The Laurens advertiser. (Laurens, S.C.) 1885-1973, November 21, 1900, Image 1
Tille COTTON 8'j.Kl) INDUSTltV
TWKNTV Vkaus A?.<? imi SKKl) Was
TJIKOWN Au\\\ - l'i\k IIl NDin l>
Mn.i 3 AltK Now in Ol'hhation.
special Correspondence.
Now Orleans, Nov. 4, There is pro?
l>al>ly ii<> great industry in America
about which KD Hille is known l>y Ihc
gouoral public ?s that of cotton seed.
Twenty years ago cotton seed was
thrown away. Today, although the
business is but In Us infancy, there an
more than 500 mills in the South that
represent an investment of probably
825,000,000, while the value of the
products of these mills is <\ cXCCSti of
$50,000,000 per year.
11) olden times cotton planters looked
upon the surplus seed as one of the
burdens they couldn't escape. They
burned Iho stull", used it lo IUI low
spois in the held, paid to have it hauled
away, and were glad to get rid of it.
There is a tradition that the Legisla
ture of Texas passed a law making it
ji penal offense lo dump cotton Bccd
in streams. However that may be the
law is now a dead letter, for farmers
are not addicted to the hal.it these
days.
Today Iho cotton mills of Texas arc
paying from $12 lo $14 por loa for
cotton seed. That would mean 80 to
S7 por hale Oi COtlOll If all the seed
were sold. To make one hale of COO
pounds of cotton the pickers gather
1,5110 to 1 ,000 pounds of lint and seed,
the seed weighing twice as much as
the lint, which adheres to it. lint the
planters do not sell all their seed. A
small portion is retained for planting,
some is kopt for stock foedlng, a con
siderable quantity is wasted. The au
thorities say that not one half the seed
is sent lo the mil's to he crushed.
MILLS IN OPERATION,
A census of the cotton oil mills of
America would probably show between
?00 and 000 111 operation ami a large
number in course of election. From
one of the most complete lists obtain
able the division of mills in operation
ts given as follows : Texas, 130 :
Oklahoma, 7 ; Indian Territory, !> ;
Arkansas, 2o ; Alabama, In ; Georgia,
08; Louisiana, 33; Mississippi, 05;
North Carolina, 32; South Carolina, OOr
Tennessee, 23; Florida, .">, and Vir
ginia, 1. This makes a total of ft04.
The American Cotton < >i! Co. con
trols the largest number of mills m the
South. It operates in the separate
States under distinct names. In Texas
it is officially known as the National
Cotton Oil Co.; in Louisiana it is the
Union Oil Co. : in Mississippi it is the
Mississippi (lotion oil Co.; in Arkansas
the Arkansas Cotton Oil Co, and in
South Carolina and North Caroliun it
takes the name of the Stale lo start
its otllcial style. In Texas Iho Ameri
can Cotton Oil Co. operates six mills,
one at Houston, one at SogUitl, one at
Denison, one at Toxarkana, one at
Waco and one at Elcnrno.
Next to the American Cotton Oil
IO. in point of operation comes the
Southern Cotton Oi! Co. The head*
quarters of this corpoialion is at
Philadelphia. Its system seems to he
to divide its mills in sets of two and to
have each set under one management.
The Houston aud New Oilcans mills
an; under one management; SO are the
mills of Savannah and Atlanta; so are
the mills of Little Hock and Newport,
Ark. This Company in addition lo the
plants named, OWUS mills at Memphis,
Moutgomory and various other places
in the. cotton belt.
EXTENT OF Uli; UUSINKSf.
The greatest cotton oil mill of the
world is at Sherman, Tex. Il is Ihc
property of the Sherman Oil and (Jot
ton Co. 11 is not only iho largest but
the oldest, and ilajproduct is the stand
ard of excellence, the Sherman brand
Commanding a premium wherever
cotton seed products ate sold. This
mill has a capacity to crush 4CO tons
of seed per day.
The ramifications ol the cotton seed
business arc wondciful. As adjuncts
lo the mills of Texas there are re
flnorios, barrel factories, soap facie l ies,
delinters, gins, slock pens for tin; feed
ing of cattle preparatory to sending
the beeves to market and a variety of
other industries.
Armour, Swift, Cudahy and all the
great packing house people are largely
interested in cotton seed mills, and use
great qnanlilies of Ihc oil in the mak
ing of compound lard and the many
substitutes for butter. Their business
in cotton seed products, however, does
not compare with that of Hngland and
Germany, which countries are the
largest customers of thcjmills. The.cx
porting of cotton seed oil and cake is
now only second in importance to cot
ton itself at most of the Southern ports,
and an immense business is being de
veloped. France and Italy are. pur
chasers of cotton seed oils
THE EXPORT DEMAND,
In former limes France had quite
an industry in making of oils from Ihc
crushing of the African and Fast In
dian ground nut, but cotton seed oil
hits supplanted the ground nut oil and
shiploads of partially refined oils go
each season from Galvoston and New
Orleans to Marseilles lo he ngaui rc?
lined and perfected by the process so
well known to the French manufac
turers, To Genoa a considerable
quantity of cotton seed gOCS each year,
which conies hack, it is alleged, as
pure olive, oil, and winch is difficult to
detect from the real thing.
