University of South Carolina Libraries
w. W. F. BaurHT, Editor. - COjjRjjE OQV STUDY - oV -frxC PUBLiC SCHOOLS oF THE SATir o F S o U TH CAROLINA, ADOPTED B'Y 'ril STATE BOARD op F, ExAMINERS, SEPTEMBER '7, 1898. The State Board of Examiners feel that there is need of a graded course o f study i n t i o public 50chool of South Carolina. Under the present system* each school is left to itself; and as teachers are often young and experienced, it could not be expected that they would be able to arrange a course in such a way as to accomplish the best results. They have no doubt done the best they could under the circumstances; but if they had had a course outlined for them, they would have done still better work, and the children would have made still better progress. Other States have adopted some such plan as the one here propos od, and they are most highly pleas - ed wi th the results. It gives more u n i f o r i i t y to the work of the schools. It securos tile regular progress of pupils from yoar to year, whether under tile samo or under different teachers. It gives to the various studies their proper place and emphasis, and thus pro Vents a change or a mere repetition of studies when a now teacher takes charge of a school. It en ables the puipils to study wvith much more interest, as it sets be fore them a dofinite end to be roached, a definito course to be completed. As the conditions vary some what inl different localities, it is expected, of course, that it will somuetiies be necessary for the teacher, in the exercise 'of his judgient, to mako some changes in the plan, ill order to adapt it to the special need of his school. It is recognized that the length of the school term is not, the saml11o overywhere. The average time, however, is about throo and a half or four ionths. In two years, therefore, the children of tile pub lic schools receive about the same amount of instructions as is re ceived in one year in town or city schools, where the session is usu ally about eight months long, * Accordingly, in tis course oi study, two school years of about four months each are taken to. gethier as if they constituted one session of about eight months Schools that run for a longer os a shorter period than four monti can complete more or less th< course in one year. The patrons of each school ar< earnestly advised to supplement whenever it is possible, the publi< funds, in order that the schooli may everywhere be open for eigh months, each year. FIRsT DIVISION--FIRST TwVO YEARS READiNG. In teaching reading to a begin ner the teacher should1( make froe use of the blackboard andl also th< chart, if the school has the latter * The pupil, before a book is put in to his hands, should b)e tauight I considerable numb~er of wordsH am( combinations of wvords, such as he will find in his first reader. Thesi ; hudb made perfectly famnilia picturos, whore these can b)0 used and he should be taught to writ them on his slate as soon as p)0s sible. Some a t t 0 n V i o ni shouk1 early be given to the elementar' sounds of spoken wordls. At firsl simple words like ca', inat, ra(t, hiop &c., containing the short vowels should 1be taken for phonic analy is, after which the long vowob and other letters may be taken ul as they offer. This analysis will be useful in enabling the lpupils tc recognize new words, but the teach or should be careful to avoid giv 1 ing too muchl attention to it. Soon after the pupil begins the reader lhe should have some sup plemontary reading to go with it, one or two first readers of a differ ent series. Trhe Normal First reader is specially adapted to such work. ANUo. Tile pupils should be encouraged from the first to talk and to frame