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I CHERAW GAZETTE. ????????????> m. maclean, editor & proprietor. CIIERAW, S. C., TUESDAY, MARCH 28, 1837. ' vol ii. no. so TER7I S. If paid within throe months, - - - 3. 00 If paid within three months after the close of the year, 3.^ 50 If paid within twelve months after the close of the year, . - - .... 4. 00 If not paid within that time, - . . 5.00 A company of ten persons taking the paper at the same Post Office, shall he entitled to it at .$25, provided the names be forwarded together, ao. companied by the money. No paper to be discontinued but at the option of the Editor till arrearages arc paid. Advertisements inserted for 75 cents per square the first time, and 37? for each subsequent inser. tion. Persons sending in advertisements are request, ed to specify the number of times they are to he inserted; otherwise they will be continued til] ordered out, and charged accordingly. 0*The Postage must be paid on all comnm. nications scot by mail. IS l U.VLDEO).> o.tl \ . From the Farmer cf- Gardener. EXTRACTION OF REET SUGAR. Cleaning. The first proccsseM* which the beets are subjected are to clean tbem of the earth and nravel which may be left adhering tc ? . ? ? them, and of the small filaments and the parts of the neck attached to it. This is the object of the cleaning, which is done in the following manner. A woman with a very sharp knife, the blade of which is about two inches long and two or three broad, cuts off the radicles, takes up the parts of the neck which have been lef in the bcht ading, and scrapes the rooi lengthw ise, to clear it of the earth. When the beet is too iarge to be fixed upon the rasp, the operator splits it lengthwise anc divide, it into two or more pieces. Twc women accustomed to the work, cut anc clean three thousand roots when small, anc double when they are larger. The loss ol weight bv the cleaning is about six to sevo ? o cn per cent, of the gross weight. ] Wishing. ' The factories which can command c sufficient supply of water, commonly n.akt a washing follow this operation of cleansing. The washing is economically done in a large cylindrical box, the circumference of which is formed with slats of wood at intervals of an inch and a half. This ? i ?i * ? e ii .. .. ey linuer is enciosuu m a tuwiu iuu ui ?liter. About two quintals of beeis are pul in at a time, and they are perlectly washed by some turns of the machine. This washing is not indispensable, only when il is omitted more cure must be given to the cleans:njr of the beets. For if it wen ? done negligently, and any earth were ief attached to the roots, the teeth of the rasf would be injured, i lie my use of washing is to give beets to the rasp in the best condition for it. The pulpy roots are, properly speaking, spongy masses, the holes or cellules ol which are filled with juice. The spongy tissue, which commonly makes but throe or four per cent, of the weight of the root is wholly composed of parenchyme 01 woody fibre. Compression merely, how. ever strong wc may suppose it, is not sullicient to break this tissue and extract the liquid matters contained in it. To effect this, it must necessarily be subjected to the action of a machine which &hail cut it up and open the greatcst.possible number o these cellules. Experiments have in fac shown that the greatest pressure will no obtain more than 40 or 50 per cent, of the juices ol beets, whilst the pulp obtained, bj the action ot the rasp on these roots fur rushes from 75 to 30 per cent. 1\ as ping of Beets. % The mode which was first nought of t( facilitate the best di\is;on of the beet wa to boil it. This also was the same .M. Ar chard had invented, who, after having boiled the beets in vapor and rcducu them to paste, tried to express them. Bu the minute division of the pulp, which wa, nothing but a clear paste, presented anotli er inconvenience. It was then impossibli to separate the juice from the parenchyme this passing tiirough the bags in which thi paste was enclosed to be submitted to the press. It was therefore necessary to re turn to rasping the root. The apparatus, which, in the factories of beet sugar, and in those of the leculai of potatoes, bear the name of rasps ar< composed of a plane surface, cylindrical o conical, according to the particular dispo sition of the apparatus, armed with row of teeth sci particularly. The surface revolving 011 an axis, receives from a moving power a very tapid rotary motion, bj which means it tears the substances sub jected to its action. In some cylindrica machines the swiftness is so great that i makes 800 revolutions in a minute. The form of these rasps and dispositioi of the blades is very various. The tcetl are sometimes placed on the outer surface When the surface is cylindrical, we givi it a horizontal position ; when its form i conical, the axis or the cone is vertical. The object that \vc must endeavor ti obtain in the rasp is the greatest possibh