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CHER AW GAZETTE. I | M. Maclean editor & proprietor.. CHERAW, S. C., TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 1836. vol i. ho m, . t . _ . Published every Tuesday. TEitns. If paid within three months, ... 3. 00 If paid withinthrce months after the close ot tho year, 3. 50 If not paid within that time, . . . - *1. 00 A company of six persons taking the paper at tho same Post Office, shall be entitled to it at $15, paid in advance, and a company of ten persons at $20 ; provided the names bo forwarded together, accompanied by the money. No paper to bo discontinued but at the option of the Editor till arrearages are paid. Advertisements inserted for 75 cents per square the first time, and 37 J for each subsequent insertion. Persons sending in advertisements arc requested to specify tho number of times they are to be inserted; otherwise they will be continued till ordered- out, and charged accordingly. U'The Postage must bo paid on all communications sent by mail. 1VEDICAL. FUNCTION'S OF THE BRAIN. From Combe on Health and Mental Education. Most physiologists arc agreed that the different parts of the brain perform distinct functions and that these functions are the highest and most important in the animal economy; but there is great discrepancy of opinion as in what the function of each part is, and as to the best mode of removing the obscurity in which the subject is involved. It would be useless to examine here the merits of the respective theories and modes of inquiry, as the attempt would x lead us too far from the practical aim of the work. Suffice it to say, that all physiologists and philosophers regard the brain as the organ of mind; that most of them consider it as an aggregate of parts, each . i _. charged with a specilic tunction ; anu uuu i a large majority, with Gall and Cuvicr at their Jiead, regard the anterior lobe as more immediately the seat of the intellectual faculties. Further, by nearly universal consent the brain is held to be also the seat of the passions and moral feelings * of our nature, as well as of consciousness and every other mental act, and to be the chief source of that nervous influence which is indispensable to the vitality nnd action of every organ of the body. There are so few exceptions to the general belief of these propositions, that i consider myself fairly entitled to hold them as established. Many animals possess individual senses or instincts in greater perfection than man, bat there is not one which can be compared with him in the number and range of its faculties; and, as a necessary consequence there is not one which approaches him in the developement and perfection of its nervous system. No organ can execute more than a simple function; and, accordingly, even the Edinburg Review admits, that, in precise proportion as we ascend in the scale ofcreation, and the animal acquires a sense. ti powcrj or tin uu iid iH'i i vd uiuiii" ply and "its brain improve in Structure uml augument in volume, each addition being marked by some addition or amplif cation of the powers of the animal, until in man we behold it possessing some parts of which animals are destitute, and wanting none which they possess," so that " wc arc enabled to associate every faculty which gives superiority, with some addition to the nervous mass, even from the. smallest indications of sensation and will, up to the highest degree of sensibilitty, judgment, and expression It is extremely important to bear in mind tiiis constant relation between mental power and dcvclopcment of brain. It not only explains why capacities and dispositions are so different, but shows incontrovertibly that the cultivation of the moral and intellectual faculties can be successfully carried on only by acting in obedience to the laws of organization, and associating together those faculties, the organs of*which are simultaneously progressive in their growth. It is a Jaw, for instance, that alternate periods cf activity and repose conduco to the strength 1 J rwf\r\T nrfT.Hl .*111(1 til anu m;vciuj>i;iij^uk v? ?^?w^ v.0~?., the easy performance of its function, an J that excess in either is alike hurtful in its consequences. If, therefore, in our anxiety lor the advancement of a child in a favourite pursuit, we urge it to incessant and unvaried exertion of the same kind for many hours a day, we violate this law in neglecting the necessary intervals of rest, and thus run the risk of injuring the health of the brain,and entirely defeating our object. And, on the* other hand, if wc withdraw the child altogether from the pursuit, for weeks or months at a time, as happens during the vacation of the school, wc violate the law again, in depriving the faculties of their nccessarv exercise, and thus run the risk of sacrificing the improvement already gained, and of diminishing the mental power. In neither case is the brain exercised in conformity with the organic laws, and consequently wc look in