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THE LUTHERAN VISITOR. COLUMBIA. 8. C., FEBRUARY 10. 1872 a beat four price* for^i* paper. He oftaa teU* the joke on himself, cod tbpt are above the grouud, to he warmly protected from the extreme cold.'’ y * u Does tho cold auow keep the grain icam, grauduia T $ “Oh yes, nil the biting wiud is kept away by the thick, deep snow, aud the wheat will even grow finely under it, bo that when the snow melts utp is gone, you will nee the fields green with the young blades of grain.” “Well, 1 did not think of that, grandma." “Sometimes farmers lose a great amount of wheat by what is called ‘au opeu winterthen the ground is sometimes soft aud sometimes fro- zeu, aud what is called ‘ground ice’ is formed. I have seen the grouud look like frost-work. The water in the earth would freeze, and make crystals of ice, aud If any wheat was in the grouud tkcu, it would be killed* by the earth leaving the roots expooed to the cold wiutcr air and frost. When uo snow falls, people can seldom raise wheat They de pend upon seudiug North for Hour, and to those States where suow keeps the ground from freezing out in the way l have told you.” Just then the children heard sleigh bells. A handsome sleigh das bed up to the door, and a young man sprang out aud rang the bell of the door very qnickly Miscellaneous. G * C. Railroad. Columbia, 8. C„ Merck N and after thin date. Jan the following Kcbednl* w Nearly all sick hones aud eows Ore mode so in the first place by eat inf improper food, or too much of It As soon as the owner finds any of his animals sick, it ia the common custom to begin dosing with medi cine. “We mustn't leave the animal to (he; we moat do something! n aud ao all moaner of hurtful drags and poisons are throat down its throat— saltpetre, copperas, turpentine, etc., qaUe sufficient to make any well animal sick, or to kill a sick one. “You didn't give the poor thing eooagh—you should have given it oftener—you oau’t expect your beast to get well if you don’t do more for ur , Oar rule hie always been to give nothiug, miiess we know exactly wlist to do; and in the meantime attend to every exterior part procti cable. If the weather is eohl, pla*x* it In worm quartern, avoid all ex posure, and attend to pore air aud strict cleanliness. Bat there is one medicine that mu never do hnna, sad is commonly beneficial. This ta pnlrenzei charouol. As we have just remarked .era i Visit on How wonderful is the tensity of these fairy-like lineal yat strong enough to enable the aerial voyager to ran through the sir and catch the prey which ventures within bis do main. it is so firns that lu the web it Train on the » iaipv4*siou that 8.” are identical, reader* that those differ? at eontrib- Tbe fooce* of the United Htaiea have cost more than the houses, cities included; more than ships, busts and vessels of every descrip tion which sail the ocean, lakes and rivers ; more tbsn our manufactories of all kinds, with their machinery ; more than any one class of property, aside from real estate, except it may be the railroads of our country. Iu au article on this sutfie«t, the People's Journal says that the first cost of fences iu New York was be tween one hundred aud fifty and two buudred millious of dollars. Assuming this to be approximately correct, aud estimating the first cost of feuces in otlier States on the same basis, we have ss the total first ex pense of fences of tbs country the vast sutn of $ 1.298,000,000. This will require to be renewed at least once in teu years, and this gives sn animal expense of #129,000. with a very large sum to be added lor rr pairs constantly needed. This makes up a formidable aggregate. In Europe, where very few feoces are fohnd, there is no inoouvenienee felt bv^be j«eojdf. In France, Oer- We would inform our initfialp re present two Carpetings, Oil Cloths, Rugs, xr of fashion's hcklo swu; , Wfiary jf joys that pass a vay ; ry of afitumu's withering Bowers, W as jleet the light-winded hours. try of life's ephemeral da; , irr of tijocing the touch of decay ; ft to sefen, of rnor al man. Leave Columbia.i...... A Istoo “ Newl>erry