University of South Carolina Libraries
1scirn~oFiC AND IND~USTRIYAL Jupiter was known to the Childeans as1 & planet as early as B. C. 30Yd. C It is said to be a geological fact that gold strata underlie Phila'delphi%. j The planet Neptune has the lonjeqt year, Gonsisting of more than 9,U our days. ~ f More than one-half of the street rail way mileage in Massachusetts. is now 'p erated in whole or part by electricity. P The moon gives out heat enough to affect the thermometer and makes a dif ference of two degrees or three degree,. 0 The average weight of the Chinese brains is said to be heavier than the av erage weight of the brain in any other race, On the Royal Sovereign, the new Eng lish battleship, there are 800 electric lights, connected by thirty miles of wire. e , Inventors are now turning their atten tion to devices for the utilization of electric heating, especially for domestic purposes. The largest pumping plant in the 'United States was that placed in a mine at Iron Mountain, Mich. It pumps 4, 000,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. V Genuine volcano dust has been found !n Kansas and the Indian Territory. There is a deposit near Galena, in the Territory, which is said to be many feet in thickness. E- To make glue water proof, dissolve of gum sandarac and mastic each five and one-half drachms in one-half pint of alcohol, and , add five aad one-half drachms of turpentine. " Seventy.five miles an hour Is 110 feet a'second, and the energy of 400 tons or a train of cars, moving at that rate is nearly twice as great as that of a 2000 Dound shot fired from a 100 ton Arm atrong gun. . In the manufactures of Great Britain alone the power which steam exerts is estimated to be equal to the manut.1 labor of 4,000,000,000 men, or more than double the number ot males sup posed to inhabit the globes. From a rift in a great rock at Santa Cruz (Cal.) water spouts to a height of sixty feet. The waves that beat on the shore near by have worn a tunnel through the rock coast, beaten through the roof of the tunnel rnd formed this apparent geyser. A tine specimen of the eg of Fyor. nis, the extinct giant bird of Madagas car, and obtained from southern Mada gamcar, was exhibited at a recent meet ing of the Zoological Society of LUn don. It will be remembered that this egg is about thirteen inches long and of the capacity of 150 hens' eggs. The captains of ships which rarry bricks have to be very careful. An or dinary brick is capable of absorbiuZ a pinL of water. So with a cargo of brick in the hold serious leakage iay quite well go on undetected, for the water that enters is sucked up as fast as it gets in. If this should be the case, the con-. sequences are bound to be most serious. Exploration is improving the popular knowledge of the Sahara. Instea'i of being largely below the .sea, the greater pavt of it is from tX00 to 8000) feet above the level; instead of being railtss showers make it bloom andecover it with green grass for a tew weeks every year; large flocks and herde are miaintaiued upon its bordms; the oases are depres sions where the water can bt. collected andstored and are villainously unhealthy in hot weathc: ceause of this staganat v. ater and the habits of the it.h.1bitants. A Potat iDuel One wsy of combaing an evil prae :ice is to niake it lo .k nidicuiloas. It was by this means that dueiiu.; was .:opped in a certain district of aeatucky some forty years ago. At this time a traveling preacher namied Bowman--a strosz, muscuilar ruan-was conductii.; soune services in Eentuckv. .At '*e of his meetings, a well-knowvn desperate character created a distabance, arnd bein:> publicly re :yuked by Bowman, sent ihiuia chalieihge :o tight. Bcwman, as the chalienged party, had the choice of weapons. He selec'.el a half bushel of Irish po'.atoes as big as als dst for each 'man, au I stipolated that his opponent must stanci StePr. paces iistant, and that only cue potato at a time should be taken from thle measure. The desrperado was furio-is ast being thus freshly insulted, and mvle an in Sigan protest, but Bowansa insistedi that he was the challenge I man, aart had a right to choose his owna we spons, and threatened to denounce the dlesper tdo as a coward if he failed to :omet ..O ;ime. As there was no' way out of theC is bit to light, the desperado con - sented. Almost everybody in the plsce Was resent to see the