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?IIE ANDERSON INTELLIGENCER POUNDED AUGUST 1. ISM. 146 West Waltner Street ANDEWO*, S. C. W. W. SMOAK, Editor and Bo?. Mgr E. ADAMS.Managing Editor. U M. GLENN.City Editor PHELPS SASSEEN, Advertising Mgr T. B. GODPKEY.Circulation Mgr. Entered aa second-clans matter Ap ril 28, 1914. at tho post office at An derson, South Carolina, under the Act ot March 3. 1379. Member ot Associated Pres? and Receiving Complete Dally Telegraphic Service. TELEPHONES Editorial and Business OUce.821 j Job Printing .?93-L SUBSCRIPTION RATES Senil* Weekiy One Tear .11.60 j Six Months .761 Daily. . One Tear.?.|6.0J Six Months . 2,r,0 Three Months .... 1-25 The Intelligencer ls delivered by carriers in the city. If you fal! to get your paper regularly please notify vs. Opposite your name on the label of your paper ls printed d ito to which our paper ls paid. AU checks and drafts should be drawn- to The Anderson Intelligencer. Tho nilled Heel ls making hf.sh of j the forts of Turkey. "There's pore in Bill Tat* than any body has suspecter".' Alter eating, we suppose? An Atlanta burglar stole, ' among j other thing things, a canary. He's a | bird of a tlilef. It might be a good Idea to keep] that split log drag out near thc road whoro lt,will bc handy. ? S H unhand. Afraid of Wife, Asks Divorce.-If he really Imeans lt, and j doesn't obtain one. LawBy help him. ? Tho family Jowcls will have to make ! way In the strong-box for tho groc eries if prices otfoodstuffs rise much moro. A good many family trees arel shady.-Columbia State. And tho hoads of n good many families are brock heads. * 'Whether a criminal always returns j to tho scene of tho crime depends of ten upon the ability of the' police to apprehend him. Women's skirts are to be much I shorter this year. But lt will take Just as much of tho; long groen to buy them as bet?re. The bard, of Stratford oil Avon said .there are sermons in stones. Yes, sometimes a brickbat ls a fine thing with which to drive home a truth. A Kentuckian hos been made direc tor of the mint. ' What the, average I Kentuckian doesn't know about the j mint ls overbalanced by his knowl edge ot julep. "Lota of mon ure interested In noth ing but the money they make," says Thomas A. Edison. Wo newspaper 'men. Tom, are more Interested In the money we don't make. *^ ? o ' Anderson now has a handsome new j theatre. We bet "East Lynne" would j play to a packed house there.-York News. We haven't heard ot Yorkvllle raving over Its grand opera. o Price ot Ice 1B Going Up As Spring Arrives-Headline. What chilling news, and oh, such a comforting (?) thought, since we have got to hoy j moro coal before this winier ls over. A NV. brr ?ka farmer wants a pretty girl arrested as a witch because bis ?on can't keep away from her. What ho should resort to ls a marriage license and a preacher, not the sheriff and a warrant. That fellow In New York who was arrested tor throwing a bomb Into the midst ot a church congregation ought to know that throwing bombs Into the congregation ls a right enjoyed by the pastors and no others. A Chicago girl specifies thst her future husband "must not chew, smoke, drink, gamble, swear, play cards, dance, or objects to washing the supper dishes; must stay at home every night, live within his Income,1 and te r. devout Christian." Well,! that jklcd of a girl certainly deserves that kind of a man.-Colombia State.' 8ho. either has a cute way ot saying i n\ never going to get married, or ?ne is a mighty-fair way to die a spinster. ?EN MAY CRY ?PBACE, R&CB,? BUT We think that a mediation board should be appointed to try and bring about peace between the Anderson Intelligencer and the Green wood KOMK I MWRDONAHLK MIMIN FORMATION. Il I? expected perhaps Unit lhere lia ll he all I-in ii:, of minoru as to Hie proposed hond Issue und Ils provis ions. For this lesson we have pub lished the law as lt was finally passed and upnroved hy the governor. The man who does not read any news paper and hun to take his information from common talk Is likely to get a very hazy Idea of the proposition, und lt would bo well for the road com mission to have a number of pamphlets printed giving the exact wording of tim luw und some more data on the laxes, und the methods to he employ ed to rnlse the money with which to pay tho Interest and provide the sink ing fund called for In the act. For instance, we have hoon told that tho opinion seems to prevail that every man .will have to pay an addi tional road tax of $3 whether ho owns any property or not. This ls not true, for the man who pays .the tax is the man who owns the property. If Mr. Ai- returns for taxation, as many of oUr citizens do, only a few dollars