A Cokesboiy ...... u Belton i. Arrive at Greenville... “ “ Andeisoa.... “ M Pesdbtaa... *• « WalhaUa . DOWS Leave WalhaUa “ Pwdldtw Anderaon «... Belton s “ Uokealrary m “ Newberry _ “ Alston of the tribe, them are twenty tubes, through which is drawu the viscid globule*—the gummy matter it em ploys in spinning—each of the thick ness of about one tenth of an Inch. It takes 140 of these globules to form a single spiral lino; it has 34 circum locutions to go through, which gives the uumber of 3,300. Hats. Window Curtains. Shades, CORNICES, NOTIONS, Ao., Ac il records W SOU LI) coll the atteutiou of the public to the large and elegant stock which they are now offering at prices which defy competition, and Weary, upi Wearf of i Woaiy of I And weary ■ • *j Immortal I We have thus got tho average total number of liuea between two radii of the circle: mul tiplying that number by 26, the num ber of radii which ike untiring in- sect spins, gives the total amouut of 87,.160 viscid globules before tin* net Is complete. The dimensions of the net, of course, vary with the specie*. Some will be composed of ss many as 120,- 000 lines: yet, even to form this net, the spider will only take fire min utes! Wonderful, indeed, is the pn* cess by which the spider drawn the thread from its Iwdy—more wonder tnl than any rope or silk spinning. Each of these spinnerets is covered with bristle like points, so very fine, that a spare about the mm of a pin's head will cover a thousand of them. From each of them* |x*lnt* of tubes issues a. small but slender thread, which unites with the other threads, no that from each spinneret proceeds a scries of threads, Turning one com pound whole; these are situated hearts le human deceptive arts, k! 1 turn to |ii in q luality of Goods unsurpassed. We are folly prepared to give bargains to all who may call ujioh us. An inspection of our stock, will aatisfy all that we can answer any demand made iu oor line. Especial ly would we ask Arrive at Columbia M. T. BARTLETT. Though wide Time Waves his Tlijr fortress still mitt* his 0 *T»sjoy triumphant here to thi A solace for tlie weaned mind, To tra#B oa thy majestic brow Thc record of “Eternalsow.l General Tickrt Apt,, S. C. Railroad. C(dn»ku,g. ( . | J w*», mi I Change of M-hedule. to go into in advance- js*w>rarie»-. i Any ptw* wb^ ■iJltffmP the jiju trd to his nan** 1 w fSrthc payment - I. If a pe*s°n or*l- n Zr^A W must p. 3* pubuiher w*y t- antif p^rmeot is m** vital? amount, taken from the office < *. The eswrts !*»▼♦ to take »ewM> from the l^t off. Irariixr them uncsll- avidcoec of inicnooop portage— Five eer. All remittance* am«i be address^ to Rev. A. I Iy .all sick animals become to by improper eating, in the first place. Niue times out of ten the digest km is wrong. Cborooal is the Boost ettcieot and rapid correc tive. It will cure in a majority of eases If proparly administered. Aa exam;4e of its use. The birod to examine our aaaortmeut, aa we have devoted much time and care to the selection of Goods to fill their requirements. w« have still remaining a broken WhiU 'ring tor ravage of deca, When he came iu he explained that he was iu a great hurry, that a party of young folk* wanted a sleighing party that night, aud lie called to see if Anue, her sister Grace and Frauk -would go also. Oh how pleased they all were. Then Auue was glad enough that the snow had coiue.- Of course they would go. So, wheu the sun came out bright and clear, the men of the village and neighborhood all met aud proceeded to “break the roads.” That is doue iu country places by having horses aud. team* of o\cu who arc hitched to sleds and wagons, and these are loaded with uieu and boys, and wheu the teams start, one after auother, sometimes there is a very loug procession of sleds aud wagons. Then the snow is leveled dowu to a certain'depth. After that is done, the sleighs can run, for then there will be no danger of upsetting. If there should be a snow drift across the road, the uieu and boys dig it dowu with wooden shovels, and make a narrow passage through it. Iu the most northern States of this country, the suow commences fall mg eatly in October, and stays upon the grouud until April. While we, who live in the Southern States, are picking Rowers, aud enjoying the pleasant spring days, it is still cold winter up there. 