.Texas makes more out of cotton eco''.
tban tho other States. In the South
Atlantic Stales, wh^'c ?'..o soil has
been worn out by excessive cultivation,
the meal is used in large quantities as
a fertilizer. In Texas there has been
no necessity for reinforcing the soil,
so the entire cotton seed product is
put upon the market.
Statistics in regard to the cxpoits of
cotton seed products arc not full.
Through the port of (lulvcstou in the
season of 1807-1808 (the commercial
Ycr.r is from Sept. 1 to Aug. :il in the
cotton world) thcro were exported
212,600 tons of cotton seed oil, cako
and meal. In the season of 1808-1800
these exports reached 248,702 tons. In
the season of 1800*1000 the total was
187,820 tons.
The cotton crop of 1808-1800 was
very short. That is the explanation
of tho falling off in shipments, in
tho shipments of cotton seed oil tho
I soasotl of 181HM900 was Ihe largest on
I record, despite Iho short crop. ()U0
! linn ot ship brokers handled in excess
' of St0,00U barrels mostly consigned to
j Rotterdam.
v \i.i i: 01 Till -t i n PltOlM < T.
' In GnlvCStOO there arc live concerns
in tin- cottonseed business. They are
It. I . Ilellill, the (.nil I'oils Trading
Co., 15. Marshall, K. II. Young and
the P. Cannon Commission company,
Recently Mr. ^"cmug; built a roll nory
here lor Ihe preparation of cotton oil
lor shipment. The American Cotton
Oil company has a big plant here, but
owing to some (liffeiOHCO with the rail
roads it was closed and is not now in
operation.
The exporters report a line bushlOSS,
ami a good demand. They look upon
the cotton seed iuduslry as of tho
greatest promise of the most womler
ful possibilities and tlioy say a- mill'.
VeloilS as has been its gl'OWlb in tho
last iw< ntyyears the next twenty years
are likely to liud it spread and minify
in a larger degree.
Tho oil is the most valuable product
of tho crushed se ed. The avcrngo of
tho Texas mills is io l(? gallons (7
1-2 pounds to the gallon) per t<>n of
seed Ct'U8hcd. Hut il the oil is vain
al)lr. su is every panicle <>i I he residue,
the pulp milking Iho meal and cake,
useful for reed stuff and fertilizer, the
hulls good either for fuel or for coarse
foddor, iho ashes (.1 hulls making a
very rich phosphoric acid and potash
fertilizer, and the refuse oil being ex
cellent for soaps.
The cotton oil is purely vegetable,
and enteis m tin; manufacture of in
numbcrahlo products, from butter lo
candles and from dyes to paints ami
gonornl oils.
BETTER FARMING METHODS.
P. J, Merriam in 'i"ri-siate farmer.
It is only a question of time when
better farming methods will bo forced
upon the fanners of the South. The
price of land in this section is bound to
advance as its productive capacity and
many other advantages become better
know. If the present farmers retain
the ownership of their farms, larger
and more prolitahlo crops will have to
be g-.own, or olso others will conic in
and take IhoiV places, while they will
he relegated to the position of wage
carners.
The best Intellect of our Southland
has been directed toward Hie cities.
Farming is looked down upon as a
manual occupation beneath the. dignity
of n Southern gentleman. The negro
has been considered good enough i"
grow cotton and corn. He did this
work in aule-bellum days, and ho should
do il now. The few Soulhern gentle
men who tried lo continue farming un
der the new regime, but with tho old
methods, have seen their lands slipping
from their grasp Into that of tho city
capitalist with (he inevitable conclusion
on their part that the. city was the
place to live and make money. The
old place was rented out to go lo rack
and ruin, while the family moved lo
town, often to live, in extremely
straightened circumstances.
And so the tenant class, composed
mostly of negroes, has grown larger
and larger in the Southern State-, un
til now they compose over half Olli'
farm population. Our agriculture
languishes for the waul of intelligent
directing; tho brains of tho South, in
stead of heilig used for the production
of new wealth, is applied to swapping
dollars, the. changing of money from
one man's pocket 10 that of another.
These cily people are very enthusiast ?
ic when you mention agriculture, liu
thusiastic for SOtflO one else logo into
it, Their heart is si ill with the soil,
but they are afraid to venture on the
land themselves. This simply illu
strates their ignorance of what inlclli
gOCt fanning can he made to pay, and
what a delightfully independent lifo it
is. If they arc so fortunate as to make
money in the city they very often in
vest in a farm near by, and hire some
ignoramus i<> spend their money for
them, [lore I hey exploit thcit thoorics,
lOSO their money and become more than
ever convinced that fanning will not
pay.
The want of exact knowledge of sci
entific methods in fanning, both with
the real and would-be tillers of the soil,
is most deplorable; as is also tho scar
city of opportunity for acquiring this
knowledge.
Our, of the encouraging signs of the
times is that people arc. beginning to |
recognize the fact lhat profitable farm*
log cannot bo done by main strength
and stupidness, and that requires a
practical and scientific knowledge of
the business, the same as in other call
ings, in order to succeed. The neces
sity lor education along this line is a
recognized fact, and efforts an; being
made in some States to introduce the
elementary branches of agriculture in
to the public schools, and laws have
already been passed by the Legislatures
of several States to this effect. Here
tofore the whole tendency of our school
and college courses have been to
educate, the child away from the farm
and cultivate a taste for literary, pro
| fcssional or business life.
