University of South Carolina Libraries
POTATO SCAB A New reise Correspondent writes: "I find that im potatoes are badi! infested with what seems to me tc asser the description of potatoscab.'' In treating potatoes for scab It Is best to use one pound of formalin te thirty gallons of water. This treat ment should be given the seed before the potatoes axe cut, and after treat ing they should be scattered out and allowed to dry unless you are ready to plant them Immediately. A fter using the solution for two or three hours it should be replenished, because when left open it loses Its strength very rapidly. We can see no reason why the kero sene barrels would in any way hinder this treatment. We believe It will be all rght to use them in treating your potatoes. As far as disinfecting the planter sconcerned we ado not believe this till be necessary If you treat the plan properly. The fungus disease called scab has been Known to live for at least six years in the soil, even though no potatoes were grown in that field. ecase of this, it is a good plan to rotate your crops and to plant your treated seed in fields where potatoes hare not been grown for at least four or five years. The soil that contains an acid is Injurious to the growth of potato scab, hence the application of sul phateof ammonia, sulphate of potash, kanit, or acid phosphate will tend to free the soil of the scab'fungus. On thothoerhand, the presence oflie , or argo quantities of . ure, will aid or encourage e row iiofpotato scab. - ITTLE THINGS ABOUT THE HOUSE Dy Gxaca Keuue.x Sxm of the 1 H C Service Time was when people who could not abord expensive jewelry and real ace, owned no jewelry and wore their garments untrimmed. Our ancestors, witha foolish pride supposed to indi- 1 cate birth and breeding, eschewed: Imitations. This was aprotest against pretense, but the medicine became worse than the disease. Gaud,cheap, shoddy material Is an offense against good taste, but Inexpensive things need not be inartistic. Because you cannot take a trip to Europe Is no reason for refusing a day's outing.1 You cannot afford the original Ange ius, but you can have a good print of It, anti most of us with untrained eyes will see quite as much in the print as we would In the original. There Is a difference between the Inexpensive and cheap, so don't let us - derldea thing simply because it didn't cost a mint of money. How many things are you going with- 1 out that you could buy for a very modest sum? Suppose It is nothinga more than a sharp knife for paringa vegetables and you have wasted time,i wasted vegetables, spoiled your own tamper, and annoyed the men folks bytrj t ean edge on a knifei h.....Uwas worn ot years ago. Yet for 1 Sten cents-ten cents-you can buy a g paring knife that will last at least a d year. t You have spent hours beating up a eggs with a fork. A Dover egg-beater costs a quarter, and a whip ten cents. You are short of pans, of crocks, of kettles, which can be purchased foi from ten to thirty-five cents. You are going without spoons enough to set the table when there are guests, I because you can't afford to pay eight dollars -for them, but you can buy ~ artistic spoons of white metal which c no one unless accustomed to seeing 1 them would distinguish from real ' silver. Sometimes It Is china towels- 3 you are using worn, linty rags; you I can get all the towels you need for tern I cents apiece. Or, you are wearing an J old dress, too heavy and warm, Instead C of the cool, fresh-looking one you could buy ready-made for from aity ~ cents to one dollar. e io, I am not advisinlgcheap, shoddy S things. Always buy the best you can 8 afford. If your means are limited buy ~ the inexpensive yet most satisfactory I articles that you can. Only don't I make the mistake of complaining be- I cause these inexpensive things don't last as wel as the more 'costly ones. "The fir: thing you forget about an ar~jele Is at you paid forit." So if jtlssemthing you are going to keen relyworth while, or somb- x higwhh Is costing you almost as I mauch as the better article, buy the s jiest. But at the same time It Is not t . a odpliyt et along without work just because you cannot buy the t mrost expensite inade. C Hay at the present market prices, C orseven considerably lower, is a very C good money crop. Farmers are now planning on feeding corn fodder and 0 selling their hay. I believe this 1s a t good plan. Dont you? GKASSES a: Eeplyto inquiry received from R. T. t bostwick, Parshall, Colorado: "Will al you be kind enough to furnish me di 'with what Information you have avail- al able on the subject of grasses suitable c. for this location; best methods of seed lug; preparation