vain for the same amount of improvement which would have followed their ful* * ^ lt??nl/\lArPTr A(* filment; ana yet, so tar is mu jmm aiuiv. the brain from being considered as the only 60und basis on which the science of education can rest, that very few teachers or moralists are aware that the organic laws havo any connexion with the operations of mind, and still fewer have ever thought of adapting their practice to the dictates of these laws; although no truth in education or philosophy can be more clearly proved, or more beneficially applied, than, that 011 which I am now insisting. In thus treating of the brain as the indispensable instrument or organ of the mental faculties, I must not be understood as representing mind and brain to be one and the same thing. I mean only that the brain is necessarily engaged in every intellectual and moral operation, exactly as the eye is in every* act of vision , and that, as the mind cannot sec without the intervention of the eye, so neither <;au j: think or feel, during t Kuingburg Review, Xo. xciv. p. lid-3. life, except through the instrumentality of the brain. Consequently, u would be as reasonable aud logical to infer, from the former proposition, that the eye is the mind or the mind the eye, ns to infer from the latter that the brain is the mind, or the mind the brain. it requires, however, to be distinctly understood, that aotivity of mind and activity of brain are inseparable,l# and that every change in the one is attended by a corresponding change in the condition of the other. If, by the excessive use of stimulants, the brain be highly excited, the mind will be disturbed in an equal degree, as is exemplified every day in the phenomena of intoxication : and if, on the other hand, the mind be suddenly roused by violent pas* sions, the vessels of the brain will instantly ta-keon increased action, redness will suffuse the face, and excitement of the brain will show itself in characters as legible as ifproduced by a physical cause. The mind and brain being thus inseparably associated during life, it becomes an object of primary importance to discover the laws by which their healthy action is regulated, that wc may yield them willing obedience, and escape the numerous evils consequent on their violation. The brain being a part of the animal system, and subject to the same general laws as every other organ, the reader will not be surprised that I should, as in the case of the lungs, state a sound original constitution as the first condition of its healthy action. "If the brain possess from birth a freedom from all hereditary taints and imperfections, and have acquired no unusual susceptibility from injudicious treatment in infancy, it will withstand a great deal in* after-life before its health will give way. But if, 011 the other hand, cither it inherit deficiencies, or early mismanagement have subsequently entailed upon it an unusual proneness to morbid action, it will give way under circumstances which would otherwise have been perfectly innocuous; and, ac cordinglv, it may be truly said, that trie most power lb 1*1 of all the causes whtch predispose to nervous and mental disease is the transmission of a hereditary tendency lrom parents to children, producing in the latier an unusual liability to the same maladies under which the parents have laboured. Even where the delect in the parent is merely some peculiarity of disposition or temper, amounting perhaps to eccentricity, j it is astonishing how clearly its influence 011' someone or other of the progeny may be j traced, and how completely a constitutional bias of this description may interfere with a man's happiness or success in life. I have seen instances in which it pervaded every member of a family, and others in which it allcctcd only one or two. When the original eccentricity is on the mother's " o 7 ? 7 side, and she is gifted with much force of character, the ovii more widely among the children than when it AO UJ* | fat Iter's side, Where both parents are descended from tainted families, the progen v is of course more deeply affected than where one of them is from a pare stock ; and, seemingly for this reason, hereditary predisposition is a more usual cause of nervous disease in the higher classes, who intermarry much with each other, than in the lower, who have a wider choice. Unhappily, it is not merely as a cause of disease that hereditary predisposition is to be dreaded. The obstacles which it throws in the way of permanent recover}" are even more formidable, and can never be entirely ! removed. Safety is to be found only in a- j voiding the perpetuation of the mischief; and, therefore, if two persons, each naturalIv of an cxcitcable and delicate nervous tem. I r .. .1 t pcrament cnoosc 10 uuue kumu, un-\ ua>^ themselves to blame for the concentrated influence of si.iilar tendencies in destroying the health of their offspring, and subjecting them to all the miseries of nervous disease, madness, or melancholy. Even