Columbia telescope. (Columbia, S.C.) 1819-1821, August 29, 1826, Image 2
MR. JEFFERSON'S
Mr. KdUor%?The following tetter wm twfcpublhhed k? England
in a IMJ..T taUcd the. London Nation. Mr U84, and thence
v.c>nic?l Int" the Boston Dailv Advertiser of Sept.^, 1834 Since the
t'd^mi>r.<j the ?W,umentsoonnected with his life.
I have ex^ iAedthOTeer Book eked. Thepamge Is to be found
;in. |hc ciue of Humphry Bohun, against John Broughton. bishop of
Lincoln end others e suit for disturbance in refttabg to induct Thomas
X.?WK? presented by Bohun to the living of Holborne In the county
of Middlesex. The bishop plead*, tliat on the same day. another
claimant. to wit. John Brown had'prcscntcd Alt clerk Richard Ewen
aon. That the law of the holy church in'such cose Is. that until
the contest be deckled by judgment on inquisition in a suit do jure
Ctrcnatuefon the right of presentation) the ordinary is not bound
admit. 'Andthatitls the duty of the two contending patrons to In
stitute each a suit, and not the duty of the ordinaiy. This not
hiring Men done within six months it becomes the duty of the
ordinary to present, that there may be no vacancy. The sentence
Quoted is Prisot's opinio.? In page 40 b. of the Year book.?
'Fhe translation of the passage is as follows! " 7b tveh law as the
church hath, udder anticnt record (that is preserved In old
s: the French of holy scripture, is not "uncicn scripture,
; sainct ecriture) It Incometh us to give credence; fur thin
"it common taw (that is. this constitutes the common law of
"the church) ufion which common faro, all other /an* arc found
"edt and to air, we arc Sound to acknowledge the taw of the
"holy churchi and in tike manner they are hound to orktgvwt'
"edge our tax?. And tir, if it may a/ifieur to ta that the bLhofi
" hot acted as an ordinary would have ucted In like rate, r.r ou^ht
" to acknowledge it at good, otherwhe not."
To be wirf. tsis dictum of Halk, is founded, tether on grosu
Ignorance, or on downright fraud and falsehood; for he hud no other
authority for it than the above passage; which cunnot l>c re.id with
out surprise at its hiving been relied on for the purpose to which it
has been converted.
The common law of England reaches back as far as the Saxon
Times (seethe opinions of the judges in thegrent caw: of literary
property,Sr. W. Ulncketone's lien.) It has been digested at various
times In the laws of Ina, in the Leges Anglo-Saxomcx. in the laws
of king Alfred. and of Edward the confessor. In the Anglo Saxon
Time*, the holy church was Pagan; in Prisot'* time it wus Pafiitt:
in the present tunc it is Protectant; m * {km doctrines arc contained
in the Athanatian creed, which king' > nrgc the third would never
consent to repeat or respond to. A year or two ago, u petition v>t*s
presented to the house of commons" of CI rent Britain, signed by up
wards of 2,000 members of the church of England, many of them
clergymen, praying that all prosecutions in defence of cliristiamty
might be dropt: inatmueh a* they appeared in the character of per
secution for conscientious difference of opinion; inatmueh as the ad
vocates of Christianity in and out of the church, receiving salaries
for defending and teaching Christianity, wci e and ought to he deem
ed quite competent to the dcfencc of it; inasmuch ui fart and argu
ment ought to he opp<?cd by fact and aixument, and not by pain* and
penalties by fine and imprisonment; inasmuch as these prosecutions
led to the injurious and ill founded suspicion that < hristtunity roiild
m* bo supported in the field of free discussion; i ni finally inatmueh
as these prosecutions produced an cllcct directly oppathc to that
which was intended, increasing the number of ohmixious publica
tions, operating as advertisements to make the r.i more known, and
exciting thousands- to peruse them who would never h.i\ c middled
with the controversy others ise.