sentences about familiar objects; about the pictureH in their books, about their games, or any thing that will interest them. Errors of speech should be corrected, with out, of course, the rules of techni fables should be told or read to the pupils, and the lttme should boe asked to reproduoe them. Val uoble help along this line may be derived f r o m Anna Badlam's "Suggestive Lessons in Language," which every primary teacher should have. As soon as the pupil learns to write on the slate, he should be taught, in connection with his language work, to write or copy short words and sentences, using correctly the period, q u e a t i o n mark, and capital letters. Continued. Appropriations. WHAT TilE IfFTY-THIRD CCNORo. DID IN THE WAY OF EXPEN51 ETC. WASHINGTON, D. C., Oct. 16. The annual volume of appropria tions, new officos, etc., requirodby law to be propared under the di rection of the Conunissioners of appropriations has just been con pleted by Mr. T. P. Cloves and Mr. J. C. Court, clerks, respectivo ly, of the Senate and Houso con mittoos, and shows that the total specific appropriations made at the first and second sossions of the Fifty-third Congress amount to $391,156,005. Permanent appro priations $101,074,680, making a grand total of $492,280,685. The appropriations by bills are as fol lows: Agricultural, $3.223, 623; army, $28,592,884; diplomatic and consular, $1,563,918; District of Coluimbia, $5,545,678; fortifica tions, $242,004; Indians, $10,659, 565; legislative, executive and ju dicial, $21,305,588; military acad temy, $406,535; naval, $25,827,126; pensions, $151,581,570; post office, $87,236,599; rivers and harbors, $11,643,180 ; sundry civil, $84,253, 775; deficiencies, $11,811,004; mis cellaneous, $577,950. Total, $891, 156,005. P e r i anent appropria tions, $101,074,680; total appro priations, $492,230,685. The net offices croated are 474 in number, at an annual cost of $654,712 and the offices omitted and abolished ire 923 in number, at, an annual cost of $1,235,992, showing a not redict ion in number of 449, and an annual decrease of $581,579. The alaries increasedi are 10 in iniber, at an annual cost of $83, 741, and the salaries reduced are 69, at an annual cost of $20,800, or a net reduction of 59 in number, at a inet increase in cost of $6,941. The officos created and abolished arc mainly in the following doc partmnents and bureaus: New of fices Civ'il Service Commission, 40; Navy Department. 1 ; Department of Justice, 9; District of Colum bia, 71 ; Diplomatic and Consul Service, 14; naval establishments, 11. Offices abolished: Treasury Department, 101 ; I n d e p e ni dent Trreasuiry, 18; War Departnment, 882; Intorior Department, 5; Post Office Department, 12; A gricultur at Department, 18; Coast Survey, 9miiary establishmrent, 113. The teacher asked the class wherein lay the difference in mean ing between the words "sufficient" and "enough." "Sufficient answer ed Tummy, ''is when mother thinks Sit's time that I stoppod eating pie; "enough," is when I think it is." W ~ orkmaan Is. Boss. Yesterday Constable Workman received his commission from Gov ernor Tillman making himi the chief authority in Greenville c2oun r ty and requiring all officers to re L coive instructions from him. Tihlis is right and proper. Workman has shown some senso and discre tion in the delicate discharge of his duties.