1 have often heard {icople say 4rho weut to Can ada to live, that they only had three mouths of warm weather in the whole year. ; Now I will tiuish about the sleigh ride. The moon shone out bright and clear, and the wiod ceased about dark, so that when the sleighs came up to Mr. Gray’s to take the girls and their brother iu with the lest of the party, they were all in high glee at the prospeet of a pleasant ride. They did not return until late in the evening, and Anne did not see her grauduia until the next morning wheu she went into the dining-room to her breakfast. Th& old lady look ed up aud smiled rather luischcivous- ly as she asked, “Anne, are not yon tired of snow, and very sorry that it. came to spoil your Christmas holidays t” “Dear graudma, I was wrong to fret about it, for I had a very pleas ant time last evening, aud I felt ashamed that I had iudulged in a murmuring spirit in the morning.” “Well, Anne, I am glad you ac- kuowledge your fault. • Ho it is iu all events of life. Whatever seems to bo scut by God as a calamity, will be sure in tho end to contain some thing good aud pleasurable in it. Only always look at the bright ride of every thing, aud you will never feel like fretting. B. <1 through Nature’s vast domain, tly ttinea assault* are i ain. wigefre Rome’* proud towers arose defiance to her foes, s of Her ancestral band 3 bswdj upon Italia's afraid; . ""I I ■ L- | re woic planted lllimn’l walls, n graced her regal h.tl 1*-; AND which we are srlling under cost to edear the stock, as we design coo fining ourselves strictly to the . iri' wtfs reared Athert.Vsjdoino; * had-elio.sen there a home ; oweraig pillar heavenward rone. ‘iuble<l for frail mortal’ll woes. -ed when tyrauts spread their sway, ed when empires passed away. Dry Goods Trade We invite tly* people generally to give us a call, and will nse our beat endeavor* to please aud satisfy. j.hTa ml. chard. Main Btreet, One door Sooth Columbia Hotel. Dec 8 14—tf BOOK OF WORSHIP. Pu*mhed by —lierMy of tU fir^iti jj l ttunxm Synod of Korik AmeriiiL T HIS IbM»k. of «?4 pam, Utoo itBo ready. We give the chureh et*i cents on every copy sold, and in diit m part of tlw profit* accrue to the ckairk. I*rice, in Hbeep...... fi | fiiy brow would tn hinton of our race Upon thy mossy p iu favor of the change, lli-re, where the suggestion* Ore novel, aud the people have not thought on the ques Uou. tin- pr»»j*o*Uioti may be sonic what unpalatcablv; but the time will come when Minterest will force * duuKt- iu tqiiiiioo aud pol The I+tntii at *ck»V from (hr Minutr trhirh thru mab Pro fetation. scan i*auc wh oid of tfic golden ageJ * w. . - ■' fp v Bui Ih lust quell the lisiug sign ' O’er age* that have passed thee bjv> Each ! onging, liog’ring look hi vain Then last npr voice, nor tongulr, not Yetj U' »t all vpiu, for thoughts i’ci-le i iie v sta ditu where ages slee^; And l rar the gracious promt* Ttyii pe’s tq man the gate of Ty;e >f that:promise, thou baA stood Thfi r vuges of fire and flood; | Thy tpiiy age, yet changeless youth. Sole c uhlem of eternal truth. Etet'U (1 truth, iutiuite love. Not li saven fiself that rock cun move ; The ugh lieavca ami earth tdtall pass away, It sta ids forever as to-day. : i I i I » No tu re we drernl life’s battle* shock, Safi 8 ldtered ’neath thalt Higher Rock— The 1 ock of Ages, 'neath whose shade Th*} * nuns off ages are allayed. 