These retnonstranees: tvn? to have had the desired effect in Eng
land upon the ministers of that country; fur in < onsequcime of a pe
tition brought up by Mr. Brougham on the .Itiih June lKJi, no part of
Hichr?nl t ar!i?dr, who ind Imni condemned to 6 years imprisonment
and f>- -.'I ?l,%00 .Urling, tUc line waj remitted intoto, and he was
d:*ch -ved. This was as it rl.* uld he, for his influence aro*c only
fr an hin imprisonment The outcry of persecution was raised, and
t iv ei.oniicsof Christianity made the nio?t of it. Christianity needs
n-? protection but its own intrinsic truth, and the manifest superiori
ty-or the morality t aught in th Gospels. If old objections arc vamp- |
ed up a:? new, reply to thrw by the republication of the old argu- J
meets by which tlicv were heretofore refuted: and do not let it be
suspected, that truths so useful, and s;? manifest, need any dcfencc
but their own evidence, and their own good tendency. X.
/he MtvKtog letter from 'he InW Pretident Jeffrrton, It found
in " Tr.e life and eorret/tondenct" (jutt /iu blithe J in England) of
t'ie talc Alojir Curt weight.
" iWonticr.lle. in VIrtinln. *? IWI.
'? Dear end IVnrrwMe .9f>?2 am much indebted for your kitnl let
ter of Feb. 39, mid for your valuable volume on the l.nclish to:i.,ti
tutiop. I have rend this with pleasure and murli approbation; ami
1 think it h w deduced the convitution inherited by the Knglisn na
tion, fr<?n? its rightfril r.x?t, the Anglo Saxon. It if reully wonderful
that to ninny able men should have failed in their attempts to define
it with correctttess; no wonder then thnt Paine, * ho thought more
than he rend* should have credited the great Mifhoritics who have
declared that the will of p.uiiainent is the constitution of England.?
So M.trb-ii*. liefrrc the French ? volition, observed to mc, that the
Atir.anae Royal the cor,:'.,r it ion of France. Vour derivation
of it from the Anglo-Suxons, seems t'> be made on legitimate princi
plr*. Having driven out-the former inhabitants of that part of the
{.-.land called England, they became, a* to you Aborigines, and your
'iktual ancestors, they doubtless had a constitution, and although
thev have not left it in a writtci. formula, to the precise text of
vrbtch yon may always appeal. yet they have left fragments of their
history jnd lvv?. fr ?in whtch it may be inferred with considerable
certainty. Whoever their history and law* shew to have be^n
p-artlsed with r.pprobatkm we may presume was permitted by their
c ?..istltution; whatever was not so practised was not permitted, and
aUhtugh this constitution was violated and *et at nought by Norman
f>rc:, yet r?rcr. cannot change right; n perpetual claim was kept
u> ')?.* nation in Owlr perpetual demand of the restoration of
? he.v ftaxon laws, which shews they never were relinquished by the
mil ->f '.'ii* nation, In the pullings and hauling* for these ancient
: ? ;htf, between the nation and its kings of the race* of Plantage
Tudor' and St units, there was sometimes gain and sometimes
'is-, until the f-nal reeonquest of their right* from the Stuarts,
i rfike the thrcul of pretended inheritance, extinguished all regal
usurpations and the nation re-altered into all it rights; and although
ia their bill of right* they spetiAcally reclaim some only, yet the
omission of others wac no rcr.uncUlion of the right to assume their
eXerelsc also, whenever occasions should occur. The new king re
ceived no rights or powers but those expressly granted to him. It
has ever appeared to me, that the difference between the whig ami
the tory of England Is. that the whig deduces his rights from the
Anglo Saxon sctirte. the tory from the Norman: and Hume, the
gTeat apostle of toryism says, in so many words (note a* to chap. 42)
"that in the reigns of the Stuarts, it was the people who encroach
cd upon the sovereign, not th" sovereign who attempted, as Is pre