where no hereditary defect exists, continued excitement of the nervous functions in the mother, from anxiety, grief, or other causes, during pregnancy, has often a striking effect on the future mental health and constitution of the offspring. Many authors testily to the truth of this fact, which has not escaped the penetration of some mothers. The Margravine of Anspaeh observes justly, that" when a female is likely to become a mother, she ought to be doubly careful of her temper; and, in particular, to indulge no ideas that are not cheerful, and no sentiments that arc not kind. Such is the connexion between the mind and body, that the features of the face are moulded commonly into an expression of the internal disposition; and is it not natural to think that an infant, before it is born, may be affected by the temper of its .mother ?'!?Memoirs, vol. ii. chap. viii. '? " ' From the Sunday School Journal. DENOMINATIONAL AND GENERAL UNIONS. Since the institution of the American Sunday-school Union, several other societies have been formed for the promotion and aid of Sabbath-schools. Some ofthese have been established for the benefit of a particular denomination throughout the whole country; others for particular denominations within certain limits. The Methodist Episcopal and Protestant Episcopal Unions, for instance, are in this sense gene-, rid?tliey are designed to assist the cause in their respective denominations in all parts of the land, and are connected with their operations as churches. There are other denominational Unions, which are not connected ofticially with their ecclesiastical organizations, but are designed to promote the benefit and increase of the schools of : their denominations within certain limits? ; such as the Massachusetts Bavlixt Union, ortiie Sabbath-school .Society of the same v State, which is Congregational. There is a third class of Unions, which are not restricted to any denomination, but are limited in extent, as the Illinois, the South Carolina, d:c. The list we gave in our last number comprised only those Societies or Unions which aie denominational. Our Society took the title of Union to express the assocaition of evangelical Christians, with- J out regard to name. The other Societies t have adopted it to signify the connexion of j the members of their own body in a common enterprizc. Thc genus and the species have the same term. Whilst we are making this explanation lor the benefit of some who have not understood the distinctions referred to, we would add a few remarks, to remove some other misapprehensions. 1. '.ftiere is no interference or rivalry be tween the American and the other Unions. | It was never the design oi' this societv to ! O & i monopolize this department of benevolence. j Its effort has been to encourage the formation of Schools and Societies, whether con nccted with it or ^10. Whatever tends to ; promote religious education, furthers the j main object of our institution?whether this : be done for any one brancli of the Christian j church alone, or lor all its branches collec- I lively, there is so much accomplished for the ' great end in view. 2. The multiplication of denominational! Unions, instead of diminishing, increases the necessity for a general Union. The main object of each of those is to advance . and supply the schools of its own denomination. These schools require comparatively but a few books of a distinctive character?purely denominational?and the rest come within the scope of a General Society. Of course, the more schools, the greater must be the demand. Besides, in proportion as teachers and other assistance arc rc quired for such schools, tho greater defici- J ency will be created in bohali'of thcmulti- i tudes who cannot he collected into them, on I oecount of the diversity of the opinions of the parents, the want of accommodation,! vtc. It follows, then, that the American is ! not superseded by local or denominational J Unions, however numerous they may he, i and that there should be no collision be- j tween them. Each denomination or (lis- J trict may support its own Union; hut it is j no more reasonable to withhold aid on that [ account from the American Union than it; is to refuse to support a Foreign or Domes i tic Missionary Society, because every man j has his own pastor and church to maintain..: 3. Therefore, the principles and opera-j tionsofthc General Union must continue, unchanged, whatever changes may occur in the deLToc of favour in which it is regard 0 ^ W ed by the several denominations. We sometimes see assertions based on the supposition of one or another denomination with, drawing; from our Union; and the inference made, that as each withdraws, it loses its r,.:..:u0 or nctnir comprencnaeu in our i nion principles. This springs from inattention to f lie fact, which we are weary of repeating, that no denomination can withdraw irom the Union, for the good reason that i none is connected with it. It must go on in its work of encouraging Christian