Fortunately perhaps for the happi
ness of the human race, the great ma
jority arc compelled lo live by physical
as well as mental toil, and when wo
come to confront the different callings
into whiuh the exercises of muscle
goer., how Infinitely superior life, on the
iarm appears. Hero a man is au ln?
dependent being, free to exercise his
mental faculties and not reduced lo a
more machine like the, toilors in the
city. Moreover, he must exorciso his
mental faculties if he would succeed.
Agriculture is calling to-day for men
of brains, and the exercise of this brain
force on farming is destined lo revolu
tionize the industry and transform an
occupation once looked down upon, in
to tho most honorable and desirable of
professions. To hasten this end we
inusl have agricultural education not
only in the country hut in the cities,
so that the. hundreds now living in
want in our cities may he. encouraged to
venture upon the land. A larger choice
of occupation is what our hoys need,
and a chance to lonrn how to conduct
it prolitahly.
We. cry out against country hoys go
ing to the city. Why not give the city
hoys a chance lo go to tho country.
Hundreds of thorn bavon natural iu
cliuntlon in that direction. They kuow
tlie i??w11 ami arc hungry for a irocr
life? Many of our most successlVl
tanners were once business men, and
these business men embrace farm life
with an cntl usiasin which the tanner
seldom feels. The '.'real ditliculty in
the way is the lack ol knowledge of the
first principles ol' plant life and the
rudimentary elements of farm prac
tice, and there is little chance for
them to learn.
Agricultural education, lo bo effect
ive, must begin in the public schools.
We must excite tho youthful mind to
ward an Inquiry into nature's secrets
and thereby give them a leaning to
ward that most natural existence a
farm life. When WO do this, the Slate
agricultural colleges will neyer lack
for stu Ion Is.
The tendency of tho country hoy to
ward tho city is perfectly natural and
will continue until his mind is enlisted
in the work Of Iho farm, as well as his
hands. Tim very en-am of our country
boys, Iho ones who would make the
best fanners, are the OH CS who go to
town. Why? Because they are
starved intellectually. They know In
stinctively that their mind was given
them to produce wealth us well as their
muscles. Thoy are given no encour
agement to exercise it on the farm,and
in fact are taught to bollOVO that in
tellect Is not necessary in order to farm.
Their father did not use any, and he re
inn med poor, consequently; If the boy
would use his mind, ho must go Bonio
whoro else. Who can blame him ?
A 10 we not lo blame, friends?we
who known heller ? I mean partially to
blame. If we see where tlie trouble
lies should we not exert ourselves to
have it corrected and help start this
movement where it must bo started?
with the child in the publicaecliool?
ETHICS IN FACTORY LIFE.
While the rapid growth of cotton
manufacturing in Iho South Iho ques
tion of the relation tit' employer and
employe has come to the trout, and rep
resentatives of both factors in industry
are earnestly socking to develop Buch
relations as may conduce lo the wel
fare of all. In tili- respect the South,
Olitering rather tardily upon the indus
trial lifo, has tho advantage of other
sei lions which it enjoys in other re
spects. The pitfalls have been tested,
and are clearly visible lo the South.
Out of the striving and stress of older
industrial countries ami communities
are developing conditions which will
record a marked advance in human
ethics. This may not appear lo the
superficial observer, but it is borne
in strongly upon earnest philosophical
students. Of these, none is heller
tilled to express an intelligent and
valuable opinion than Carroll D.
Wright, United Slates commissioner of
labor, one. of the few statisticians of
the country who study figures for what
they may discover rather than for w hat
they help to prove. Therefore,a paper
OU the factory as an element in social
lifo, which he read before the New En
gland Collon Manufacturers' Associa
tion at Washington will appeal strongly
lO men and women who are seeking lo
win the best oul of factory conditions
in the South.
Mr. Wright, from bis point of van
tage for wide and cnicful study, makes
tin point that the factory has bad an
ethical value in addition to no economi
cal one. Tracing the development in
New England factory life, he notes
the succession of Ainci leans, English,
Irish, French-Canadians, Swedes and
Creeks in the cotton factories as an
evidence, not of degrading hllluonco,
but of a bettering of the conditions of
several classes ol operatives. Turning
to the South, he pictures the boucllcinl
( banges in ihe condition of the poorer
w hites wrought by tho opportunities for
employment in iho factory, with its
means for education, enlightenment
and intelligent impulse not OtllOlWisC
obtainable, to show thai machinery,
instead of limiting skill, brutalizing
the intellect or lowering the tone of
morality, is really lifting men and wo
men out of low into high grades of em
ployment, and surrounding them with
inlluenccs to intellectual activity. He
recognizes that the present condition of
Iho worker is not ideal, but yet that it
is far BUperior to that of tho man who
has 110 such chance to be a worker.
Pointing to the ideal, Mr. Wright wise
ly recognizes at the same time, definite,
practical fads. He contends that it
would be suicidal to take a purely ethi
cal view at the expense ot the econo
mic, and expresses tho belief that in
dustry should develop on lines permit
ting ethics to become a gieater force.