1*1 Higidr than earth—unfailing d-nAY, IVlr *ii Natui^s towers fall to cfost, “Tl yjwoiil is lived, thy power remains,” Tliv realm sliill last—Messiah krigns.” Dark Arabesque RUPTURE CURED Arabenqui- Gilt ta M««ioe<-o Tacks, giit edge | a Miirowo, extra gilt ta Turkey Morocco, plain Jt| Turkey Morocco, super extra gflt.. SM Turkey Antique... SW With gilt clasps, 80 cgmt* extra. Ministers and < ongregation* zie r* quested to send on their order* at an. to whom a discount of tea per rest. * made. rCLPIT EDIT1QK. Price, in She<J>. #2: Anthcnque. cjh eilge. #«-. EngUan Turkey, #4. Tea pet cent diseou-jt made to those who bav h quantifies. IH'FFIE A CHAPMAN, ft is occessarv t that there be rlv iiwlicari nfr dsaig^t 1 as iMwmdi*. bar' whirlpool*, and po . wind* prevail. -If has breti taken t • the -great wator> t to navigation may. them dowa for .1? iners. Somcflmip c*;n:’ uewssary to safe *' and that is found r- ma|i, IfriHeotiag streams, the moan! the efties. an<l u-j foatnres of the cod trarHei is iufon J T^tore is an incin actoal danger, in connected with bet] zfiprehension of ft when he is In the i they who fnrafsh »] elers nmws fbo c*»; to nmrftiers wbn g, are liencfrutors tot I they are to be r< Rght who ran so *-k of Hfc as to be of tl»c hiexperietici d , Although wt* m; be posted In refer bars, (fnteksaads coaled rocks, whip lJ of life insecnri'. the false indices <• other stratagem v (leeoyed Into th»* wi wevertbeless avail exjierience of otl teachings of God'< ing some direct ton > to you in after As candidates f»» tr>'. von will admi prosperously be^i n^oi-essfnny, tliui f*«»rod and the vt bito the high seas. «»k1 foir whids. to 1 or wrecked ; you v ^rarHej- mar set nrs\ pro- and be' far a ^ point of destif almost at the emf Bpiders are wcavar* of a su|»|de hoc, whose touch, for qaiekness and fine uess, suriNuuie* any spiuutng jenny,— C««wlf« Family Papct . Marah'i Radical Core Truss given, icaven Ammonia, or as it m generally railed, BpintB of hartshorn, is a pow erful alkali, ami iliwiolx-ea grease and dirt with groat case. It has lately been rei outmciulmi \ cry highly fur domcatie purposes. For washing paint. |mt a tuidc s||mMiful iu a quart of tuoderwirly hot water, dip in a llannei * loth and with this simply wipe off the wood work ; no seralibiDg will bi* necessary. For taking greane *{iots from any fabric iimc the ammonia nearly |Hire. then lay white biotting |*a|M*r o\cr the iqtot, and icon it lightly. In wash ing lares. |ait about twelve drops in To dean wl r pilK Icrf bnit mow i-gcctivc Trum 1 known ft a the cure aod relief of Hernia or Rupture. Thin Tnw ha* re- c» ived the wtuction of tlw mow eminent physician* of this cooutry, who do not lwsitate to recommend it to tboae afflict ed with Hernia na being nwperior to all other*. , It i* tlw only Tcum that will retain tin bowel* with any rertainty, and tlw wreerer can feel aasurcd that he im using a remedy that will he at all times safe and effectual in it* operations. <»f this we guarantee entire watiafactioii to all who may conw ■wh r oor treatment. l. ulws' silk elastic alalominal twit* for corpulency, falling of tlw womb, and a* a support to the lwwk and alidiHuinal mnarles. Anklets, km-e caps and stock ing* for variooae rein*, ulcer* and weak joint*. Should* r brace* for lmtie*. gents and childrvn. for the cure of stooping of the shoulder* and a* a chew expander. I*ile liistTnuients. the most *uperior artu-le iu UM—light, raaily aiUusteil and i(l»ctujil. Instrument* for all phy*ical def«*nattws, curvature of the spine*, bow legw, club feel, 4 c. Ag«*nt fo* Cb-nii-ut'* Celebrated Artifi cial Limtai, Agent fin tiramUir* Patent Rubtwi tipiwd Cratches. Agent for I>r. Halwork'* Silver I terine fomorttr. Agent for l>r. Wadswottir* St<-m Per- •wry. I Allies' A|Mutaietit with a competent iady iu atteiMlanci-. «»rthn» per mail promptly a It ended to. 8. MAR8H, 9*J \V. Baltimore SL, Baltimore. Md. W® take the following from au ex change, for the consideration of Uie manager* of t’oonty and Hlote Fairs, and all other* concerned : It ia high time that a brood dia tinetiou were made lietween sfMirtiug clnlw anil agrieultaral societies, and between home race* and njfrirnltur.il lair*. The union of these two di verse, if not antagonistic elements, has been the mean* of Mtrangimg what is good in asaoriattona for the promotion of agriculture and kin dred pursuit*. Breeding race horse* is not within the sphere of farming. It may reasonably be doubted wbetli er it ia |>rodnetive of any good : it ia very clear that it is productive of more evil, if the morals of the human race are of any account. Horse root** are gathering* for black leg*, and they are no more within the range of former's legitimate