fun. Trme seconds ar ~ained the two men iu positioO, by the side of each being a half bushet meas~re - ~ i.ed witu large, har.1, Irish potatoes. Sowman threw the dirst potato. It strudA his ~opoent in a central spot, sadw into a 'housal pie.e. A yell at 3elight went lp from1 th.: erost whnich tiaiedt the dI eie.Io, and his otato dew wide of the oark Bowman watched his chance, an i every time his opponent stooped Ior a cotate another one hit him in the side, eaving a wet spot on his clothes and :hnscattering to the four winds of naven. Hle hit the desperad;2 %bour five :es, and then the sixthi potato struck ai in the short ribs, anocking the wind completely out of him, and doubling himr up ou the grass. The people were almost crazy with lausghter, but Mr. Bowruan looked as sober as if he had just finished a funeral ser-non. The desperado was taken home and put to bed, and there he staye I for more than a week before he recovered from the effects of the frish potato duel. That was the end of d1uelling in that regiosn... ankee Blade. ment we '~&gin ~to cov et those of another. When a man measures nhmuelf he aways does it with a L.ily shrunkea prastick, The less a manc amounts to the pr' teL ae is that somes of his ancestors were itcsedom that a man ever gets to t~e COAT OF PL.( The cot closc- :It tie frnt -with il," satinI I veilleux, is Vl llh cott. running (wmi t, the low'r 'd'. 'IIr. ;ele 1.:1e Cl. S11 N i, 0 lit [ . to thll Shell fish as Food. Some of the different vnietie; of shel fish are considered choice articles of food. They have a nutritive value a lit tic less and somewhatt similar to ish, but are not so easily digested. Ovsters are tUc most eail diOestedof this class of food; uext co.uu lubatesI and crabs, and lastly tauseels. For iuvalids and dyspptics this class of food should be eixleI fiwm the diet. with the exceptiou of oyn-, anu i those for at person of weak digestion sa:ould be "ate% raw, or merely wiaimed through, as coukiiui renders the oyster toug h &aud moreh difBicult f digestion. 'The raw ovster agrees with almost every one, a'tnough a fe w ind theruselves obliged to discard the hard part, eating only the soft part. The hard paIt is muscle, which binds the two half shells together, and the soft is the liver. The oysters of America and Europe differ greatly. European oysters are smaller and have a coppery flavor. Our Southern oysters are larger than the Northern. TIhey arec dredged along the coast and transferred to oyster beds in creeks close to shore, where they fatten. In London oyster salesmen sotnetitmes keep oysters for a few days in water to which oatmeal has been added, for the purpose of rendering them more delicate and of better flavor. When out of sea. son, during spawning time, the oyster is ioft and mailky an'd not dit to be eaten. The lobster and crab are not suitable 'or an invalid or one of weak stomach. )f the two, though, the lobster is less ikely to hurt. The flesh in the claws is he most digestible portion. It is more lelicate than that in the tail, which is irmer. The soft part in the shell, which is the liver, is much more likely to do harm than the claws. The gills, which are sometimes called "dead men's fin gers," should be avoided, but are really not poisonous, as they are sometimes de clared to be. Crabs should be carefully cleaned be fore cooking. They often unexpectedly . disagree with a healthy stomach. Thits is probably duo to garbage, on which they feed. The purchaser should bed care to see that the lobsters or crabs are fresh, for they begin to putrefy almost s as soon as dead. Waeni canned lobster is -used, on ii open iuz, the contents of the can should be entirely removedi, for if aportion be t left in the can it ila liable to contami1na tion- b In some parts of Europe much more com'monly tban in this country mases are u-ed as food. They have been quits frequently noted as poisonous, and Iatal caseiihave beca reported from usmng t' them e'oked as well as raw.. Shell ash sometimes cause an itching a skin eruption. Nausea, vomuitting and gidine:, are sometimes the italieations 5 dhat they disagree with those who par take of them. Persons who suffer from seout or rhei- ' ~astism seem -most liable to bad e etI from eating lobsters or craus.-- en York Mail and Exires. 