of the soil, etc.?" In the vicinity of Parshall, Colorado, the best grass for haying purposes is re timothy. A much better combination ti Is made by using timothy and alsike. W poanu l aGe tuaLe a uy pr mixture. Besidesthese twocrops. bromne ir.,-1 Dr Bromis inermnis, does well in your locality. Upon the farm of Loiris Fick, situated within a short distance of your farm, brome grass has been doing wonderfully well. Meadow Fescue will do well also in your locality. From our experience with the grasses and from an observance of the native vegetation, we would say that the timothy and brome grass are the two best members of the grass family foi your locality. The brome grass will thrive with timothy and alsike undez good conditions of irrigation which usually prevail on the developed farms of that community. A disk grain drill with grass seedez attachment is as good a tool to be used as any. The soil should be pre pared by deep plowing. The plowing should be followed with the disk and peg tooth harrow, if possible the same half day, in order to work the furrow slice down into a good, well-mellowed seed bed before it has time to dry out or lose its tilth. If seeded alone. about 20 pounds of brome grass should be used per acre. If seeded with the other combination, the amount varies with the proportion it is desired to obtain. A very good combination is brome grass 15 pounds and alsike Z pounds. Another good combination Is brome grass 12 pounds, timothy 10 to 12 pounds, and alsike 5 to 6 pounds. It Is well to harrow lightly after the drill. The land should be well irrigated but should not be kept flooded. There Is a notion prevalent In the vicinity of arshall that hay can only be grown where it is kept flooded. This view is erroneous. The land shoild be well Irrigated, then the water should be withdrawn until the crop is needing moisture when it should be irrigated again. Although this is contrary tc the views of many ranchimen, it is borne out by experience and experi ment. FEEDING CALVES Reply to W. T. TURNER, Chilo, 0. We have your letter of recent date in which you ask for some information on feeding calves, but you do not state how old your calves are. Young calves should be fed on whole milk for some time, and changes in their feed should be made gradually. After a week or ten days the whole milk feed may be changed to one of half skim and half whole milk. Decrease the whole milk until you are feeding the calf entirely on skim milk. It is well to 1 have a quantity of grain convenient i so that the calf will have an oppor- i tunity to learn to eat as early as I possible. It probably will not learn to 1 eat grain for some little time. This] may be hastened. however. by mixing I a small amount of bran with the mn2J,) r you may add a small qfu.6y of low-grade flour. Skim milk Tiltins some more ' ~oyrt than whole milk, so for feeding it is best to pick a grain that will not supply large I quantites of these materials. In someC nstances calves may do very well on t bighlyconcetrated feed, but thesei reeds are usually very expensive, and there are other substitutes that are just as good. Usuallyno10bet terresults 1 can be obtained from high-priced con-1 entrates than from feeding such grain 1 1s corn, katlir corn, sorghum, barley or ats. The following mixtures haveJ been found to give very good satis faction:.a Whole oats and bran. Whole oats, corn, barley, and bran. a mixture of 15 pounds of whole ats, 9 pounds of bran. 3 pounds of torn meal, and 3 pounds of linseed seal is also a very good feed for calves. Together with these concentrates the young and growing calf should ave plenty of fresh water, and be allowed to play in the sun. It should lso have free access to good clover or< lfalfa hay. if these are not avail ble, timot-hy hay and corn fodder are< erhaps the next best. If you have a gilo, small quantities of ensilage will ceep the calf in good condition during ihe winter months. if the calf does not gain when taking 1 1he whole milk. it shoujld be weaned. ['ry half skim and half wvhole milk fora while. b.ometimes the addition of a poonful of lime water to each feed E ill correct the diIsculty. C Calves may suffer from scours whera t iut on grass but ust'ally there will be ~ 'ery little difficulty if they are allowed i o feed but a short time at ti rst, then ~ -adually increasing the period eachc ly until they become accustomed to he change. Sudden changes of feed re not good and should be avoided._ ROTATION Oy CROPS Reply to a Michigan Correspondent "I am growing sugar beets and my and seems to be decreasing in produc-. Ion. What rotation can I- use?" In some localities it has been found hat beets do best