pursuit* than gambling. We do not all believe ia mingling thiuga that are so opposed, and the farmer will have reason to rejoice, if the day ever comes when agricultural fair* shall again be made what they ought to be, and what they oner were. We may express the hope that this sub ject will be discussed in the winter sesaious of agricultural societies, ami that they will decide to cut loose from such evil associations. The re salt of the Hampden Agricultural Society’s departure from farming to horse-rociog, may be au extreme case, but it ia not a strange one. a pint of warm *nd*. ver, mix two teaspoouafull of am bhuiiu in a quart of hot and*. Put in year silverware and wash it, using an old trail Imiah or tooth brash for the pur;tore. For cleaning hair-brash e*. etc.. aini|ily shake the brushes up and dowu in a mixture of one tea HjKMUiful ot uiuiuouia to one piut of hot water ; when they are cleansed, riuoe thiMH in cold water, and staud them iu tl»e wind or in a hot place to dry. Few washing finger marks from lookiug glasses, aud windows, put a few drops of ammonia on a moist rag, and make quick work of it. if you wish your house plants to fiourisli, put a lew drops of the spir its iu every pint of water used in w ateriug. A teaspoon I ul will add much to the refreshing effects of a bath. Nothing is letter than am inoiiia water for cleauatng the hair. In every ease rinse off the ammonia with clear water. To which we would only add, that, for removing grease spots, a mixture of equal parts of ammonia and alcohol ia bet ter thau alcohol alone ; and for ta king out the rod stains produced by the stong acids iu blue and black clothes, there is nothiug better than ammonia 'or the Lutheran Visitor. !*•>•». 1870, IA TTHEH AN PUBLICATION SOCIETY SO. 42 NORTH SIXTH STREET, PHILADELPHIA. «T* K. SHUYOCK, SUP’T clcariu THE LUTHERAN BOOK STORE. 117 Xorth Sixth Street } ^ Vll I LA DELPHIC I* now prepared to fill order* for *11 cur Church Publications. and also htandsrd Theological and Miscellaaeott Work to tke jhiug well enough,” I don’t like to have U whole The Fatherland Sc *)8 house almost nobody.’’ y! Why, Mi il papa, man Thf Lutheran Publication Society have ma»h- urrnnicenient* to translate anil pub lish u wrie* of (icniuni Work*, (Knitable for Family and 8. S. n*e,) under the title of “The F atherland Herii-*.’’ The following b**»k» have already lieeo pnhliahed: The Cottage by the Lake .#0.75 In the Midst of the North Sea 0.75 Anton, tin* Fiahcituan 0.85 Rene, the Little Savoyard 0.85 Fritz; or. Filial Obedience 0.65 Geyer Walty; or, Fidelity Rewarded. 1.00 Thc*e aix have been pat up in a neat ease, forming Set No. 1. I’tider the Knrlh ...#0.70 Ohif Thotlakaen 1.00 The Treasure of the lues 0.85 Buried in tlw- Snow 0.80 Dominic; or. Bread upon the Water*. 1.10 8eppeli, the 8win* Boy 0.85 Forming 8ct No. ?, put wp in a neat case. The Greek Slave; or. Filial Love,..#1.10 Leonhard, the Runaway 0.50 Little Madelon ; or, Maternal Love,..1.00 Gottlieb Frey, 1.10 The School Maater and hi* 8on 1.00 Forming Set No. t, pnt up in a neat lUeaaed be Xotkiny.—During the last tweaty years, W«. B. A at or hat ao inanagml a fortune of twenty mil- lions aa to roll it into sixty millions. Nuppoae be has, what then! What has he made by tfee operation, except increased wurrimeut to keep the run of his iocreosed wealth f Astor, with sixty inillious, eats uo more oyster* quail, woodcock, and boned turk-y, than he did when lie was worth ten millions. Lie dresses uo better, aud A brother editor was sitting iu hit office one afternooa, some years ago, when a former friend came in and said r “Mr. H , I Wire your paper, but time* are hard, I can't pay for it.” “Ia that so, friend Jones T l*m very sorry to hear that you are so hard run. I will give you uiy pa per.* “Oh, no! I can’t take it ns a gift.” “Well, then, let’s see how we can tlx it. You raise chickens, I be lieve H “Yes, a few, but the)* don’t bring anythiug hardly.’