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4 iREVIEW OF EUROPEA IMPORTANT EVENT Great Conflict Rages With Incre teenth Nation to Enter Strug ers-Teutonio Allies Mak( United States Fac THE EURO1PEAN WAR Those who are engaged' in or are viewing at close range-the titanic con ilet in - which all Europe Is involved can with difficulty appreciate the iatude of the events which have tirnnspired during the pnst 12 months. -Generatiolts to comie, however, looking nback upon this period with 6 clearer Vision. will recognize the year 1916 .-at; one of the tiost tremendous. front a history-ainhag standpoint. slice the world began. Bu rope continued Its blood-letting throughout the year with even greater ferocity than nuirked the first 18 miithis following the breaking of the storm. The great. war rounded out Its Stecond and enterVd upon its third year. with little .pronae of an early 'Conclusion of peace. During the year Dew nations entered Into the war, one of thema. ftouniniu, to become the acene of some of tie most ferocious fightink of the .enr,. onp new nation wus ereated. another tottered to Its fall. while on a dozen fronts millions -of men were fed as human sacridees to ie Insntinte -war monster. There .were seven. outstanding -pluses of thf'great war during the year 1910. These epmtprised the great -offensive of the iMusslans in Galcia, whieh war finally checked by the Teu tonic allies; the' superhuman efforts of the Germans to enpture Verdun, which Were thwarted by the equally superhuman defense offered by the French ; the long-awaited grand ofen ;sive of the British an*d tite French on the western front. resulting in thg re .covery of consIderable aren in the Soame region. but not deflnitely break ing flue deadlock in northern France; the cieckinig of an Austrian offensive by lie itnains and the launching of aU counter-offensive by which the Ital onns Inide big strides in their etn paagnu nigninst Trieste; the conquest of It0111111u11in by the Teutonile allies; the drive of the Serbos. aided by French, Itlitan and British troops. In ui effort to regain their lost kingdom. and the final Iabandonunent by the entente al lies of their disastrous Onlilpoll cam .paign. Tite Russians launched their of fensive in Galicin oi the first day of the year. On January 0, the effort of the entente allies to force the Darda nelles wqs 4efinately abandoned. and the forces of the allies entirely evacu :ated tlie Gaill bli peninsula. Verdun Attack Launched. Eurly in Pehruary, the Russians. aft er a. lull In the fighting, resumed their -offensive in Gallein and on FAhutiary 10 they crossed the Dniester and thrent ened Czernowitz. The Russians. un der- (rand Duke Nicholas, also con tintuied their atiie in the Cauenisus and Ont l"'hrtiary 14 they c'aptur-ed the imtportant town of Erzerumu. Febru nry 21*.1 Ihe Geuaras. ted by the ct-own prince. ianchneled thbet- a ttack ont Ver-. dIun. 11nd( durinig the next fewc datys t hey smashed Itheiru way t hroughi thie OUter tiefenses tiot IIlahy came wvithint big-gun anacge of thle French stronag hold. The lFreunch. taken by surprise, * were for-ced to give ground. butt by the hist of thle tmonth Ithe iy hadie strethtt~ (eed their slatter'ed lintes andii .. ' 1 had iei'kedh the G;ermiati drIv e In lie Verdttn $tetor.~ for thie ne~(xt few ainongul nar'y tightinug of the entire wvat-. * ' i'he Ataeuras haud contsiderablle sute .cess on the ItalIan front dur-ing thie toon th, entering Durazzo on Febr-uary - 20 and driving the Ittalians. before thetm. Portugal sign'alized its entr-y into i-he. great conflIct February 29 by selvIng 34 Germian steamers Inuterned In Portuguese por-ts. Gertmany demand 4 - ..... t'.'lhe release of (the shIps and on Marh ela-edi war on Portugal, the thilrteenthi tntion to enter the cont -cifyby tecontinued deteri-nned ait tacks of the Get-aans upon Vecrdumn. N ?he assault entered its tird siage int * this mnonthi with r-epentedl attacks on Vaux. Doutmont tind other- outlying towns, nliost of which wvere repulsed with terrific losses. Dui'ng (lie month the Italians finally chieckeud (lie Auxs trian drive aintd Inunched a big offen .