division of the beet; more juice is obtained and of consequence more sugar, in agivci quantity ot roots. But it is also necessan that this operation be executed in a shor time, and by the waste of the least power Among all the rasps which have been trier hitherto, those which seem to unite in tin greatest degree these different advantage and which we ought particularly to men tion are those of M. M. Burette, Thierry Molard, Jr. and Odobbcl. The rasp of .Mr. Burette, uniting to per icction of work, a great simplicity and ; moderate cost, which makes it suited t< small establishments?the price being bu j|00 francs, we will give a short account c it borrowed from the report made on this machine, by Mr. Pajot Descharmns, in the name of the committee on the machinic arts. 4 A solid stick of oak, oblong, mounted on four legs, supported above and below i by traverses, constitutes the frame which , bears the different parts of the new me. chanism nearly all disposed on the length i of the upper traverses. These are composed of a cylinder of wood, suitably pres pared; it is 18 inches in diamater, and eight inches broad, and armed on the circumference with 80 teeth 7 inches long.? , The axis of the cylinder bears at one end I an iron pinion furnished with 1G teeth, which fit in those of a wheel, also of iron, having 120 teeth. A handle 18 inches long is placed at each end of the axis of this last wheel. Under this cylinder is placed a sort of box, inclined so as to send back the pulp obtained into a trough used as a recipient. On the same end of the stick, and before the circumference of this cylinder, is added, on a moveable centre, a sort of wooden "flyer w hich receives from ' the axis of the pinion, and, by the aid of a ( see-saw, a traversing motion to and fro, in such a way that the space between the ' cylinder and this flyer for the passage of : the substance to be rasped is alternately closed and open. The opening always is ' 1 imitnft hv n ?mall hnr. on which the flver 1 in its recoil is stayed. All the parts of the machine which are without the stick are 1 covered with a box surmounted by a hop1 per capable of containing at least a quin1 tal. By this machine the contact of the beet with the rasp is effected very quickly, witkout any splashing or waste. Expression of the Sugar. The beets reduced to a pulp by the acp tion of the rasp must be then pressed, to separate the liquid part from the pulp or vegetable fibre. To this end they are put under a press. Any kind of press may be employed for this purpose.?Thus in these 1 labors it often happens that one and the ; same press is issued for the pulp of the beet I and the produce of the vineyard. Uowev> cr, the object in submitting the pulp of the beets to the press being to extract the greaI test quantity possible of the juices they con> tain, it is necessary to subject them to con siderable power of pressure, which it is hart dly permitted to hope for with such an ap parntus. i The presses most generally used are t strong screw presses which only differ from > the wine presses in being constructed with ; more carc.?These machines are too well : known to make a detailed description neces? sary. r We have tried a cylinder press of M. . Lauvergnat. \.hich has also been adopted in some factories. It is composed of two s iperposed cylinders. They are in a plane f slightly inclined. The lower cylinder is r cast-iron with a wrought iron axis. The > upper cylinder is wood, its axis also of iron. These two axes turn in copper pads, which . arc moveable in a vertical direction, in order to be able to close the upper cylinder more or less on the lower one by two com, pressing screws. These cylinders receive t a movement equal, and in opposite direc, tions. Between the two cylinders is placed a cloth without end, made of strong canvas. This cloth is extended over several points of ( die machine by four wooden rollers, which ^ keep it in place, and one of them is so disposed that it supports one part in a horizontal ' position. On this part of the cloth the substances about to undergo the compression, come, by passing through the cylinders. For this purpose a box without bottom is placed on > the horizontal part of the cloth, designed to s receive the matter to be pressed. Beneath - 110 cylinders, is a second box or tray, into 1 waich the expressed juice flows. The pulp j thus enters one side of the cylinders and t goes ou: at the other, exhausted of its liquid, s This machine, which on tiic whole is very . ingenious, has the disadvantage of not press2 ing the paste sufficiently to extract all the liquid; so that the pulp must be submitted to 2 a second pressure under a screw press. 