This contention is timely, especially
for the South. New circiiinslanccs not
infrequently lead well-wishers for their
fellows to take extreme ideal positions
without recognizing that ideals, ns a
rule, may only bo attained through
practical means, especially in the case
where human effort is directed upon
industrial (lovolopinent. I'cisIstOnee in
this inclination is likely to defeat its
very ob ject, and to make the. last state
of the class to be benefited worse than
ltd first. In approaching the solution
Of probloins connected with Southern
industry, therefore, if will ho well for
everybody to remember that Southern
Industry i* In itself working to the bet
terment of employes ; that in >n> era of
machine revolution inequalities ami
hardships are bound to appear in spite
of hot efforts against them, and that
there is danger fov future generations
of workers in attempting to ovolution
i/.e by a sudden wrench, OV u with the
best intentions, the conditions of the
workers, instead of permitting them to
la; bettered in natural evolution under
the sway <>f iho conviction that the.v
should In; made as ideal us practical
circumstances may permit.?Muntlfac
turers* Record,
Chicago now contains a greater
population than all the cities of the
United State? combined in 1840, and
New York now has a greater popula
ti a than all the cities together had in
i860.
The apple grows wild in the Sand
wich Islands, There are forests of
them, lOOSt of them neglected.
OA8TO TT. T. A. .
? Boars tho _ s9 Uio Kind You Have Always Bought
THE GAME LAWS OP CONGRESS
AND STATE LEGISLATURES.
The act of Congress approved May
25, moo, commonly known as iho
l.acey A.ct, prohibits the trnusporln
Iion by interstate commerce of game
killed in violaliou of local laws. This
act supplements existing .State lawa b\
prohibiting the shipment from one
State to aUOther of birds killed in
violation of local laws und by subject
ing birds brought into a Stale to the
same restrictions us those prescribed
for birds produced within thai state,
therefore, in order to observe, intelli
gently the requirements of the Federal
law. a knowledge of local laws is essen
tial. A brief compilation of tli^sc
laws is needed for the Use of shippers,
transportation companies, ami "aim
dealers who sometimes Dud themselves
in the posiliou of iuadvt rlonlly viola
ling laws with the provisions of which
they are not familiar and the require*
menls of winch they have no ready
means of ascertaining.
Ln order to meet the demand for
such information, lue Division of Bio
logical Surveyor the United Stales De
partment Of Agliculluro Is making a
compilation of such sections of the
Various State laws as relate to sale and
transportation, and has prepared tables
showing close seasons, species pro
hibited from sale and shipment, and
requirements in regard to nonresident
licenses. As it will he several weeks
before the bulletin which is to contain
this information will bo ready lor distri
bution, a circular containing the tables
o! close seasons, shipment and sale,
and other information on the sub ject
has been prepared and is now ready
for distribution.
In the circular the violations of law
bused on the killing oi game are
grouped under Ihe three heads?man
ner of capture, time or capture, and
object of capture. I nder the first
head are included prohibitions against
pursuiug deer with hounds, UOlliug
quail, killing birds before sunrise or
alter sunset, killing wild fowl with
swivel guns or pursuing them with
Steam or naphtha launches, and similar
regulations. Under the second head
are close seasons, absolute protection
(a- in the case of insectivorous birds),
protection for terms of years, and re
gulations against killing birds on cer
tain days of the week. Provisions
which make it unlawful to kill big
game for hides, to capture birds for
sale, or to ship game beyond the limits
of the county or State arc given under
the third head.
Those sections of the Lacoy Act re
lating to the sale and transportation of
game are printed in full for the in
formation of shippers and dealers.
Although no question in game pro
lection i-> more important than that of
seasons during which birds and animals
shall be protected, theie is none in
which State, game laws show greater
diversity and none in which liny are
more subject to change. Even the
laws of ndjoiulng States show little
uniformity in this respect, and in some
Slates changes in game seasons are
made at neai ly every legislative session.
This lack of uniformity orten defeats
tho purpose Of provisions intended to
allow game opportunity to recuperate.
An attempt is made in the circular
to bring together in one table all the
close seasons for game, prescribed by
the varioos Slate laws and also those
prescribed under the special county
laws of Maryland ami Tennessee. ?
uniform method has been used m the
arrangement Ol species and statement
of seasons. Big game is tlrsl consider
ed; then follow squirrels and rabbits;
then upland game birds, SUCll as quail,
grouse, pheasants, turkeys, and doves;
then shore birds; and finally water
fowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans.
In the statement of seasons only (lose
seasons art; given, but the statements
are so arranged that the open seasons
may be determined by simply reversing
the order of dates. There are also
tables showing tho kinds of game the
export of which is prohibited by Slate
laws, and the kinds of game the sale
of which is prohibited by various
States. The circular is No .'il of the
Division of Biological Survey and is
entitled " Information Concerning
< iamo: Seasons, Shipments, and Sales."
It was prepared by Dr. T. S. Palmer
and Mr II. VV. Odds, Assistants in the
Biological Survey.
-? ? mm- 1
The report comes from Germany
that many Confederate 810 bills have
been passed there recently as Uncle
Sum's promises lo pay.
A protracted drought may not be
expected next year, but the farmer
who depends upon deep plowing to aid
Ins crops in standing a drought need
not be uneasy, and the farmer who is
planning to make food crops will not
miss it in any event. Cotton at eight
cents will pay handsomely when the
bain is full of food for man and beast.
Il does not pay to raise any crop where
the necessaries of life have lo be bought
for the farm.
A Goorgin newspaper advises the
(armors In its vicinity as follows .
" (Jet your wheat in the ground and
get in shape lo live, good times or had
times. The wide-awake fanner who
makes his Hour, meal, syrup and po
tatoes never knows when hard times
come. If meat goes high, lie has it to
sell instead of buy ; if llour goes up he
is all right, and so it is all the way
through. lie is all right, don't euro
which way the wind blows, and we
can't see why all the farmers don't do
this way."