#lve ailohg the entire Austrhin frot. .*hie Russians continued their victori otis drive against the Tturks inm At monit. Otnpturitng Bitlls oni Matrch :i. v and other Important towns latter Int the snonth. The early dayi~s of AprIl sitw a slow I, nlg uip of thme Russian offensive int (Ga liiin. The Glermah launchted a couna ter off'ensive till itlong the Rtussian front but gained little hendlwa. Thle f ofhowling mioths saaw terifie fIghting satidg tis fronit. AprIl 23. (lie Bitlish 7 admitted a defent at the htands of (lhe T1urks in Mesopotantin and on April &, Generatl Towttshend and 10,000 Birt Isha soldIers, whIo had been hbesIegedl by the Tur-ks .at Kut-el-Amaaira. were f po~d to'surreonder after repetedot ef *.f* Otts. to r'elieve tem had failed. * - Great Sea Battle Fought. The first great naval hattle or the~ 1aj w~s fought by. the Ulerman find * Mritish high seas fleets off the coast of Jutland; Dennnd/% May 41.. The Brit lob adnit th ios#411recusr and el t deetroge'a, ite Germans one batlesipone gatie 'C~thser ad a 'a.',' N WAR AND OTHER S OF THE YEAR 1916 ased intensity-Roumania, Fif gle, Overrun by Central Pow First Peace Proposals es Several Crises. number of light cruisers and destroyers. More tiytn 9,000 lives were lost. Both sides claim the victory. F ive days inter Great Britain received a staggering blow when the British cruiser liaimp shire was blown up in the North sel by i stiie unt E.arl Kitchener, British secretary of war, and his entire siif, were lost. During tle early part of June the Itussians broadened their of fensive in (;alleia and along the'llnes further north and on .June 7 they al niouniCed the recapture of the fortress of lautsk in Voliiynla and the crossing of the Ikwa and Styr rivers at several points. On July 1. the BrItish and Frenchz launched their great drive on the west front. A converted attack was made on a 25-iile front north and south of the Somme rive-. ,July it, after ten days and nights of continuous tight ing, the British claimed tle capture of the whole of the enemny's Ort lines of defense. on a front of . 14.000 yards. During the remainder of the month the British and French continued their ad vance, the British occupying the entire village of Pozieres July 26 and the Frencl advancing close to l'eronne, an important railroad center. During the month or. August the Russians, after terrific fighting, pierced *the Teuton lines ol the Lenberg and Kovel fronts an(d advanced In the Car pathlans. The Italians continued their drive on Trieste. August 9. after days of tetrrfic fighting. they captured Go ritz and pushed forward, pursuing the retreating Austrians. Roumania Enters War. 11otiaiinin, aafter uionths of wavering, entered the war (it the side of lie en tente allies with a declartilon of wir, on Austria-lungary. Rounniinii was the fifteenthii nation to Viiner the war. On the slinie day Italy dechirvil war oi Germiiany anid the folhowing day ('er maniiiiy declared wiair onl Itountiina. \Vih tle decit ration of war tighting liegain hetween the Itouianians and Ais trians on the. Transylvankila froifler. August :0. the ltoumanians occlpied Kronstadt an(id lrinannstadlt, lie two chief cities of Tratisylvania. Field Marshal von Hlindenburg. whose su. cesses had iaade him the idol of the Germanii people, suc-ceeded General von Falkenhayn as chief of the general staff of tle Germani arnuy A-titst 2). UDuritig the month of Septetuber, tile ltoumnnians.