following alfalfa, orn and small grains. A very good otation is as follows: First, wheat; econd year, beets; then clover for two ears, lest crop being plowed under; hen potatoes, and the rotation re eated. if alfalfa can be grown in our locality it is a good plan to in lude this In the rotation. In Montana the best rotation for eet raising is as follows: Wheat, lover, oats, sugar beets, barley and eas. n Utah the followIng rotation 'Ives good satisfaction: First year, ugar beets: second year, peas and oats or forage; thIrd year. sugar beets; ourth year. oats, sceded to alfajfa; .fth year, alfalfa. THREE-HORSE HITCHES A Kansas correspondent writes: "In aking a three-horse evener for a disk, would like to know where the hole hould be bored. Should two- thirds of he evener be given to the single horse o' make an even distribut!;n of the nl, or should it be measured from he outside of the singletree?" You will experience but little diff ulty in dividing the load equally , mong the horses if you take into onsideration the fact that the amount es f work each horse does Is in propor.1 th ion to the lever arm or the pronm f the doubletree given to him. In th te case of three horses tihe third b( orse, or (ne which works singly, In i rder to do the same amount of work tL s the other two. should be given fo wice the length of lever arm as the lam. The length of the evener and s lso the length of the singletrees will a spend upon the size of the horses and lei so whether you desire working them pt ose together or somewhat spread out. en or summer work the horses will it and the heat a little better if giveni wI tenty of room. This is advisable TI here conditions are such that more pa m can be given and at the same m me not hinder accomplishing the wi ork satisfactorily. Ce v um noJLDtO in illustration .I0. 1. m : at the tLVId i~s is kiveri thirty nches uP the lever arm, while the >ther twaare given buly tifteei. This listance is satisfactory for medium ized horses. Where larger teams are :o be used, it shotild be increased Lecordingly. 3' I A common three-horse evaner Sometimes it is necessary in working oung animals, or light horses, to give them an advantage. This can be done by increasing the length of the lever Lrm. There is no set rule for deter mining the amount of advantage to be given in the case of small horses. The most satisfactory way is to use a num ber of holes and simply shift the clevis until the small horse is able to carry the load the entire day without be coming more fatigued than the other horses. Some claim that the amount of lever arm or advantage given the small horse should be in proportion to the weight, but this is not always satisfac tory because it is not taking into con sideration the physical condition of the horses. which is a very important factor. However, to begin with, this method of adjustment does very well; other changes can be made as occasion requires. DISEASES OV CUCUMBERS Reply to C. V. Fox "I have trouble with my cucumbers dying too early. They get some kind of yellow spots in the leaves and the vines die before they get done bearing. I have been using Bordeaux mixture. I used blue stone. Is this the sam as copper sulphato? W4en should lime be added to the soil?" The disease attacking our corre. spondent's cucumber vines is known as "downy mildew," a parasitic fungus. Bordeaux mixture is the best remedy ou can use; but this will have no efect if the fungus has gained con dderable head way. Bordeaux mixture should be made as follows: For young plants-3 lbs. copper sul phate, 6 lbs. lime to 50 gallons of water. W~hen the plants get older, use 4 lbs. wpper sulphate. 6 lbs. lime to 50 gal ons of water. Blue stone is the commercial name or copper sulphate. The beneticial element In lime is :alcium, and it should be applied on ols that are acid in nature. On sois hat are not in this condition, lime vill be of little or no benetit. Tb!W 6cidity of the soil may beAdtermined )y the use of litmus.-pper, which may >e obtained at alrnost any drug store. ?ress the ihioist soil around the blue ttiis paper for ten or fifteen minutes. [f the paper is now red or pink In color t will indIcate that your soil Is acid. There are eight or ten different kinds f commercial lime, but where it is ossible to obtain - finely ground lime tone, this is the most desirable fornw b use. It supplies the necessary cal ium, and yet the action on the vege able matter is not as severe as it is ith other forms of lime. We regret to say that the Service 3ureau does not have Farmers' Bulle ins for general distribution, b.ut you ill be able to obtain these by writing he 3. S. Department of Agriculture, )ivison of