The treasurer of the United States,
in submitting his annual report to the
secretary of the treasury, says the
growth and prosperity of the country
and the general activity in business are
rodcolcd in the transactions of Ins
OfflCOa The ordinary revenues of the
government for the fiscal year are
#000,^10,802, the largest in the his
tory of the country. The increase of
over ??l,2*0,000 was contributed from
all general sources, hut principally
from customs and Internal revenue.
There was a net decrease of expendi
tures of $117,1108,:i8S, converting the
deficiency of last year of ?80,000,000
into a surplus of 87!?,000,000.
?AQTOI1IA.
dean the lnB Kind You Haw Always Boujjil
a oui; AT HE V I V A I. N I: IS1 > I; I) o \
THE FARMS.
Inventors and manufacturers of
farm implements are oxcrcisiug their
ingenuity in making Inbor-savlug im
plements and machines for farmers.
Their advertisements ate very aitrac
llvo ami Ibo pictures of many of Ihe
riding plows, harrows und machines
indicate Unit preparation of die eoil
ami the making ami the huivcatillg ol
a crop is only a lug picnic that lasts
most of the year. The wise laruioi
will carefully consider what implements
are best suited to his lands and then
buy lllCUl and let the others go.
Those who have been reading The
Spartan lately are bound to couclude
that thorough preparation of the laud
is about three-fourths of the work
necessary to make a crop. That pre
paration Should begin as soon as the
small grain has been sown. The turn
ing of the land at this season, or any
season of the year may do good and it
may not. If there is nothing to turn
under it tun* cause certain soils to run
together ami got very hard during the
wintor. The object in plowing clcau
lands is to doopon tho soil and prepare
tin; sin lace toe the seed. All the laud
of this Piedmont section needs Bub
boiling. That should he done by do
grocs. With our shallow soils, three
to live inches deep] two inches of the
clay is about enough to break and mix
With the lop soil at one time. The
deeper the top soil, the more clay may
be lifted up. Hear in mind that this
clay should be brought vei \ sparingly
lo the surface. There it is apt to har
den into clods.
The simplest way to subsoil land is
to use a twister, or bail shovel, ami
follow with a small tonguo plow, with
a Hal set on a fool that is set back
pretty straight. That lakes two hands
and two horses, but the work when
well done is quite satisfactory. If
weeds or any other growth are very
rank, a tWO-horse turn plow may bo
used, to be followed by the subsoil
plow. That also will be highly
satisfactory. l>y that plan tho soil is
turned in on the clav and before the
next year thai clay has been changed
into good, productive soil, and its
phosphoric acid and potash made avail
able. All this work requires the plow
man to walk. All the power
of the animals is directed i<>
the preparation of the soil and not lo
the hauling of a heavy man and a
heavy machine.
A bellt r plan tor clean land, or that
with an ordinary covering of weeds,
grass or pea vines, is to use a two
hoi'SO subsoil plow. Their construction
is simple and (here are no wheels, lev
ers and cranks to gi t out of order.
One man and two good horses will
hurst up two to four inches of clay and
mix it somewhat with the top soil
Without disturbing the surface. II
that plow is used in thtl fall, or during
January, the weeds and gia^s on the
surface will serve as a mulch and keep
the clay lands from baking
After the rains have pcnotralcd the
eoil and the freezes have done their
work and the time for planting ap
proaches, put in the cutaway harrow,
.lust a day or two before planting bar
row again. Then you will have a seed
bed that will give you great pleasure
in planting and cultivating and greater
joy when the harvest lime come-.
Now if you have no cutaway harrow
and do not feel able to buy one, take
Mr. Newman's ad Vice, and go to the
woods, get the fork of a lu e, square it
down, bore holes, put in ten-inch teeth
and go to work with it. Properly
weighted, that will pulverize the soil
I four inches (loop and put it in line con
dition. Studi preparation as this re
quires that the plowman ami his team
be at work during all the good weather
of December, January and Pcbtunry.
The reports of some of (he farmers
who Sttbsoiled their land last winter
show that crops on stub Holds were
green ami lloillislbng while they were
parched up on others. During a wcl
spell the water goes down into the soil
ami Ihe top dries off rapidly. S.) Sllbsoll
ing is better both for dry and wcl weath
er. This breaking of the clay and deep
ening of the soil increases Ihe plan! food
by making the potash and phosphoric
acid available which is stored up in
I most of our clavs.
We know tins subsoiHng is slow
work, but w hen once done, it docs not
have lo be done again. The breaking
of iho lll'ftl Of top layer of clay is the
hardest work. Anyone who ever dug
a hole in the ground knows thai the
first two or three inches of clay is hard
er than it is deeper down. The scrap
ing of plows and trumping of animals
may cause that. If that Imt'dpnu is
thoroughly broken the water will then
easily penetrate Iho underlying slialuin
of clay and the roots will follow. With
such preparation our ordinary rolling
lands will never wash except when a
waterspout comes. One may do uwny
with many of the, terraces which dis
figure the lands and afford beds for
raising seeds of hurtful weeds and
glasses.