~ Co-opera ting wiith ile fussia ns, advanced in northern Tran sylvanin ail Bukowina, but suffered severe reverses at the hands of the' Bulgarians and Austrians In Dobrudj:i. The allied troQps made deilded gains in tle Somme sector. occupying Coibles and other important town's on September 26. Enriy in Oortober the tide turned zianiist thie -u.ittunninns and Ruissiins In TrntisylIvin andaz thle lat!ter wer-e forced to retire tbefor-e a st rong Austro Germn force undzer (ommmlf i of (ten ern ~i n i Ilkenhluyn. Oni Octobiler hi. the T1eutons biegan an t invasion uof lioii, ininz. (iin thle Verhuni frolzt. thez F-rench- smaii -hied thle G ermisan Ii z-s Oc vIllage. Thelz st ruggul h et weeni th li n inlan1113 iand [Rutssilin foIs iiCon43 tihe oneii side. and the Olther heldl tie (enter of nitoluslin ini Noveinber('. Ta1kIig iidvant1a11ge of the plight in whtlh the lztuians~zi. Onl thle Tiransi~yl vianhi 'ron t foii them'liselves V.1n Mnekensen hel his lines hn Dobruodjna und. azttnekinag the Daniube line, foirced theii river bairrier' att several [points. Elfecting ai junciturie of thie''ir ores, the Teuttni commandiii~ ers drove thle Roumaians back upon01 Buchiarest. The Roumiains ret rent ed raipidiy toward the epiltal, burinlg villages and1( all stoires oIf grain) am11 munititioiis iii the distict thiroulgh whieh they passed. Nov-ember4' 28. the sent of the Rouaiian gov-ermneni-lt was1 mnovedl fromi Butchatrest to) Jaissy, ner the Rtussian frontier-. Thez it4)uanluns evactintedl Buchiarest Decembher ti in 03r ,diei to save thir; nrmiiy. The Serbliins. alded bzy F-renchi anud Itailiant trdops, inndefi a shirt oward I wiinning balck thieir coutrly dulrinig No vembier. Ti'iir big driveu- resulteid in the (eilpture of Monaistir on November 19. Oni lie Soimme fronit thle baittie of the Anerle opened Novembier 1 3 wit h thze cenpture b~y thle British of live miles of thie (Germzan posit11ions, togethler- withz -(hhree strong townis. An annaouncement of far-reacinzg sigiihenniee was made izi the [Russlan dumaiit Decezmber 2 buy Premier14'z TreplotY. who read a proclamion anni llotminrg oillinlly that an ngr-eiment c-onc(lud~ed by Rutssita, tiFanCe andi (lireat Britntin Iin 1915. an d iater a pproved by 115aly, "estalishies In definite manne11r thle rIghits oIf Rulssia to thle striaits and( Constantinople." The fall of' thle Br-itishl enbhIliet early Iin Decembiier furnlilshed ozne of the. most senisational featuares of the year 's warz dleveizl liinents. D~emand is oIf Daivid. [aloyd-t icorge for tile formatIon of a smnalier-lil war counell to obtailt grnter ofichency forced Iiie resigiil on of Pre pr'etnier andl selected a new enthinet. tile piroseetionl of the wvar beIng placed in thie hands~l of five mcei, in eluding the preiler. Thai tirst direct ov-er'tures for peace came-on December 13. when Germany, Austria-Uungary, Bulgaria and TJurkej sent identical notes to the entente al. lies through tihe United States, Smin i aid Switzerland, proposing that time belligerents arrange a conference for tihe discussion of peace terms. The i not(,.s; were traismitted to the illeI governments by President Wilson with out coiment. The petce piroposa'is I were rliecelved coldly. Premier Briand. , in (Ite French house of deputie-s, is- i sued a warning against a premiture I peace, aind the Russian dumn, nIecord- I 1ng to annotuncement made December I 10. pissed a resolution favoring a re fusal on the part of the allied govern ments to enter into any pence igo tiatlohs whatever under present con ditions. As If in answer tq the pence pro posials, the -French in the Ve-dunm see tor delivered a erushing itttek on time Geriman forces December 15. winmning 12 square miles of territory iorth of Verdun und driving the Gverintinn hack close to the line from whilch they start ed tliir great offentive against Ver diun In February. General Nivell(-, who dlrected this ittinek. had beemi a few days before lilaiced in stipreme comimand or lie tFrench armies in the west. sivcceding (lenierni Joffr.eT , wiho was mide eiliilander in chief (of tihe Frenchmell 11m iles. but with little ilore han idvisory powers. WAR AND THE UNITED STATES Diplomatlc difficultles growing out of the or in Iiurope continuedi to confroMt time United States govern inent tirmghout tile past year. The submarine controversy with Oernnny. Whihel hadl been Inore or less acute since the sinking of the Lusitanin. was intensifled March 2. when the British Chatinel stenmer Sussex and the Brit ish stemner EIngllishmin, both of which carried Amerleians. were torpedoed and suink without warning. This oe eurred about two weeks after congress. lit time