3 This happens for the roason that the cvlin. ucrs cannot be closed on one another bu to a certain point. If they are too near, but a 5 small portion of pulp passes, very thin, L. which makes the operation much too long. g Some manufacturervhave usedjthc double r prese of M. Isnard. In this kind of press, the screw, instead of being vertical, is placed s horizontally. At each end of this screw is lixed a plate, against which itiis supported. ' ? -? *111 /?.! | 1 1 tic nut is in tne miaaie 01 tne screw, wnicn receives a recilnear motion to and fro, in such manner that when loosed lrom one j plate it exercises a pressure on ths opposite t one. The position of the screw, and that of the matter to be pressed, render the working of this machine very convenient. It ' produces otherwise but a moderate clfcct, and seems to be generally given up. Of all the methods to obtain a strong pressure, the most effectual is, doubtless the s hydraulic press, which, as is well known, is founded on the hydrostatic principle, so 0 that a pressure exerted of a liquid is trunsD mitted through the whole mass with a force * equal to that on the surface. We will give 1 an idea of the manner in which the applica>' tion of this principle is made to the hydraul1 ic press. To make this explanation more easy, wc will imagine two hollow vertical cylinders 3 of very different sizes, communicating with s one another by any means whatever. A moveable stopper, which we suppose to have ? the form of a solid cylinder, enters into the larger cylinder, exactly fitting it. In the - interior of the small one is a piston having d an arm of a lever. If, the two cylinders bco ing full of water, a pressure is exerted by t means ot the arm of the lever and the piston if on the surface ofth? fluid in 'he small cvl-! inder, tliis pressure will be transmitted to at the fluid of the larger, increased in propor- y< tion to the volume of the two cylinders. If Thus, if the contents of the larger cylinder b< is one hundred times that of the small, the at pressure on the surface of the first will at be one hundred times that which was ex- T erted on the other. Tins being well under- ar stood, it is easy to calculaje the action of a ev hydraulic press.?If the two cylinders be- yc ing full, anew quantity of water is made to cc enter by means of a small forcing pump put to in plav by the same lever which gives the ru pressure to the small piston, this water, pressing from all sides, will raise the moveable stopper in the large cylinder which rai- Zn ses to the upper part of the plate of the the press. This kind of press, which offers great advantages, has been adopied in all'the factories where considerable pressure is required. M Whatever press, in fine, any one has at its disposal, one of the most important points | l? is, that it work quick, and that the interval between the rasping and the pressure should i# be the shortest possible, so that the juice w; should not undergo any change. tai The pulp, in order to be passed through al the press, is enclosed Jin bags of strong cloth, of but not too close lor the liquid to escape w easily, for if it should not escape, the bags w; would break under the pressure. The di- so mensions of these ba^s is to be determined he by that of the press, leaving an excess of cc length sufficient for the fold that is to form re the bag. The quantity of pulp put into ar each bag should be such as to form, when pr spread, a bed not exceeding an inch and a j he half or two inches thick, l or this, a work fi man after having put the pulp in the bag, ar bears it on a hurdle ofoziers placed on a tray, bt there, with his hands he spreads this pulp e.> in a bed in the inside of the bag, the end of w which open below, he fills with it.?He pla. to ccs a hurdle on it, and above a second bag hi which he disposes like the preceding. When th ho has thus formed a pile of ten bags, a ic second workman raises it, and places it on e\ the plate of the press. When the press lias es received its quota of twenty or thirty bags, th varying according to its height, it is put in cc 4 tii piuy. \Ve give to the whole of the bags which fo are put to the press, and which should be tic the same at each time, the name of a set of tri bags. Thus there are many sets, and some bags lor changes, in cases of accident. pl< While one set is in the press, the work- re men prepare another, in order that there te may be no interruption in the labor. The D tray on which they are arraigned is design- H ed to receive the juice that flows from the h( pulp when it is spre d in a bed on the bags, e* The hurdles rest on two traverses of wood ac placed parallel on the length of the tray, wi in the direction of its breadth. tit By the effect of the pressure, the juice run- th ning out of all parts, lulls on the plate, and re thence is conducted by a gutter into a reser- T voir of wood lined with copper. As it is s.j necessary that the pressure should be made cl gradually, a single workman at first works th the press, u second, third, and so on, coming j to successively to join him, to produce the j te greatest pressure. Then they leave the! fis press, which, after remaining a quarter of | ot an hour, is loosed, the hairs taken out, and I w< carried