The Union daily times. [volume] (Union, S.C.) 1918-current, January 11, 1922, Image 3
United States 1822-1922
A comparison of tlie conditions under
which the United States entered
the year 1922 with those of the corresponding
year of the preceding century
gives us renewed confidence, says
the Trade Record of The National
City Bank of New York, in the industrial
and commercial future of our
eountrff The population which in
1822 was less than 10,000,000 is now
107,000,000, or more than ten times
that of a century ago, while the population
of the world as a whole has
increased but about 150 per cent
meantime. Our international commerce
even in the present moment of
depression is 00 times as much as that
of a century ago, having grown from
$109,000,000 in 1821 to nearly or quite
$7,000,000,000 in 1921, while international
commerce of the world in 1921
may possibly total 4 times that of a
century ago when it stood at $1,659,000,000.
This griwth with US has been largely
due to increased facilities of transportation.
In 1821 cur great Mississippi
Valley with its wonderful producing
possibilities had but about 2,000,000
people, and their only method
of sending their products to tidewater
was bv the rivers and tha flront
Lakes, for even the Eric Canal was
not finished at that date and steam
railways for commercial service were
then a thing unknown in any part of
the world. Of the 750,000 miles of
railway built in all the world since
1821, over one-third was constructed
in the United States, chiefly to connect
the great interior with the ocean
frontages, and the "Middle West"
which had then 2,000,000 population
has now 50,000,000 and is not only
the world's biggest producer of grain
and meats but is turning out one onetbird
of the manufactures of the country.
The manufactures of the whole
world in 1820 are estimated by Mulhall
at $4,250,000,000 while our census
of 1020 puts the value of those of
the United States alone at $f>2,000,000,000
or nearly 15 times that of the
whole world a century earlier. With
this tremendous growth in our manufacturing
industries our exports of domestic
manufactures exclusive of
Iiuvv sivnil UUIII ICS?> tllUll
$8,000,000 in 1821 to over $2,000,000.000
in 1921, or 250 times as much in
the "lean" year just ended as in the
corresponding year of the preceding
century. With this increase in industrial,
commercial and business activity
has come a corresponding advance
in the financial requirements and supplies,
and the total "money in circulation"
which was officially reported
at $67,100,000 in 1820 is officially staetd
at $5,676,711,000 on December 1,
1921. Meantime the centers of industry
and business have grown
amazingly, the population of New
York having increased from 130,000
in 1822 to over 6,000,000 in 1922, Phil
a dolphin from. 108,000 to nearly. 2,000,000,
and Chicago from "a hamlet
of log houses inhabited by less than
100 people" in 1930 to approximately
3,000,000 in 1922.
Not all of . this growth in the industries
and prosperity of the country
has cojne from a mere increase in population,
for our area has doubled
meantime, the total area of the United
States having grown from 1,792,000
square miles in 1821 to 3,620,000
square miles, including Alaska, at the
present time. Our additions of territory
since 1822 consist of Texas, Arizona,
New Mexico, and the entire Pacific
frontage, and thus includes enormous
additions to the agricultural and
mineral wealth of the country.
Thus the year 1922 finds the United
States the world's chief agricultural,
manufacturing, commercial and financial
na ion. The possibilities of a
further expansion in all these lines
are found in the fuct that with our
population, exclusive of Alaska, is
still only 3(5 per square mile or less
than one-tenth that of certain of the
most prosperous of our European
neighbors.
Notice
Notice is hereby given that on January
12th, 1922, application will be
made to the Secretary of State for the
issuance of a charter -to the Storm
Drug & Manufacturing Compnny of
Union, South Carolina. 1271 -3t
Women's hats are luxuries, and
therefore liable to the luxury tax, according
to the German minister of
finance.
BILIOUS_CHILDREN
Black-Draught, Long in Successful
Use, Praised by an Arkansas
Mother, "Soon Does
It* Work."
Mormaduke, Ark.?Speaking af
Thedford's Black-Draught, which from
long use In her household haa become
regarded aa "the family medicine,"
Mrs. Mary B. Hill, of Rout* 1, this
place, say a:
"When the children get billons, I
give them a couple ef good doses, and
when we have sour stomach, headache,
or any liver or stomach trouble, ws
use Black-Draught It Is an easy laxe
tlve, and soon does the work. I certainly
think It is on* of the best rem
odles made."