education and circulating moral and religious books, on the principles of Christian Union, so long as it 1ms friends of any church to uphold it. _ 4. It is, then, the reciprocal duty of the general and special Sabbath-school Socicties to regard each other as fellow-labourers in the same field, and to avail themselves ofcacii other's assistance. There is probably no section of our country where a denominational Union can meet the wants of the whole population; and we suppose there is 110 evangelical church that would not laid great help in adding our publica tions to those furnished by its special society. On 'he other hand, it is the duty of the missionaries of the General Union, and it is nv.de obligatory by their commissions, not to interlcre with any denominational schools, by attempting to change the principles on which they are established, or to disturb their connexion with another Union. 5. Every motive of Christian benevolence that leads any one to support local or special institutions of religious instruction, on the Lord's day, urges to the commensurate support of the only Union in this country in which Christians of all evangelical denominations may and do unite. There arc hundreds of thousands who can be readied by the gospel in 110 oilier way. To meet this destitution the friends of the study of * the Bible should vigorously combine, and send forth by the instrumentality of the Sabbath-school, the message of mercy through the Divine Redeemer. It t It Ali ECO.XUH V. Extract from a Pamphlet giving on Account of the Medical Properties of the Grey Sulphur Springs, Virginia. The great reputation which the Mineral Springs of Virginia have of late years acquired, cause then) to be resorted to, in great numbers, not only by invalids from every section of the United States and foreign parts, hut also by individuals of leisure and fashion, whose principal object is, to pass the summer in an agreeable manner. The properties of the Warm, Hot, Sweet, White Sulphur, Salt Sulphur and Red Sulphur Springs arc generally known. Those of theGrevSulphur having been ascertained! only within the last two years, have yet to | be made public, and in order to do so, wo arc | induced to give in this form, an account of j the situation and medical properties, togcth-! er with a statement of some of the cases j benefitted by the use of the waters. The Grey Sulphur Springs are situated j near the line, dividing the counties of Giles ; and Monroe, Virginia ; on the main road j leading from the Court House of the one to 4ho other. Thev arc three fourths of a j mile from Peterstown, 9 miles from the Red Sulphur, and by the County road, 20 1-4 r miles from the Salt Sulphur Spring. In travelling to the Virginia Springs; by either, c the main Tennessee, or Goodspur Gap roads c and crossing the country from Newborn, by ij the stage road to the Sulphur Springs, the Grev Sulphur arc the first arrived at. They are 30 miles distant from Newbern. The t location is such as will admit of many and c varied improvements, which when comple- ^ ted, will render this spot an elegant and desirable resort during the summer months, in- t dependent of the high medicinal properties r of the Mineral Waters. < The present improvements consist of a f brick Ilotcl 90 feet long, and 32 wide; two < ranges of cabins 102 feet long each, which, with other buildings in connexion, allbrd ac- i commodation for from SO to 100 visiters. Tlirtw* rtrn fiir, Snfiiirr? nt thic ostflhlish- 1 menr, situated within five feet of each other < and inclosed in one building. Although ri- t sing so near Jo each other, yet they differ i most materially in their action on the sys- ? tcm. Moth appears to be peculiarly serviceable in dyspeptic cases, and in such as < originate in a disordered statate of the stom- i ach?the one :n those, in which infiamation i exists, the other in such as proceed from tor- < pidity. They have hitherto been known as the the Large and Small Springs ; but hav- < ing succeeded towards the close of the last < season in procuring a much larger supply < of water at the Small Spring, than is atfor- ' ded by the Large, a change of names be- i came necessary. The Large will hereafter be known as the Anti-dyspeptic, and the oc. flirt A rtrtvirtnt u'lur'li n:imG5 will I i ft UIJKll u.5 IIIV^ IVIiif ...v.. serve to point out their peculiar characters- j tics. I These Springs have been classed by Pro- j lessor Shepard, as "Alkalino Sulphurous" j a variety so rarely met with, that another is not known in the United States. The waters are beautifully clear, and highly charged with gas, which render them light and extremely pleasant, especially that of the Anti-Dyspeptic spring, which produces none of those unpleasant sensations so frequently felt on the lirst drinking of Mineral Waters. When first purchased, some of the water was submitted to a chemist for analysis ; the quantity, however, was too small for him to ascertain all its ingredients. A more recent examination has been