tended, to usurp upon the people;" this supposes the Nomnn usur
pations to be rights in his successors; ami again (c.S'J) "the com
mons established a principle, which is noble in itself, and seems
uprrjoi^, hut is belied from nil history and experience, that the
firo/ile urr thr orljfinof all JtrtiTfiovtrr! ami where civ? will this
degenerate wm of scicnce, this traitor to his fellow-men, find the
origin o:' just power, if not in the majority of the society? Will it he
intn? majority of the society* Will it be in the minority, or In an
individual of that minority *
"Our revolution commenced on more favourable ground. It pre
s ?.tedqsan Album, on which wo were free to write wl . * wc plea
sed; wo had no occasion to scirch Into musty records, to hunt up
royal parchments, or to investigate the laws ami Institutions of a
eeml-borbaro. ? ancestry. We appealed to those of nature, and
found tht-m engraved in our hearts, yet wvdld not avail ourselves of
all the advantages of our position. We had never been permitted
to exercise sclf-KOvcrom?nt; when forced to assume it, we were
> vices In its science; Its principles and forms had entered little
?? our former education; we established however some, although
i ? II its Important principles. The constitutions of most of our
> v ? Kssert, that ail power w Inherent in the people; that they ipay
tv- \nt by themselves, in all cases to which they think them
' . i ?mpetcntj fas In electing their functionaries, executive and
>,T ' '?'? ?nd deciding by a jury of themselves l?oth fa?* and law,
? fu , Velar/ esse* in which any fact Is involved;) or they may act
.. v ? > native, fr.ely and equally chosen; that it is their right
vA H*4% *' be at all t*me* armed; that they are entitled to freedom
r' j i , frt?tom of religion, freedom of property, and freedom
I a the struiMi of our legislator cm, we think expe
rt frtd Ihebenefit of subjecting questions to two separate
in constituting these, natural right Haa
til Making ode of these bodlis, and some both,
**0' '? '.'"Mft. ? .. '*
ropcrty instead of persons,
ben wall obtained without i
b:
Jb.ht order to break up cabalCc^^BI
* Virginia, of which I am myself a native and resident, was not
only,tbo first of the states, but i believe 1 may say, the fifH of the
nation* of the earth which assembled its wise men peactably toge
ther, to term n fundamental constitution, to commit it to writlig,
and piacc it among thehr archives, where every one should be free to
appeal to Ustekt Hut this act was very impcrfrct; the other states,
asihey proceeded successively to the same work, made successive
improvements; and several of them, still further corrected by ex
perience. have by conventions, still further amended their fifst
forms. My own Mate has roue on so far with \\?flrrmkre etauche,
but it is now proposingto call a convention for amendment Among
other improvement*, | hopclhey will adopt the subdivisions of our
counties into wards; the former m#y be estimated at an average of
twenty-four miles square, tl?i tatter should be six miles square, each,
and would answer to the hundred* of your Saxon Alfred. In each
of these might be, 1. An elementary school; 2. A company of
mUit!s, with its offlccyskS. A justice of the peace and a wonstaulc;
4. Kach wprd should take care of their own poor; 5. Of their own
roads'; 0. Their own police; 7. Klcct within themselves, one or
more furors to attend the courts of justice; 8. And here give in at
their1 folk-house their votes for nil functionaries reserved to their
election. Kach ward would thus be a small republic within itself,
nnd cv'cry man in the state xvculd thus become an acting member in
the common government, transacting In pernor. a great portion of its
rights and duties subordinate indeed, but important, and entirely
within his competent c; the wit of man cannot devise a mora solid
basis for a free, dur.iblc and well administered republic.