Black-Draught acts on the Jaded
liver, gently, but positively, and helps
It In Its Important function of throwing
out waste materials and poisons
from the system.
In thousands of households BlackDraur,ht
Is kept handy for Immediate
use In time of need. Prompt treatment
often is half the battle, and will often
prevent slight Ills from developing Inx
to serious troubles.
Its well-established merit, during
more than 70 years of successful use,
should convince you of the helpful
effects obtainable by taking BlackDraught
for liver and stomach dis
orders. Oct a package today, an/
keep It In your housa. See thai
the package bears ths words
**Th?4?ardL'A Black-DrauahL" KO-lij
l&r
Tons of Gold in Ocean
New York, Jan. P.?There is $o0,000,000
in gold in the sea for every
inhabitant of the globe, says John
Hays Hammond, the famous mining
engineer. But, unfortunately, no com
mercially successful method of extracting
it has been invented thus
far. Water dredged from the great
depths of the Atlantic contains four
grains of gold to a ton of water.
An estimated total amount of gold in
the oceans of the world thus runs into
thousands of millions of tons.
Hammond tolls "The Story of Hold"
in the January Mentor Magazine,
drawing upon his life experience for
some of the most interesting bits of
his article. He tells of meeting John
Marshall, the discoverer of gold in
California. Marshall showed the famous
engineer the exact spot where
he found the tiny nugget that started
I the California gold rush in '49.
Man's high regard for gold is due,
Hammond believes, to a race memory
of the time when it was the only
metal known. Unlike other metals,
i which generally require smelting, gold
is often found in a free state. One of
the largest nuggets of this sort, the
"Welcome Stranger," found at Dunolly,
Victoria, in ISO'.), weighed 2.268
ounces. So gold may have been made;
into ornaments before the discovery)
j of fire. The earliest recorded civili-j
' zation knew how to mine it.
Gold was the chief medium of ex-j
change in the ancient world. Kings,
apparently esteemed it more than j
their wealth in land. . During the
mediaeval times little gold was mined'
in the fifteenth centum th?? wnrlil'cl
total supply was valued at. $225,000,-!
000 only.
California Leads in Production
The story of gold in the United
States began with the rush to California
in '49. California still leads all;
other states in gold production. Ne-j
vada, Colorado, and South Dakota are j
close rivals. The Klondike rush to
northwestern Canada in 1897 was sub -'
stantially a repetition of the Califor-i
nia rush. But the Klondike's gold pro
duction has steadily fallen oft", while i
that of the neighboring territory of!
Alaska has increased until it is to-day|
one of the world's most important
gold-producing di tricts.
Australia experienced a gold rush1
shortly after California. Thity years!
later, important fields were discovered
in the vast, arid interior. Engineers
have worked marvels there, piping
water hundreds of miles to the min
ers.
Rand Richest Field
The richest gold-producing region
is the Witwatersrand, of White
W a fore Ponn-n 5r? T*
?? uvvkQ in uic X lauavnui.i
South Africa. The Rand, as it is
commonly called, is a tract forty
miles long. From this small area
half of the world's supply of gold has
come for many years. Gold worth
$12,000,000,000 Is still accessible there
engineers say.
India is the greatest consumer oi
gold, according to Hammond. It is
used mostly for ornamental purposes.
Pure gold is too soft for most uses in
the arts. It is alloyed with copper
and silver for making coins, plate,
and jewelry. No other metal is so
malleable or so ductile. An ounce of I
gold can be drawn into a wire 50
miles long and beaten into a leaf]
1-367,500 of an inch thick.
, ^ ,
Landru May Be Master Spy
D. Landru, may have been a master
spy who employed as his agents the
10 women he is convicted of murdering
has been advanced by Henri Javal,
a member of the Paris bar.
This suggestion is advanced in an
effort to acount for the fact that no
direct evidence of the murders was
brought out at Landru's trial. The
absence of this evidence has caused
a feeling of uncertainty by most
Farisiens in regard to this mysterious
case and numerous attempts have
been made to solve the mystery on
some other basis than, murder.
Developing his theory, Maitre Javal
says:
"Eleven persons, 10 fiancees and the
son of one of them have disappeared.
I.andru alone knows whnt has become
of them, and he says nothing. By
his silence he puts his head at slake.
