomplished the desired object, and hope to have an opportunity at our next County Fair to prove to t|ie committees and the public generally that I have devoted three years and six months exclusive ly to- the accomplishment of that WhisKwould benefit my fellow-man; This llFarm Water Power" which i I claim to have invented*, can be at tached to any farm which has upon it a gin-hquse for the nominal sum of fifty dollars, exclusive of the individ ual right, which at a cost of fifteen dollars, giving a power which will drive any machinery which the farm would require lor Ihc sum total of sixty-five dollars. I have in connection with my mo del twelve separate and distinct ma chines, from which the farmer could select that which this motor power will work to the greatest perfection, and will accomplish as much on eith er ono of them in the sapie length of time ob any ordinary steam engine, such as are generally used 'for sta tionary farm purposes. These seve ral machines are so arranged in con nection with the inoliye power so as to be worked separately or collective ly, subject entirely to the control of the miller. I would here state that the retire mill doe3 not require the attention of but one man, only- dur ing the ginning und packing season. This "Farm Water Power" can be utilized the world over (as well adap ted to the grain as the cotton grow ing regions) with but little cost and free from disaster and derangement, as to its motor power. It is well known that, when the farmer has to send to a toll mill ihe whole year's grinding, pounding and ginning that the toll consumes the one-twelfth of his crop. Of late the rates of toll have been somewhat lessened, but not sullicicntly so us to prevent the farmer from making use of such niean.-i as are within the reach of the humblest to keep within himself this annual tax. I would say to those who have gin . < ill- I ? " I I ?! a bouses and would Jike to procure this motor power, that I have a model in as perfect woiking order a? any ma chine extant, and would be pleased to exhibit it to any one who would like to see its perfection. I will state in connection that the number of machines operated by this power, have been added simply to show what kind of machine would be best adapted to the motor power. ". Thirty years ago we all hooted at the idea of transmitting messages thousands of miles in a moment's .time, but as soon as we were con vinced of the reality of such trans mission, oh! how simple. Well, suf fice it to say, that the invention I claim is equally true and just as sim ple^ The only reauoii that, you can give for doubling is, that it happens to beVSouthern enterprise. I would ask, is there not just n? much latent inventive ingenuity in ihn-South us elsowhere ; certainly there is, but the 'most of'tis have trained our thoughts tto an agricultural end, shutting out every other idea but that of the cul ture of cotton, etc. ; but when wo are driven to tho wall by condensed forco of low priced cotton, etc., wo cannot afford to give the tenth or twelfth of what we make to have it put into a 'marketable form. Thus the necessity' of calling this conceal ed inventive faculty into uctipn, and realty ?i^ scomc to pie andj|a^oitld seem to all, that the old adage must bo true, i. e., that necessity is with out doubt the inother of invention. Were I to write a series of articles concerning this.invention, you would uot bo convinced of its possibility, much less its reality, unless you were to see and understand the principle upon which this motor power of mine is based. I have frequently heard it said that the originators or* inventors seldom if ever enjoys the fruits of his labor. 1 believe such as a general rule to he the ease, for in most in stances these originators are obscure men like myself. Suffice it then to say, that I am successful in what my obscurity has brought to light for the benefit of my fellow-man. And now, after having fulfilled a mission which has been bestowed by an All-Wise Hand, 1 submit this for the general benefit of ;mo.nkind, and .subscribe myself us being at your service when called upon deo. vplo., and ant ready to satisfy the most skeptical as well as the moat scientific. J. II. PoOSER. Oranueucrg County, S. C. A Low Voice in Woman. Yes, we agree with that old poet who said that a low, soft voice was an "excellent thing in woman." Indeed, we feel inclined to go much farther than he has on the subject, and call it one of her crowning charms. No matter wdiat other atti actions she may have ; she may he as fair as the Trojan Helen, and as learned as the famous Mypatiaof ancient times ; she may have all the accomplishments considered requisite at the present day, and every advantage that wealth can procure, and yet if she lacks a low, sweet voice, she can never be. really fascinating. How often the spell of beauty is rudely broken by coarse, loud talking. How often you ore irresistibly drawn to a plain, unassuming woman, whose soft, sil very toues render her positively at tractive. Besides, wc fancy we can judge of the character by the voice ; the bland, smooth, fawning, tones seem to betoken deceit and hypocrisy as invariably as'thc musical, subdued voice indicates genuine refinement. In the social circle how pleasant it is to hear a woman talk in that low key which always characterizes the true lady. In the sanctuar}' at home how such a voice soolhcs the fretful child and cheers the weary husband. How sweetly its cadence lloats through the sick chandler and around the dying bed ; with what solemn melody do they breathe a prayer for the depart ing soul! Ah, yes, a low, soft voice is certainly "an excellent thing in woman." Silliness Squelched. The young gentlemen who were attending Wollbid College were in the habit of Iiirting with the girls in the village. One gentleman, whom nature had adorned with a veiy bright nose, and wdio had more mon ey than brains, asked the privilege of escorting a young lady home from an evening party entertainment at the College. His request was granted. Becoming enthusiastic in his ad miration of her, as they slowly saun tered along, ho said : "Dear "Miss Ai.na, won't you plant a geranium on my lonely grave after I am laid to rest in yon church yard ?" Miss Anna smiled very sweetly, and replied : "Dear Mr. Styles. I am afraid your noce would .scorch the root." The young man has discontinued his attentions to that young lady. Mus. Qoodinglon's grandson grad uates to-day, and the old lady is quite beside herself with joj\ She told us last evening, as she fanned herself with a leather fan that she has cherished, as she cays, "nigh on to forty .year," that "the dear boy is a member of the sinner class, and she is going out to see him gravitated by his alum martyr." Site said jjhc hoped it wouldn't hurt the dear boy much, for if anything serious should happen to him, she ndded, "1 should never forgive myself for letting him go to the universalist at all; he'd bettor have no edification at all." A Bagpipe as a Detective. For nearly two years past a young man wearing the garb of a Highland er piper has been wandering about in the coal regions ct Pensylvanin, play ing his pipe3? in tbo. streets, attending picnics and. dances, apparently de pending upon his instrument to mnko him a living. A short time since lie was playing im, a mining village on the outskirts of Scrnnton, Pa. A crowd had gathered around him, among them a mine laborer named Braidy. Suddonjy the piper ceased the uuisic, and stepping from the crowd seized Braidy by the shoulder and Announced that the laborer was his prisoner. At the sometime he produced papers which he s lid were his authority for making the arrest. Braidy seemed entirely overwhelmed by the arrest, and made no opposi tion to the authorities when it'was revealed that the piper was a detec tive. For two years ho had been on the .track of his prisoner, who is charged with having murdered, a wealthy man named Findlay in Scot land in January 1877. Braidy was iu the employ of Findlay. Early one morning the latter was found dead by the roadside, his skull crushed with a club. Brnidy had been dis charged the morning before for drunkenness. He had been heard to make a threat that he would get even with Fintlloy. He was nowhere to be fuund, but was traced to Glasgow, where it was believed he had taken a vessel for America. William Male, a detective, was employed by the relatives of the murdered man to come to this country and search for Braidy, who, it was thought, would bring up in the Pennsylvania coal re gions, where he had friends working. One of Braidy'a peculiarities was his love for'the bagpipe, so the detective, being a piper, adopted the disguise of a Scotch piper, played auoul in the coal tpwns in the hope of some day atiracting the attention of the man he was seeking, he being sure from the information lie had. received that Braidy really was somewhere iu the coal regions. The ruse succeeded after two years of patient trial. Male is now on his way to Scotland with the alleged murderer. Mother. Some one has said that a young mother is the most beautiful thing in nature. Why qualify it? Why young? Arc not all mothers beautiful? The sentimental outside beholder may prefer youth in