Irglaig of ti( president, haild re fused to adopt i resolution warning Aimermenns to remain ofY tined tier elint ships of the belligereits. The gernianm government tit first detnied any responsibility for the attack on. the Sussex, antd on April 18 President Wil son addressed a note which amounted praltlenlly to fn iltimntim to the Ger imin goverinmint. In this note the pres idt]( decla111ed thalt Unles Geman ininediaitely rilhtlred inmd effected filn. n lilt mndon Imen I of its met hods of sub mia rineit' wair'are algaIlinst Jllasenge'er mili frelih-en rryig vessels, the United Siniles -ouiild "hive nto choiet' but to svter tiploniic re'litions wihll) the t irmia~ nm etmipi re alitoget her."' (ter liiut.myI reply to this note. received in WIshilg'I tin 11ay 5, proiiised contpl alloe inl tlit f'ultirie with lie lmws of wi rae.t' in its suhimrinle operiatioiis. A sppileme ntitary note frmi Berlin. re eelved Miiy 10. ittlimllied that tle Sus sex was tortiedoed. expressed regret, oifftyed indeniIty aind decliared thmat the submarine coinniander had been ptinislci. No further serious contro versy occurred with Germany until after time sinking of time Marina, with Amerieanes aboard, October 28. It was charged thmai the vessel was torpedoed without warning. After an Investignt tion GC.ermanmny aissumed responsibility foir tile sinking of the bont, declaring thm the captain of the suhrini nie thought the Mamim an amied t rant p)ort. An iterehlmingte (of ati's beitween tihe 1:nitednt Stante's atndl the tnt emnte gover~n Iiuenits. re'gmri iiheii sizuri ie mlnil e'xatm imaimonil or Aitminn imaills, wmas produe' ive of littlie retsult. In severnl comm nmiimientioans Grtmi ilritmin ammi iFranmc'' inmsi,e'id utmon t hetir rightms i)to exminie netal 1miilitill. but miti Oictober 12 they'~ linde somiie slighlt ('ine(essioms, ipromiis Iing to linpireth' mai'ill ist'ivice hi' A lnitktijst against A~mmerlemnn lirm'mms antmii iiIvitdunmiis. tchairgt'd wi IithdealIig wit hi ti'mrmn, whichei wais libthlihed byv Greamt ltritini Julyi~ 18. nomli byu li'miinem AXuguist Ii. birouighi e 'mmhale irmitin formnalIly rejeetted time Amilerilenn pr'otests,. deCh1in mg t hat thIle hinmck list wais nimt milimed mat nmuit rails. MEXICO AND UNITED STATES Th'ie reintIionis of thme Umitedc Stantes withI Mlxme helmet: 1 miore siitrinedl dlurig 1910 t hani at mmnmy prev('ious timae diurminmg Ithei yearls of civil war thaimt fol itowt'd thle ret iremntt of i P'esiet Per. fIrt) Diammz. Theaiy applromachmed a crias earuily in thei yemarI wvhen, on .Janmuary 10, inemtteenm mii'n. iiearly alil of thlenm A meiennsc u.were tamken fmromi a trmin nemimarliI Chlhuhu miindtt k illetd by a handt of hanimdis. Conitionieis beenmeit still muore tease whmeni. utn .\M e i'tP. 5eve'raiIlilhundredt handiits lt'ri by \'illin irided amid baurned lie towni of Columbiuis, N. M1.. kdill ig iii ne Aimierillnn civiliammns alnd i'ighit Uni I e'd Statieis solhlis. Mu ire 10, Pre'si iemnt Wilson order'ii'd 5.000) [United Sttes Itrioiis inti AleM(X ict to entch GeneirmlI ('arrmaz. hmeatd of thle de soomn to dlislay antnmgonism towar'd the A merhenmn expedit ion andmt on Marichi 17 hie I ssuedt omrdem's fomrbitdding Amercenn trotops from enteinig Mexummm townms. lHe al so refiusedl to granmt per'milssionm for thle Anmemrlenm forces to use thle Mexh-mm ii mrImoatds for thle traunspomrta tion) of suubIdie's. A pril 12. ii dtnehtm enliit of United State(s troopijs was aiittneked by Cmirrnn m '/n1 troops) amii clt izemns of i ni ra'ii. Tw'uo Anim'rlenis an md 40 Mexicains were' kill ed im time enunilter. The following day Cmrrnza~ demntnded thle withidrawal of the Amerlean timop5 fr'om Mexico, bit his demand wuas igniored. Thie pur'sult of Villa ecme to a stantdstill, however, beenuse of the hostility of Carranz~a. Maty 31. Ge~ner'al Carmranza aigaimn die manded the withidrawal of the JUtted 'recourse to arims," and followed this 1p on June 16 with a defilite thrieat of A ittack un',ess the troops were witi- ii 11r1mwn nlorthlwarti. The following ,...y C, 'e-enforcments were rushed to the