" With respect to our state and federal governments, I do not
think their regulations dbrrcctly understood by foreigners. They
generally suppose theformer subordinate to the latter; but this is
not the cusc, they are coordinate departments of one wimple inte
gral whole. To the state governments arc reserved all legislation
and administration in affair* which concern their own citizens only;
and to the federal government In riven whatev er concerns foreigners,
or the citizcns of other states. '1 hese functions alone being federal,
the one Is the d^wnestie, the other the foreign branches of the same
government; neither having control over the other, but within its
own department. There are one or two exceptions only to this par
tition of power. But, you may ask, if the two departments should
claim each the same subject or power, where is the common umpire
to dccidc ultimately i?ctwcen them. In cases of little importance
or urgciicy, the prudcM. ee of both parties will keep them aloof from
the questionable ground ; but if it can neither be avoided nor compro
mised, a convention of Jhc states must be called, to ascribe the
doubtful power to that dftoartment which thoy may think best.?
You will perceive by these iVetnils that we have not so far perfected
our constitutions a a to venture to make them unchangeable?but still,
tn their present state, we consider them not otherwise changeable
than by tlie in.mediate authority of the people, or a special election
of representatives for that purpese expressly. They arc till then
the lex legum. u?
*'Hut can they be made unchangeable? Can one generation bind
another, ami all others in succession for ever? 1 think not. The
Creator hath made the earth for the l/ving, not the dead. Mights
and powers can only belong to persons, not to things; not to mere
matter unendowed with will?the dead are not even things. The
pai tieles of matter which compose their bodies make part now of
the Sxxliou ol' otlu r animals, vegetables, or minerals of a thousand
forme. To what then arc att-tcacd the rights and |>owcrs they held
while in the form of man? A generation may bind itself us long as it*
majority continues in lite. W hen that lias disappeared, tmoUu r ma
jority is in place, holds all t!n* right t and powers their predecessors
once held, and may change their laws and institutions to suit them
selves; nothing thin is u ithu'. ;c.ihlc but tha inherent and unaliena
ble rights of man.
"I was glud to fmd, h your book, a formal contradiction, nt
length, of the judici.ti v usurprrtio \ ci'legislative powers; for such
the judges base usurped, in their repeated decisions that Christianity
Is a part of the common law. The proof of the contrary which you
have addurcd is incontrovertible, to wi?. that the common law exist -
etl while the Anqlo-Saxon* were v? t l'agans; at a time when they
had never yet heard the name of Christ pronounccd, or knew that
such a character had existed. Hat it may Amuse you to shew when
and by what menns they stole thin law upon ur.? In ncascquarc
iiupcdit, in the Yearbook, :H H. 6, fo. SU, (145.1,) a question was
made, !???*? fir the ecelessiairtical law was to bo rc*ucct?a lo a com- !
uioii Anil Prisot, c. 5, gives his Opinion in these words?
A (irl Icy que LS c!c soint cglitC out en ancien ten/,turf, covicnt a nous
a dinner credmce; car ceo est common Icy sur quels tout-j manners
obliges <!c
dr saint cgliso; ct scinblablcmcnt lis sont obliges de con vis t re nont rip
W-yisont fouudcs;it auxy. sir, nous sumus obliges uc conustre Ictir Icy
lc*;ct, sir, si poitoppcn'ranomiqucrevcsquead fait comcunordin
ary fcr.i cn ticl ens, adonq nous devons ceoadjugcr bon, uu autcrment
ncuiv,' (ic. Hec& C. Fh;sli. Abr.qu. imp.Hl?; Hro. Abr.qu. imp. 12.
Flnc'h in !??.-. fin?tbooU, c.3, is Che first afterwards who quotcn ttiW
caw. nnd misstates it thus?'To such laws of the church ns have
warrant in holu tcri/ilurc, our law givcth credence,' ami cites Fri?
w?t, mis-translating 'ancien scripture'into 'holy scripture,' where
as l'risot palpably says 'to surh laws as those of holy church have
in aiidcnt turitirttf, it i? proper for us to give credence;' to wit, to
| their ancient written laws. This wan in 161.1, a ccntury and a half
| after the dictum of l'risot. Wingatc, in 1638, erects thin false
translation into a maxim of the common law, copying the words of
Finch, hut citing l'risot. Wingatc, max. .*>, and Shcppard, tit.