to the place destined to receive the 01 pulp, where they arc emptied, turned and di beaten, in order to detach the matter ad- ar herring to them. fx The bags and the hurdles should be wash- sii ed at least every twelve hours with boiling m water, to which should be added a little salt ar of soda. It should be the same aiso with tir the trays, the plates of the press, and gener- cr ally all the utensils used in the operations lo above described. The washing of these of should be done with cold lime water.?In sa some factories where the screw press is tic used, they are accustomed to slack the fo press, to put the bags below, to remove the as pulp, and then to subject it to a second pres. he sure. This is intended to supply the dtfect th of power, which cannot be otherwise obtained by these presses. pi With a hydraulic press, capable of re- sc ceiving each time thirty bags of twenty-two cc inches long, and fifteen broad, filled each ol with an inch and a half thick, the whole (J weight being about 800 pounds, may be p< made in twelve hours, ten or twelve pres. tu sings, which at the rate of 70 parts of juice cc for 100 of pulp, will produce from 2,800 to si 34,000 litres* of juice. p< ? ? I 1 V. INSUBORDINATION?BAD CEMPANV. j Ci I Iabits of insubordination at'home, and the company of bad boys abroad, are the two ^ great sources of evil, which undermine so i much of what moral and religious iustructions would otherwise effect. The current , of paternal interests is setting toward in- ^ struction to such an extent as to overate al01 together its power?and the immense injury which comes in from such sources as bad company andjinsubordination, is overlooked and forgotten. What folly, to think that a 0 boy can play with the profane, impure, pas- Ct sionatc boys, which herd in the streets six days in a week, and have the stains all wiped c' away by being compelled to learn his Sun- ? day-school lesson on the seventh, or that { children who make the kitchen or the nur- . scry, scenes of riot and noise, from the " age of three to eight years, will be prepared for any thing in after life but to carry the n" spirit of insubordination and riot wherever . they go. No : children should be taught, most certainly, but they must also be taken care of.?They must be governed at home, ^ and be kept lrom contaminating influence ,u from abroad, or be ruined. If parents ask j' how we shall make our children obey, we ^ Litre'is a French measure, which, under rc the new system of measures, supplants the odd tL pint. A litre of juice would be two pounds, hi bv the above calculation s? iswer in the easiest and pleasantest way 3ii can, but at all events make them obey, you ask, how shall we keep our boys from nl company, we answer, too. in the easiest id pleasantcst way you possibly can, but all events keep them out of the streets, he alternative, it seems to us, is as clear id decided as any which circumstances er made up for man : you must govern >ur children, and keep them away from the mtaminution of vice, or you must expect spend your old age in mourning over the ins of your family.?AblolCs Lecture. From the S. C. Herald, titers on the Origin and Progress of Peligan Views in New.England, from a distinguished New-England minister of the Gospel, to one in the South. LETTER IV. February 21,1837y Dear Brother : Dr. Tyler published his Strictures Dec. *29. He snvs in his Prnfarp. *The writer of the following S rictures, Conscious of no unfriendly feelings toards the conductors of tnc Christian Spector ; and especially towards the individuwho is generally known to be the writer the Review. He has ever regarded him i ith the highest respect, and cherished toards him the warmest sentiments of perinal friendship. Until recently, he has id the fullest confidence in the general irrectness of his theological views. But O cent publications, and particularly the tides noticed in the following sheets, have oduced the conviction, that in some things i has swerved from the faith of our Pilgrim thers. Not that he has formally denied ly one doctrine of the orthodox system, it, it is believed, tbat in his statements and tplanations, he has adopted principles hicli will lead, by inevitable consequence, the denial ot important doctrines; and that s speculations will pave the way for the e gradual influx of error upon the Ameran Churches, disastrous to the interests of rangelical religion. Nothing but the fullit conviction of the dangerous tendency of ese speculations, and the necessity of some >unteracting influence, could have induced e writer to appear, in this manner, bere the public. But personal considerajns are to be waived, when the interests of nth and piety are concerned." In prosecuting his object, he in the first ace, attempts to correct some errors in gard to the meaning and explanation of rms. He objects to the meaning which r. Taylor attaches to the term regeneration. e uses it to denote "that act of the will or art which consists