I Jniutel States troops in Mexico and ithiin it Short titne the expeditionary 'orce aiggregatedi about 12.000 mel. lune 18. (lhe war eepartinent ordered iII the state tulitin mobilized and with i the next two weeks 50,000 of the t Itate soldiers had been rushed to the )order. A detachment of American troop-s vns atthi(ked by Carraina troops at Tarrizi, June 21, and twelve Ameri 'ais were killed and 17 captured. A short time later Carranza util loned his hostile. a'ttitude and in a t !onelliatory note to President Wilson 4 4tiggested the appollttillett of a Joint oMinaniss-oiol to seti(! the dispute be tween the two countries. 'July 28. President W%'ilson - cepted this pro posal. President Wilson named Secretary ,f the Interior Lane, Judge George (Iray and Dr. J. It. Mott as metithers of the Atnerienn' coninission on August 22 and on Septeimber 0. the joint coi mtision began its sessions at Now Lon [io, Conn. The Sessions continued un ril November 24. when a protoeol was 4igned providing for the withd rnwai nf'tlte United States troops front Mex leo in 40 days. conditional upon the Ctirranzi goveritnent shiowing within that thne~ithat it c-ould protect thle bor dier and prevent raids by bandits upon Amerietin territory. Two (lays before the signing of this protocol, Villa, at the head of a strong force, attacked Chliunhun City nnd af ter a battle lasting several days he nlpitured that city. Carranza forces regalited control of Chihuahua City Deceiber81nnd Vilia's forces tied to tite tnountains West of that city. where they were later re ported to be gthIeoring new recruits in preparitioi for inore extensive operations. INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC The outsinteilin feature of 1th yeart in tite inditvrial world was tihe thrent mned strike of the 4W0.000 mrnbeirs of the four great rnil way brotierhoods. wilelt was prevented oily by the pas sage by cotigi-ess of the Adaison hill. The detatids of tie four brotfher ftoods. rept'eselttlig ite elgitteers, tire Inenl. tolntietors td trmidtlteit, were male upot tlie railroad(s e rly In the year and after frniuitless coiferene, betweent he represientat I I ves of Ite brothterhtods ad tie cominitte of general itantgers representing prine tienlly every railroad In tie United States. a strike vote was taken among tht inetters of the brotherhioods. On .ltly 20 it wts tnnitouncieed thtat the vote lhd been overwihelmingly In favor of a strike utinless the detlanids' of the inen were granited by tile railronds. The fdernl board of mediation tia neditely offered its services in an ef rort to pie'vent a strike but on August 12 the board annouiced that it itad beei tinable to bring about an agree ient atid on the following day Presi dent. Wilson suminoned the .general inangers' eonunittee and the brother ioods' represetlitives to tie White ilouse for a conference. This confer enBCe produced no result, the railron mtanaigers offering to sutnit the wholto controversy~'to ariii!tra tion but thb brothterhtood trepresentn t ives ref usinig to agree to ariItraititn of thir eight htour daty de'ttfunds. A ttgtust 29. Presl dl.'nt WVison. with it prtise frot the brio therhotodt hentilers that they could4 res('itad htteir strike ordeir, ieendyv is 5tued4. If at law were liassed providing fori thle pinacinig of teir wage sentles 4)n anl e'ight I-hour bausls. wvent before ''ongre&ss ane Iatsked the4 paissaige of ihre'e h1is whtich he dloe(tned neces 5itaty to iteet lihe situaittilon. Onte of Stese hill s irovibld that I"'ight hours shialli be deetitedl1 uthnientsure or' (it nndti ard o'l(f aI daty's work foir the4 purp~ose oif rec(koit ig the4 cot~t'innsnt ion for1 serIv iees of till entloIyee4s" oiperamting tailns in ittersitate tratil. Ot her ill pr ~toposed by3 thet preiden~lt iprovidled 1for i( heloinpulsor'y suitmis slin oif il Inhlaor d1ispuites to a hoard oft imediation to 1be oin~lted1 by the piresidetnt befor'e ni strike coutildt be de chared and for goverinenlt~ut operait ion of thle railwntys int ('ase of1 itilitary neces sity. 1'Te lill e'inhtoiang thIe priovisiont for thle eightt-hotur bats-is for wages. knIownl ats thte Athlntson ill, was rushed ltrought thle house ~Sepitember 1tI andi wals pased by 11he se'nate Sepit embe)r 2. 