The cost of the implements lor lids
work is light. With the forkod?(roe
harrow the farmer will have to buy
nothing at all, OXCOpt his ordinary
plows slocks. If he wishes to use a
suhsoilcr, IWO-horsO (urn plow and cut
away harrow, the cost would he $32 to
?.'50, but they would last for years and
require only a small outlay for plow
points. We beg our farmer roadeis to
consider the absolute necessity for the
thorough preparation of the soil. Pall
in with the march of progress at once.
Early converts alwayt make the. best
Workers in any good cause.
A soiontiQc authority ?lato? that by
Baluraling a hullct with vaseline its
(light may bo easily followed with I lie
eye from the time it leaves tho gun
and It strikes tho target. Tho course
: of the bullet is marked by a ring of
smoke, caused by the vaseline being
ignited on leaving (he muzzle of gun.
A strange thing was witnessed at, |
Wayncsboro, Pa,, when two graves
were opened in a cemetery. The
collins were nearly half tilled with corn
and wheat, and the secret ot how the
cereals got into the collins was un
earthed upon the discovery that a
ground hog hud burrowed into the
graves. The grain was deposited thero
by tho industrious animal for its winter
rations. One of the collins was partly
Oiled with dirt.
VIIK STATUS OF THK SOUTH.
WHAT THK UKXSU8 ITUUIIKS SHOW
THIS - I ? riON CONTAINS I'UHKST
AMI.l.h \ S Vi '< K l N 1 Ii K 0 IIOI.I
< O?NTJ1Y,
in ii gouornl survoyof Ihc iucrunso
in the population of iho United States
as rovuulod by the figures df the twolfth
oeusus, the South has occasion for soll
cougi alulal Ion. A t llrsl glance the rea
son lor ibis .nay not be apparent, bui
according to an analysis made by the
Manufacturers* Hecurd it is neverthe
less a fuel. The population of the
United Status increased bolwoou 1890
and 1000 by 20.00 per cent.,or 13.225,
104. The population of I 111) South in
creased 3,950,'I'22, or 20.15 per cent,
This percentage was somewhat below
thai of the \vh de COUIltry, bin vel in
advance of what may he regarded as
other typical groups of Stales. The
increase in New England, 801,107,
was but 18.05 per cent., in the nine
middle Stales sllotcllillg from the At
lantic to the Mississippi ii was 5,280,
057, or 20.01 per cent., and in Ihreo
States across tin Mississippi, Missouri,
Iowa and Minucsola, it was 1,217,135,
or 20.0c per cent. Commenting on
this iho Manufacturers'Uccord sass:
" There figures -ln>w that tin in
crouso lu population which made t he
total percentage <>i incrcuso l:i tho
couutry slightly muri- than the per
centage Of inciease ill ihe South, took
place in that part of the COUOtly which
'contains h-s than 12 pOI COilt. of the
population, in spite of tho halting ol
Kansas and Nebraska and tho actual
decline in population in .Nevada. The
enormous increase ol mote than 330,
dud in Oklahoma, of more than 200,000
ill Indian Territory and of more than
00,000 in Arizona arc cities to the
story of the Increase in what may bo
called the newer portions ol the coun
try, (Joining to tho special ligures in
the South, it is noticeable that Texas
leads tho older portions ot ihe country
in the percentage ol the increase; that
its actual Increase of 81.'1,305 is but
77,802 le-s than the actual increase in
ihe whole of New Kllglaud, where
Maine. New Hampshire aud Vermont
stood still, and where Massachusetts''
increase was 03 per cent., or the total
increase m that section, and that T\ xas,
Florida, West Virginia and Louisiana
led in the. percentage of increase in
the Southern Stales, though Alabama,
Georgia and Mississippi stood out well
among the States, making large actual
increases, while tho variations ol per
centages of increase among tho South
ern Stales were not unlike those such
as New Jersey, 30 percent.; Ohio. 13
per cent.; Pennsylvania, 10 per cent.:
Delaware, 1) per cent.: Indiana 1 I per
ccnl.; Iowa, 17 per Cent.; mid Minne
sota, .'II per cent., in oilier portions id
the couutry.
*? In consideriug Iho increase in the
South in comparison with those else
whoro, howovor, one or two roots must
be borne in mind, outside <>i Texas,
Louisiana, Florida and perhaps W'esl
Virginia and Maryland tin- South's
population bus been little intlucncod by
the Immigration of rorcignors. The
So,uh today, ami notably those portions
of the South showing the smaller per*
coinages of Increase, contain iho purest
American stock in Iho country. It
contain*, also, llio bulk of Iho negro
population, which, increasing h s> rap
idly than the whiles, tends 10 reduce
the total occontago of increase, There
are many indications, however, that
that populnli >n is inclined to drifl be
yond the limits ol (lie South, both in a
Northerly direction and al?O toward
the Southwest, its place being gradu
ally taken by Americans who have tried
the middle W ist and Northwest, and
who now seek homes in Virginia,
Georgia, Tennessee. Alabama, Mrs
issippi, Louisiana, Texas, and other
Southern States. Th. se new citizens
of the South are largely of iho agricul
tural ilass. They are bringing new
ideas and new methods with them, and
from Ibcni may bo expected to spring
additions to tho native-born Southern
Ol'S Who have set to work lo develop
Southern industries. Tin- sloughing
oil of the undesirable portions of the
Smith's population and (ho (\(l(Ulioil of
thrifty Americans from other portions
of iho country may bo expected to
continue indefinitely ami to increase
much more rapidly in the future, now
that the Southward tiend ol population
is so pronounced throughout the North
and the Northwest.'1
WHY
DR. HATHAWAY
CURES.