'Relieion,' in 167.1, copicsthc same mis-translation, quoting the
Y. B, Finch and Wingatc. Hale expresses it in these words, 'Chris
tianity is parcel of the laws of England,' I Ventr. 293, 3 Keb. 607,
but quotes no authority, lly these echoing and rc-echoings, from
one to another, it had become so established in 1728, that in the case
of the King vs. Woolstnn, 2 Stra. 834, the court would not suffer It
to be debated, whether to write aeainst Christianity was punlahable
It the temporal courts at common law? Wood, therefore, 409, ven
lires Ktill to vary the phrase, and says ' that all blasphemy and pro
fuueness are (*flcnres hv the common law,' and cites 2 flfcro.; then
Blnckstonc, In 176.1, IV. 59, repeats the words of Hale, that Chris
tianity is part of the comnvm jaw of England,* citing V'cntrjs and
Btr.mgc; ami finally lord Mansfield, with a little qualification, in
Evans's casein 1767, says 'that the essential principles of revealed
religion arc parts of the common law," thus enguiphing bible, testa
ment, and nil, into the common law, without citing any authority.
And thus far we find this chain of authorities hanging link by link
one upon another, and all ultimately upon one and the same hook,
and tliat a mia-translation of the wonfs 'ancien scripture' used by
Prisot. Finch quotes l'risot; Wingatc docs thesameiAfeoppard
quotes l'risot, Finch nnd Wingatc; Hale cites nobody; thffcourt, in
Woolston's case, cites HaV; Wood cites Woolston's case; Black
stone quotes Woolston's ease, ami Hale; ami lord Mansfield, like
Hair, ventures it on his own Authority. Here I might defy the best
read lawyer to produce another scrip of authority for this judkktry
forqerui ami I might goon further to show how some ot the Anglo
Hnxon rlcrjTV interpolated into the text of Alfred's laws, the 20th,
2M, 'J2d ami *Td chapters of Kxodus, and the 15th of the Acts of th?
ApoMlcs, from the 2.-1 to the 29th verse*. But this would lead my
pen ami your patience too far. What a conspiracy this between
church and state'!f Sine Tantararnra, Rogues all; Rogues all; sing
Tantarurara, Rogues ail f
" 1 must ktill add to this long ami rambling letter my acknowledg
ments for your good wishe.t to the university we are now establishing
hi thia state. There are some novelties in it; of that of aprofeasor
ship of the principles of government, you express your approbation
They will lw founded in the rights of man: tn.it of agriculture I an
sure you will approve; and thai also nf Anglo-Snxon. As the histo
Mire you will approve; ami tlial alsoof Analo-r^xon. as tlie histo
ries and laws left us, in that type and dialect, must be the text
Inioks of the reading of tho learners, they wllMmbibe with the
language their free principles of government.
have been ao kfnd as to send, shall be placed In
The volumes you
the library of the
university. Having at this time, In Rngland, a person sent for the
purpose of selecting some profcaaors, a Mr. f Jflmer of my neigh
borhood, I cannot hut recommend him to vour patronage, counsel,
ami guardianship, against i*tposition, misinformation, and the de
ceptions of partial ami false recommendations, in this selection of
cliaractera; he is a gentleman of great worth ami correctness, Iny
particular friend, well educated in various branches of science, and
worthy of entire confidence. MM
44 Your age of eigttty-fnur and mine of eighty-One years, ensures
us a speedy meeting. We may then comment at leisure, and more
fully, on tho good and evil, which In the course of our long llvca,
fully, on
we have I
. the meantime, I pray you to accept
?j. - my M* I
of tl^Unked States.
wu called to the chair, and. wwmgmm i*
SMgg
tog and appropriate address the following
resolutions, which were unanimously adopt
Retotved, That John Adams and Thomas
Jefferson are worthy the gratitude of jl free
That a committee cnnslstlngof I
['David Johnson, L. H? licrodon, J. 8. "
Nathaniel Olst, lame* M'Klbbln,
Rice .afljd K. H. Spencer, be a
make arrangement* for, and pi_ m.