'PTh' orderlor ii iti ke1 whieh wats to have. gonte inili ('Ireet Septetmber 4 was Sthen reselndeIttltt. Thie sess5ion of con. gress ended4'E shtortly3 afterwards an id 4'onidera(tion 11f1 the other0 lci 'mentsureiis prtoposed'l by I the ridenit was1t post tponetd 11ull the ntext Hessiot. St rikes were'4 it progress in at itum her1 of Iitdulst ries d1ug thte earli'y parit of I the year I in tti some11 w~ere mar tked( buy scW'es Of vi4ilenc. Apr11 24, striklltg emloye'es of the~ WVestinghtouse coim Panyt3, led4 by at itmsked wotman. t'iotedi in 10nst IPlI iittbugh. lVatat strike iots occutrred at thle Unr lnegi e Steel works in Bradldo-k, Pit, May 2. A big strike wats s1ttd by' the Chiengo gamient work-ers Mimy 9. Iixpress driver's ini (Chlengo sti'uck May 10 aind c'Onsider'i aibe vlolene miarked the strike, ex press5 wiagonls beiitg Operal'ted uinder po li('e pro4tec(tioni. Jumly 13. state tr'oop~s iots of ('(emenit wior'ks stiker. A siik o~4'f at reot r'al iway mieii stop~ped all surface car~s ini Ithe hir oughs of Mainhattan. Bronx aind Illth mtond.h New York, Autgust tb. but the strike ended two (lays later' tempiiO i'arily'. Heptembier 0, a strike of till men oni thte subway, elevated andt~ sur face lines In New York was ('tilled. SerIous riots tmar'ked the st reet ('ati' strike in New York, particuilarly on October r. nomination and me .pajorityo members of the Progresive I conmittee. nieitng its Chleal0, dorsed the candidacy of Mr. -Hugligh ''he election on November one of the most unusual ever.' the United States, the'result'oJtVI definitely known until threp * !#,V ter the election, when the finil cu#)' California gave the 18 electoral v., of that state to President Wilson 'an gave him victory. President Wilpq won 27Q votes in the electoral coil and Mr. Jjughes 255. The vote chevt the election was larger by deveral i lion than any ever canst before In th United States, President Wilson W+ ceiving a plurality of about 400,000 0"! the poptlar vote. The great increasep in the size of. the vote was due partid to tie fact that women voted for pres?.A denst in this election in 12 states Four more states voted to adopt state-wide prohibition in this election' 1 They were Michigan. Montana. Ne )rtska and South Dakota. The Demo erats retaiaed control. of the United; States4 senale. but as a result of the Close election. Ieither of the two ma Jio' partlies hals a majority li the low e'r hou0se of the next congress. The hailnniee of power is held by five megn hers not elected as members of either lilt'Y-1 Soclulilst. I Progressive, 1 Il'ohiblitionist. I Pl'rotectionist and 1 iil in'n ent. ,, DISASTERS ON LAND AND SEA Thousands of lives wef'e lost dovag tile year. by the sinking of imerphnt vessels and wrll'ships as a reo$ t their being torpeloed i)y suhbtfn or blown up by inines. Trhe gre1%dfr. loss of life in aceldents or Ajt'aj of this kind iccrred 1ebrutfy Ox, when the French eruiser ProvrcuieV was sunk in tihe! Mediterranieen e'a, al 3,130 persons were drowldd. April 23. more than 1.0o lives -Were loSt In i 4ollision1 between a Chinese crulser' 9nd i transport. Fe)ruatry 2. tile .la'panese liner 1leijin was 51111k i a collislon an(i 100 lives were lost. 1'ebruary 9. the' French cruiser Atinlral Chiet"ir was tolVedoed and Sunik with i lo s of 374 lives. February 1l. ninO pe4ons were killed when the Opera housei at Mexia. Tex.. was de styed by .ire. Fe'tbruary 20. great sniowsildes in thle Satlzburg;ttlps killed nearly 100 p~ersons~. lebritary 22, ten tPe0sonls were killed In a triple col lislion onl tile New York. New Haven & 1lurt ford raillroakd !