for household goods-say $20-then his tax would be Increased one cent for every three and one-third dollars on which ho pays taxes. If Mr. A .j payB on 920 hts taxcB will bc six cents more each year. If he pays on $100 lils tax would hy thirty cents more each year. If he pays OP $500 hts tax- would bc $1.50 each yea . If he pays on $1,000 his tax would be $3 moro each year. So it Is the roan1 with the property who will pay the taxes. We have shown that thc peop:o of thc cities and towns, the corporations, railroads, etc.. pay 70 per cent of all thc taxes of the county, and that thc people of thc rural districts will pay only 30 per cent of all the taxes. So thc argument that ls being used that the farmers will bear the burden of the, taxes ror the bond issue ls not true. He will besr approximately 30 per cent of tho burden, and the other Interests of tho county will bear the rest. In other words the taxes might be represented by a log ten feet long, the farmer will carry 3 feet of It and the other Interests of the county will carry 7 feet. What we fail to under stand ls that there should be any op position at all In the rural districts an any such proposition. ? Union County ls going to havo eu election on a bond Issue of $200,000 Just a week after the election tn An derson County, and. Editor Rico bf the Union Times says; Now, human nature ls very human. Don't you find it so. brother? And are we not all very much alike? I believe so. Let us get down to brass tacks. Let's take things as they are. Will this bond Issue hurt tho poor man? I ara going to put myself m the shoes of the poor mah. (Strange to nay the shoes flt very ./ell, too.) Let's say I am a very very poor man. right down at the bottom. (Truth Is, I am mighty nigh right there.) Well, Rico, very poor mon, what objection to the bond la sue? Why, none; I am selfish enough to be willing ?.o let the prop erty owners build tho roads'. I am glad to have them build them. I want good roads - even tor walking i purposes, to say. nothing of the oc casional uso I may have for them for riding purposes. I will have lit tle of tho taxes to pay. I will'have I . as mud. r.?M to use the road as will the ten thousand ?ollar automobile man have to' use lt. In fact more \ right, for If ihe automobile gives me any "sass," I will go to the courts and i I will stand a better chance to win. for I am tn the majority. More than i that, I'll get some of the $200.000 of j the money that will he turned loose for labor; for, being a very poor man. I moat be a laboring man. Yes, Rice, the vory poor man will, ii he usos shrewd Judgment, vote for bonds for good roads. He would act with poor Judgment if he did not for selfish Again, let's put on the shoes of ?ho great middle class, not very poor; not very rich-Just In reasonably good circumstances. (Whether the shoes flt or not, let's suppose they do.) Well, Rice, the moderately clr cumatenced man. owns a small farm; or, a amall merchandise establish ment v>r s ''one-horse" newspaper (In dobt o; out); or. n amall dalry: or, amall truck farm; or, a beef market; or, a chicken farm-never mind which -whatever lt la Rice owns, assessed at about $1,000, and worthless* or three times that. Now, from ? selfish standpoint: Does Rice, the moderate ly circumstanced man have any kick agatast the bond issne? Not on your lltcl He would be kicking against fortune. In the first place lt will nt* coat me over Ix por year. I've got no "kick coming," for lt will put more, than that in my pocket every year. How? Why. when I hauled the pro ducts from 'my farm to market, when I get more people to come to my store, when I get 'more tl subscriptions, when I find bette roads to drive my dalry wagon over, when I bring my vegetables to town in a buggy with one mule (Instead ot using a wagon and two mules), when I go out after cattle to furnlah beef In my market, when I fetch eggs to town; why no matter who 1 sm. or whit my activi ties, hoing a moderately well-off in dividual. I wUl get more than lt will cost me. Yow can Just put lt In your pipe and smoke lt. I am for good roads Yes, ay! I nm for good roads. Well. I will now put on another pair ot shoes: I, Rice, am e rich man, (atas! the ahoe does not flt, but I'll wear lt for argument's sake, any *T?y). (?Cv tua riv., wau, fruit htnVvj you to say? Do yon find any selfish reason for voting for bond ti for good roads? Lets sec. 1 will not live very long. If I leave a fortune, leave it i muHt, or I must spend some, If I am t.) get any personal pleasure out of it. .Ves, I am willing to be taxed to get the roads. I get moro real pleas ure ?jut of a good auto splu than any thing I think of. (Excuse me, the auto lu sort of new to me-I am rich