This can only mean that the truth,
were it known, would be as fatal for
him. But the whole affair takes on
another complexion If we imagine, for
the sake of argument, that his victims
were his accomplices in crime, and
that crime espionage.
"Let us suppose," he continues,
"that during the war landru was a
German spy-recruiting agent. He prefers
to work through women. At once
this explains his meetings, sometimes
five in the same day, with hundreds
of women, or whom he chooses only
a few, and those few without friends
or relatives who might be surprised at
their long absence. He takes a lonely
villa as far from other habitations as
possible where he can receive them.
There he fabricates false identity papers
for them, keeping their own, and
sends them forth on their mission of
treason. Arrested, Landru says nothing,
and his "victims" naturally -do
not break the silence.
"Can you imagine, by any other
hypothesis, Maitre Javal concludes,
"why so careful, calculating a criminal
as Landru should bum the bodies
of his victims with great difficulty and
yet neglect to throw into the all-consuming
flames such damnging evidence
as their identity, papers?
"And does not this theory explain
why he should keep such an incriminating
document as the diary, in
which reference to his victims is made
by initials other than their own-> He
needed their identity papers and the
entries in his diary to show to those
who employed him as a recruiter of
spies."
John Wannamaker
Gives Advice
"Don't spend recklessly, don't spend
unwisely, but keep part of your money
in circulation," says John Wannamaker,
owner of two of the greatest
dry goods stores in America. -He declares
that instead of tightening up
just at this time and cutting advertising
appropriations his stores nre
advertising heavier than they usually
do, in the belief that the very best
thing that can happen to this country
will be to keep money circulating.
Citizens of Starkville can profit by
this man's advice. They can well afford
to pay their bills promptly so the
other fellow can do the same thing?
and with everybody meeting their
bills, especially the smaller ones, who
are sure to run along smoothly until
good times, now known to be just
around the corner, come pack to stay.
Dig up the dollar or two you owe the
grocer, the butcher or anybody else
and fork it over. He'll do the same
thing. Maybe a dozen bills will be
paid with that same dollar or two
and every time it will serve to hasten
the arrival of the kind of prosperity
we're hoping for.?Starkville News, j
Surprising Result
From Conference
A surprising result of the President's
Conference on Unemployment
is the amount of outdoor work planned
for this winter. Though the rule
heretofore has been to suspend such
projects until spring, reports from
widely scattered localities show that
road building, sewer and water main
construction, and the erection of
wooden and steel bridges, will go forward
during the next three months
even in the most northerly parts of
the United States. Some public works
officials even report awarding of contracts
only on condition that contractors
begin work at once and continue
through the winter, to relieve unemployment.
"Although the returns are incomplete,"
said Colonel Arthur Woods,
chairman of the standing committee,
today, "it is safe to estimate that several
hundred thousand more men will
be employed 011 public work this winter
than last year, thus making up to
that extent discharges from other in.1
a-: nr*u ? u? J
uuMru-s. 1111^ is in tine witn experience
in Canada, where much outdoor
work on public projects has been done
in winter to help the jobless."
Among the states now doing highway
work are Alabama, Illinois, Kansas,
Kentucky, Minnesota, Nebraska,
New Jersey, North Carolina, Rhode
Island, Washington, and West Virginia.
Winter bride building is going
ahead in Delaware, Illinois, Kansas,
Minnesota, Missouri, North Carolina
and Wisconsin.
In Boston, Mass., sewer contracts
are being let with the distinct understanding
that work will being immediately
regardless of weather conditions,
with a view^ to giving muchneeded
work to many. New York City
informs the Washington authorities
that the laying of water mains and repairs
on pumping stations will be
carried on irrespective of weather
conditions, and work has been started
on a new $360,000 pier. Cleveland,
Ohio, has awarded its contracts on
sewers so as to keep 250 men busy all
winter long.
Passaic Valley sewerage commissioners,
of New Jersey, have $850,000
of sewers under way, giving work to
snout i.uuu men. in ivortn uhkoiu,
hauling and road graveling will continue
through cold weather.
Rhode Island has an extensive program
of highway construction and its
chief engineer of roads informs the
conference that all its large projects
wil^be continued during the entire
winter, unless heavy snow prevent.
35c for Men's Blue Work Shirts at
McLure's Fire Sale.