in [ reference of God to ery other object;" making it of course, an :t of the sinner, and not exclusively the orkofGod. He objects also to the disunion which Dr. Taylor makes between e popular and theological use of the term generation. In the popular sense, Dr. ay lor supposes it to denote a proscess, or ries of acts and states of mind, and to i::ade all those acts which constitute, using e means of regeneration. He objects also the sense in which Dr. Taylor uses the rm selfishness. According to him, scl;hness consists: not in a supreme regard to ir own happiness, but in the love of the orld. or in preferring the world to God, as ir portion or chief good. He makes a stinction between selfishness and self-love, id supposes that the former may be sus nded in the unrenewed heart, and that the :iner, influenced by the latter, may use the cans of regeneration with motives which e neither sinful nor holy. An ulti. nate regard to our own happiness, acirding to him, is not selfishness, but selfve, a principle by which all moral beings ' whatever character, are actuated. He ys, indeed; "Of all specific voluntary ac>n, the happiness of the agent, in some rm, is the ultimate end;" thus confounding ; Dr. Tyler shows, all distinction befwen ilincss and sin, making both proceed from e same principle of action. In regard to the suspension of the selfish inciple, Dr. Taylor asks, "But how is the ,'lfish principle suspended ? Is it suspend1 by the interposition of God, or bv an uct r the sinner ? Not by the interposition of od, for, if 1 understand the Review*, he supjses that those mental acts which constite using the means of regeneration, pre;de the act of divine interposition. Bodes, if God by an act of his grace, susinds the selfish principle, what is this but ^generation ? Does the sinner while un;rthe control of supreme selfishness, and msequcntly from a selfish motive, resolve ?tto be selfish ! This would seem to ipresentselfishncss as divided against itself, n absurdity sufficiently palpable to silence rcn jewish cavilling.' Is the selfish princie suspended without any act of the mind ? >rhat is the cause of this wonderful phenomion? Or has it no cause? Is it an acdent which mav. or mav not happen, and hich, nevertheless must happen in regard every one of the human race before he in be regenerated V1 lie elsewhere shows that there is not, and innot be, any such thing as the suspension f the selfish principle in the unrenewed ,*art. "It is admiticd," he says, "that there is no aliness in man antecedent to regeneration, bnsequcntly, there is no love to God, and a 'true benevolence. By what principle, icn, is the sinner actuated ? By self-love, is said. But is it possible that the sinner hile destitute of love to God, and of every iark of genuine benevolence, should love mself at all, and not love himselfsupreme' ? What other object does he regard more inn self? Not God, nor the happiness of ic universe. What other object does lie igard at all ? Nothing, except as it tends i promote his ultimate end, viz. his own appiness. This is his sole object of purii*. This fills p!l his ew\ an ' engros ses all his thoughts and all his purposes, d To this he is supremely devoted. Consa- a quenrly he is supremely stilish. It is im. .hi possible to conceive of a being more so. p< Every moral being destitute of benevolence, m and actuated by self-love, is necessarily a a< selfish being. According to this suppoSi. A tion, self-love is the governing principle of ac his mind, and if this does not constitute sel- at fisitness, it is impossible to conceive of as anv thing which can constitute it. To is suppose tnereforc, selfishness to be suspend- B ed in the natural heart, and self-love to exist! s\ and operate, is to suppose an absolute im- j ui possibility. If one is suspended, the other j cc must be also." { m After exhibiting fully Dr. Taylor's theory, m Dr. Tyler proposes seven queries, which as -?' tn nrccnnl ill !i Jinrrlc VIPIV IfS J L (IIC UJl^/llULU im ? -.- ? legitimate consequences. His first query ar is, "Whether according to Dr. Taylor's ta representations, regeneration is not a gradual tic and progressive work ?" The 2nd, "Wheth- hi er the theory in question does not involve to the inconsis.encyof supposing that the heart is changed antecedent to regeneration ?" 1 D The third, ''What becomes of the sinner's j ki conviction of sin, while using the means of ai regeneration ?" The fourth," Whether the J m theory in question, does not dispense with ; a the necessity of divine influence in regener- j E alion ?" The fifth, "Whether Dr. Taylor ! gi does not represent the sinner as laboring bt under a natural inability to do his duty ? ' n\\, nnf in 1 1IC sl.