1U befor on "] came chara forms of th< very mean saline were couni water logic the p acid cande salini blmg prese thoug Doc cause in th by fa were very at th Fr they saain b:l1 ei.Y h Kbeng lined with black Ti I fut j rts hav e a bresit seam 0 - .f th I ront. Thle t:mldIi.. cIV Isle of Wighat Saimphire. Our sauphire gatherer in the fs'e of Wight, after' aieending to a point at shiea his fori was hardly discernible amuoug the giant fragmnents of rocks,casti i great artuful of pale green aromatie cliI herbs into tie b.at-amphire and sen poppy and wild Luignorette. Of these the samuphire is the strangest, with its thick, desny leaves like iceplaut, its I salt and punTgent scent and taste, aud pale, uncanuy-looking tiower. To gather it in any quantity it would be necessary to scale the most dangerous parts of the cliff, and it was while seek-. ing this and sea fowls' eggs that a crags mar, was engaged when his death oc curred. It was his practice to go alone on his periious expeditions, end the ex act manner of his death will never be known. It is more usual for two at threA rock climbers to work together. A rowbar is planted in the turf above and two ropes are used. One goes round the body sad the other is held in the hand. 'he first is wrapped around the crow bar, so as to be let out at pleasure; the second is ared to it by a noose, and hen the cragsman wishes to reascend e shakes this second rope as a signal nd the men ozn the top of the clitT haul it the waist rope, while he assists by himbing up the second hand over haund. rhe greatest risk is run when the ulimber throws off his waist rope and ~latbers along2 the shelving ledges of dippery turf which seams the clifl,where he least slip is fatal.-London Spee - .tr. ?C. WORDS OF WISDOKL - All lies are great trave"-ra Wheever there is selfishness there hs The greateat of all duties is the present. The riches that run to us socrn ly Bt wa ini A bad ana hates the things that c an c p him good, When we try to please every body w hs iall please nobody- if ri No wound can hurt so badly as the one icall; d ficted by a friend. icall; A lie turns pale whenever it finds out bons iat truth is on its track. tate( Clipping a tiger's claws never makes the r lose ile taste for blood. atmu When you get a giant down, stick to a im till you cut his head ol. . . ari The real meaning of reform is trymn4 and make a tiger behave itself' lake Be#ere of the man whose wife is carb Lways saying he has no faults. The Tihere are too many peopte who are mua >y pious when things go right, to tI We do~ not have to travel far to. find sea ut that all hogs do not wear bristies. th The world is full of heroes whose La. aes will never be known in this life. a ~.lose our own possessions the mo - of I env uo lof f - -~t~jjstrel - isort *' . carr onIj that ,ow theOi'0 MeCaeSalt fessor Edward Hill read a paoer the Victoria Institute last evening low the Waters of the Ocean Be Salt.", From an inquiry into the ter and affinities of the oiganic of past geological agea, the con a was justided that the wateni ocean must have been salt from arly geological times, but it by no followed that they were as fully as those of the present day. There two ways by which they might ac for the salinity of the ocean ; from very early periods of geo LI time. First, by supposing that imeval waters were saturated with eses which were held in suspen a the vapor surrounding the in. sent globe; or, secondly, that the ty resulted from a process resem that by which salt lakes of the at day had been formed. He ,ht that they must concur with r Sterry aunt that irou some or other chlorine largely abounded waters of the primeval ocean, as the greater proportion of the salts chlorides, and chlorine was but slightly represented in river waters present day. m the examples of closed lakes could determine the process of ication with the utmost certainty. areater or shorter periods ~~1 bl.ACL VELVET TOQL~E e C hat has a smiall rcound Still fr: .e Ircont ALb:,e the same there is en the two brims is a inin I el ,ed at the back with steel piniC, set trr't wmg's arnd l..heasant feathcrs, ake hadI beern receiving the water3 rers bringing down btt mechan suspended sediments and chen dissolved salts, silicates and car es. Tne sediments were precipi over the bottoms of the lakes, and water being carried off into the shere in the torin of vapar as far t entered, left behind the dis d ingredients. Thtose ne::es ltititely the waters of the becaie saturated with saits andt >ate, which