Reorganization of
Philippine Government
Manila, Jan. 9.?Reorganization of
the departments and bureaus of the
Philippine government with a view to
placing the finances of the government
on a sound basis. is urged by
Governor Genreal Wood in a circular
letter just sent to all secretaries of
departments. The secretaries are
called upon to instruct bureaus and
oflices under them to eliminate all
personnel which is not absolutely
necessary in the administration of the
government. The letter says:
"In view of the recent great losses
of the government and the tying up
of so much government capital in enterprises
where it must necessarily
remain for some time under conditions
which will not make the Investment
productive and in view of the
necessity of the government upon a
basis of efTiceincy, it is absolutely
"(a) To reduce all expenditures lo
a point which will brnig the budget
safely within the income of the government;
"(b) To rigidly reduce all expendi
tures to the lowest point consistent
with efficiency;
"(c) To eliminate all unproductive
and unnecessary expenditures.
"These general plans can be met
only by the elimination of all personnel
which is not absolutely necessary
to the efficient conduct of the affairs
of vour department and by a most
rigid supervision of all estimates and
requisitions and involving the expenditure
of public moneys.
"It i.<r"only by thorough and careful
co-operation by all departments of
the government on the lines indicated
that the finances of the islands can
be placed on a sound basis."
$1.75 for full sibe plaid Cotton
Blankets at McLure's Fire Sale.
Grade Crossing* to
Be Eliminated
Washington, D. C., Jan. 10.?The
grade crossing must go and they will
be eliminated wherever possible on
the roads of the Federal Aid Highway
System, which will be built as a result
of the passage of the Federal Highway
Act. When the roads which form
the primary or interstate system are
constructed, no grade crossing will be
allowed to remain that it is at all
practicable to avoid. Every effort will
be made to make the rofrds of the secondary
system equally safe, but in
this case it is recognized that elimination
may not be practicable in all
cases at this time.
In" making this announcement the
Bureau of Public Roads, United States
Department of Agriculture, under
whose supervision the fund ,is allotted
and construction is undertaken, is put!
ting into effect a policy which it. nas
long advocated in principle, and whose
adoption it has urged with increasing
effectiveness upon state-highway officials
for some time pAst. The policy
is meeting with hearty cooperation on
the part of the states, and the Aineri- i
can Asocintion of State^IIighway Officials
by resolution has pledged its
best efforts to cooperate to eliminate
grade crossings on new construction.
In addition, thepottt^TTTtds favor
among the railroads, some of the leading
carriers already having lent cheerful
aid in avoiding the construction of
more grade crossings.
Instead of grade crossings there
will be constructed, wherever possible,
in the future either n bridge or an
underpass where roadway and railway
intersect. Important roads, which now
cross and rccross railroad lines at
grades hereafter will be located entirely
on one side of the railroad, even
though to do so may increase the cost
of construction. State officials, realizing
the need of eliminating grade
crossings, have stated their desire to
cooperate with the department in carrying
out this plan.
Where crossings are unavoidable,
or where local interests justify construction
of highways to cross railroad
lines, the road will be so located
as to pass over the track or under it.
In most instances of this sort the
railroads bear one-half of the cost of
building the bridge or underpass.
The prime object of the department's
policy to eliminate grade
crossings on Federal-aid roads is the
saving of human lives. This policy
probably will involve increased expense
of construction in the case of
some roads, but it is believed this is
justified by the saving of life. During
the three years ending with 1920,
according to the best records available
to the department.3,636 lives were
lost at grade crossings" in the United
States and 10.644 persons were injured.
. ^ i . ? ?. i
Educational Congrc^fr
To Be Held in Manila
Manila, P. I., Jan. 7.?The Far
Eastern Educational Congress will
be held in Manila dumig the first
week in February, instead of in December
as originally planned by the
board of regents of the University of
the Philippines. The pew date coincides
with the annual carnival week
when a commercial and industrial
fair and several congresses and conventions
are to be held. It had been
planned originally to bold the educational
congress simulatneously with
the inauguration in December of Dr.
Guy Potter Benton, new president of
fk? r nuiii
viiv v/ in vci o*vjr ui uic x iiuippincn.
The Educational Congress is expected
to bring to Manila many
prominent educators from Far Eastern
countries, and according to the
announcement it will "tend to promote
cooperation between the educational
efforts of the Insular government,
religious bodies and private institutions."