\lll, " * * livuivi jiv uy^o i iv j in vi.v.v., i deny the doctrine of sovereign and distin- j guishing grace ?" The seventh, "Whether j FI this theory, if drawn out in detail, and iucul cated by the teachers of religion, has not a . direct tendency to stifle conviction of sin, 1,1 and produce spurious conversions!" The strictures were reviewed in the | 7, Christian Spectator, by Dr. Taylor. Dr. | . Tyler published a vindication of the stric- i tures. There was a verv brief notice of jrri the vindication in the Spectator, with an in- j .. timation that it might be followed bvamore 0 4 1^ extended review. But that review has never j j appeared. | " To give you an idea ot the impression j made upon some minds by this discussion, j ^ I quote the following extract from a letter of j Dr. Porter, dated Charleston (S. C.) Mav ' s( 1, 1830. " ; "A letter from brother Stuart, soon after J ? I left you, had this passage,4,Dr. Tyler has , j published his pamphlet which has made an j end of the matter as to brother Tavlor's re-1 \ ? I fij generation by self-love?a full end. There j t, is no redemption. All the fog is blown j 4 away, and we have at last, a cleur and sheer ! j regeneration of the natural m; n by himself, j stimulated by self-love, made out to be the i a scheme of bi other Taylor. There is no j' getting aside of it." I quote this because it j accords so perfectly with my own views, & ^ because brother Stuart has been claimed by I fA m l._ L;_ T t.l.n :? fA I Dl ur. iayior, as on his siuc. i iaw u iwi , ^ granted that Professor Stuart can ha ve no | ' ! \v objections that the above extract be seen, j ^ because it perfectly accords with what he ? has expressed in conversation to many in*; dividuuls and because I presume he is wil. 1 ling that his views should be Known; espo- j cially since the influence of his name has m been so extensively employed to give sane- j lion to sentiments, which he not only does j not believe, but rejects with abhorrence. In the same letter from which the above ^ is extracted. Dr. Porter thus speaks of the reply to Dr. Tyler's strictures, 4,On return- ^ ing to this city, I find in the Spectator for .. March, Dr. Taylor's review ot Dr. T\ler's w strictures, and though I can hardly say I ; am disappointed, I am troubled in spirit at j ^ the character of this review. I am sori v ; M ' I w to see a temper in some respects so excep- j' tionable. Indeed, I am completely non- j plused to see what Dr. Taylor would be at. ; | He began writing avowedly to correct what n - bethought common errors of our thcolo-, o . . ! SI' gians: and naxt Jie supports his own views ^ ing in sentiment with himself. If Dr. Tay- \ ^ lor is radically wrong, it is a great evil, i If he is right, and yet uses language, so ! ^ as to lead others wrong in their own sys- ! cJ tern, or wrong in their views of liis, it | is still a great evil. What can be done I j with a man who will turn upon you^ lj at every corner, with "vou mistake my I fi] meaning ?" I answer, let him be candidly, ^ kindly, and solemnly pressed farther. Mis ; views of self-love cannot stand inquiry. | ai Ilis true benevolence?love to God?in its j most elementary form, is what? Regard to j g lianmnpcc P'nllpr in ni? "t ir?<arwl ! UUC 9 UWU ?. ..... ... ..... J,? its own witness," shows this to he an infidel J ^ sentiment; and Smalley shows that satan is ^ innocent, if an ultimate regard to self, is no I . n In his published letters on Revivals oi Re- c ligion, Dr. Porter has some excellent re- e marks on this subject. I have room only 'J lbr a Short extract. After quotiug two or j o three passages from Dr. Taylor's Treatise i T on the means of regeneration, he says, J tl "This language certainly is not so precise s as one could wish, but it seems unavoidable ! o to understand it as meaning; that regard j to his own happiness is the primary and ; proper spring of action in every man; that j y his moral character is determined solely by ; o the object of his choice, or his estimate of1^ his own interests as correct or incorrect; j f that if ho chooses the world as his chief; c good, from self love, he is an unholy man; s< but if he chooses God from self-love, he is a t? regenerate man. And bv dint voluntary ; act, i? which he first prefers God to the 1 world, from regard to his own interest, he si becomes regenerate. Any man may use s' language so as not to express his owu mean- n' in". Hut deliberately to admit that self. I love must be the primary ground of moral ? affection, is to supercede all intelligent dis- y cussion, about regeneralion, or any of the p kindred doctrines of grace. This one priii- a ci pie sweeps the whole away. There re- c mains no radical distinction of character t)n?\VCn <!