mdde hi which the cHisena may beat te?*i(y
their respect for the memories of these qur.
political rather*, and patriarchs of civil li
berty* and that they report on' the rth of
Auguct next, to v.hich timo this meeting
shall stand adj6#racd. '' '
On Mondfcy the 7th of August agreeably
to previous adjournment, tlio Inhabitants of
Union district convened at the court house,
to nyike further arrangenienta to pay their
last tribute of respect to the venerated dead,
John Adams and Thomas JcJFereanj when
the hon. David Johnson as chairman of the
committee, who were chosen at their meet- {
ingon the 31st ult submitted the following|
reports
Mr. Chairman, Associated with the du
ties you have assigned us, emotions arise
which it would be difficult to suppress. John
Adams nnd Thomas Jefferson snow conspicu
ous in that constellation which eradicated the
gloom of our revolutionary war. Aa men we
may be permitted to lament their dissolution,
and shed a tear of sympathy over natures
decay; but as American citizens we ought to ]
rejoice that they have been so long spared as
lumps to our path, nnd guides to ourfeet;
and in the splendor of their lives, nnd im
mortality of their deeds each bosom must
uwellln proud exultation., i
Under the Influence of local prejudices, I
and party distentions, their fame may have
occasionally fluctuated; but its measure is
now full, and both retain their place in our
uffcctlons; and impartial history will display
their equal patriotism, and private worth on
its fairest page.
The towering eloquence of the one, en
kindled the sacred spark, and fanned the
flame of American liberty; whilst the ardent
pen of thoother, supplied it with fuel, and
gave form, and system to a government, the
..ope of the oppressed, and the terror of ty
rants. I
To these men and their eompitriots, it was
allotted to convince mankind that they were <
capable of self government, and to teach
tlif* #V spot that, "nil men were born equal,"
.vi' tiv.it "lifeliberty ntwlthe pursuit of hap
??., ??," ought to be enrolled amongst their
?? . i . I tenable rights."
1 ha strength of their manhood was ex
. '.' ?l in rearing up, and adjusting tin: pro
portions of our political fabric, and their de
clining ugcin cm!>cllishing its portals. Joint
labourers in the lioly work?hand in hand
they have descended to the tomb, hailing with
their last expiring breath, the Jubilee of
their country's Freedom.
Resolved, Therefore, that we hold In
grateful remembrance the private worth,
and distinguished public services of John
Adams and Thomas Jefferson; and as a tri- |
bute of respect to their memories, the cili
| sens of this district do wear crape on the left
I arm for thirty days.
Retilved, That as the committee have j
mode known Jic wishes of this meeting to
the hon. Abram Nott, who has politely, and
readily accepted their invitation, that he he ,
appointed to pronounce an culogium comine-1
morat lvc of these distinguished pit riots on
Mondav the 21st Inst, at!2.o'clock; and the
llev. Mr. Chcstney be requested to open the
meeting on said day by prayer.
Revived, That a funeral procession be
formed in front of the resilience of Mr. J. L.
Held, at half past clenen o'clock on said day,,
and move from thence to the court house; |
nnd that Gen. Collins, Col. Baty, Col. Mar
tin, Maj. Mitchell, and P. 1*. Taylor Esq. ,
be a committee to carty this resolution into|
effect.
Reiolved, That these proceedings be pub- ,
lished in two of the weekly papers of this I
State.
Signed
JAMES M'KIBBIN, Chairman.
A true copy from the minutes,
WM. K. CHURCHILL, Sec'y.
From the ASm?- York Dally AdvcrtUtr.
In the last Quarterly Review, there is a
long and laboured article under the title of
"History ami Prospectus of Knglislt Indus
try," which contains much valuable informa
tion relating to the trad* and manufactures
qf England.