made by Professor C. U. Shepard, who has furnished us with i the following abstract of an article which ap- i pears in the April number (1836) of Professor Sillimnn's Journal of Science and Arts. | "The following is the most satisfactory j views which my experiments enable me to present of the condition of those Waters. Specific gravity, 1003. SOLUBLE INCREMENTS. I ... Ailrogen, 1 Ivdro Sulphuric acid, lli-Cnrbonate of Soda,* A Super Carbonate of Dime, Clilonde orCatciimi, | - Chloride ofSodium, Sulj)batc of Soda, An Alkaline or earthy Crcnattyor both, Siiicid acid. IXSOLUBLE IXCREPIEXTS. Sulphurct of Iron, Crenatc of Per Oxide of Iron, Silicic Acid. Almuniiin, j Silicate of Iron. My experiments do not permit me to point out tiic differences between the two Springs with precision. The new Spring appears j to give rise to a greater amount of liydroI sulphuric acid, as well as of iron and silicic acid. Probably it may ditrer in still other ' respects, i have not examined it for Iodine ' or firominc." As no regular analysis was attempted, ; tiie quantities in which these several ingredients, exist, still remain undetermined. That they are in different proportions in the 1 two Springs, is evident not only from their \ deposites, but also from their action 011 the ! system. The action of the Anti-Dyspeptic j Spring is diuretic and gently aperient, ten- j i ding to restore the healthy performance of : the functions, and reduce or diffuse the local ! irritations of disease. The Aperient Spring - - - ... . . 1 while it possesses ail too aiKujine proponuw ot the other, lias an aperient and alterative action. Possessing more iron, (of wiiich the | other has but a trace.) it acts more powerJ fully as a tonic, while its other ingredients i cati.se it to act in sonic eases as a very powj crful aperient. As these; Springs have been visited by l invalids, onlv during the two last seasons, it I * : is reasonable to suppose that ail their }prop crties have not yet been discovered, nor all the cases ascertained in which they can he beneficially used. In fact, owing to the i small quantity of water furnished hitherto by the Aperient Spring, its qualities have been ; hut little tested, and there can ho no doubt. | (judgingfrom its constituents) that it will he ! ; found equally salubrious as the Anti-Dys; peptic Spring, aly better adapted to anoth! or class of cases. To give a general ideal ? ? r..i . I ! of the properties of these waters, we nugui; j say that they arc peculiarly serviceable in. those diseases which originate in a disorded I i state of the stomach and bowels, and also in 1 hepatic affections. It is proper, however, j to enter more into details, and we therefore, submit the following' synopsis of the medical properties of the Anli-Dysprptic Spring. Mkdic.il Properties, i 1. It relieves nausea and hcadachs, ariI sing from disordcdstomachs. 2. Neutralises acidity, and if taken at ' meals, or immediately after, it has a tenj dcncy to preveut those unpleasant sensations so often experienced by invalids, from | indiscretion in dieting. 3. Is an excellent tonic, exciting appetite j and imparting strength to digestion. I It cannot bo determined whether fr^ ".arl'o- # nic acid exists in theso waters witliout going int j a quantitative analysis.?lr. S. 4. Quiets irritation of the alimentary ca- all lal. ' the 5. Controls and lessens the force of the mr :irculation when unnaturally excited by dis- pr< :ase, and often in this way, is remedial in bu nternal inflammation of the organs. of 6. It tranquilities nervous irritability. tei 7. Is a mild and certain expectorant, of- up en allaying dyspnata, and promoting recov- vii ;ry from chronic ailments of the chest or <--11 vind pipe. t;c 8. It alters the action of the liver where an his has been previously deranged, in a man- go ler peculiar to itself, und under circumstun- as :cs in which the ordinary alternatives are so .orbidden by reason of their excitivc, or pli )thcrwisc irrelevant properties. fei 9. It is also sudcritic or diaphoretic; fo J nn lilCl 10. \\ hon taken at bed-time, often proves vc tself soporific : apparently stiling that indis- ba :ribable, but too well understood inquietude, so vhich so frequently and unhappily inter- er upts or prevents the repose of the invalid, pr ind'especially of the dyspeptic. it Having thus briefly stated the properties e\ of this Spring, we submit the following state- to mcnt of cases, treated at the Grey Sulphur, le illustrative of the effect of the waters, and in n< corroboration of what has been advanced, m Except those which are noticed in their prop- S( places, all are either directly from the pen ci of the sufferers themselves, or were immc- to iliately dictated by them in the form in which pi they appear in the notes. The originals are a in our possession, signed by the individuals, o! whose cases are referred to. a The Pamphlet contains letters, from some c< of the most scientific gentlemen throughout tl1 the Union, recommendiug these Springs