-Groonvillo News. According to recent statistics there are about 2,000 women prac ticing medicine on the American con tinent, among wvhom are seven ty hospital physicians andl ninety six professors in the schools. Captain Sweeney, U. S. A., San Diego, Cal., says : "Shiloh's Ca tarrh Remedy is the first medi cine I have ever found that would do me any good.'' Price 25c. S'>ld by all druggists. SHILOH'S CURE is sold on a guarantee. It cures Incipient consumption. lt is the best Cough Cure. Only one cent a dose. 25 cts., 50 cts., and $1.00. Sold by all druggists. Cox & Seigler will sell you a bucket and dipper for 20 cents that you have been paying 80 cents for. Go to see them if you want a bar gain. Notice to Farmers. I will be located during the Cotton season,- at the new Mill Town of Newry on Little River, prepared to buy all Cotton offer at highest market prices. L. 8. WILLIA&Ms. 'V, MA,- . EUGENE F. BAT 9ES [Successor to Bates & Ferguson,] Carriages, Photons, Surreys, VEHICLES, of all kinds, HARNESS. Robes. SADDLES. COLLARS, BRIDLES, Sole Leather, Shoe Uppers, Shoe Findings, Baby Carriages, Goat Wagons, GIRL'S TRICICLES. Special Agency--Columbus Buggy Co's Elegant Vehicles, Kentucky W a g o n Manufacturing Co's "Old Hickory Wagons," the Pope Manu facturing Co' Columbia Bicycles. Largest BuIy, Wagon and HarneSS Heise im the State. Gfreenville, S. C. GRE ENVI LLIE Coach Factory, GREENVILLE, S. C, 100 BREWSTER BUGGIES ! Cheapest ever Offered. We Make The . Best WACONSin the SOUTH. G. W~X. Sirrine. Surt. Bargains -IN L11e%$ & 0o1) Tile, Drain Sewer Pipe, -AT- Stove Flue, A REDUCED PRICES! Fire Brick: AND FIRE CLAY. We are overstocked with Hiar- Sii~yll1c1~i~LaEfa ness and Collars, and wvill save eliladT'ptinI*g y ou money on either. We also have in stock SOLE LEATHER, mn&Mrie u' ed ie UPPER LEATHER, HARNESS LE ATH ER, W HIPS,LAPROBES, llORSE COVERS, JIARNESS& & U~I \ 1 TRACES, SHOE FINDINGS', of all kinds. A full line of MENS AND IBOYs infnfnr tlinod~ SADDLES. Lllriti iuiuuul We will save you some money if you will give us a call before eintad.PserPii. you make your purchases.Chce'iulrvdod-te GOWER & GDODLETT, 102, Main-Street,AABSINE Sep. 1, 194.Grenvileseed 1otilwit and Turpeinti, ongt WALA CATING. ~GreeNB~e MuSASH~ DOOR8 AND BLINDS Iwill be pleased to fill orders ~for FRUIT TREEs, (kRAPE, VINES, STRAWBERRY PLANTS and ORNA.' DRESSED LUMBER, MOULD MENTAL SHiRUBBERlY. I am Agent for E. L. Taylor's Nursery, which INGS, &D. is located two and a half miles South of Greenville, and which nr our Omeio is at sameo address, 1m, is filled with Tr'ees andl Plants Wa'ishinigtoni street, but wo have remnoved suited to this climate, our stock to the tasemflont, withl an' en I have been in the business for trance onl Laturens street, about a hndred~ ffenyears and will hlyou focturoin our Omieo at. it rear oftnoe w'are select Fruit adapted to this cli-hosreogi uacnorwteu mate, and the location of the or ilhard. J. M4. TEAGUE, T. C. GOWER & 80N. July 19-a-3m Dalton, A n re~IiEC. ~rh 5'84 CHEAPNE88. Are adding lots of useful BAR RAINS to their Stock for FALL TRADE 001 MR. HAOOD is in New York now; we expect him to do - wonders this season, as Goods are cheaper now than they were ever known to he. We are better prepared than ever to serve you, and ask for your patronage. HAGOOD, BRUCE & CO. A Ai Pickens, S. C. Sept. . - Li Family Groceries 1 A General Merchandise. ^] W E hbave just received our STOCK ct OF GOODS for- the present v l 4N season, which we offer at the lowest v prices possible. ta tc We keep constantly on band a good supply of BACON, FLOUlt, SUGARS. COFFEES, 0 MOLASSES, 'EAS, HATS, 01 SHOES, CLOTHIN, D R Y G0 0 i, lARIDWA RE. &c. V Also, PA A101 I'AN' TOOLS, aind ever3 ing needed for armiig pnrj~oses. A G. WYATT E-&y, S. If',You Wlant Anything General Merchianihse, GP'CALL ON ME. Si I KEEP Dry Coods, Notions, Boots, Shoes, Cro ceries, Hardware, t and a full line of Farm Sup plies. I can give you a low figure on - Flour and Farming Implements. JOHN C. KAY is with me and will 1 be pleased to have is friends call onl him.B J. E. ROBINSON, Easley, S. C., Feb. 8. 