Inthcreicnof F.licahcth, the protectants,
who were driven from the low countries in
consequence of the persecutions by the duke
of Alva, ami fled to Kngland, were of great
advantage to the national industry, ami par
ticularly aa it regarded woollen manufactures
10 much so, that in 1552a largequantity of raw
material was exported?in less than thirty
years, 200,000 pieces of cloth were anmnlly
exported to Germany, l'ninnd, France, Flan
ders, Denmark, ami Hweden. A great pro
portion of this was white undressed cloth, as
the Knglishdidnot, at that time, understand
dying ami finishing.
In 1699, the quantity of manufactured cloth
was estimated at eight mill'nns, three fourths
of which were the prioc of labor. One half
off this quantity was exported. This success,
the Hevlewers say, cannot be ascribcd "to
the prohibitory laws which were repeatedly
enacted, but the general expansion of industry,
knowledge, ana of that exalted ciailixation
which creates and satUAe?the noblest wants." i
In the year 1739, a million and a half nf Brit
ish subjects were employed in this manufac
ture, whose wages, at MH per annum, amount
ed to twelve tnulion*. Add to this the coat of
the matcrial.a'nd the value if the cloths maim
factored In thatyear, was sixteen millions?ex
actly double what they were forty years be
fore Affcwrtght'a machinery, with other In
tin tnecourto of forty years, Includ
clociof the last, and hegining of the
eentnry, extended the wcllen menu*
to three timen the * mount above men .
when cotton was introduced kito
EUiglund JU-uot known. It i. stated by Le
land who visited Lancashire la the reign of
Henry Vlll.that many villages near Bolton
?make cottons. But.k wouldseem by the law
tawed In 1553, that what were caUcd cottony
wore not really such. The raw material,how
ever, had beenjciported fyom the Levant at
leaat as early ws 1430. In a book published b
1641,Hisstafted " that the Manchester weavers
bay cottonpwool in Loaded, which cornea front
Cyprus and Smyrna, and work the tamo Into
fustians, HprmiukMm, sad dlmittei. When
?nch ?ft
P and else
p.'nii entirety new career teemed to be
Openedto industry. "The cotton manufac
ture* of Kngj^nd*? say the Reviewer*, ?? have
.done more to promote a .wholesome spirit oi
enterprise,' ar d to bring togfcther the minds ol'
the artisan and of the phQoeopher, that any
fabrication of .human convenience ever did.
1 As much m the early prot^perity of this nation
Opmdtoherfirftgreat native saplc, wool, even
so much is her present unexampled grcstne. s
indebted tajlhls her sccond staple,-Which her
trade and exertion* hate brought home front
distances that equal one half of the world's
circumference, and which heegeokishas con ,
verted hito a source of noble, honest wealth
for herself, and of oomfort for mankind."
i In the year 1544, the revenue of the Post*
Office In Kn^liutd was ?5000. In 1653, it wst
?43,000. In 1744, thogToss produce of the
island and fteeign Post-Office was ?935,490,
and twenty years afterwards it was ?432^>4('.
At the last account, the postage of the United
Kingdom, inland and foreign, was ?l,7V9,640.
?having increased in a ecntury and a half
ninety fold. , * ^
The steam j?owcr employed In England in
1820, was equal to the force of 320,000 horsrfc,
and it lru much increased since. At the
present time, on .account of its new applica
tions, and t'ie improvements In the manner
of employing it, it may perform the work of
nearly three millions of men. The machine
ry now in use enables one man to perfotm tittf
work of 150. The lowest computation sup
poses 2.10,000 men to be employed, the high
est 350,000. Hence the work itow perform
ed in thin siiff^t branch, a half century ago
would have required 42,000,009 of men, ami
according to mjiuc 53,000,000. . The wages
of this last number of persons, Ht ?18 per an
num, would amotiutto ?756,000,000, or little
more than thirteen Umes the annual revenue
of l'.ngland. ' ' .
The power employed In the contton msuu
turcs afdne, of Kngland, exceeds the ntanu
facturing powers of Rurppc collectively.