to n the attention of invalids. si .1 tl From the (Jenriessec Farmer. U AGRICULTURAL PIIRASEOLOGV. H No publication, whatever may be its subject or its merits, can be perused with ad- c vantage, unless the language used by the a writer is understood, and the terms made n use of clearly defined. Even definitions ^ too frequently remind one of John Randolph ~ in the House of Representatives: The hero of Roanoke, in one of his sarcastic and able s yet rambling speches, found himself in the *1 midst of a sentence so completely-involved, ^ that extrication was impossible, unless by cutting the gordian knot of words that h inclosed him. " Mr. Speaker," said he, f( " the subject we arc discussing, in the light J' I have presented it to you, is as clear as?as * ?the light of that window,?and that is c not very clear," added he, pointing to the * dusty windows of the capitol. Johnson, " when he defined "higgled? pigglcdy" by ^ " conglomeration," furnished a pregnant instance of the common fault of definitions. The labors ofChaptal and Davy, by show, ing that many of what were formerly con- ? ore merely com- ' binations of a few of the principal ones, in 1 different proportions, and by adopting an 1 improved phraseology, have done much to ? simplify and render intelligible die language of agricultural chemistry, and its kindred 8 subjects. Still there are many terms used necessarily more or less teachuienj, or 1 belonging almost exclusively to the business of agriculture, which wo have reason to t; believe arc not by all precisely understood, and as they tnusi be considered as part of 1 the language of every farmer in all countries 6 and are of importance in elucidating the c practice as wen ns tncory 01 agriculture, we r have supposed that a paper studiously plain v on some of these terms, might not be altoget her without its use. Another reason lias 1 also had its intlucncc in bringing us to this ' conclusion?the Genessee Former receives a generally an accession of new subscribers at the commencement ofthe yearly volume; 1 and besides, the Monthly Farmer we hope c will find its way into the hands of multitudes c to whom the weekly Farmer has been inaccessible ; and though the readers of the ^ latter may be in some measure familiar with the topics here introduced, we trust they will not be entirely useless to any. a In accomplishing our object, it will not be 1 necessary to refer to more than three of the 1 primitive earths?Si/ex or flint, AJuminc or J, clay, and Lime?since, though chemistry has detected the presence of seven or eight v others, they exist in such ininutc quantities, v and are so sparingly distributed, as not to u produce the least sensible Gleet on the great . mass. Of these three earths, silex alone composes one-halfof the globe, and lime three-fourths of the remainder. Silex is ] the base of till the granitic aud sandstone rocks, and all soils formed by the disintegration or crumbling of these, are composed '' of gravel or sand. Ilcnce suclr soils arc c termed silicious, or sandy. Aluminfe *is 0 rarely found in a pure state, hut in a mixed f stated?is the basis of clay and several kinds !* of rocks. Soil in which alumine prcdomi- 11 nates is called argillaceous or clay soil. , Limo is one of the most common eanhs, and from the important uses to which it is I s applied in civilized countries, is weli known. ^ It occurs most frequently combined with P carbonic acid, in which state it forms lime- Si stone, marble, chalk, marine shells, and the " shells of snails. The immense piles reared * from the depths of the ocean by the coral '' insect, are also firmed of lime. Combined with sulphuric acid, it forms that substance 01 so all important to the farmer, gypsum or 01 plaster of paris. The soil in which this earth prevails, is called calcareous, or lime- ?' stone soil. Thus the principal soils from di their composition arc termed Silicious or sandy?Argillaceous or clayey?and Cal- tu careous or limestone; and it is the com. gr bination of these original earths in different ar proportions with each other, and with le< i-cgetable mold, that forms the varieties of sp soil, different as they arc in kind and fertility, in Some writers formerly have spoken of loam one of the original earths, but exumina- he ion has showed it to. be th< primitive earths, ke imino generally in the greatest |9tp0|tM% <Bk jroughly mixed with decayed yegetatie lttcr. -To determine which kind jponderates in a soil, generally mpftW I t little attention or skflh The presencef y lime or calcareous matter in soils is de- _J mined by drying some of it and pouring on it some acid?sulphuric acid, or strong legar will do; and the violence of the * 'ervosccnce or foaming will" bo in proper. ^ ?n to the lime in the soil. Clay and sand, d their respective proportions, nga in . ncral so easily distinguished by the fSnner J to need no remark! Marl howeveria ^ mctimes mistaken for clay, but the apioation of an acid instantly shows the dif- jjm rencc. Perhaps the best