94-1y-. tc ti NOTICE OF ANNUAL MEETING. a oflee of Cocunty Commissionera, y] Pickens, S. C., Oct. 1, 1894. a All persons holdIing hills, accountsq or de- P mnids of ancy kindl against the County of 11 P'ickens, ncot heretofore presented, are here- 0 by nlotiflied to ille said1 demands~l. with theh Clerk of the Roard of Connty Commuission er of Pickens Connty, in the oflice of the said Connty Commissioners on or before the first day of November, 1894, that the s said dlemands may be examined, approved anid ordered paid ont of thme funds of the di presenlt fiscal year at. their annual meetings y4 to be hcolden on Thutraday after thme first M'nday inc Novenbcer, 18941, and all demn~cds not so presen1ted( will be dlebarred paymnent - ont of said fundsm. JF. J. LE~Wxs, Clerk. Oct. 4.-4t Notice to Deters~i and1( Cred itor's. All persons having claims against o the Estato of Jacob M. King, do- w censed, are nIotifiedl to present the ir same to the unders ignod, p~roperly approved, on or boforo the 1st day December .next. Personsa i ndebted to said Estato must mako payment A on or bof oretimno above montioned. r< MARGA RETi C. KING, i J. MONROE KING,p Oct. 18.--3t Administrators t( No'i'rere.-All persons aro ht~rouy 'n warneod not to harbor or givo cro- g dit to my wifo, Mary Craig. as I S wvill not be responsible for any debts contracted by her, as she ha's a: left my bod and board without cause. RICHIARD CRAIG. Annt. R-. )UTHERN RAILW ,Y CO. So -----Con. (PIEDMONT AIR LINE.) ,oute of the Groat Vestibulod 'n Limited. Ar. IDEUSED SOIEDULE OF PASSENGER TRAINS, " In Effect August 11t, 1894. vos. Lim F'tit Mail orthbound. No. 38 NO. 30 No. 10 Daily DAily Daily Atlanta c time 12.00 N'n 9.00 pm 8.00 sin Atlanta B time 1.00 pm 10.00 Pm 9.00 am " Norcross...... ....... .. 10.37 pm 9.4 am uord ................ 11.06 pm 10.20 am Giainesvillo., 2.15 m 11.31 pm 10.54 am Lv. Lula -..---..... .......... 11.63 pm 11.19 am Cornely....... ..... ........ 11.45 am Mt. Airy ...... ..................12.10 pm " Toccoa- - ----- ..... 12.45 am 12A0 pm Ar. Westmiuster........... 1.21 am 1.14 pm Uv. Seneal..... .......... 1.40 am 1.35 pm -;r C ... 4.45 pun 2.10 am 2.05 pm ,, Grconvillo ... .30 i 3.00 am 8.05 pm , Spartanburg.. . m 4.01 am 4.11 pm - Gaffneys - ..... 4.42 am 4.53 pm " Blacksburg... i .00 am 5.10 pm " King'sMout' .......... 5.23 am 5.35 pm ' Gastonia..............40 iam 5.68 pm Charlotte. 8.29 pin 0.30 ain 6.40 pm Ar. SDanvile. 12.27 am 11.45 an 12.40 am ' ._tichmond .... 0 a 4 6otni ~.20i ---- Washinton . 7~3~am 8 prn 1.e. Baltim'e P.n.t. 8.20 am 11.35 pin 1.... i. Philadelphia .. 10.40 am 3.00 am No.. . Nc Now York. 1.23 pn 0.23 am ..... Ves.Lim r'at Mail- 4.05 Southward. No. 37. No 85. No. 11 4.25 Daily Daily Daily 431 5.15 Now York P.R.It 4.30 pm 12.15 n't .......... Pliladolphia.. 6.55 pm 7.20 am .......... - Baltimore... 9.20 pm 9.42 am ........... Di Washington... 1043 pm 11.01 am ... ....... No fliclisioi~. am 'IE46 a nlTZ~5 ami UaItiv~A-111.... ~~ AU~4l -m ~ 25 6Min ' ia - Charlotte...... 9 am 10.50 pin 12.20 n li. Gastonia ...... ........ 11.20 pm 1.02 pm 12. Kiug'sMount'n .......... ....... . 1.25 pm 1 Blacksburg.... 10.48 am 12.05a.m 1.50 pm 1. Gaffneys ...... .......... .......... 2.05 pm 2.1 Spartanburg.. 11.37 arc 12.67 am 2.50 pm 2. Greenville..... 2.28 pm 1.52 am 4.10 pm 2. Central........ 1.15 pm 2.40 am 6.20 pm 8.( Senoca......... .......... 3.01 am 5.45 pm . Westminster.. ................. 6.05 pm Toccoa........ ...,...... 8.49 am 6.45 pin tot Mount Airy... .......... .......... 7.35 pm 11 Cornelia....... ....................7.38 pm noi Lula........... .......... 