were then deposited. oeeaa was a closed lake of enormous utude, and they were thus brou?ght e conclusion that the saltoess of the aiht have originated in very much saue way as had that of the [had Lake Oroomiah, or the Great Salt f Utah, arnd many others which essed in commo~hn the characteristic aivig no outlet. WVheu the great lpe of vapr which surrounded the aescen gro!;e b~eu to condense its oolinz surface, the resulting is. though containing, as Dr. Sterry supposed, aid gases, were desti of sain ingredients. The process alinification began with the first ns which entered the seas from the ein uplands. and this process ed on throughout the long ages pre 2 the siluria n period, brought the rss to a conditioni suited to sustaia ief ciforms of inhabitants repre tie of those which inhabited the n at the present day. These long might be supposed to include, not the arcmin and azoic periods, but during wuie'.1 the tirst crust was in s of forwttion over the incan cnt vlobe.-Lodon Standard. Alaut t nauimou5 ji t a tt ,[t- Ti I-e ;l t raa if h jarh tg'd >-t rr inr--ell hiur we il pI'y l' W I Battbig Under Wata The greatest question in naval warra% to-day is not about the big battle-shipi or saucy torpedo-boats, but how to get a boat that will safely dive below the keel of- a hostile vessei ana blow her to destruction with a charge of dynamiin or guccotton. This mode of attackini an enemy is not entirely new, for, near:] twenty-five hundred years ago, divei were lowered into the water ia a simpij constructed air-box, to perforate the wooden bottoms of an adversary's war. g'leys, in order to siLk them and drown or capture their rowers and fighting men. The diving warrior and his box did not outlast the great galleys they had tried to sink, and the history of tuese boats passes over two thousand years to the American Captain Bushnell, of the Revolutionary army, and his diving-boat. This was a tiny, walnut-shaped vesse!, s.culled by a single oar, and having a crew of one man. Then boat sat low in the water while on the surface, enabling it at night to get near its intended vic tim without detection. Then the hatc' was ..alosed, shutting in air enough tc last half an hour, and by letting in a little water and turning an upright screw bladed oar, the boat was sunk to nein the keel-level of the encmy's vessel, and sculled under the hull. A torpedo out. side the boat carried a heavy charge of 6 el feathers. T hea if dl i Mtly rinihed VIiTH WJNG; 011' -XEILN . e to whl~ i: - as~tenecd a briaap se..,d one, workIed up lik a shild Vt. wh lich a~ drawn.Ii*j ove t irit ahi t rs-wise In the hh rnt s an nameln~ 3nu,ted thucuh a tecis gunpowder, and was provided with cloc:work to tire the chtarge after the little tonedo-boat should have retreated to a safe distance. The torpedo hada pointed screw stemn, by which it was t be attached to the doomed vessel, the screw being turned from inside the tor pedo-hoat. LEept for the breaking (0 this sc-rew, it is possible that the Britisi adira's flaig-siiip miight have bueen blown ump is shet lay ait auchor inl Ne Y rk 11 arbor; butt that is mere gue.?s wo rk, for, as General.Washiugtou said a the buat, "too many things were neces sr to be combined in it." Yet it w inenious, a euedit to American skill and darmu, and its arauneeents are stil studied by thtose latere-ted in sub aarini navigation. to, who did so much for steaom naviga tio, took the Bushnell boat for a tmod.el, and greatly improved upon it. HIe ma~de the hull of this copper sheets, instead ol woo-. and chawge-d the seulliag-oar int.. a paddle wheel workel by h-ard. HeI forced. mito a copper tank eni )u4h ahi ti supply a crew of fourt meui while un lert Iwater for six hoirs. For u~e while ati the surfacc. the boat was urovide-t wit remoable masts and sails. His ex er - nents lasted soe twelve years. the t0w erments of Frauce, eat Britain an Ithe United States succeSSIVel -upid.u the means. But Laval experts ever. whers scouted the service timuess of t bat, and the higher antwr'end nouned its modeI of wat r .M -aM" than murder or- nast1sin a Ln. T ad vice, however, was eaploi n ita oicil permission ann2-t -..e Aft British vessels b).ilIai-:.: the New l-n land coasts in the War 1f '1. ' I ii no actual damage- wa-, JIn ' *e Ilbc niders v cre badly inglujmi i ' t a' n ~A egar's Rin,. ITae str-eet ber.prJ -nBa. Spai, have entered inlto I vi I "". 