soil that'can.be -'4 and is a true sandy loam, containing lime % lough to ensure the decomposition of ail M ?getabI6 matter, cir.y enougn iu p iking, or hardening in the sun. SucV ail is adapted to the production of a jreat- * variety of vegetables than tiny other and oduccs them in greater perfection, since is generally of a first rate quality. ^Itis ident therefore at first sight, that in order : cultivate a farm successfully, some know. m '-jji age of the constituent parts of rts soil is cessary. Experience has proved that the >e of lime lias a great effect in ibrtilizing >me soiis; but to sow lime on a thoroughly ilcareous soil would be like carrying coals ? Newcastle, and to lavish gypsum or.. aster upon wet heavy clay soils, would bo waste of both time and money; yet how [ten do we see farmers, from the want of little knowledge or attention, pursuing a Mirse ofhusbandry equally absurd. Where ie Quantity of sand is so great as to * ~ m irider the soil porous ami frtabie, way noulJ bo iucori>orateil with it, and where ic clay is in such quantity as to make it ?nacious and liable to bake bard and crack 1 the sun, sand should be put upon it uotii ic evil is removed. Upon soils purely coluroous, sand and clay united should be put, nd uj>on aff, vegetable mold or animal )anure should be liberally used, if the. ighest degree of amelioration is our object*.-larl is another important ingredient in' the ; nf en;ic jt la a substanco con .'llUUUWll V/? UVI1U. i sting of lime mixed with a greater or less uariiitv of clay and sand, and freqtiently *>ntaiuing marine and animal remains. Vliere it can be applied in considerable uantitics to a sandy soil?and nature seems . j have wisely and kindly placed them in axta-position, (witness the sandy plains of " -.ong Island, Jersey, and the south,);?it .'onverts such from being comparatively vorth!ess, to the richest and most productive ;ind. It is by the judicious use of mail . tnd manure, that Judge Buel of Albany has > rough 11 lis sandy pitch-pine knolls to such in astonishing state of productiveness and >. ertility. . . We shall bore give the definition oF?a?*fe?r >tlicr words and phrases, in addition to hose above, as by long use, or appropriateness, they have become a necessary part of." in agricultural vocabulary. T .. j_ i- \ II . r cgci(j,oiv ;uc?jcr.?an Tt.gw.iwrw ?? taru-es, in decomposed or rotten states Animal Matter.?All animal substances n the same situation* Organic Matter.?Both nnimaland vegc [tblc substances in a decayed state. Long Manure.?Is barn-yard manure * icforc it is rotted, as fresh cornstalks or * traw. Circumstances may justify the use if manure in this state, but experience has iroved that it is not the most profitable - lay. <Short Manure.?This is a manure tho- * oughly decomposed or rotted in tiie yard. n this state it may be cut will) a spade and hoveled as common earth. Fossil Manure.?This is principally com- >osed of lime, marl, shells and plaster, and* .n ?nil< ??j verv valuable, a heavy '? A lutiuwiw ^Vlisr ?vr - ?- , Iressing lusting for years. Compost Manure.-r-TI?is is made by nixing various substances such as leaves iom the forest, mud from the brdok, weeds rom-tjie field or garden, the wash of roads, md iu general any vegetable, animal, or nincral matter, that can assist decomposiion intoa common mass, and when possible, urning them frequently until reduced to a ine rieli earth. This manure is most aluablc for the gardener is those operations rliere nothing not perfectly rotted can be Ho wed. Soiling.?Is the feeding of cattle in a iarn or yard during the summer with fresh ^ ;rass or roots. As a grass for soiling the * jcerne is highly recommended, though the ommon clover is generally used. Of roots, lie mangel wurtzel is,often preferred, since :s large fleshy leaves arc ready (or picking arly in the season, and provided thp young nd crown leaves are undisturbed, may be epeatedly stripped for food, until the rpof self arrives at sufficient maturity for food? '< Holation of Crop*, is a change from onoind of vegetable or plant to another in uccession on the same ground. Its use- jlness depends on the fact, that different Iants do not take from the soil the same ubslanccs in the sumo proportions. Thus heat does better after peas, barley or corn ian after rye or wheat; and plants whoso >ots run near the surface ought to succeed ic tap. rooted kind. Much of die excellence f the modem system of farming depends a a skillful rotation of crops, ^ White Crops, ore such as bccoipg^Iry id white while ripening their seedSs; the Ill-rent kinds of grain are of this das*. Green Crojis.?The carrot* cabage, j?ca, rncp, &c., those plants which continue een until ready to take pff* the grouud,. e called green crops. Such are much* ss exhausting than those that ripen their* ed on the soil, and are therefore excellent: rotation with such. Green Fallow.?When land intended to ; sown with wheaf in the fall has been pt mellow nr.d dear of weeds during thed * ?*- J? * * ' fTr " ^