-ueur lBridgeport, Coli. l'iruary 29, tin explosion in 1111Pin t Ketuon, W. Va., killed 15 111rch 5, t0he Spanish stealner Prin. Yille ie AsIurlias struck .a rock and Sunk off the coa1st of B'iazil, with a loss (of 300 lives. Marllch 28, 2 0erSonls were killed 4 ran( nInalv1 were hured In 011 in a 1 collision on the New York Central railroad near Clevelan(, . April 19, Kansas and Missouri wereO .wept by tornaitdoes which killed 17 PersonI. June 5. tornadoes killed 07 persons in Arkansat and 49 in othir Middle westerl staltes. May 8, the steamer. Kirby sank In Lak0 Superior ind 20 lives were lost. May 15, an exPlosilon i the Du Pont powder plan( it Gibbstown, N. .1., killed 13 Inen. .1undreds of tislherimen i were lost in n' IiuonlOOn oft't the Ceylon coasf, .Juiy 20. JTuiy 24, 23 te wvere kiihed by nu e'xplosion of gas In a wiater tun ntl at (leveland. 0. A trolley wreck lat .1(o1lIstown~ 1. I 'n., took aI toil of 25 lives, August 12. August 29. the Untit. 4.d Stiate4s (crulisel Meinjihis was wre'tCked( by3 1 sto)riii it' thle huarbolr at Silt 1.10iigo and14 41 live wer ~'e lost1. TIwenty'-seen inieni were kilh'd Sep It'inheitr 12, wheni thle ceniitral siynni of n gret' b lrid1ge. bing httilit over ite St. I u.nence iver' alt Quebec,'' co)l grea'ut diiin near 'Iiiti" llanwaldliheiuin, .\ tire in thle Chr'istian11 lirotheiirs col lege~t iat SI. Laouis, 3ti... killed4 nine14 11nen, hI loher 5. 1nd111 personsi~4ii lost their livyes In a lire which dest royedl t lhos pd il at le anhani. Que.. Oetober 2Ul Noveiube'r 8. thle steanwilrs Connena rn :11nd iet riev'er wecre suntk by a collis'ioni in the irish sea an~d 92 were lost. On Nove'mber 7. 50 lives were lost when'a aI l4)stton ''." carI p1 lnge~i off a bridge. No vembekr 21. resulIted in the ilezath~ of THE LAWMAKERS. Congress4'5 wals in session ('tiinonillS. ly fr'om .ii ntiry 4, wvhen it reniiss.'ao baledl nte r theit Christ inas holdiidays, t1:n SiIl Sept embiler 8. tiln iy in i hle se'ssion a hotd fight dlevelopedove 4)t''Ihe l'il- l iiniet lill passedC~ by3 the house. 'LlTh priin ig for1 thle granltinug of full inl de'penilenc'e to the' l'huilijpp ins w'itihln hiouste r'ejectedi thle Clarike' amendment~illi 11n1d oni A lgist'lG0 the senateIi ncepted oa n corn1pr'oluise plledlging Independen14('Fce to the14 l'ii ippinle's when Ithe iilpinosC art l''it for self-gov'er'nmentI. ilbruaiiry 2. 11he bot11s4 pass5edi ai bllI iprohibliin g childi labor ill the manu.11! tuer'e,1114 and Iat' inl 1the s'sslin thle bIlli wa p~ se by lhe se'imii 1und11 signled b hev114 pre'4sidtiE. lPehlrtary 18. the 5(1nnte4 ra1ilied the liiatlatn treaty, pro vhIdInag for1 Amrienn '1 isuperivI)4ion of lihe finiance's 11nd4 jolilee regulation of I I..gislaon1 l'I pvidin g for~ litrige in Creaises in the1 st reniglh of the army '1ndt navy'1'.1 recivedl' ittnuchbl, 1 aniony. passed4O. lrided for14 the114 buliding of 157 shipsa dletring the neOxt three years. prloprlitionls of $:313,070.447 foi' the en-. stung iseni ye'llalr n n inese of $131, 16417.0191 oIver thle amilounlt ('alred byl the hill 0 ~ s ,ilarst passedi th,e house. tCupyright. 19,t.by t he Mc ture Newspa, Novenber 5, a large party of I. W. V. members from Seattle, engaged in battle with a sheriff's nosse at Ever tt, Wash. Seven inen were killed dur ng the lighting. November 22, Judge 1100) of the Jited Stites district court at Kansas Mity. Mo., held the Adanison eight-hour ItIw Unconstitituional find tll an greeltit ilS reaiched between the rejpresenta Ives of the government and of the rail 'onds for an tippeat to the United itates Supremie court lit an effort to 1btain1 a final decision on the Validity if the 1aw its soon its possible. , The year was one of great prosperity n all manufacturing and agricultural ndustries. Foreign trade of the Uni ed States, as shown by reports of the lepartnient of comuerce, reached a otal of $7.