>r? jfaint and the sinner. The rr?ost' o ppraved individual on earth, or even among postate spirits, doub:less is. the center ol is atToctions. And though he may have zrverteii views of his own intcrcs', he mans notwithstanding to act, and dors :t, from a primary regard to himself, nd if this is the highest principle of ition to a holy being, then an angel id a devil stand on the same groand i to moral character; (in other words) them no distinction botweeu holiness and sin. esides, this theory would split the moral 'stem into as many jarring parts with as any centres of "primary" affections as it attains individuals. It wouki set every oral agent at variance with every other oral agent, and with God himself! Where; the simple precept, "Thou shalt love the ord thy God with all thy heuri"?sets up io:her standard in every bosom. It csblishes a common centre of moral afleem to the universe of cnvpl agents, and nds the hearts of all to each other, and the throne of Jehovah." I have made free use of the tlioughts of r. Porter, because he was extensively town and highly es'eemed at the South; id because, in his theological views, he ay be regarded as a fair rcpres :ntative of large portion of the ministers of New ngland. I propose in n.y next letter, to ve you some account of the controversy itween Dr. Woods and Dr. Tavlor. Your's very Aflec ionatcy, ~ MALES OF FRANCE, STYLE OF BEAUTY. kT. From Cooper's uGleanings in Europe.'* Although female beauty is not common France, when it is found, it is usually c f very high order. The sweet chcrub-likr, ji'leless expression, that belongs to the nglish female face, and through it, to the nicrican, is hardly ever, perhaps never, iet with here. Tne Frencli countenance ildom conveys the idea of oxtreme, infan[q innocence. Even in the children there a manner, which, while it docs not nbsoitelv convey an impression of on absence f the virtues, 1 think leaves less conviction f its belonging to the soul of the being, tan the peculiar look I mean.^ One always ?es woman, modest, amiable, spiritual, k> linine and a tractive, if you will, in a French rl; while one sometimes sees a young lgel in a young English or American face, have no allusion now to religious feelings hich are quite as general in the sex, parcularly the young of good families, under teir characteristic distinctions, here as any 'here els*. In this particular, the great' itFerence is, that in America it is religion, nd in France it is infidelity, that is memhysical. There is a coquettish prcttiucss that is ui:e common in France, in which air and tanner are mingled w.tii a certain sauciess of expression, that is not easily deacri. sd, but which, while it blends well enough itii the style of the face, is ruJtcr pleasing ian captivating. It marks the peculiar iautv ot the </ris^tte. who. with her little J c ip, hand* stuck in the pockets of her apron , incing walk, coquettish eye, and well banced head, is a creature perfectly suigt. iris. ?>uch a girl is more like an actress litating the character, than one is apt to iagine the character itself. I have met ith imitators of these roguish beauties in a gher station, such as the wives aud daughrs of the industrious classes, as it is the shion to call them here, and even among e banking community, but never among omen of condition, whose deportment it) rancc, whatever may be their morals, is iuallv marked by gentility of air, and a ;rfjctly good tone of manner, always exiting that small taint of roueism to which have alluded, and which certainly must ive come from the camp and emigration. The men of France have the same phyeal and the same conventional peculiari;s as the women. They are short, but urdy. Including ail France, for there is. material difference in this respect between te north and south, 1 should think the av* age stature ot trie r rencn men (not wo ion) to be quite an inch and a half below ic average stature in America, and possu y two iuches. At home, I did not find ivself greatly above the medium height, i a crowd I was always compelled to stand a tip-toe, to look over the heads of those round me ; whereas here, i am evidently n grand, and can see r.eioss tiie Champs iiysees, without any dilliculty. You may jmember that I stand, as nearly as may e, to five feet ten ; it follows that five feet ;n is rather a tall man in France. You re not to suppose, however, tlial there arc ot occasionally men of great stature in this ountry. One of the largest men I have ver soen, appears daily in the garden of the ?uileries, and I am told he is a Frenchman f one of the north-eastern provinces.? ?haf part of the kingdom is German, rather lan French, however, and the popula'ion till retaiu most of the peculiarities of their rigin. How different the times arc nott.?A oung English lady, visiting in the family f General Putnam in 177."), thus wrote: fy amusements are few. The good Mrs. 'utnam employs me and her daughters onstantly to spin.flax for the American Dldiers?indolence in America being toilly discouraged." Industry.?" There is one precept," ivs Sir Joshua Reynolds, "in uhich I tall be opposed only by the vain, the igorant and the idle. 1 am not afraid that shall repeat it too often. You must have o dependence on your own genious. If ou have great talents, industry will iiurove them; if voti have but inoderue bilities, industry will supp'y their defiiency. Nothing is denied to well directd labor; nothing is to be obtaiued v*it!u r:t it. ? i J, A