Publications, Washington, ). C. If we can be of further service at ,ny time. we will be pleased to hear rom you. THE SEL.ECTION OF A GREAM SEPARATOR By T. F. WIr...ouonaBr of th~e I H C Service Bureau The selection of a separator Is not a litlicult matter if the farmer will ear in mind a few simple facts. Cream and skim milk are separated n the cream separator by the action f centrifugal force. Centrifugal force s a force exerted outward from the eter of the separator bowl and Is ~roduced by revolving the bowl at a migh rate of speed. Just what the ,ction of centrifugal force is can be >est explained by a simple and often Lsed illustration. When a ball attached to the end of ,string is swung around in a circle. he ball, because of its weight, will xert an outward pull. The force xerted on the ball, which makes It ry to get away from the cen tral point round which it is whirling, is centri ugal force. When whole milk enters be separator bowl it is acted upon by entrifugal force and the heavy milk :lids are thrown to the outer wall of e bowl. The butter fat, which is be lightest part of milk, is not so brongly affected, and gathers near de center of the bowl where it mixes -ith a small amount of skim milk and arms cream. The interior of a modern separator bout The amount of centrifugal force erted outward from the center on e milk in a sed'arator bowl is deter ied by the speed and diameter of e bowl. As the diameter of the w is decreased the speed at which is revolved must be Increased or ere will be a loss of centrifugal This can also be illustrated by inging a ball attached to the end of string in a circle. The greater the 2gth of the string, the greater the3 11 exerted. As the string is short ed. it will be noticed that the pull exerts decreases unless the speed at iich it is whirled is increased, ierefore,in a bowl. wich hasacom ratively large diameter, the maxi m centrifugal force Is secured thout running the bowlI at an ex -sively high rate of speed. This tans gre te.duraiitty becau~se It' A reaucestne s tw :cJ; tc c'peracr mechanirn Centrifug-l force is what caus, separation in al! cream separate bowls. but there are several conditiol which atteet the thoroughness of 1 work. The !irst .separator bowls mad were hollow and centrifugal force wa required to act upor the :iulk e masse. It was ne'ce.ar thar thes bowls be revolved at ain exc-ssivel high rate of speed to iner:: sumtiej:e centrifugal rorce being dev!l.ped t force the mitk solids. other than bul ter fat, thr.ugh the ihie: m all of rmil to the ouier edge of .e bowl. Fu, thermore, uhe ialls were uncertat as there '.:Ls n, :.re.;isiun made~ I these bowis to Pre'.c:t thn intermin ling of cream and m m!hk that ha been separated. Most sepa ratur bowls are now equil pad with an interior device compose of a central milk-feeding shaft and number of disks. The disks divid the milk into thin layers or sheets an centrifugal force acts upon each shee of milk Independent of the other. The disks Increase the capacity of th bowl and reduce the speed at which i must be revolved by eliminating th necessity of forcing the skim mil solids through , thick wall of mill The use of disks has now become standard feature of separator coz struction. While it is true that the separatc bowl does the actual work of separa tion, the mechanism which revolve the bowl Is of the utmost importance In fact, the design and constructio of the operating mechanism will dE termine the length of time the ma chine will do good work. Good material and workmanship ar necessary to a separator, The trut] of this is often overlooked when th machine is new, but the farmer whii buys a high grade separator will appre elate it after he has used the machin a few years as he will realize that h has a Inachine that will do good wori for many years. That is the real tes of a separator after all. Any separ ator that will develop centrifugal fore will do good work for a time, but fo Spiral gears of a cream separator long service it must contain the high est quality of material and workman ship and be designed to accomplish thorough separation of cream antd skirr milk without tearing itself to pieces Spiral cut gears are now used in thi best separators because they rur smoothly and prevent jarring, loose o1 unsteady motion, or back-lash. The) do this because they have four teett in mesh where spur cut gears have one tooth in mesh at a time. ThE slightest jarring or unsteady motlor in theg ears will be transmitted to the bowl and will cause it to vibrate andc do poor work. Hence. theC value ol smooth-running spi:al gears can easily be appreciated. The quality of material used in making the gears will materially affect the amount