0V enat to wijthdua fuon *ri . a cn e from th~e chi mztable p..~~--i to conmpe! their ben ars to : WINTER WRAP ] Ihe wrap is not lined and consiE nehs long and at the upper end sew, :iIind, the lower part being of cloth, iviuterie braids are stitched on the lai )airts, h oging eparate, :ire trimmed FRONTIER JUSTICE, 110W VARIOUS BAtD MEN D)IE IN THE FAR WESA 'I.a Legal Killing of an Fightee Year-Ol Boy-A Desperado's quick Punishment FPor an Awatu Crime. HE execution, legal or othe , wise, of any human being certainly an interesting, i though decidedly doloro subect," said an ex-United Stat Deputy Marshal from Oklahona. Western districts. Government Marshal men who do not value their own otherQ lives at a fartbing when makih 4u arrest or trailing a criminal, shrii back appalled at the bare idea of havii to 'pl! a trap' at a legai execution. Ja Stillwe1I, the oldest, most n5ted, ai desperate officer on the border, witb record of over forty deaths to hisa count, once said to me as we stoodt gcthser at the hanginst of two Creek I dian mt le rers at Wichita, han. I ' have pulled the trap at sevente event&ious, and I have neve-r done wihu feeling of horror and a t -ii- to shirk my duty. I would willing forit three months' salary raither thei ubey the maudate of the Court in Ll nazricular.' "As it was with Jack at this exec tion, so it is with a specta:or, at leaist his tia-st haging. I remember distinct my original experience in this line. was also at Wichita. An eighteen-yea cld boy, Lee Mosher, had been convi< ed of having deliberately planned al carried out the plan to kill a man wh ouly seteen years of age. A lar stockae afteen feet high had be eacted just outside the jail, and on t morning of the execution a curic crowd gathered there with the morb desire to see the condemned boy as passed from the jail to the stockadea neG. W~hen the hour arrived fort execution the prisoner was taken fr< his cell into the jail parlor, and the: tanding ghostly white but firm a determiued, the death warr 4 was re to ~m. The Marshal reading the pat broke down and sobbed like a child, t prijsoner' lips quivered painfully for moment, and all persons present brush the tears from their eyes as they follow tie oliicers and the boy from the buil ing and through a lane of anxious sp tutors into the door of the stockade. "l'he rabble saw the feeling ti animated the select few who followedt hoy and it was communicated to thei Perhaps there was not One ina hundr but would have turned hiru free if th coild have done so. Numnerous petitic had been sent to President Clevelan but no reply had been received. "(Ohce inside the stockade the dc was shut and barred. Thei condeniu buy mounted the ad~told with a fi ste p. The noose and black cap were justed and the tr-q, sprung. As body shot through the hole my kn almost gave way under me, and I hea a great sigh of pity go up from th< aound. Before we could recover frc the shock athunderous rap came up the door and a thousand voices on otside shouted: " A reprieve: a reprieve ! Don't ha: that boy on your lives I' I"The officers turned pale, and t spctators as they looked in fascinat horror at the swaying, shivering body thme end of the rope, gasped in horri Some one opened the gate to admitt 1messenger, and the mob outside saw t dngling body. Then ascended a cry< t Lynch the officers. They hu the boy after he had oeen reprieved.' "The message, however, did r prove tboareprieve, but was a noLi that the Presidient refused to iunterfere A b~order +ragedy was thus narron~ averted. 1 have never forgotten I feeling of utter weakness and knee saan in" as I experienced it then. I 'The next time I saw a man hu it we not a-legal execu~tion by a means. I was doing newspaper work - Eastern papers around the Oklahor country in 1888, and while at Puircel had an experience thlat I don't care repeat in kind. 