Wireless Telephone
Carries Sermons
Through the equipment of the First
Baptist church of Dallas, Texas, with
a wireless telephone outfit and notification
sent to wireless stations
throughout the Southwest, thousands
of people many miles away were
permitted to enjoy the Christmas sermon
of Dr. Geo. W. Truetfc, on Christmas
morning. It fa planned to retain
this equipment permanently and give
all persons in the Southwest who have
access to wireless telephones and desire
to do so, the privilege of listening
in on both the morning and evening
sermons of Dr. Truett each Sunday.
Miss Charra E. Barlow, teacher of
the Fidelia class, has been very active
in bringing about the installation of
the wireless equipment and securing
the cooperation of the Dallas Radio
club in giving the widest circulation
to Dr. Truett's messages, and on a
recent Sunday, Miss Barlow's interpretation
of the Sunday School lesson
was likewise sent out by wires to
thousands of hearers. About 650 stations
have taken note of the services.
Granted Telephones
After Fourteen Years
Tokio, Jan. 10.?Three hundred and
fifty persons who applied for telephones
in 1007 have just been granted
them by the Central Telegraph
Bureau in Tokio, says the Japan Advertiser.
Five of the three hundred
and fifty are not to be found at the
addresses they gave fourteen years
ago but the bureau will allow them
five days of grace to claim their
homes.
China is being allowed to operate
her own poatoffices faces a new era.
4
C * J nBMJKa, y
"Good to the Ldtst Drop"
PALMETTO FISH TANKAGE I
?. S
i? a ?,?:^.,*:A~ ui 1 ~c : ? -?NV '
" ovivmiiiv UIC1IU Ul Vdl 1UU5 dill- W1
. ?pr,7v?V '
ironiates and wi'l he found highly beneficial
on corn and truck crops as we,! 3'*f:c v" 3^,/Qi I />
as the best cotton fertilizer known. f ]** '*;i | j ((w/) I
Guaranteed Analysis ! r.l \'J pr 1
p " ' ^ pv?r? I
If your local Agent cannot supply L ~ "#&" ll
you communicate with us direct. f?
A. F. PRINGLE, INC., . C
Endows Scholarship . ,. . - - ? ? ??>
At Furman _ .
Greenville, Jan. 10.?A gift of $2,- if G3St VI LCi B ?j I 4j) 5 ? ?
500 to Furman University for the
purpose of endowing a scholarship in * 4. /' ^ i *
this institution for worthy young men I " P J ^f m> V1
of Cherokee roomy h.? horn ma.le b> ^ 1 ' ' ' * ' '** XAlUII
Mr. J. A. Carroll, of GafTnoy, one ot ? v,
the best known and most successful t 'v
business men in the upper part of the b.rf ^
state and a gentleman who has contributed
largely to his denomination Banishes Skirt F.? jvLio - \ F rm Fleah
and to the commercial upbuilding of * 4,
his city and county. Mr. Carroll ha- 11 el in *nd
always proved a staunch supporter hoaUhv 8tl9?h*ot
and friend of Christian education and v>> * -ur ucrve force and
. , > tr , 1 ^3Wfe' ) u\ ' I 11.0 per cent. better
his gift to turman University is Inn fp ' : 1 Mastio's tiny y*Mt
in keeping with the policy that ha ? ' ' * .. each meal and wfttcb
characterized hi, valaable and .?*.! <&!?> 5?tf
life. Roue.itSPOT'W ^ ':C- ~ ".."" as well as the two
Last year the board of trustees < *-?* ??5* ? ?JT._ ' _ "" ' important vitamiuet
? * . . , - 1 . \ <-- - ? A and Water boluble
Furman University created freshman scrawuvih^ \ 1 , nicely will not upm
scholarship, worth $150. for overv ~~~ \ ; r cause gas but. on the
o ,u c vi 1 " * to digestion, to overcounty
in South Carolina. Already f : < a irencr.d conditioner
some of these have been endowed. Mr. Of whrt ti?n Are R<v?ut;ful > * !,r;,i boila at,d ekio
Tinn.? P rifiecctl nmminnnl Fcnturcaif You Have an Ugly ' ' i U" n: iilie Under tl.Cir
.lames 1. uossett, prominent < niton gkin> Flabby Fle.bi ?r,?mv , . ,Itl[/1, Vl,,? \^nu.t
manufacturer ef Anderson county, ha & *&*., ? vTtSmam yT?ef; I !: ru*y instead el
ill n , VITAMON Tavist* . | , f caloric** t'ie eye*
recently endowed two such scholar are Positively Gujuniffd to I |.. , -v, . i a -nn/lao
. ?<? , Giva You New Heollh. Beauty I i 1.1 n:i*
ships for that county. Kfrnits are tie -nd ? More Rounded F.? | ; " ^o!u'H\ Ruaraning
made to procure endowment fo. and Fi?ur?. | . . i ' i v"mV)N?thr
the scholarships in the other countie.- ?f ( ( u;^,. tablet.