Reasona for His Marvelon? Success?
His NOW. Free; Hook.
Dr. flnthawny's method
of treatment Isnooxporl
meat, it Is tiic resell of
twenty years ot e\|>eri
cure in tin> most exten?
sive pi aclien of any
specialist in his line in
the world. Ilowasttrnd
uated from one <>i tlic
Pest medical coIIcrcs in
the country and poi feet
e<l his medical tuid surah
cal oducatioii by ox ton
sivo hospital prnctlco.
I Karly in his professional career he inndo discov
ei los w hlch placed him nt tliu iie.nl ni his profos?
I sinn as a specialist in treating w hat are generally
known as private dlsoascsol nion nod women,
this system of treatment lie lias more and inure
perfectedcncli yeai until lud?) ins eurosnroso
invariable as to ho tue maivel ol the medical
profession.
Knjoylnu IholnrRost practlcoof any specialist
in Ilm world in- Mill maintains a system o( nomi
nal f< os w in' ii muk?s it posslblo fur nil lo obtain
his services.
Dr. Ilntliaway treats and cares Loss of vitality,
Vnrlcocolo, stiii luroi Blond Poisoning in Its dif
ferent BtflROSi Ithcumatlsm, Weak hack, Morv?
onsnnss, ail manner ol Urinary Complaints,
t'i? ers. Son's mill skin Diseases, llrlohts IMsoaso
mid all forms ol Klilnoy Troubles, Mis treatment
for undortonetl mon restores lest vltnlity and
makes the pntlontft strong, well, vigorous mini.
Dr. Ilatliaway's success in 11?- - treatment of
Varleocolo and Btrlcturo without tlio aid of knife
Or cautery Is pllPnomOllftl. Tlie pfttlOItt Is trofttod
i?y this mottiod at ins own homo w Ithout pain 01
loss of time from uuslnesn, Till.? Is positiv* i> tin
only t rcntmnnt irlilcli eures wltlioulnn operation,
in. Ilattiaway calls tlio particular altontlonoi
RtifTorors from \';u Icocolo ami Stricture to page
27,28,20, 80 nnd 31 Ol Iiis new book, entitled,
"Manliness, Vigor, lloaltli," a copy of which will
bo sent free on application.
Write today for free liook and .symptom blank,
montlooloK your complaint.
J. NEWTON HATHAWAY, At. D.
Or. Iliitliiiuny & Co.,
B2K8oniti BroadHtremt, A t lnuta, O?.
UKNTio.VTius PAPBH wur.N WIUTINO.
ROYAL
The Absolutely Bure]
Baling-Powder
is the baking powder of general
use. its sale exceeding that of all
other baking powders combined.
Royal Baking Powder has not
its counterpart at home or abroad.
Its qualities, which make the bread
more healthful and the cake ot finer
appearance and flavor, are peculiar
to itseli ami are not: constituent
in other leavening agents.
nrc.it c(Tiiits ans milde to sell alum baking
powders tmdci the pica that they arc so many
cents n pound cheaper than Royal. Theadmls?
?. mi tii it they arc eheapci made Is an admis
sion that lltoy arc Inferior. But alum pow.
dcis rontaiu .1 corrosive |?olson and should]
aoi b'. u.,'1 in tuuU, nv malUf hvw ?iiap.
ROY At OAKINQ POWDErt CO., 100 WILL'AM ST., NEW YORK.
WHY NO T MAKE GOOD KOAPS ?
There is no topic of public interest
that should command more alien lion
Iron the tanners than Ihc improve
ment ot ?an counliy roads. Thoy can
heller alYurd t<? devote weeks' and
months to the study of this subject,
and to spend money in tho accomplish*
muni of ii< object, than to dovutu an
equal amount of lime and money to
any other purpose PllVO the improve
ment of their farms. And we no not
know of any other work in which the
fanners can engage which would lend
mure certainly to the bottormenl of
their latins limn good roads to their
market lowus, ror an easy driveway
with loaded wagons would he an in
ducement for the farmers to raise such
?ropa a> will pay if only a short time
is occupied in transporting Ihom to n
neighboring town. With had roads
there is often mote time consumed in
going to town than tho majority of
farmers can afford, though it is surpris
ing llOW often some of them are seen
on the streets, especially upon public
occasions like saluaday and court week
when they have no! a particle of busi
ness to transact. A tanner was in
Tin Cotton I'i.ani olllce n few days
ago i\ ho 9 ild he had not bcou to town
in more than a yoill', because Im had
work to do at home and was not nc< (led
here for any purpose. A whole day is
unnecessary with many who live ouly
ten or twelve miles from the county
seat, and with IllSt.clasS roads they
could get hack home for dinner, in
stead of idling away the entire day and
missing a meal altogether. There is
hardly ailj pointol View that the farm
ers (ire ma heavily taxed for the lack
of go,>d roads.
It is a world of llOllblo ti> change
habits and CUStuins that arc hoary willi
ago. Ollf ancestors laid out many of
tlic roads now traveled in ovory county,
and in a groai many instances they
were guided by other considerations
than oaso and facility in goin^ from
one place to another. Within a few
mile- ot this city there is a public toad
which has beeil in use tor mote than a
hundred years, and until three or four
years ago, at a small Cl'OOk, then were i
hills on either side of the creek which i
were a burden to man and beast for
nearly a mile. This infliction upon
patience and horscdlcsh continued to
exist until a road supervisor changed
the highway, and now the horses trot
the entire mile over an easy made,
which might have been the case a cen
tury ago.