of wear they will stand. Tough, close-grained iron is t be best material for this purpose as it wearys smoothly and does not grind or cut. The shafts, spindles. anel frame of a separator are among the mjost expen sive parts of the machIne and should be protected fronm wear as mnuch as possible. In the better grade of cream separators, phosphor bronze bushinrgs are used to protect the frame and operating mechanism. This is a very smooth, tine-grained metal which does not cut the parts moving in It. It is slightly softer than the steel shafts and spindles which move in it, and consequently bears the burden of wear. Herein lies its value as the bushings can be replaced at a very s:.n!!l cost whereas it would be a conl'ierabae expense to replace the shaf ts, spidles. and frame. The bowl spindle or neck bearing of a separator is one of the features a farmer should carefully investigate. The purpose of this bearing is to keep the bowl properly centered and to pre vent shocks or vibrations from being transmitted to the howl from the gears. This bearing to be satisfactory must be strong. simple. and free from the necessity of ditlicult adjustments. The fewer parts the bearIng has the better, providing, the parts are prop erly made. Every farmer naturally wants a sep rator that is easy to turn. By all mean a separator should be easy to :perate, and many of them are, but unfortunitely for the purchaser this uality is often secured by building ~he machine light -- by sae rificing urability. It is poor business sense to buy a light, flimsily constructed separator simply because it is easy to turn. Such a separator wvill not stand p under the work for a long enough period to be a pl'otitale investmuent. Milk as It comes from the cow is :ne f the purest articles of food, but it is ,lso very easily contaminated.. There ore the separator bowl mni-* be kept n a clean, sanitary condition. Don't udge the easy-cleaning qualiities of separator by the number of pieces5 he bowl contains. What is infinitely nore important is the conistructioni of he parts. A plain, smooth surface is ~asly cleaned, whereas. intr-icate crev ces and corners are hard to- get at and ill often be improperly cleaned. In selecting a se.parator do not be nisled by the price. Those who try o sell a machine and uise as their ~trogest argument its low price, ou1 en se this argument because they have o other. The man who is selling low. riced machines is, makIng just as uch profit as the 'man who .w-lis a tgh grade machine at a slight ly higzhem rice. The difference is in the qua.iii) f the mach ine. HF.l .M E ~. ME The cream .separatc: is one of the3 ~ew things wlhch specitically allevi. te the drudgery of the woman whose t has been cast on the farm. Nc, etter argument can be advanced for he increased sale and extended use f these machines. The man who! laces a separator on a farm has done ~omethng for humanity. in the city. rhen -a housewife has cooked the eals, washed the dishes, and other-i rse cared for a little flat with run. I dr~e ~ :I the countrv * i ma s~ u:; ne ver tnished. G >r | h erage f;r's ife only 1 slhousework t. c;. a::d whe would thi 45 she was on a ito;. It is this e equality )f lao he tart ; coun, S giris cit.aamnta 2 commemary ' a -:e i ( of chialrv e min but. inl , y ra communit V Which the wri.er hs vii- 1. average 1:i w is 0 ioney to : -a ma1-i fur in. . th tuhlyat upt '..-atr. i tat but w the carpet Swe. .e waar h and the l ightin la; are a. hai by the junio.r:rwr.L~nds ar. a!' d sow. TFhis cpnmil, !n is nt -o ba:i it U-Sed to 1 preoeity has op,2 C the pur:I: :nxs but there are si opportuniti:-s for bettermnent. I 3, cream separtor is one of tihemn. e fills a need felt by eVe ve womaan fr< I Leah down to tho 1911 Ames co t and even if it did not increase t . farmer's dairy profit une iota, it e worth its weight in gold for the lal It saves the nothers, wives, and e ters on the farm. By .. E. WAcooxaR, o; the I X C Servi;e Bur r A great deal has been said in a j . ular way about the razor-back hog a s his sun-splitting abilities, but it I! very encouraging fact that he is rs a idly becoming extinct. His hap hunting grounds consist now of oz a small part of the total hog prodi ing area. He has been succeeded 3 the more domestieated and mc highly developed type of -hog, whi someone has properly dubbed "t mortgage raiser." Many farmers c easily attribute the possession homes, wealth and all that g.es thei with,to the domesticated hog. His pla in the scheme of industrial progre has been won not by any unusual tral but is largely due to the fact that h profitableness is a result of instincti economical habits. By nature I seems to fit into the whole