only in imagination.) I like to hear the hum of the engine. I like the sen sation of the drive up hill un'1 down hill ifs tine. (I did no? know how good lt was until I got on the rich shoes ?. Fine lt ls-yes. I, Rice the rich man, will vote for bonds. I am sottish enough to want sonin benefit from the money I have accumulated. I um also selfish enough to feel that if I leave my children all my wealth! they should help pay for these good roads. Yes, I feel that to be about right. I am middle-aged; soon will not need good roads. If I were going to live always, I'd be willing, for Hellish reasons, to pay. the 'whole thing. I'd hate to think ? had always lo live and yet had no way to get de liverance from the mud. Yes, I will for selfish reasons, vote -for bonds. Moreover. I often have business trips to neighboring towns and cities. I find H will i.<ay nie and be a great con venience to me, as well, to have good roads for quick automobile trips. THIS FHA (TICE SHOULD STOP. Wc do not know the new Federal Judge. Hon. Joseph T. Johnson, and he doubtless is ? man well fitted for the position to which he hae been selected. But we do not approve of the practice of creating p.C-?,!t?2!*,i and filling thom from the creating power. There hat been entirely too much of this kind of thing tn South Carolina politics, and there should be a stop put to.it. lt is not right for positions to bo crcatcu ?nd then filled by those creating thc position from their own number. Had there been no attorney in tho district capable of filling ?be position but Mr. Johnson, then we would have nothing to say. But he has been honored as few men have been and had been elevated tc thc high position of congressman, not for thc purpose of having himself elected to a judgeship, for which he has been working several terms of congress, we understand, but ho wau olectcd to rep resent lils district tn congress. He should have stuck to his Job till re tired by the people who put him there, or till his term was out and he vol untarily retired. It would be well'for there to bc some Iron clad laws pre venting Just this thing whether or not lt be attempted In the State or In the nation. CITY BOND ISSUE CERTAIN. That the bond !>ssue will carry In the city on tho 15th Inst, la a foregone conclusion, and If those who know anything about the views of those reg istering, it ls all over but the shouting. We feel sure that those Interested enough to register, will maintain that interest till they have deposited their ballot in the e.ectlon box on the day of the election. Many an election bas been lost because of indifference, and we trust that there shall be none of thia In Anderson. It is a good rule, alco not to count you" chickens be fore they are hatched, and the votes for the bond Issue will not count till they are voted and counted. Thi In telligencer urgea every holder ot a certificate not to forget the dsy and not to^put oft voting. PULL DOWN OR BUILD UPI The editor of tho Spartanburg Her ald has been ruminating on the ef forts of some people to tear down rather than to build up, and he has the following very well' Ihought out arguments to present as to why one should not attempt to pull down thc efforts ot those who are trying to build up: It hos been satd several times re cently In our presence that there ls developing as a characteristic of Un people of Spsrtanburg a disposition to pull down ' her Utan to build np Thu ls nfi not to our material progress, bu,, to the community atti tude toward individuals. Lack of loy alty ia what they term lt, and they add that it is growing into a commun ity trait. Instances are mentioned In which the people ot the city hilra failed to sppreclate ability of especlsl aptness shown by persons for a*given work, done In their midst. Instead of rewarding merit, it ls said we re ject lt. find fsnlt with the Individual showing lt, and In due time Ute said individual mov?a on. It 's written tlfrt. Unto him that hath shall be given. But tn Spar tanburg there is a du\iosition to pall down and take away ff jm him even tbs*, hath that which he gives promise of having. If we are going to have a grce etty and exert an influence in the upbuilding of South Carotina, we must have individ?ala who have suc ceeded and who are In position to render their community service of the highest sort. ' The man who has lt In him to suc ceed does not respond In sn atmos phere ot that sort. He either suecoeds In spite of opposition and becomes, year by year, nj ore and more ont of sympathy with his surrounding, or he moves'on to more hopeful, en couraging and inspiring company. The best way to kill any community ls to establish a hsbit of pulling down every man who begins to do laings or shows any disposition to do things worth while. TUB WEATHER. Fair Srdnrday, costar aesr th* eeaatt Ssaiay fair. Good Roads Proposed Bond Issue $75( / March 3( Road Commissioner B. M. Aull.Autun. J. M. Broyles...'