CAVT. ELLIOTT.
Extract from the J-onjf (took of thr Lhitcd
Stated -IM* Cyanc, AfirU 3d _
"At H A. M. moderate pleasant <vcathcr,
at t> diitoovcred the vessels at anchor it-head,
to l>c the llraxilian blockading s|uadtcn.
Almat 10 miles E.'H. Rr of the 8. !'?. cud of the.
Ortiz, bank, at 9. .10. observed five vessels of
war under weigh, standing towards us; at 10
made tlienvtowj one frigate, one oorvcttc ai.d
three brigs; prepared lor battle and showed
our colour*?it 11 shortened vail to the top
sails, and haulod up for the Brazilian squadron
under weigh?at 11. 30. the frigate was on the
Ice Want, at uhout 110 yards distance?two
bri^s, (mi the lee bow, the ot^ier a little on thu
weather Quarter, and the ccrvettfe astern and
to leeward?at li.4<7. hailed the frigate and
asked her name: answered H. Imperial Maj
esty's frigate M trla de Gloria. The name
of our ship wo* then asked, and giver, suc
ceeded by a demand that a boat should bn
sent?thin demand was peremptorily refused
by captain Elliott, adding that a boat shoql<>
never be sent from his ship, although ?pm>
would be received?->h served the guns ? rtth;
frigate trained and tOmkins out?kept lar
board guns est the main deck manned tor the
frigate and her ortnsorti on the lee bow, an;',
manned the starboard quarter deck gun* for
thc brig on the weatherquartcr; observed th-.
brig on weather quarter shortly after drop
astern?at 11. 45.'received'a foat from the
frigate am! brig with two officers, who wer?:
introduced to captain Elliott, in his cubin, by
whom he was informed that the |>ort of Bue
nes Avrcs was blockaded, and he could not bo
permtticd to procccd?to which ho replied,
that if even ho were to admit their right to
proclaim the blockade of an extent of coast
' against a civil marine, he could not against
neutral vessels of war?that both English and
, French vessels of war, were in the habit of
proceeding almost daily to and from Monto
video and Hdenos Ayres, as instanced, bdth
in the British and French corvettes Chasseur
and Faun?that he would allow Mm 30 min
utes to deliberate on his future actions, and at.
the expiration of that time he would proceed,
prepared to resist :dl consequences?that the
ling lie wore. Carried under it the sovereignty
of the soil it represented?that violated, the
soil became Invaded?and that he should de
fend his ship to the last moment.
Captuiu Elliot: further observed to the oft
ecr, that be had a communication for Adml?
ral (.oho, which was requested. Captain
Kllott declined glvirg it to the officer, until ho
returned from his frigate and discovered het
true character; at \'A the Brazilian boots left
the ship. During all this time the weatherly
position of the ship was maintained, and every
other precaution taken to resist with effect a-t
attack from the sqindrxi which appeared to
bOMtditatcd; 12. 20. hailed the frigate, t>i
kiAw if they had any further comm<infcatio?i
to nuke, they answered by asking If Captain
Elliott would send tho Admiral'* letters and
papers; yes, was the reply, if you will send u
iKMit; at 1}. \3. a boat rame alongside for let
ters and pa|>ers for the Admind, with the
compliments of the commanding officer, to
captain Elliott, tendering ever)- civility, and
offering any, supplies he might be in want of
with his best wishes for a speedy and pleasant
passage to Buqtos Ayres; captain Elliott re
turned his compliments and thanks, ad ling
that his ship was abundantly supplied with
every necesaary, and that all he wanted wan
a free and generous Intercourse afttU alt na
tions, concluding with an offer to bo the bear
er of any communication the commanding
officer, or any other in ftie aqundro*, might
hare to make with Buefioa Afros; at L 0<v
the Brazilian bowl departed; bore u^v ^M?e4'
within hail of the BrasUlan squadnwllaShher
)tn*~|na4?*11 sail foBueno* Ayrdt1****'