schern'. farming as a utilizer, to the lx:st pc sible advantage, of many of the far products that wxid otherwise be total loss. - daw a very viluable less( f TQm this all but artistic anim whose only language is his squeal disapproval and his sturdy grunt satisfaction. He saves where othe waste, and makes his living by rootir around -sometimes in places whe. wanted, sometimes not. If there anything within reach that he ilk< he usually tinds it and proceeds 1 make good use of the opportuni1 without any manifest concern or e: citement. le seems to make it h business to look after small thing even the holes in the fenice if the ou side looks more Inviting. Profitable farming is becoming mo: and more a business proposition I which it is necessary to look afte the small things and to use to the bei advantage every opportunity to pri duce more economically. The be: and most profitable farmers haa adopted systems ot farm accountinj or, in other words. they have becom bookkeepers,-have kept such con plete records as to enable them to di termine which fields were profitab] and which were not. To begin witl it is not absolutely necessary to folio up all little details, but it is a goc plan to doso as comnpletely as possible if we were to go into a imanufactui ing plant, one of the first things 1 impress us 'would be the~ system< doing things and the strict principle of economy that are followed. A products that can be used for othe purposes are saved, properly store< and used when the time comes. A the end of each month, and possibl each day, the manager knows th exact status of affairs-the amount< stock on hand, and the <iuantity finished product ready for the markel Every part of a great nmachinei numbered and each must bc accounte for. - If the same unsystematic method were practiced in factories as are use on some farms, they would soon los their identity with the world's pr< gress, and become nothing but idI monunients to some man's failurE On careful consideration it is plain t see that with farming it is as impor1 ant, if not more so, to keep definit and strict records of all expenditure of time, money and labor. The space alloted to this artici will not permit a detailed explanatio) of all the possibilities of an account irig system on the farm and whati will accomplish. but carefully kep records will be an index finger to poin the farmer t~ n op holes through whici the profits are necw slipping. H would know :.!e are the protitabl fields; which are the most profi producing crops: which cows wer boarders, that he might at. the end o the season sell such animals to pa: their hoard hills; lie would knov whether he was utilizing his horsi power to the best possible advantage In this connection it might be salt that one of our foremost universitiei has just found that on a 160-acre farm equipped with six splend-id head o: work stock, the average daily labo> per horse was only a little over threE hours for the entire year --- a ver) small average labor record, indicating a lack of eflicienicy. Well kept accounits v.':;1 :;a un to determine the imo-t satislactorj way of ut ilizing our dairy products Experimenit Stations have found tha1 the cream separator reduces the losr of butter fat pier cow to one-eighti: that of the deep setting: one-twenty first of the shallow pan, and one. thirty-third of the water dilutior methods of creami separation. This shows thiat v i1 h the ordiuiary farme: who is mlilk ;nV tenl a verage cows, tiguring but ter at the market price, will save nere than the price of a separator ini a singie seasoni. It not only is econ .:nicld Irom the stand pit orf'~* iun ingr miore or the hut-ter fat from ihbe milk arnd other methods of cream separation. but makes it Dossible to utiiz/e the milk before it has underntone the aetion of detri mnntal bacteria, to which it is very suscept ih!". E very f ar ine r knows that milk as it comnes fresh from the separator is in thenn most wholesome condition for feedin;; poun~g pigs and younig calire.