University of South Carolina Libraries
..- . 1*S.. N.I F tored A pri . 19 t Picken , as seond lasn msatter, under as' of Congress of Blarch 8, 173 -"M ----M W ;1( v KEf#NS,9 SOUTH CAROLINA, WEDNESDAV, NOVEMBR1, 95 EARLY BOOKMAKERL THE FINE ART OF THE MONKS Q1 THE MIDDLE AGES. Wrt(tent ana Iiniaaated Worek That Were morvels E skill *no InhdutUrjV.-.1asglo-saxon MoUk Or#& innated the Homan Letter. There Is scarcely any error so popu Jar, yet so unxilnded, as that whicl invariably attLribuLes ulboulded lndo lence to thte mionastic orders of forme i'ays. To then we owe the preserva tion of literature, Ioth in the pains thei took to perpetuate history by their li hors ia transcribing and by their dill gence in the education of youth. In the large monasteries a chanbei was always set apart for writing, al lowin..5 space in the same apartntu for other quiet enployments also. ThI transcribers were superintended by the abbot, Irior, subprIor and precentor of the convent and were distinguished by the name of "antiquarij." These in dustrious persons were 4:ntinually oc cupied In making new copies of old manuscript bookd for the use of other mnonaste ries, and by this means many were educated and our most valuable S hlsior'cal re.-oids were preserved. The Ang:o-Saxou monks were most ecl:.a ated a writers and were the originator. of the small roman letter used in modern times. The greatesi delleacy and nicety were deemed es sential in the transcribing of books, whether for the purpose of general in. struction or for the use of the convents, Careless and illegible writing to therefore but seldom to be met w1th anong the remains of monastle indus try, and when. erasures were nade they appear to have been done with the utmost care and skill. For this purpose the monks used pumice stone, :d they were also provided with a punctorium, or awl, to make the dots and with metal. pens for writing until after the seventh century, when quills were' brought into use, they being far better than the metal pens then in use. 'The iinks were composed of lamp black s!ot mixed with water and gum for use upon the vellum, paper not be. Ing Introduced until the tenth century; hence' the beautiful distinctness, as well as durability, of very auclent nmanuscript books. So important was the art of writing in those days that It is conceded as many as 100 different styles were in vogue among the learn ed. With -so many . Impediments to- the tumultiplication of books as were at tendanat upon their slow production in this manner, it Is not a rjatter of str prise that the monks enjoyed almost a monopoly of this' kind of labor, as In truth they were the only body of men who could properly conduct it. The expense of preparing books was pro verbially great, and large estates were frequently set apart for the purpose of purchasing them. .In addition to the cost of transcrlblg, tihe materials of which books were~ composed were sources of great etpense: 'The -leaves Ih mtany instances were composed of purple vellum for the purpose of show ing off to more advantage letters of gold and silver. The binding was often very gorgeous, although of rude con struction. The prevailing covering for books was a rough white sheepskin pasted oa a wooden board, with Im menuse bosses oif .brass, but the ex terior of those intended for chaurch service was inqid with gold relcs or FEvery Two Minutesi Physicians tell us that all the b lo od in a healthy human body passes through the heart once in every two minutes. If this action be conmes irregular the whole body suffers. Poor health follows poor blood ; Scott's F-'mulsion inakcs th'e blood pure. One reason why SCOTTS EMULSION~ 2s such a great aid is because *it passes so quickly into the blood. It is partly di gested before it enters the stomach ; a double advan tage in this. Less work for the stomach; quicker and more direct benefits. TIo get the greatest amount of good with the least pos sible effort is the desire of everyone in poor health. Scott's Emulsion does just that. A change for the better takes place even be fore you expect it. * ~we will send you a sample free. lDe sure that tisl plcture in the furm of a ~ label ison thzewrap per of every bottle of Emulon~ you bumy. Sco-rr & Bow~a 409 Pearl st., N. Y. 50 ftf Largest Sic Piet en" -enuutv iso,. a ru mad.