South Carolina has no deiinite sys
tem ol' roads or load.making. Each
county regulates Ibis matter lor Usolf,
and this is the right thing to do, lull
each county ought to be actively at
work in bettering its public roads. In
the low-country a inixtuie of sale and
clay makes an almost perfect road.
Which is easily repaired and not hard
I to keep in excellent condition. In the
up-country tin- USU of macadam is nec
OSSni') here ami there, hut this is not
essential to good roads except where
rock work cannot he avoided, but the
rock is plentiful and con vict labor is not
cxpensh e. Whatevi i s\ stem i> needed
I can be sell led by every county for it
self, but we niuM insist that it is all
important for iho work to bo d ne.
Saluda County has started t?> work in 1
the. right way to improve its roads,
and we do not know of any county
whcie Iho werk is move (linfcllll. A
good roads Convention has been held,
ami the meeting, as reported in the
^nitida Sculinel, was compo. cd entirely
of ropro8culalivocitizens nf the county
who manifested a practical knowledge ]
of the subject and discussed the matter
in a sensible, homelike wny. "It was
very distinctly stated that they could
never have good roads until the people
were willing 10 pay tor them. The
people must (lrsi understand that good
roads cost money, that stich mone^
would bo well invested, and ill d g.I
i roads nay in all countries. Until the
I taxpayers realize this ami make Up
their minds to stuml the expense Doth
j lug in the way of actual good road
making can bo done. The convention
proceeded to organize for this work by
appointing threocitizens in each town*
ship to formulate plans, which aio to
be submitted to another general meet
I lug in December." This example of
I .'-aluia ought lobe imitated throughout
[ il><- Suite, au.I with the incoming of
the new century wo should have a good
mads revival, which would confer last
ing bcuelit upon all classes, but the
fanners would reap the greatest share
of iho blessings to come, for llioy use
Ihe public roads to alar irrealer extent
than any other class of our population.
_?Cotton Plant.
r.\\ WE KAISE EGYPTIAN i
(< rrroN ?
The growing importance of Egyptian
cotton in iho market makes pertinent
Iho question ns to whether wo can raise
it or mit, It is shown by Mr. Lyster
II. DeWOy that this COtlOll is derived
mole or less directly from American
Sea l-laiid '.oltoii. This origin is in
dicated i>\ its close resemblance to Sea
Island in habit of growth and in gen
eral dun o-t. The Hut is character
ized by ih strength, softness, luster,
I elasticity, and ohv roolilig. It is espe
cially adapted for the production of
line qualities of knit goods and also for
the manufacture ol mercerized goods
11 js grown In Egypt in the Nile delta
region and exclusively under irrigation.
The air where it grows is drier than
'that of the Arizona desert, and it
ran ly rains from the time the cotton
is up In March until the lint is all pick
ed in November. The soils theto do
not lack fertility, bill they -ire often
'alkaline. The demand for Egyptian
cotton i- increasing both in this coun
try and :u Europe. With an increas
ing demand and a limited supply both
planters and spinner are interested in
Us production in this country.
Mi. Dowoy noil's iho expeiiuu ;
conducted in tin: cultivation of 1
tiau coll on in Iho Southern Slates
Bood Imported by the departmc ' of
iigricullurc. lie says :
? Seed has been imported by t*
port men! ami distributed loi i
itilTcrent limes during the peal ? I
years, ami while the results have often
Keen rather discouraging, there seem
to in ralhci ample grounds for hope of
success, The experiments in hybri
dization and continued selection tire
pro lucillg very proiliiziug results. Ill
order to establish the cultivation of
Egyptian cotton in this country it is
desirable to have varieties that will
yield more than the plants that have
been tried, lo have larger bolls, and a
more compact habit of plant lo facili
tate picking, and lo use > roller gin for
Separating the hut from tue seed.
"There can be no doubt but that
continued experiment Will produce a
similar cotton. In fact, one of the fea
tures of cotton production hereafter
must be in line of specialties. It is
one of the lew crops in the world Which
is tumbled on the world in a heap,
with but little regard to the assortment
suggested by the different families of
seed." '.
News comes from Danish West In
dus ihal n specios <>f grasshopper,
hitherto unknown in the. island, has
made its nppearaoce in st. Croix, and
the planter- complain <>t the damage
done to the cane, ll is feared it is
similar to that which made its appear
ance some time ago In Cuba and was
supposed to have boon brought ovor In
hay imported from the Lulled States.
The alfalfa plant or lucern has been
cultivated for centuries. In cool,
moist i limalcs it makes toots only four
or live feet In length, but from long
cultivation in arid sections ii has de
veloped the habit of sending its roots
I twenty to thirty feet in search of mois
ture. In dry climates the. plants will
live for fifty years, whereas it will run
out in a ?piarter of that time in u moist
climate. ?.
It would he very strange if the farm
ers of South Carolina did not sec tho
wisdom of devoting a large acreage to
food crops ami reducing tho cotton
acreage, n policy that has boon vindi
cated by actual results in this year of
I gr ice. The reduction of ihe cot ton
I crop in one way and another has resur
? reeled cotton I. live cents, and it
' ought not to bo ne e. sary for any per
| suasion to make farmers adhere to ibis
policy. j