.Townvjlle tl. P. Cely.Piedmont Paul H. Earle.Anderson, R. F. D.I .V. Frank McGee. . 6E0R61A EXPENDED ^ ?4.127,899 IN ROADS New York State Has Appropriat ed $1,000,000,000 for Im proved Highways ,_\ In 1911 Georgia road building by counties and convict labor furnished by the State, in dol?an; anrounted to $4,127,899. The average cost per mile of public roads was $49.15, or $1.58 per Inhabitant. Georgia han no highway commis sion or State engineer, nor docs the State directly engage in road con struction except to furnish the State convicts. In 1911, 4,744 convicts were employed in road construction work. The State, however, has what ls known as an advisory board of the Geological Survey, composed of_ the elective officers of the State und a Geologist Department in charge of a State Geologist Thts department col lects statistical Information relative io the public roads and highways of the State. The 1912 report, the last available, shows that out of a public road mile age in Georgia of 83,896, there have within the last few jtiars been built r.cven miles of shell, thirty-five miles of macadam, 235 miles of roads sur faced with gravel and chert and 4, 077 miles surfaced, with sand-clay mixtures. . Nevada has no highway department and contributes nothing toward the building of roads. In 191? the legis lature appropriated $20,000 for read work to be done by convict labor and a road was built between Carson City, the capital, and Reno, li 1913 too legislature appropriated $60,000 to be used in the construction of 1.100 miles of "good roads," but Governor Oddie vetoed it - because the appropriation was so utterly insufficient to construct the mileage of roads tho legislature had in contemplation, although road building in Nevada Is matfo relatively cheap by the reason of the natural climatic and soil conditions. ? Annual Automobile Tax. West Virginia h~" contracted no roads from Sta'e funds calv. In 1909 the legislature created a state road department and made ? levy of 1 cent per $100 valuation. Political condi tions changed and the following ses sion of \he legislature abolished the law and prorated the money raised tty the tax to the virious count'es, creat ing a State road bureau and chief road a State road bureau and chief road engineer under the control of the State University, which bureau has advisory authority over j all public roads within the State. An annual automobile tax of $10 ls collected. Permanent road building materials used jin West Virginia is brick, con crete, tarvla, bituminous, penetration macadam, bitullthic and water-bound macadam. The latter is most univer sally used there on account ot its ranging from only $60 to $3,000 per mlle. New York State originally begun Its direct road work by the creation of a highway commission v>f three, and providing for a bond issue of $50, 000,000 to be used in road construction. In 1919 the legislature abolished the three-headed commission and substi tuted In its place a single commission er, and provided plans for the direct appropriation of another $50.000.000 to be used In further construction of highways, making a total thus far provided of a round $1.000,000,000, all ot which has not yet been spent - he newer New, York har divided the State Into nine divisions and , pisces s division engineer in active supervision of the work and main tenance In each division. New York's Plan of Operation. Highways are classified as "State Highways." being those constructed solely at State expense; ''county, high ways," constructed Jolrtly hy 'state, county 'and town; "town highways," constructed by the towns with tho aid of the State. The highway commis B'oner receives a salary of $10,000 per year. The first deputy receives 56,000, tho second and third deputies $5,000 each. Other employes receive correspondingly proportionate com pensation. The nine division engi neers each receive $4.000 per aannm. The law requires the appointment ot a county roed BU pei tn tendent, and also a town supcrlutenUmt of. high ways. Thc du'.tes ot these officers are to supervise and maintain the roads, highways and streets, bridges and culverts within their respective jurisdictions. The State lb building a system ot cardinal tr?nk line and market roads at Its own expense. It contribute? to the building of road? by the counties and towns based upon assessable vaines per mlle of road. ? The law else provides for the us? of convicts and prison tabor. The first deputy commissioner ts la charge of construction work, the j second of maintenance and repairs, j the third ot town highways. . State and county highways com pleted under contract end ready for contract total 6,109 miles. Plans are mud? tnr rnmeUtlna 4 OOO ?