- vr. at ff -to to ki-ep it ie 4:.% , ho- oe - utr- in a p. b en aba ti- di, ii i th past.. make thing. hum from now ni Dress Goods, Tre.s. ndnes at ek of wi. YOU v1itt i'nri,-r t %Nlt v.-u %iH to ch . .-P ir. i Bi ..tonk V a* - i, a s -- ng ,, i rio-- ho- be w 4 giv. .-tu 5000 :rd. Ensloy she.tl 0.- lst I'laid a 1,I 50, One lot Ouling at only 54 Oe lit Outiftng'sly 7fe. One 1. t extra heavy Out All kinds of Bleaching etc.. at prices that. manufactu Capes a A tremendous stock, all I hav, your ,ins, style and cell plicate. HE silver eibossed on Ivory ilates. Some' books had leaden covers and some had A i MI-K. wooden leaves, but even as early as this bindings in velvet with silver T rocems - -' nfmt Ne clasps -and -studs were made as pres- T ents for exalted personages. T .Lik la m Illumiunting manuscripts was also .L . ir.4t ti1 another occupation of the monks of the h.Iep ( -mniddte-ages. although not confnued to - It V dowiu t1 them, for the-greatest painters of the A.. fa-tio day disdained not to contribute to theso ,nue u cumbrous and. sometimes confused dec- I e reul orations. The art of correct drawing bractit and a knowledge of perspective canuot, M *. ..* L:A.fl however, be ascrllbed to the generality ho h the ~ of .. milk~ is fomi of' the fantastic pictures by whieh Iil-:u emd..'.t'.ercpal minated books are adorned. Coloring j:.- . ove~r .a sta .a wvhie evaps and gilding appear to have been the ra.< she -water of thec tua~k, leavii chief points to whleh the attentIon of o. a3 1w ii. li or * ".'. A :aiin i te illurminatlons was directed. The 'ih anKd it t outenltM are~ weighedN. al neutral tint was firat laid on somewhat *.y aOd sipeci1aio h ecna in the sameo mode as in the present day, asc5)(1"ofert l hned.c some portions being left untouched in The b "ois'nof th aalkyhsesb order to be afterward imbedded in gold founag. bou 1nnum rent andyses and silver. The pictures represented .tverage abou milkeromnt adfwh different subjects, according to the na- cow ath vaisolIn l afro exttir ure. of the book which they were in- tows fthae fondat e aftery extat tended to embellish. 'The title on the th ataelfom u llito belower const pages was formed of capital lettens- of quantity 1s.ldom glig helo 10e gold and azure mixced. Illuminated pIe-- cet or po4ve b.sis orvs theculahe tures are of a dazzling brightness, the and enables him to state with gri white predominating, which, not being -certaInty whether or not the milk b an oil color; reflects the rays of light been watered. mrhd dloes not absorpi them. So 'much' The fat oi* oil in milk is dletermii custom had the monks in their labors by dissolving It by means of ether, I of transcribing land lluminating that residue remaining after such test they were sometimes obliged to intro- ing termed- "solids other than fa iluce hired limners, although contrary The average fat or oil found in mi to the monastic rule in general, hut from cows- Is 8 per cent, and a such aids were seldom resorted -to, the amount less than 8 per cent Indical huonks..being usually the only laborers, almost to a certainty that the mIlk 11 The invention of prInting diminIshed been skimmed. If analysIs shows the. importance and annihilated the .decrease of' fat it' lndica a i profits of. wrIting, and in 1400 tilat of* milk has been watered, whieI ft engraving superseded the Art of lilu. and ether solid, together are. low y minatibir.-New York Herald- j nayv inte* that the skimmer has de Bunt few people are entiresly free from iniigesti'sn ait this season of the year. Natre5 needa only a le Early Rit K dot Dyspepsia 4 dre is not onl~y the nOW anid thens to keep the bowels eles i)Ontfemedy .4o use because it diget. thet liver active. and the ystem ft what yon I'RLbut besase t also enables from bule, headaohe., constipaion, e the digeatIee apparatus assimilaiate,I The famous little pills ''arly Biset and tranfotin ali foods to tissuo bsuild- l tire pleas -'et in ifeat und perfect in ing blood. Kodol releivees o u r I ion* They never gripe or sicken, I stomtwh heart buro, belohting, and al tone and strengthen the liver and k forms oihbdikestion. Sold by Pickons neis. Sold by Piokenst