=. We hear a great deal said nowadays about miaintaining~ the feril itly of the soil. We all know that if grain is sold direct on the nmatr g hat we deplete ?he fertnlity or the land very rapidly. The it: best system of farming is stoc2k raisinig for mieat pro duction. and theu best 'f all systems for maintaining thne productivity of the land, arid at the same time re ) protits thnerefrom. is dairying-not selling thne whole milk but selling butter only. only by following some system of farm ac"ounn!ing~ can we know these things ami U, ale to weigh in tne balance the returnx from each tield from ea kind o stock and from '" HARVESTIN OATS AND PLANTfNG a I [re i LEGUMINOUS CROPS IN he THE SOUTH nk in- By G- H. ALFotD of the I H C Service Bureau It. is now time to plan for the har 'vesting of our oat crop. If we do not in own a good mowing machine, or better still. a good binder. now is the time to buy one. The cradle is too slow e and! the waste when using a cradle is r- enormous. One binder will harves.t from A0 en to 100 acres-eight acres per day. One or more farmers in every neighbor in, hood should own a good binder. The ed binder will generally pay for itself in LVSL one season. ed A mowing machine will often do ill the work for several farmers in a li neighborhood. Where one farmer can not afford to buy a. mower for his own use. several farmers can purchase one. d. One farmer will of ten find it profitable ha to own a mower or binder and work j for his neighbors at a reasonable price. ) Now Is the time to get our mowers is- and binders ready for work. Let us sharpen the sickles, oil the bearings and test the machines on the grass be fore our oats are ready to cut. It is also advisable to have an extra binder tongue, a knife,and several extra wings and arms for the reel ready beforehand yo- for repairing breakages. ad We should harvest our oat crop early. a Cutting should begin as soon as about 75 per cent of the field has turned yellow-just as soon as all the grain is in the dough stage. Oats should not be cut while wet from dew or rain. There should be a thresher in every neighborhood for threshing all kinds rE of seeds such as oats, wheat, rye, 3 barley, kaflir corn, sorghum, grass de seed, beans, and peanuts. u Many farmers will find it profitable of to own a thresher for use on their own e. farms and they can at the same time ce be of great. service to their neighbors ss by threshing for them at a reasonable t, price. is The oats should be threshed as soon re as possible, but should not be threshed ie when grain is wet from either rain 3f or dew. S. Store oats in bulk and not over three m feet deep. Be sure and examine grain a daily for at least three weeks and turn with shovel, if there are any Indi a cations of heating. 1, The packed, crusted soil should not )f be exposed to the sun's rays a single yf day after oats are cut. We should use ra a disk harrow and make the surface ig for two or three inches as line as % possible for a cowpea, soy bean or is peanut crop. By the use of the disk % harrow, we can thoroughly prepare a several acres of stubble land every day ,y for these crops. At this season of the E. year we are usually very busy and are is often unable to spare the necessary a, time to break the stubble land with L. a plow. These leguminous crops are valuable .on account of the nitrogen and the n humus-making organic matter they ~r co'ntain. When they are harvested to t be fed to live stock, nearly half the ~nitrogen and humus-making materials t are left in the roots and in the bottom 'e of the stems and In the leaves, and other portions of the plants not ob etained in gathering the crops. The ~. results of the Calhoun, La., experiment ~. station show that one acre of Spanish e peanuts grown on poor pine land con tained 192 pounds of nitrogen; an acre Sof cowpeas, 108 pounds; and an acre of d soy beans, 190 pounds. These crops ~made from two to three and a halt tons of feed stuff, richer in food elements athan wheat bran. When such feed Sstuff can be grown after oats and fed s to stock without serious loss of fertiliz 1 ing value, is there any excuse for cuiti r vating poor land and for having poor , livestock? t The advantages of growing cowpea y crops are briefly summarized by the e Louisiana experiment station as fol f lows: First, the cowpea is a nitrogen 'f gathierer;second,it shades the soil in the ~. summer, keeping it in a condition most s suitable to the most rapid nitrifica d tion and leaves it friable and loose and in the best possible condition for fu a ture crops; third, it has a large root d development, and hence pumps up e from a great depth and a large area Sthe water, and with it the mineral e needed by the plant; fourth, its adapt .ability to all kinds of soils-stiffest a clays to the most porous sand, fertile Salluvial bottoms to barren upland; tifth * it stands the heat and hot sunshine s of hot climates; sixth, its rapid growth enables us to grow two crops on the a same soil; seventh, when sown thickly, 2 it shades the soil effectually, smother ,ing out all weeds and grasses, and a thus serves as a cleansing crop; eighth, e it is the best preparatory crop known a to the southern farmers- every kind i of crop growvs well after it; ninth, it a furnishes a most excellent hay and a Smost excellent food in large quantities Sfor man and beast. SThe