4.42 am 8.05 pm tib Gainesville.... 3.31 pm 6.59 am 8.30 pm in. Buford...... .. .......... ...... ... 9.03 pm bol Norvross ................ ...... 9.39 pm go, Atlanta E htme 4.55 pm 8.20 am 10.30 pm - i AtInataC time 3.55 pm 5.20 am 9.30 pm noi Pullman Car Service: Nos. 35 and 36. Rich- ti ond and Danville Fast Mall, Pullman Sleping 6rs between Atlanta and Now York. bo Nos.37 and 38-Washing ton and Southwestern R. ostibuled Lnited, between New York and ow Orleans. Through Pullman Slcepers be ,coal New York and New Orleans, via Atlan- an and Montgomery, and also between Washing- W n and Memphis, via Atlanta and nlirininghaam. Nos. 11 and 12, Pullman Sleeping Car between lehmond. Danville and Greensboro. For detailed information as to local and rough time tables, rates and Pullman Sleep. g car reservations, confer with local agents, - address - . A. TURN, S. 11. HARDWICK, Gen'I Pass. A-'t. Ass't General Pass Ag't W AsIItNa;roN. D. C. AT.ANTA,. A. J. A. DID 0N, Suporintendlent. At !anta. Ga. F.41. ( ; E . N. J. M. Cl' .), Uen I .J g.. Trailte itn'gr. WASHNGTwON. D. C. WaV.s.ingtonj! D.O. [W YORK RAC~K[T STOH1E. A Trumtendotns Lot of Jus-Arivhet wht HALLENGE ANYBODY ON PRICES. 's aces0, Embroiderica, Tnsertion, silks and k Trimmnings, silk Mitts, silk Gloves, E nbrellas and Patlm Fanus, Ladies' and g nts~ Bolts, Collars and Cuffs, Glents Hats,__ est styles; Sheets and shirting, Me'ns tmnecr Underwvear, Lawns, Cnrtainas and~ tilts, cuff H-olders and scarf Rletainers, oth Brnshes and shaving Brnmsbes. barge quantity of sea Island at 5 cents a rd-atnd nmany other things too tedions mention. K~emtember that J7. H. Martin is with mec d carries a full line of Staple and Fancy oceries, and will exchange for country educe. J. M. RAMPEY. Isley, S. C., May 24, 1894. & Citation Notice. 'HE STATE 01. SoUTHi CAR~OTNA, an County of Pickens. ~ S y J. B. Newbory, Esq., c Probato Judlge. WVhoreas, J. M. Stowart, C. ( P., ado suit to mel, togrant him Lot rs of Admiistrati-m of thr Es to of and offects of A. M. Noal, w' Iceased. Those aro thereforo to citf and hnonish all and singular th kin ~ed and creditors of tho said A. .Neal, dleceasod, that they he and Is >poar~ before me1, in) the Court of the robaito, to bto held at Pickons Ct. be ouso, S. (3., on the 30th day af atober next, after puiiiica tion th llrof, at 11 o'clock iln the fore- ha >on, to show cause, if any they ee weo, why the said Administration iould not he grate~d. G iven under my Hand, this 17th ty of Septomber 1894, in tihe 117th iar of our Independonct. J. B. NE WBE RY, J. P. P. C. Sept. 20, 1894 I have moved to my no0w stand, >posite the J 0 U R N A L office, here I wvil: keep such articles the GROCERY LINE,B s may be needed. I am now ceiving, and will be constant adding to my stock until comn leted . I dem it unnecessary .publish any price list, anld ii' only say, that I will sell Im >od and reliable goods at as MIALL~ PROFITS, as any 91ne. Don't fail to give me a call, id see what I can do for you. W. 0. Brawilett. Oct 18. [ITHERN RAILWAY CO, <.s..a.5im.. tiensed Schedule, in Effeat Septembes 28th, 1894. Trains run by 75th Meridian Time. ATIONS. - a arleston........., ........... - '7.15 n ,olumbia- -. -----------,............ 11.40 a n 'roe perity. I ............. ... p~ P.i Iewborry ......... ...... .... 1.10 p m ,,linton .... (Ex Sun)...... - I Laurons...(Ex Su...-.... 13 In Nin ty-Six. .. .... - -in . - ---..... . . 2 2 p . . rc n.oo. . 2.52 p I Anderson'.'.'..' : - . 4 L I ............. 0 p -.--. --. --..... .... 7.. f . . . .10.: pmi 'ATION. '-aily No. 12. W aialla ........... ..... . . ~ am 80onca ........-----... . ..... 10.00 Bin Anderson..... ............. . .. . 