f .1 . .?. There la nothing else like it, so d > n You can
of the state. get Martin'? VITAMON Tahl-i .t ii a.;'
The scholarships established l?y the
Furman University trustees are to he MA Vi '-M' Guaranteed
"awarded on the following conditions: v: - ' t*i u
1. It will he available only to gr.id * ".1 J 68 '
uates of eleven grades. *^^v' *c ^'nf,,nfl^ e^*e
2. The recipient must make a gen tut original ,'j i/ffiy t|? f vrr-sr - v/hun Takci '?th
eral average of 80.r> per cent in his GiNUinft "Nnjjr" ^TAQLfct^ Every Meal or Money k
studies ^ in^ his m ^ high
4. In case nf mere than nne appli f or Sale By Union Diug Store
cant from any given county the winner
will be selected by a competitive . ? _
examination on English grammar and atmosphere is to be found at I'ardo !i: a:i l?e at all encouraged until
composition, English literature, Algr jj and therefore it may go side l>yj \v< h \c obtained complete control
bra and Plane geometry. side with violence in Hoinbay. This' r the auras. 1 have, personally,
The examinations will he held in the js impossible; neither Bnrdoli nor come dcliU.-r.-ucly to the conclusion
county on questions sent, out from Bombay can be treated a separate thai n as- civil disobedience cannot
Furman University, and papers will lMiconnected units. They are a pari he darted for th present. I confess
be graded by the Furman faculty. ?f one jrroat undivisihle whole. 1 my ia.ahihty to conduct the campaign
This examination, together with his wns nossihile t,, isolate Uahah it i o.i ; ... ->
. .?v-.-iin m>uc lllllCSS, conigeneral
high school record, will bo was a|so possible i disregard .Malt- eU i-'y i non-violence atmosphere is
used ip reaching n decision. ,gaon, hut it was not possible to ig cmm,, i unong the people."
1 " nore Bombay. I : the presidency of Bengal, the
Explaining Riot at Bombty "We were under the pledge, hound moi; , > .| native movement has been
''Calcutta, Jan. 10.?Mahatma Gaml- to protect the person of the Prince u; i d up .11 a notification issued
hi has issued a statement deprecat- ft<>m any harm or insult, and w by tli?- <roveiiioi in council, making
ing violence and resistance to consti- broke, that pledge inasmuch a any all non-co-operation organizatuted
authority, and explaining his onc us insulted or injured a sir g . hen- in'1 as the Bengal \Ton-Cotheory
of resistance by non-violence European or any othei who toek part eperai ten Volnn'eer Corps, Central
"The statement was issued as a re- in the welcome. I can't shirk ntv Mohaui? '( dan Volunteer Corps ami
o?lf n 1 ? *L
vi mv uuinvajf i iiifciuK ujhmi i in.* own ics poll si i>i I j t v. I ii m more in i ho ' "ii ics'. Committee Corps,
arrival of the Prince of Wales, in strumental than any other in bring- Tl.'s \ is followed l>y a series of
which seven were killed and 200 in- jng in a spirit of revolt. I find my raids I>\ the police in different parts
jured. Gandhi's statement says: self not fully capable of controlling1 of Calcutta and suburbs. The police
"The hope of reviving mas civil and disciplining that spirit. searched four Congress and three
disobedience has, in my opinion, once "The Working Committee will Klviafat offices, seizing a large nummore
been dashed to pieces. The at- have to devote its attention to the her of documents, papers, and books
I mosphere for mass civil disobedience situation and consider in the light and removing them to hte central pois
absent. It is not enough that such theieof whether mass civil disobedi- lice station. No arrests were made.