<M(Hnnnl miles. State AM Pisa ta Celerado. Colorado has laid out a general sys Department >,000 Election to be Heidi 1915. s Provided in Act: S. Fowler.Anderson P. E. Harper.Honea Path Mack King, Supervisor.Beiton |Ko8s Mitchell .Beiton .,.,. Iva tem of primary State roads of 5,000 miles and about 30,000 miles of coun ty roads. She has neither made direkt appropriation nor issued bonds for road work, but at the time of her ad mission to the union by congressional grant, 500,000 acres of land became I public property, the proceeds of which were to be used in Internai improve ments, and tho income from thc sale | and rental of these lands is being ex pended by the State highways com missioner for permanent road im provement. By a State aid plan she contributed to each county an amount equal to that expended by the county on what are classed "secondary roads," primary roads being a part of the 5,000 miles State highway system and first to be Improved. Tho highway department 1B in charge of a State highway commis sioner and an advisory board, or com mission, of five members, one from each o' five districts of the State. The quite usual specifications, rules and regulations as to authority over pub lic roads is in effect. There is an automobile a--' motorcycle license fee based upon horsepower, running from a minimum of $2,60 up. The commis sioner receives an annual compensa tion of 13,000 and serves for four years. The secretary of the advisory board must be a civil engineer and receives $2,000. Tho advisory board receive no compensation, except trav eling and other expense while attend ing to duties of of lice. Better results might be expected,- however, should the board be paid per diem and ex pense. The State expended about $600,000 in 1913 for road improve ment. Ic the "(Md Dominion/' Tho Old Dominion State, by legisla, tlve appropriation from -he general funds, act s aside approximately half j million dollars annually for the construction of public highways. The roads are built on a county aid plan, whereby the county ls required to expend an amount equal to that con tributed by the State. Convicts are worked on the roads and $145,000 per annum ls approprief id 'or the main tenance of the Stito < nvlct board force. Sixty Ou v. ind dollars per) year is required di ?in Uie Vir ginia State high wa; department, at the bead of which <s n State high way commissioner, appointed by the! governor .for a six-year term. The remaining three Dvmbors of the com mission are deans of.the engineering departments of the University of Vir ginia, Virginia Military Institute and Virginia A. ft M. College. Their highway department was or ganized in 1906. Since that time tbe State has pald'one-half the expense of construction ot 2,916 miles of bard Burface road and 170 bridges. Of this 855 miles of road and 90 bridges have been built during 1914. The State receives from a license^ tax on automobiles, about $115,000 per an num, which now goes Into construc tion work, but which ls to be shortly set aside for maintenance work. INTERESTING SERVICE _ YESTERDAY AFTEROON An excellent program waa enjoyed! by those wno attended the service] held at L.e Baptist church yester day afternoon, tn connection with the i week of prayer being observed by the ladles of the missionary society. Mrs. C. S. Minor led this meeting on "Cuba and the Canal Zone." Cuba! long dominated by Spain bas been J under Catholic influence and the] people are In the grip ot Ignorance, superstition, and vice. Southern Baptists have been fortunate in se-] curing a good stronghold there and tho work ls advancing under the wise leadership of Superintendent'McCall. The Canal Zone is now a strategic j point and the need* of this field were] laid upon the hearts ot the women. A great treat Is in store for those |*who attend the closing meeting tills afternoon. Three vital problems , of home mission work will be presented; the negroes, tho Immigration and tbe Indians. Th? girls ot the church Y. W. A. and the College Y. W. A. wilt lead and OJO girls of the Christian growth club will close with a real ] Indian demonstration.