the pretty pictures, bul I am inclined to think that sons and daughters, who are most inti mately concerned in tho matter, love and admire their inotheis most when they are old. How suggestive of something holy and venerable it is when a person talks of his "dear mother." Away with your mincing "mammas," suggestive only of a line lady, who deputes her duty to a um sc, a drawing room maternal pa rent, who is afraid to handle her olf spring for fear of soiling her line new gown. Give us the homely mother, the arms of whose love arc all em bracing ; who is beautiful always, whether oM or young; whether ar rayed in satin, or modestly attired in calico. The dear old mothers! Heav en bless them ! Sorrow. There is something about deep sor row that tends to wake Hp ttju child feeling in all of us. A man of giant intellect becomes like a little child when a great grief smiles him, or when a grave opens at his fireside. 1 have seen a stout sailor?who laughed at the tempest ? -come home when he was sick, and let his mother nurse him as if he were a baby. He was willing to lean on the arms that never failed him, So a christinn in time of trouble is brought to this chihl-leellng. He wants lo lean some where, to talk to somebody, to have somebody to love him and hold him up. One great purpose in all alllic tion is to bring us down to the ever lasting arms. What new strength and peace it gives us to feel them under neath us 1 These mighty arms cannot only hold us; they can lift us up. The eminently Radical Stales of Maine, Rhode Island and Michigan, have laws prohibiting the maiil?gc of whiles and blacks. If they believe iu pegro social ecp\iality with the wiiites (a condition which they vainly strove to force the whites of the South to accept,) why don't they practice what they preach? lilASSAMUMTTS ??MGIttUTY. M< A SAD SHOWING IN1 THE DIVORCE COUNT OF THE OLD HAY STATE. A recent letter from BaruatnblO, jjMnss., furnishes the following: A bevy of girls, none of them seemingly i more than twenty years*->!d, filed Up tho hill that leads to the county Court House, last week, and passed into the old gray stone building. Almost all of them were accompanied by elderly women, although one or two were with sprucely dressed: yduhg men. The venerable Judge Otis Lord, of Salem, took his seat upon the bench and'called the^rst case on docket for I he term of the Supreme Court. There stepped forward a blue eyed girl, whose light brown hair foil upon her back in a heavy braid,; - tho ends of which were con cealed in a blue knot. An elderly woman stood one side of her and a young man with n llowing beard on the other. Then the gul told her story. She wanted a divorce from her husbaad. Judge Lord looked at her critically for an Instant, as though astonished, not so much that a pretty girl, who dressetwarid looked as though she had run into court from school, should Svunt a divorce as that she should have already been married. Bui she said she had been married four years and that her hus band bad left her after living with her a few weeks. She admitted that the husband had been living iu the county, but urged with a pretty tremulousness, that he would not live with her. Her mother and the young man with the beard corroborated her story, and she went out of court smil ing, and was congratulated by several of the other girls and by two or three young men. Another case was called. There stepped to the stand a slender, gray eyed girl. She scemcdT to be less than eighteen years old. Her feeble, tottering mother was with her. Yet she had been married, she said, live years, and her husband would iiol support her after tlti} fir?V three months of her wedded life. The hus band, a fleshy young man, stood up in court and admitted it. Judge Lord frowned and nestled in his seat. i$ut he simply said, "J will consider the matter." A plump, rosy cheeked woman, with a literary appearance, that may have been caused by the eye glasses she wore, stepped up next, ller hus band was a sea cuptain, who had promised to take her to tea, but when he got as far as Boston with her he left her at a hotel. "Well, why did he leave you?" "I suppose he loved another wo .?,..??' ?? .....I? UOlitCI * This sea captain had lived with the girl a few mouths, and although he has often been in the same town since he has left her, yet he had refused to have anything to do with her for three years. The young woman got the decree she desired and a clerical looking man escorted her from court* Next came a'pale-fa'cod girl, whose features were regular, but whose com plexion was sallow. Sho seemed siOkty. She was married in 187-1, after ? week of honey-moon her hus band left her with the remmk that he wanted nothing more to do with her. "Did you go to himV" "No, sir." "Why not?" "Because his motheri was always picking atme and finning ing fault." Then judge Lord, who had been visibly growing indignant, arose : ? "It is shocking to contemplate the state of morals in this great common wealth that is here to be observed. Has it come to this? lam hereto administer the law as it stands. 