* “Don’t they f Neither does my paper cost anything hardly. Now I have a proposition to make to you. I will contimwfyimr paper, and when yon go home, you may select from your lot one chicken, and call her mine. Take good care of her and bring me the product, whether in eggs or chiejtens, and we will call it square.” “All right, brother B——,* and the old fellow chuckled at what be thought a capital bargain. He kept the contract strictly, tod st the sod of tMf ynar found that lw bad paid Systematizing Mental Labor.—As a marvellous instance ot wbat one man may acheive by doing system at ically thoroughly whatever he under takes, we can not do better thau consider the life of Alexander von Humboldt? Thcte was no i>art of the world he had not visited, aud he had been uo w here without acquiring the most exact knowledge of the whole country, its geology, its aui- mal life, its botany, all ita physical characteristics, as wfill os the lan guage, habits, customs, laws, relig ion, and history of its people. He led this life till he was ninety years of age, aud eveu then uo foct, in auy part of the world, that hod any boar- ing ou the scientgfic truth, escaped bis uotice. Hi* mind was a museum, where all the knowledge that had been brought into the world was placed in order, carefully guarded, and always ready for use. We are not wrong in^ottributing the bound less learning and prodigious memory of this great man to bis habit of sys tematizing his mental labor, and to h, I donljt mean borne folks to see tbe girls dowu str Technologist. Particular attention iriven of orders for SUNDAY SCHOOLS. him! car. taken itt the .elcetiei 8E5MI Sf.HMl/ ItlfifiASB*. to which the Superintendent p r( * * !W personal attention. Address orelers. »s aliovc, to T. L. SCHRACK, Jan 25-Ctn Superintendent Starting Right.-^“At the commence ment of your journey," wrote Amos Ijswrence, of New England, to a joung friend, “take this for your motto—that the difference of going just right or a little wroug will be the difference of finding yourself iu good quarter*, or in a miserable bog or slough at the end of it.” Then tqioaking of his own early history, he said, “We five boys were in the habit every forenoon of making a drink compounded of rum and rais in*, with bisenit, very palatable to eat and drink. After being in the store four weeks, I found myself ad mouiahed by my apiietite of the a|y liroach of the hour for indulgence. Thinking the habit might make trou ble if allowed to grow stronger, without further apology to my sen iors I declined partaking with them. Now, I say, to this simple foot of starting just right aui I indebted, with G*xr» blessing oq my labors, a mild, geatle voice e, “who spuds the “Well, my dear, do you t are $oing quite right to frei an impatient way over doeaf - j Ague huug dowu her i did lot answer. Her gran tinned, “Jost| think how n people there arc, who have such' a nice liome as yon e this freezing feather many are hungry and almost (le Pad aud |iua con- kny poor aot even [joy, aud childreu titute of jlad, and i eujoy a p your jw I like HAMILTON EASTER & SOUS. BALTIMORE, MD, D RESIRING to continue Jta. friend* at the South, will f PLF.S (marked with width and 1#** «• each,) of auy kind of DRY GOODS, of Kuitli*h, French aud American .M*, 1 '' 1 ,, facture. \Vc oln pay Express all purehasc* from ur amounting to $20 and Over, Imi ]«artie* wbo*e ordera are or nied by the ca*h, (either Bant t r Jw*t publi*b^d: Wolfinui^, Prince of Anhalt; The Iron Age of*Genn&ny. In pre**, and will shortly be nuldished: GuMtavu* Vaaa: or. King and Peasant; Adam Neu*er : The Faithful Nesro : The Valley Mill. By Carl Wild. TraM&afofi by Joel Swartz, D.D. ; Knight and Peas ant ; The Emerald : The Three King*: Faithful Until Death. . We have a uumher of otlier Transla tion* under war, which wi« w ill anuou.ice fr*nn time to time. 8. 8. Libraries selected with unusual care. Cabinet Organ* and Melodeon* fur uiahed to Sunday-school* and churches, on special tonus. 8. 8. Banner* supplied. * August W 49—tf ku«4' that to-day ^ou wi nice Christmas diuucr v friends who i love you. Jj to op the beautiful white think Qf the broad field# sowpl dost, month, and ‘ it is for tbe ttanftj^WitCT, uw iuouvoi iauui* aa his power of self-concentration, and to his belief in the wisdom (tf God.— fit % R-., .A § aJHji 1-1