Drug (Jo. D~rug CJo. H~r i -~VE An Early Detrothat. In the early days of California the "~' .. daughters of the Lugos were sought in marriage by the beat families, of the state. It was a boast that they were'*" even courted in the cradle, as when the young officer Colonel Ignaclo Vallejo, ' being in San Luis Obispo on the occa-e sion of the birth of a daughter to the i'LntI Lugos, asked her father for the hand 5)'tl DO .I t of the day old baby, provided when tiehe r..i~w'~ 'nt~un o time came to fulfill the contract tihe p.er. .l(.3zid senorita should be wilg. This sem te' . ln ingly absurd betrothal took plice. ThueofI idI chld grew up to be an intelligent a"O1 h('irvi1 Well as attreetive young woman, mar-tWfrtw . . ; ro mother of many children, among thetaRwm. ~ i M~~iji,)nt.5~ - e anyo time : . i U~eksI9 t~dW W M i~~joiuhare . .y 5a ! v.&I ' . >ck, Lowest Pric AT IE BIG ah to the front in the way of progress a rront of the procossion. All kinds of m sition to sell you all kiuds of merobas We have done more bestnews than ik til-January 1. Trimmings, Etc. Mllen atad staple Dress Goods. I' I niot ntid as comp'ete awsortm--.ts staples bought last summer a hei4 re haven't space to quite m1V a few: lig at only 60, worth 6Sc. would be cheap at 7c. 1. worth 10o. iig only 10o, worth 121c. Ticking, Ducks, Dimmies, Jeans. rors would not'eare to duplicate. ad Jackets. oricss, from $2.00 to $10 00. We ar, and at prices you cannot du qTH-BRUOE s itatin OuI tiO-sunnay de of a li* msaa. I gmerilly onl a sile1, nld ait there, el r ther among the flr needlea or else ot, the bare ground or sand. without. nuy sort of forra patfntly. They like n I p warm, sunny seat, out of the wind. or. I in wet weather, sheltered from tht: rain. Here they sit and sleep, unleis * dIsturbed, until An hour or two past .Aidday. y "At some time between 1:30 and 3 o'clock they wake up and beglu their ,o toilet, which is a long and very care. t ul process. I have seeni themi roll in i*s Ihe sand, then get up; Ahake them , selves and finally liek their bodie all Sover, for the most part directly with Steoir tonues, but. thmose part-s of their * hodie which they cannuot reach so. a, face, back of .head, ears ad nape of neck--are dressed .hy the fore limbs ex m setly io thme same way that a cat does to it. le "'Tbese toilet operations often take ii half or three-quartera of an hour. >g When complete, there is a short time of nt rest, then a long stretch and a yawri. er fore legs first, thea the hind legs; n- finally, the whole body is raised into ns an arch, ater which the animal be at gins to move off for another feed." as Do not be deceived by counterfein es when you buy Witch Hazel Salve. 'The hie name of E.O0. Dewitt and Co. ms ont every bogfte nie Pilo in their worst forna will soon pasaway if .you will apply DeWitt's Witch as "z B alve night and umorning. B1es for U) Onts Burns. Boils Tetter, Eoxma, etc. es5 Soad by Piokens Drug Co. Plokens Route 3. ts 3itcra.Visia6al='ope s' ion will dnd apace nm your paper for a few dets 'from tie secti n., .The health of the community it, m, g->od. *The faramors are nearly through ~"gathering up ind crops are fairly 14 The owls are l~o tingt on the hills these beautaful mo nlighi nights, but we believe the Oeomie. owl is dead. D~en Y. Jones, of the Oconee sid". entered the ,Bausptoa school Mqn' day. Mrs. J. M. Lynch and Mrs Martha Lynch tidtjed relatives 3n i'this section Bunday. ; ke Born unto Mr. and, Mrs. Tom' Ps Lyneh. en the 8th inst.', a son ug Mr. and Mrs. J. E igwlet"", oft In- Daouswille, visited the latters 'father. W . l Edenas/recently. in Mis. Lena ILewis asid Effie r Walke' Were the guieate of M' $ he EV Ed4e lhst Satt'dt.. isght :es and Biggec -STOF nid w have not been ash-ep aR to erchais+le- baA bee. advamnig and v aie at old pi ics a-evet low--r itn m i any previous year, and to swell ti Men's Clothing Mod4 Men-and young mmn of tas.e a moiv further than, in our C(lothinz I of Past, or nit Ov-tcoat with st Eclips- Ch-thin, its well a- o h#r g, toot h.. qun-tin #d w, t - f--abilen, fit a our $5 00. $7 50, $10 00, $15 00 and We srin proud of our Boys' Clo w, represmta in thii lin- are of ti a re-t. to this sctim. Big line re to $600. It you mie our Sh'ro Depsrtme of th#- large-t and mo-t comiipl-o Soif- of th.