1 he law says desertion for three years is I cause for divorce. But I sec clearly how it operates. A young man and woman agree to get ir arried. They feel that they'll livo together so long as they lind it mutually pleasant ami agreeable so lo do, and then, by a sort of tacit understanding, they can live sepcrute, and then one or the other a( the end of three years brings in a libel for divorce for desertion. The other party makes no opposition. Tho decree is granted, and then they arc nt liburly to go on and do the same thing over and over again. 1 say it is tciriblo to contemplate such d Hlaio of morals in this common wealth. Goon." A dark-eyed brunette stepped to tho stand and wanted a divorce be cause she had been obliged to leave her husband, as ho had used harsh language to her. With tho brunette wr.jT .TT" -__CZ^.-^^--T-_J i I r- -? '-d tf were an aunt and a line looking man from Boston. The young wife wore a fashionably made garment, anil over her wedding ring was another, jri the 3c,Uirig of which a diamond glistened. Her jaunty hat was draped wi'.h a long, hlack ostrich feather.' bMic looked pleadingly at the venera ble judge from beneath her long sliud owy eyelashes. But' after listening to her story Judge'^ord again artise : *'I must say that it is terrible to Contemplate such a state of society. Why"-m-aud here he turned to the lawyero who were in the-bar?"why, out of all the laigo'numbq'r of divorce cases before me recently, there Were only two of the persons married' be fore 1870? Does not this show that young people are entering into this solemn contract with the moat trivial ideas of its importance, and witb the feeling that they can be freed from the bonds whenever they like? I am not responsible for the laws as they stand. But I will say that, so far as I oan prevent it, they 'shall not be used to facilitate the development of such a state of morals." -v ? Help Oiio Another. "This little sentence should be written on every heart?stamped oft every memory. It should be the gol den rule practice, not only in'every household, but throughout the world. By helping oho "anotker we not only remove the thorns from the pathway and anxiety from the mind, but we feel a ?sense of pleasure in our heart", knowing we arc doing a duty to a fellow creature. A helping hand or an encouraging word is no loss to us, yet is a benefit to others. "Who has not felt the power of a little sentence? Who has not needed the encourage ment and aid of a kind friend ? How soothing when perplexed with some task that is both-difficult and burden some, to feel a gentle hand on the shoulder, and to hear a kind voico whispering, 'Do not bo discouraged; I see your Irouolcs, let mo help you.' What strength is inspired, hope created, what sweet gratitude is felt; and the great difllcully dissolves as dew before the sunshine. Yes, let us help one another, by endeavoring to strengthen and encourage the weak ; and lifting the burden of care from the weary and oppressed, that life may glide amoothh on, and tue fount of bitterness yield sweet waters; and He whose willing hand Is over ready to aid us, will reward our humble en deavors, and every good deed will be ?bread upon the water, to return after many days,' if not to us, at least to those we love." Butted to Death. The Washington .Star, of a recent date, reports a remarkable man slaughter case before Judge Heynes, of the Criminal ' Court of that city. One James Stokes, a negro, is on trial for causing the death of Charles Kane, another negro, by striking, kicking and bruising' him on the head?fracturing his tkttll. The tes timony showed that Stokes seized Kuno by the ears and struck Kane's head with his own till Kane dropped. The skull of Kane was on exhibition nt the trial and in it there were some twenty cracks varying fiotn eight to ten inches, proving what an clfeetive weapon nature had provided Stokes with in his skull. Monotony. Nature abhors monotony. George lltisscy argued that he could stand an}' amount of repetition; it was with him only a question of wages. The contestant, to prove his theory, offered him S2.?0 a day for a yeai to carry a brick from his store, on