following is a summary of Far Smers' Bulletin, No. 326: In 190.5 the farm described in this bulletin pro duced one-fourth bale of cotton and fifteen bushels of corn per aere. In 1906, after a crop of cowpeas, it pro duced one-half bale of cotton and thi'rty-four bushels of corn to the acre. After cowpeas and an application of 300 pounds of commercial fertilizer, nearly three-fourths of a bale of cot ton to the acre; and after cowpeas and clover continuously for two years, one bale of cotton per acre. This moving machine, thresher and hay press made it possible to utilize the cowpea grown on this farm not only for feed and seed but also as a source of considerable revenue. The mowing machine, the thresher and the hay press will make the cowpea one of the most profitable crops that can be grown. The following is a summary of Far mers' Bulletin No. 372: Where inten sive farming is followed, the soy bean is the best annual legume to grow for forage in the southern part of the cotton belt. The soy bean whether used as hay, grain, or ensilage is a very valuable live stock feed. Soy bean hay is practically identical in feeding value with alfalfa and yields from two to three tons per acre. Soy-hean grain is more valuable than; cot ton seed meal as a supplementary feed in the produiction of pork. mutton.| wool.,iheef. miilk and butter. A bushel of soy' beans is at least twice as val uab~le for feedi as a b)ushe of!~' corn. As the grain is hard. it is ius:UilY desirable to) grind it i nto e:d a feeding. Thbis is best don~:e by to with corn before grinding to 07-.: v peanuts on the les and ec:ti a; e 'a the level with a disk~ barrAon. a s.ring tooth hbarrow, a one or 1.wo-horse e Hti i vator or a i:eel sneel,. We can then cut two or three rows at one time withI Iour mowing mac~.hinecS. We should grow more oats and other Ismall grain crops. and letenm~inoiscropsf to enrich our lands and furnIih fed for more good livestock: and use wore labor-saving~ machinery suchi as mnow- I ing machines. hay ratkes tedders, binders a nd hay presses. I LFor Infants and ChClErenN The Kind You Have oi ....... .. ....... Always Bought -pv1ALCOHL 3PER CENT. AV egetabe ParationfrAs ,P- similating theFoodaadftegidt a-s th tingtte tomathsandoawisaof Signature PromotesDigesionthee of S ' nessandRes'.Containsneitter Opium.Morphine norMineral NOT NAR COTiC. In I- Use 111I4- Apeifed Realedy for Olistp tjOn, Sour Stomach.D1anii~m WormsConvuLsions.Feverish SndLSSFSMP For Over 1 acs mae signa=r or i~4~~~SE~ Thirty Years NEW YORK CASTORIA E=CpofWrappe. ,. UmUT.nSWYu OlYoome. I Th e In Yo HaT 9' 'eIn hares divngran r noFcnntrifOudeerem Wonct Cplat o raper.n wnstorms TUOMre also TOf, will Ou Po Ml GRe SThNey intrlock and overlap each oer in such a way the ha.re ding rain town ot wil code n. o t pat e re rtlooing wtnd- tro s Thdey' as repof bu ast ap toadte blwadving onvr Aned airs. haesenho pATr BRUht , feRRw dros0.,hi ipensh applie So henwete ll yutawe.betOeskin, Stakes rers"th ithn foun some eczman red alknd thaoesaty hecrsalse ob stand back of it with the manufacturer's emant iron clad guarantee. backed by ourselvesD.Pecito mdeb th advice not inode tpo tsel a few bottlescopsd fth olgyern, ilf of medicine to skin sufferers, but be- itrre n terhaig otig caus-e we know how it will help ourcoln igrdnt. Adiyuae business if we help our patrons. js rz'wt th o ilfe We keep in stock and sell, all the welaheawytemenyoapld known skin remedies. But we will saythsDD.D ths f yok resuffering from ani ehv aefs red fmr kin u sin robl, ezeap~oiai t the sn fa k b y omedn tin rashor ttter we ant outtry a tl y. dy t hesi feure r hemro and size bottle of D.pe a.en. Prescription, hr n ew n made tot y th e And U~tdos nt o hBwok, hi oi umpositive noa guacrnee. Entrnceexamnalons t al t intergren riad other hen, t hing, m IC ofer corse in ncint nd oder n in gediatets. Anditry yo l-r Cou..~sfo l. A. . . n~13.S.deroowth ad Egn eitthh. lt A fre tutioschlarhip o wch shedt of a So th e maoliaeVnt yo le schlashis ivig 10 a ea an feetiin en to mett fieedsiofmor dyntoSkpn erirher. Expesesreaonale.Ters adc t hee ond e pliatintWyou to tyi o HARRISEO RADLH PRESt ~ 27h EA IC EPTEBE BAN Entanc exminlios a al th contysaKENSa Jl, at. C n SProptPowrfubPrmaen Expensesreasonbe Trch red, -ctaure bonapplieation. rt e etr HARRInccS N DLPH digesiondner F. V. LI CAlo, SVNAH .. PICPICKENRUGACK URS A L SHINGLS AN J.LVNIcD Bre PROFING -i:. I.i. . * ad in r as eer P. r. .:i.:7, . a. .- --- . .p io to n. (Pricly As,IPoexotian oihuthhv - - It beeia ef- Stubbor caesn Good b r hesul ra - iects ar usal yiel o P. Pt. - a aing-th ce o h fel veyqiky hnor m outosaycue JOHNe r useRLEsasa *PP1Fj.. F. TV.BURRPMAN, S NA, A.drpS