-03,000.000 in the year end ng Noveinher 1, an' increase of $1,500. )00,000 over 1915, and $2,500.000,000 )ver 191-1. The total wheat yled of the United states in 1916 was only 547.00K.00 ) >Ushiels. its coiupared with 1,011,00),0o0 ushrels in 1915 and at thole saine time here was anitost a proportionate fall fig off in all other grain crops. While he crops dIeereased enormously InI IItit3y. they also increased enkor inously in price. The v'alue of 19 staple rops,1 afi baied Oi tile Noveiber I es i1nate of the departient of aigricul utre, was $7,099.338,031, as conipared w'ithi the estinated value on Novenher 1, 1913, of the Sarnie crops of that year .)f $5.983,306,817. The aggregate value 3f till farm products, including live stock, wias estianatedi at $12,000.000.0). POLITICS IN OTHER LANDS The Sinn 'ein revolt lit Ireland. the e-stablishtinent of it revol utIinary gov erntnentm In Grieee thle proecinlintionl of P1olnd11( its anl lfndepeldeit untion by its Teutonic cniquerors til tie res tol'ationi of tie republic In China. voti stirtited the most limportant develop nients o a (ori tiei. nature in coun tii0s ou1tside of the United StIts In 1916. An oltleial iniditte. issued Ma rch 22. atnnounced the abandonment tof the Chinese nonirchy ainl the res'tortilion of the repIbIli4 whIch had been ik. phiced by the monarchy during the lit ler part of 1915. Yuit Shti 11Ki ati ntounced his rejection. of the eniperor. s1y t lid resunted tlie presidencey of 11lie reintliC. .1utne 6. Yuin Sil KMa died sudodenlly anld YunLl 11Ib1Ing he. enepre-shletit. The 1 Sinn l'n rebell In I reiaun i wis precipilt at ed oi April I., wheln SI toge'r (asenteniit. foretr consuIla r 011. er of the United Kinigdoin, was cll tured while littempting to hand in t' hind fromn (Ge11runy 1111a4l a G 'ernai .h0)p loaded with arias to lie used iI an Irish uprisinig was sunk w:hile nt. temipting to hiad the arms. April 14 the Sini I"t'in rebels se'zed parts o Dublin and serious lighting in tit streets followed. The revolt spread land oi April 27 uartial law was de clared over the entire islaind. Apri 28, loyal iroops took St. S'teihens green in IDublin from Ihe rebels. ca turing 400 of them, and the followin; (Ildy. Peter Peirse, "president of thi Irish Republic," surrendered. Till next (ly tie main body of the reb eis surrendered. May 3, l'eurse, Thminn .J. Clark and Thoinas McDonagh, lendi ers of the revolt, were execuated in"~ thu TPower of 1,ondon, rifler being fount guilty of sedItion itt a rirlltary trial Ten ot her lendler's of I he rei-la'1 -.ver e'xecutedu duiring tihe next few danys .Jurne 2(;. Sir' l14)ger Casernen('it wnl, iplaceda 4)n tril for t reasonl in I~uindon~i Hie wats (4 covicted a 141S'il sentenced is iinthr Jtune 2!) 1nd4 the senltence' wai. e'x(tle il by'~ li htngrng ini ''iin1111vi p)risoni. A~ tigrist 3. V'ol lowtinig t' Sinii. i''ei n revoiltr, :i ri tforit was iuiale b y thli arise which would rsti in the grant. ing of1 homeit irule Ito Irielanid lit uince but1 thle elfor't waIs lifritles. t ion of' at pr'ovliitl goiveten ii(Kt biy formner I'reitnier Veizelos, grew 4)t11 01 tihe reftusal of Kinig Constanti n' tc be drawni lIto the war on thet sIe of I he ('ntetnte alhlies. SepteiIuber 2 i, tihe islandru' 01' Crete Mecedec~i from Gr'eece, a11u( onl September 28, lFormuer Praettlier Veil "cos and)( Adira l Coundomuriotis lssuti iliOa pr limat in delallring thet mient for (reece, The I udependen('e of1 Poini. whii ch manyi 1i' i il Autstia~, Novebeir'' 5. Tlheu deathl o ,(f iiz ii. dosef. (eth3)'rorI if' AusItrhl-i Iunigry, wha(i c nleurred Noineri'' 21, wIIs 4'xpei''tril in selIne POLITICS IN UNITED STATES p~eoplle oif t ine UitIed( States 'th r'oligh 1)tt it' yeara 191(1. .1line 3, thle Wom-iii Its first 'onvIenrtioni in ( 'hilcgo. TIwo ulaiys lateri both1 the li'1litulienirn anrd Pro'(gre'ssive antiona11 ol onenions(11 openi. ['d ini ( i'lings. .l un' 10. foirmri' Presi tient ITh'ieodorliie itoodse'v4'i wn--t~ niomi-' nlte (for pre'II''s4lintlby thie Progressiveins [mdIi li'harles i'vanus li4ghe. a~ssocia te luste i of 411he14 Uiit 'l Sltat's Supr'tile' 'otur't and4 formier' goivern'lor o'f Newt Yoerk, was oiiiiinate by the )' ii~ Itepurbil 'anis. Theii lipulienn('is lniiiated h'i'es Wi. Faiirbaiikm (if inlilann f'or' s'lee' piresideli In th1( 1le Pro4gress5i ves ltamed'i Jlohn ii . P'arker of I .otulsia mi as lloios.-ve'lh's ri'nirg miateI. .Jutne 103, he I )mera icli na tionalcneti onii 11 'livene ttiiiin St. otula and Ite follow rig day3 PresIdent Wlo iiiVc ~illuiil ptO~ii~i Juniie 26. C lonel Loosevelt declined tile Progr salve