Clay Street, to a store over the way and back ten hours a clay. Sundays ex cepted. Ilusscy raced the monotony guyly, and at eve chuckled over the S2..r>0 received. The second day all right, only a yawn now and then and an increase of tobacco squirts, till yesterday, the fifth day, he petered out and caved in. "Never in my life did I tlo work so exhausting. I'd rather starve than go on another day." This occurred in San Francisco. It doesn't do any good to veto a butcher's bill. Bloggsby tried it, and tho butcher, iu defiance of nlj law and constitutional precedent, abso lutely refused to vote any more, sup plies until tho bill passed. Uloggshy says tho country ib on'the verge of a new revolution, and iri fact the new revolution bos come, for he now ?vnlks clear around the block to avoid that butcher's shop. A Broken Heart. Miss Prince was the only daughter of a Pittsburg merchant and tvyo years ago was wedded to Mr. Savage of Baltimore. Six hours after the ceremony the train upon winch they started on their bridal lour was wrecked and the husband of less than a day was pitied. Tlie shock of tho terrible calamity robbed the young wife for a time o( h?r reason. From this mental death she recovered to go into a slow decline. All the blos som's of net life were withering, and the world once so robed in beauty and delight became' u prison from which her spirit longed to be free. They took her across the sea, but the panorama'of scene and incident had no power to renew the Jove of life, and the y??ng thing faded as a flow er fades. At last they took her to the south of France, and there, amid the bloom of flowers?on the spot where Petraeh once sang song to El vira?in the home of Leonardo da Vinci's exile?this fair American girl found the' peaceful cjuiet of1 the grave. Our correspondent who relates the in cident draws ? vivid'piclurce of the sorrowing family aroudd the death bed". The father overwhelmed with despair', while a voting sister, clasp ing a hand of tlie dying girl, looks with pallid face and rigid lips into the glazing eyes. "The anguish is nearly over, my race of life is nearly done," came in a feeble intonation from the lips of the dying wifu. 1 "Are you are willing to die?" ask ed a minister who was standing by and betiding low to catch the whis pered utterance. "O,' So g'ad? Lis ten to me. I die as man}' of my sex have done, of a broker; Heart. I had put my all of life and hope on the hazard of an earthly ? lote, and God has smitten me for my "sin'." "It was no sin to love.1'* "No, not to love-Miut to build an idol as I did, and io* worship the creature more .than' the Creator. 1 have been terribly punished. The horrors of these two brief years no tongue can tolh" ? There -was a flutter of the feeble heart. The blue eyes sheathed them selves'uenth palely tinted waxen lids, and the fair'young form, once so full of subtle life," was frozen into death. The Early Rising Delusion. For farmers and those who live in localities where people can retire at eight or nine o'clock in the evening, the old notion about early rising is still appropriate. But he who is kept up tiff'ten or eleven or twelve o'clock, and then rises at T.ve or six, because of the teachings of some old ditty about "early' to rise," is com mitting a sin against his own soul. There is not on? man in ten thousand who can alford to do without seven or eight hour's sleep. All the stuff written about great men who slept only three or four hours a night, is apocryphal. They have been put upon such small allowances occasion ally and prospered ; hut no man ever yet kept' healthy in body and mind for a number of years with less than seven hours' sleep. If you can get to bed early, then rise early ; if you cannot get to bed till late, then rise late. It may bo as proper for one man to rise at eight as it is for anoth er to rise at live. Let the rousing bell be rung by at least thirty min utes before your public apprarance. Physicians say that a sudden jump out of bed gives irregular motiou to the pulses. It lakes hours to get over u too sudden rising. It is barbarous to expect .children to land on the centre of tho floor at'the call of their nurses, the thermoinetor bolow zero. Give us time after yon cull us, to roll over, gaze at the world full in the face, and look before you leap. '?What shull I preach about:" said a minister to tho pastor of a colored flock which he was to address. "Well, mos' any subjeol wUI be 'coptable," was the reply ; "only I'd like to gib you One word of caution." "Ah! what is thut?" "Well, cf I was you, I'd tech very light on do ten com mandments." "Indeed land why?" "Oh, Co?' I hab notice dat dey mos* always had a damp'nin' ell'ect on de congregation." PitoKANiTY never did any man the least good. No man is richer, or happier, or wiser for it. It commends no One to seeicty ; it is disgusting to the refined and abominable to the good. FEMALE FUBJS DEFENDED; % J WHAT OSB WHO KNOWS ALL ADOUT IT ? ' . , ? HAS TO SAY*. 