- Birmingham stiick lefi Ir ''s i'iornitur- you want you ours. We but in e -lid cara, sav fre, MORROW Notice of Union Meeting. The 'I welve Milo Baptist Asso ihtion will hold a Union meeting tVHol)y Spings begiuning on 8at irday before the fitlth Sunday in )eoemb. r. Services will open on 5aturday at 10 a. m. Introducorry Permon by Rev. B. . onrq, alterate L. G. Sloan. The following quereR 'ae to be l iscussed. 1st. If sound. Gospel steeds were sown in the mn~mltry, would not itound fruit I e r.-ared in, Church Members.hip. From whence does he Church, rsaap dead memb..s? Opened by B li. Atkinson. 2nd. Hay a church member any right to say that he has "Passed fromi Death unto Life" unless he has brotherly love for all the mom bers (if his church ?-Opened by Rev. John T. Lewis. 3rd la skeir any Scripturo for preaching~ funiema's aid Fiulog.iaing *he dead? ha not "Christ tad Him Crucifit d" the only issue to bring Sinners to repeatance.-Uponed by William Sea- orn. Sund ay -- \I issionta ry stermon by Rev. W alliatnSeahorn, at 11 a. mn. #4 hop.. tI.e chiurche.s will bit AellI repre-eiiled so that iYn may have pirofitall dci ~usiatns. W. W. Aiken . Comnmittee. D)earesct. I . t w 'd I y'(~ truavngantt w:' :i ~ ' : i -whya. love I if u*re enusel yo'l Unti (lu lteL~!-~oli. State'sinntm. '"ThIat planR1t has a ii li t outIIIf Ac'h.' "I've 2) noteed that. Ie barriows~ fInonl (ey of tne eviery tune hie cornia to town."-De(tr'oit Free P'r"o.. he E'imim sng aI lmolt constntl~y when thmey are Ind~oors. h~etweenk the In tervalIs ot ste.-ping anud en ting. A ('ongh Syrnp wvhich udrvs ai cold in? of the systeml by atctlim- ats ab catiar tini 00 the biowotH iN fflered mn K nun dy's Lax -tive Honey and( Tar. i learsc the throat, strenigt- 0 . hO hu -gR nd bron obsal tihe. The. neother's friend and the~ childreii'a revor~ito. liest for Cr. up w... opi'.g (,ush, o, S3old u, Pick *,js lDrum Co. 7 41A' t Business the conditionp. We have ro looakod ahead and bought anv instanes than we have iat intcrease we are going to wrately Priced. id eo .n'mv-need iot look )Aitrtne-it. for a Suit. ir Vie, quality and fit The 4od maki's wo handle, need .d war You should see $18 50 muits. hiiir. The manufacturers M h-1t, and our stock bi ! he nging in price from $1.25 nt you will miss seping one asmortmenits to b4 found. going at 75o on the dollar. eam't iffoird to mine seeing igi and got a big discount. O. Tnterref for centuries, and the pind'h*a TH[S PUaL-:.-O INDIANS very sacred. I'Iier rhuelo indians have a tradition orf th" flood. and they y that tile tur o~g"fe~tiV a1. -u.iuSd nteioy is marked III conituattioration of ('glrieathers ar e u I ( that ent. Its tall beueg black t the :eremonals Z o ( I end where It was (Iragged through the it1 or-der. to mlake suret of 11 supply the '/.i ke iiue after the wnter had gsubside. 1 kee 1 119 engw(T tiW '. "ie duck Is another sacred w 'n r wyeh iloo bw N'. ' ts ole tie)d ath lg na-ocated with water. From the 1!1i Onv I '.'c I~~sie ~ Pueblo p~oint of view, anyting thint Is u sis relat] to the ll precious water in ny >f their L as. wih are arnslered wa ther proprty~i of d hOPrent cin i:i aman~ig igo smd pt ra xet t hem. Tihe en g:e lays its teggs in the awte(iiite ia ih eeuc 8::cue iao:4 year after year. anid the aseiso atrwrhp elenis inherit rights to certini nes- - ror.a generation to generation.A1 iliicediantdli-oyCoh Th'ie eagles are not killed, baut the 8apwa~ aa'UIh oeswr~ new fledgetd youtig nes acre takeniaf allot'fliesse-sKnad' I'r:um the nest-that In to say, all but *11joval'ar(1easth one or two, whieb must be left. To ~, aiIli )a iaimu.awa iav rein d the eagle g:>d to encourage.: g the ~,~ r(r uWtnia is~yinmg of mnore eggs lby the bihrds an j. a i ilv t odb egg (earve'd oult of wio:>d is phiced1'e .*iruC a where the di1viniity will be' sure to se It; also, after being paliielked. thei ea- A a'1 1wtilti i)te Il gl.ets are en refuy bur13'ianted ini a cerla In eleft in thme rocks, w!lhi is the eagle ' o aaW I u ceiiwterof the flood.eandi they aayV-thatcihe tur a h uc aante sarei> r, e l*gonlamae.p o agratexen o lia speclesaofcwater worship. $AEDE 2 1'tt rioain Ster edthool o S i sp wheb moes the boe s-work