- This ls the In gathering meeting when Ute offering! for home mission work win be tak en. Every woman is urged to como and by her presence prayer, ead of fering make this 'afternoon a fitting close or a week in which Gi K1 has richly blessed us. Stories will be told to the children,hy Mrs. J. O. Sanders. ' W03CBN" ORR VILLE M. E. CHURCH Reqeested te Beet at Charca Next Sunday Alterasen. The members ol W. M. ?. nf the Orrville M. E. church request the ce of every lady member of the Ile M. 131 church, or Methodist uded, at the church at 3; 30 o'clock ay afternoon March 7. opiug each and e*?ry one of yon will accept Oils '*s a special invita tion as we have business of Impor tance to ?tscas*. W. M. B Orrville M. E. C. Proper Treatment For -Bflttesae**. For a long time Miss Lula Skelton, Chnrchvllle, N. Y., was bilious and had sick hsadache and dtecy spells. Chamberlain's Tablets were the only tMng that gave her permanent relief. til tu inn hie everywhere. .WHEN you spend your money and get about fifty per cent, more money's worth than you pay for you're sure to be satisfied. That's what you get here at this sale now, but this sale is on the last lap, only seven more days. ; * Men's Suits All $10.00 Suits now reduced to All $12.50 Suits.now reduced to All $15.00 Sujts now reduced to All $18.00 Suits now reduced to All $20.00 Suits now reduced to All $22.50 Suits now reduced to All $25.00 Suits now reduced to $6-95 $8.95 $10.95 $12.95 $14.95 $16.95 $17,95 IL The Store with a Conscience SOMETHING GOOD AT PARAMOUNT 4 The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch" Secured for This Afternoon and Evening 'Tho Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch" will be tho attraction at the Paramount theatre Saturday afternoon and ev ening. ! ' Thone'portons who go to see-"The Unwelcome M?V Hatch." by Mrs. Bui ten Harrison will find a wel come rei<ef from the sameness and the crudeness and tho obvlodsness that too often, alas, -\re found In mo tion pictures. This ls a superior pro duction, and lt will he encouraging tb th? firm and steadfast belle?"? In tho future of thc picture play as a substitute fc . regular plays. We cannot have too many films of t'.:l3 character. Thc public ls always ready to accord such picture a .hearty welcome. It certainly does all that could be asked, and e>4n as much as the stage version of the same play did, and this without depending on action to carry lt through. For. in reality, there ls very little action in the entire tour reels, but there ls development and this is the important things after all. The story never drags, lt moves tor ward continuously, but the progress is In the Interplay of characters upon each other. Now the great difficulty In a picture of ' this kind Is lu making lt com prehensible without overloading it with sub-titles. Thia difficulty hhs been met and overcome by casting In the several parts players of rare in telligence ' and grasp, who never fall to make the spectator understand their reelings and the thoughts, and yet can\nevei? express them by word of mooth. When the whole power of the plr > Iles In the emotional clash ot characters the highest order or His trionic ability is required to reveal this on the screen. Bot not a point is missed, and the credit for the achievement belongs to the players. First and foremost ls Henrietta Crosman, who makes her initial appearance in pictures. But ^^sll^^^. For heaven's sake, child, STOP! LOOK! LISTEN! There ls reason in all things. Think tor a minute, that terrible foot and month dis** s ? . Buy the home raised meats und no other at any price. Buy from LILY WHITE MARKET Phones 694 and 695 On Whitner St near' new opera house her long experience as an emotional actress fist her eminently to delineate tho Car?cter of tbe wife who ls di vorced and comes back to see the daughter that has been taken away from her. Shu is really superb in the quiet re straint and the calm, dlgtolty with wh'.ch she plays a part that lesser actress would heve been sorely tempt ed to clothe with fierce and fiery out bursts of indignation and tears of righteous sorrow. But Miss Cross man's understanding is top fine to give vent to suth melodramatic meth ods,' and she ls justified because she succeeds In making tho character per fectly intelligible. Following Miss Crosman's lead, the other players are always carefully re strained, -never violent or stormy, even In the most tense and dramatic moments of the'play. In fact the play moves with this quiet dignity that ls ' entirely at va riance with the feelings ot Ute char acters, and yet is entirely in keeping with the air of good breeding that pervades " the home: from which the first wife ls forced by the actions ot a' loveless husband._ PARAMOUNT TODAY SPECIAL CHILDREN S PROGRAM FBOM 10 A. M. TO 1 P. M. ADMISSION FBEE TO ALL CHILDREN I AT 1 F. M. T??E FUSSY BEEL OF ?1 9? will go on/ This features HENRIETTA CROSMANf and HAROLD LOCKWOOD COMING BON DAT-"The Blag aa? the Baa.** TCESDiY-J^Tae CJW af the CloWea West," WEBNESDAE*-**The Better Maa.1* Admirion 5c and iOc. High Grade Mask. mmm