1 ?? . ? v Much has been said ngainsl flirting in 'general; arid'1against female flbVtS in particular. Indeed tho'hi'aW^Olrt is passed over most often, without any blame being attached to him at all, the binden of the small vice fall ing dn tjie''shoulders" of tho frailer fair one. ' Now W'eintend excusing the girls, who though guilty', are less blamable, and astonishing the boys, who are all endowed With wonderful self-appreciation, and infermnlion oh all subjects, save good ones. Won derful self-appreciation we say, for when the outside word searches for the cause of. so much esteem, it is often not fihdable, br if brought to light, sec we it through'a glass, dark ly. Girls as a rule,' before* com mencing a lljrtation comprehend bet ter than imagined the mental calibre of their selected victim. *tlie choice very often, indeed generally is '*a youth on the green side of twenty T though occasionally a man's majority has a weakening influence, and meets, and leaves him, wita less than the common amount of sense bestowed upon humanity. Over aged m?hV (lirts are of this stamp. The verdant' youth, wise in his own conceit, proud of bis budding mustache, is of such' deep learning, and great research,'' that if asked what Coisar siiid to Na poleon at the Pass of TheVmopyliie, would grasp at his almost forgotteu skimmeicd recollections of History',' and shout triumphantly, "Veni, Vidi, Vici." No doubt George or Robert imagines that their line personal ap pearance attracts the attention of the girls, for it is a well known fact, that the ugliest men arc most conceited, and that the fair flirt either on the promenade, or at the window bar,, is desperately smittpn, when jf the truth were known, she is wondering why he does not have a part of his cars taken off; it would improve his appearance so much. The intention of most girls who flirt is to kill time and have fun, and if their true estimate of Uio sim pering fellow across the street were' known, it would'bo far from flatter-? ing, to tlie self-imagined lady-killer. Girls however young, possess great powers of discernment. They can tell at a glance,'the difference between a man who commands respect, and one who does "not, hliots havo a. smile that betrays, their weakness. Brainless men possess the same. Who ever saw a true man flirting? It is very certain girls would never indulgo in such pastime with their own sex. All the spice would then evaporate. Young fellows, it is aii your fault. Were you true to your manhood, and would rise superior to such pusillanimous amu9?ny>nt'?'lhi>i unbecoming practise in both men and women 'would cease, and you, tho more guilty perpetrators, because you degrade your manhood, would no longer be classed as the puppets of the population.?Home Circle. Reconciliation. In hia address on Decoration Day I in New York, Gen. Scbuylor Hamil ton look the trouble to apologi/.e for a speech which he mado last year, in which he encouraged the practice of decorating the graves of tho blue and the gray alike, and declared that those words were spoken, "in & fit ot'? sentimental gcucrobUy aroused by misrepresentations of prominent reb els." IJo. urged that no member of the Grand A'nriy Post ho wan nddrossv ing might lay a flower on the grave of a rebel. They were traitors in 1861 ; they ate traitors now. All winter long they have been plotting trettson\\h the halls of Congress. Gou. Hamilton's sentiments aro cer tainly cxlreine, bid it is fair to say he represents the majority of tho Re publican party of the North. Boys, Read This. Bad language easily rqns into I ad deeds. Select any society you please ; suffer yourself to converse in its dia lect, to use its slang, to speak in t|iq character ot one who, relishes it, and your moral sense will very soon low er down to jts level. Becoming.inti mate with it you lose your .horror of it. To bp too much With bad men and in bud places, is not only un wholsome to a man's morality, bni unfavorable to his fiutb aud trust in God. It is not every man that could live ns Lot did in Sodom, and then be tit to go out of it under Goi's con-, voy. This obvious principle, of it self, furnishes a reason not oniy for watching the tongue, but keep ing oursclf ns much ns possible out of the company of bad associates.