'The place was fi!ed up with stran rs. The Santa Fe depot is dosvn in 1 vllev near the South Canadian Riv and the town is perched high up or projecting spur of the Arbuckle M.a tains. During the mouths prnoc to t opening of Oklahoma the river bott< was one mass of wagons, oaeu, hors dogs, men, wonien, children and si *Lwi Hem -o found tha BuckE OR YOUNG WOMEN. t of two cloth parts, each one being 46 .d on to a passe. The double cape is cut the upper one of black gros grain. Passe. ter, which has pointed ends. The front with black Thibet. from Ohio, the noosier rrom iuuaa% the Sucker from Illinois, and representa tives of other Eastern and Middle States who had been lured out to this wilder ness by glowing newspaper reports of the new El Dorado. Of course, gamblers of all descriptions abounded, from three ri- card-monte and shell-game fakirs up to the regulation keepers of a tiger den. *'The 'tough' citizen also abounded. One evening as the train from the south drew up at the depota drummer stepped on to the -platform weaning a stovepipe hat. He was eyed curiously by the con glomerated mass of humanity present, but no one offered any remark until he es had almost reached a stage which was [ used to convey passengers up the moun 8 tain to the Clifton House. Tnen a ? brutal-looking, swaggering 'bad man' eg pulled a revolver, and, laughing hoarse lv said - Don t allow no sich hats hyar.' .k His shot, instead of piercing the tile, 1, went through the stranger's head and a killed him. "'Lynch the hound !' and 'Cuss hi Shide, string him up !' arose in fury on il s- ides. "As the train pulled out of the depot ethe passengers strained their eyes out of sthe windows to watch a frantic mob as ~it bore a struggling, swearing, praying, ey rving, hy'sterical wretch off toward a blone tree on the river bank. 'Texas - LS ' 'as the rutfia'n called himself, broke Jown completely, end his cries and p.edins for mercy still ring in my ears. ile wa swun. off, however, at the anQ Aof a lariat, and his body remained swing. in lg there as a warning to fools like him, runtil a Marshal cut it down the next tevening. id Hanging" legally or even ordinary. en lynching is a comfortable death com :e pared to one I witnessed in No Man's _ en Land lour years ago. I was at-Beaves he City when a desperado committe4 an s atrocious crime. Before he could be ld apprehended he fled. A posse was or g'ndand a rapid horseback~ pursit c'meced. Soon the crowd of yelling havengers closed in on the victim, a dozen isnake-like lasso coils went whirling and E hissing through the air, and three reached dthe mark. The man was torn from his - saddle and literally dragged to death. eIHe clutched at sage bushes and tore them - Iout by the roots. He dug his hands and amupto the shoulders in the desert Saends, and he cried for mercy as long as ed Ithere was a breath left in his miserable 'body. When at last the riders pulled in j - their ponies and we reached the body we found it one mass of bruises. The flesh at of the hands, where he grasped the ebushes, was literally torn from the i. bones, and his death was truly an awful cuoe. Such is punishment, legal and - yotherwise, in the great West.-New nYork Sun. Au Atm sphere in Oater Space. TraL'at extreme cold paralyzes every eivital function is, of course, a piece o1l Severyday knowledge. But it has bee~a - left to Professor Pictet, who has beea e jconducting some experiments on this sub. s ject, to discover that at a temperature of 150 degrees below the centigrade zero mnitric or sulphuric acid and potash, be 1 tween oxygen and potassium, thougn ua& de' ir ordinary circumstances the atfiairy of the latter metal for oxygen is so great that it will burn if thrown into water, owing to its combination with the oxy-i Sgen in that fluid. But if the elfecti i spark is played on bodies which 'b t thus lost the power of chemical aff' - some new and curious oomb~thos e sult. The latest investigation, the e, c lusions of which, however, have been :theoretically presaged for some years gpast, may require us to roconsider the question of the temperature of outer s pace, and the possibility of an atmos ~phere composed of gases in combintioai existing there.-London Chronica. nOlivine is the name of a new green .stone, imitating an emerald and used for_ making the fanciful birds anl beasts which are popular for scarf pins or y rooches. r Mrs. Mary Mapes Dodge, editor of St. - s Nicholas, suffers the usual penalty of I being famous. She receives about eighs o letters daily requesting aiatographs or iketches of her life. - Mrs. Linden Kent, of Washington, e has given the University of. Virginia , 60, 00 to endow a chair of English lit. erature. Her husband was a distin g~ uised graduate of the university. hLuella Cool, one of the leading den tists of San Francisco, 1;as charge of the dentistry of Stanford Univeruity. .Of ing to ner large practice she ea give but oge dag in the wek tte aT