15aSt olton..................... 11.45am Hodges.......... ......... ..... i Greenwood........ ............12.55 pro Ninety-Si... .......-.......... 1.32 pm Laurens (Ex diu) ..................110.40~iifz Clinton (Ex Sun)..... .......... 111.10 am Newberry ...................... 2.3iin Prosperity.....................I 2.Ep11n Columbia .................. 4.15 pm Charleston ........... ...... 8.45 pm ween Anderson, Belton and Greenville. -i. 1 Daily. . 1i. I STATIONS. No. 19. p. In'Lv. ,Anderson ....... Ar'12.07 pm p. mn .......Delton............ 11.45 am. p. min " .... Williamston......... 11.09 ani P. m " ........ .elzer ............ . 11.03 am ). inAr .......Greonville..........Lvi0.15 am Between Columbia and Ashoville. I I Daily, STATIONS No. 14. -~li).. v r1eton.r ...... 5p Omi- V.ColuMbIRAr' . 3.56pm ..Alston..........3.10pm p- -antuc....'. 2.OOyn pni. .. Union.........11.40pnA Spin-------1 ..Jonesvill "........12.40pm5 aPI.---... Pacolet... "........12.21pmx Gpm,... Ar Spart'byJv ........ 1.45am 6pm ......... Lv - art'b g Ar ....... 11.30am 0n)1.........Ar ARhevillo l.v.. 8.4an los. 11 and 12 are solid trains between Charlos an)d Walhalla. 'rains leave Spartanburg. A. and C. division, thbound. 4.01 a. n., -1.11 p. M.,6.22 p. in., (Vcs. tiled Limited1; Southbound, 12.67 a. in., 2.50 p. 11.37 a. M., (Vestibuled Limited): west md. W. N. C. Division, 3.05 p. i. for Hender iville and .slieville. %rains leave Greenville, A. and C. Division, !thbound. 3 a.m.,3.03 p.m., and 5,30 p.m.,(Ves tiled Limited); southbound, .2a. m.. 4.10 p. 12.28 t. n., (Vestibuled Limited). rains leav Seneca, A. and C. Division. north and, 1.40 a. in. and 1.30 p. in.; southbound, 3.01 ii. and 5.45 p. in PULLMAN SERVICE. 'ullinan Palaco Sleeping Cars on Trains 8 1 36, 3 and 38, on A. und C. Division. H. G REEN, J. M. CULP. Gen'l big'r. Traffe bigr. Washington, D. C. BERKELEY, Supt.. Columbia. S. C. A. TURK, S. H1. HARDWICK, en- 'ass. Agt.. Ass't Gen'l Pass. Agt.. Washington. D. C. Atlanta, Ga. . L. DouCLAS OS1E 9 THI E BE8irO $3HOENOSQUEAKIN,. *5. CORDOVAN, FRENCH&ENAMEtEDCALF %?5.A.9FINE CALF& KAN6A $ 3.49 POLICE3 sSOL. s~.2WORKIlNGMENS - EXTRA FINE. $2. .? BOYSCHOOLSHOF #..-,3F'oNGOL4 SENDOFOR CATALOGUE' piansvemoe ebbucasing W. L. hoes caewarc the largest uanufactuers of ertise<I shoes in the world, and guarauntee value by stamin lg the saine and price on bottom, whmichI protcets you against high ces and the mniddlemnai's profits. Our shoes al custom work In style, easy fitting and. tring qualities. WVe have them sold every-~ ere at lowver prices for the italuse given thata other make. Take no substitute. If your tier cannot supply you, we can, Sold by . T. McFall, Pickeuns, S. C. F. Morgan, Central, S.C. New Goods. jEI have received our F.ALL Stock 'of S H0ESN, HI A' T8, DRlY ))0D, STOVES. TIN-WARE, .We b~oughlt rather heavy in its an1d Shloes, anid muitst sell t-heml. von wanht Barlgains ill either' call d let us show you, anid you ill be ~onishied at the rematrkabla low pri 1we atre offer ing them,. ltovos! Stoves!! Stoves!! We don't sell anlythinig in Stoves - can't guiarantee. Our Stock of Ciroeceries always comnplete. If you want best Soaps try our Clairette, none t.e Cr for~ all p)urposes. It's ralther enr~Iv yet to say anly ing about debts; We hope we won't ve to say' anlytlhing about themi this isonl. Yeurs for big trade, JOHN T. LEWIS & SON. Sept. 27, 1894. Has receivedl his Stoeir of NEW SPRING GGODS. est Styles and Latest Pat wrns--Come and See Them. I pay the highest pri(ces for Coun try Pr~oduce, id wvill sell you Goods in exchange at theo vest figure. temnimber that I keep everything ini thmo line of Groceries and Dry Goods. J. .E. Br'own, fay r,. Vqwtral. 9. C.