The Camden chronicle. (Camden, S.C.) 1888-1981, August 28, 1936, Page PAGE TWO, Image 2
GUADARRAMA RANGE
Mountains Are Natural Defenses of
Madrid, Capital of Spain
Repeatedly, the (iuadurrainu mountains
have appeared In news dispatches
concerning the civil strife in
Hpuin. In and neur the pusses of
Ibis range bus occurred some of the
lien-eat of the fighting.
? The Sierra de Guadurruma la a natural
paiaade for Madrid's defense,
60 miles nor/h of Spalu's capital, says!
a bulletin from the Washington; D. C\,
hea<l?jiiarters of the National CJeoKfuphlc
Society. It is a mum moth granite
blockade piled to a mean elevation
of over 6,000 feet, with higher
peaks rising in a Jugged line, liocause
of the rough sllhouttee which these
peaks form agnlnst the skyline, the
range Is called Hierfra, or saw-toothrd.Ji
--- : .'
'i'he Guudurrumus, curved like u titanic
Inverted comma, form a scallop
a hundred miles long in Spain's central
mountain chain. They Join three
other runges which march eastward
J to the coast like elephunts parading
trunk to tall.
Now dividing two warring factions,
the Guadurrumus are still playing
their traditional role of an enormous
picket fence. They served for years
us a wall between Old and New Castile,
over which Christian kings on
the north exchanged whacks ^ith
, Moorish cullphu on tho south. In several
less fully documented struggles,
history and races teetered on the
ridge, uncertain whether motion
would ho forward or back, as when
Phoenicians and luter Romans passed
by.
These heighths, however, failed to
daunt a little man who trudged over
them on foot at the head of 60,000 devoted
French soldiers. Altho he faced
a blizzard on Christmas eve of 1608,
while tiling thru the snowy passes, he
refused to be stopped by a "Spanish
molehill." When he was stopped, it
was strangely enough on an open Delgiah
plain called Waterloo.
Lying between the two Castles,
which take their name from the number
of castle look-outs and fortified
strongholds dotting their beleagured
areas, the Sierra do (J inula rr am a has
a stronghold of its own?the Pico de
Penulura, S.000 feet high.
These mountains indeed, cause
much of the discomfort, both hot und
cold, of Madrid's dinyite. They
snatch the moisture from summer
clouds to water the lower wooded
Hanks on tho northern side and feed
their icy little torrents and leave
Madrid to the notorious waterless
"cooking" that the dry air brings.
Their snows In winter chill the north
winds that pierce the capital like
steel rapiers, and they nourish tho
temperatures which have inspired tho
Spanish saying, "cold enough to kill a
strong man without blowing out a
candle."
In spite of their meteorological mlachlef-making,
the Ouadarrainas were
loved for long as the haunt of peuce.
nnstrong eti^ nasteel, lOhmuc shrdl
Peace of conscience cauie to kings
who built monasteries there to make
amends for holy houses demolished
during their wars. The peace of iontemplntion
was sought by many religious
orders in narrow rock-strewn
valleys hollowed out between muiiut
ains.
Phillip II chose their solitude and
gloom to shelter royal tombs, and
built nearby K1 Kscorlal. ithe "charred
remains", or scoriae,! massive granite
building which has at its h? art
a shadowy octagonal crypt where
dead kingH and queens are laid In
their respective niches. Here in spite
ot gilded bronze angels and decorations
of porphyry and marble, the rulers
of Spain have returned to the priiin-val
granite foundation of the count
ry.
Three main roads thread their way
aeross the Guadarramas. diving thru
passes which in winter are frequently
choked with snow. Refuge huts on
the treacherous Heights are a form of
life-insurance for blockaded travelers
as well as for the hardy sportsmen
who struggle up in winter for the
quick thrill of skiing down again.
The roads are now improved highways,
over which automobiles brought
summer heat suffereres to picnic in
the cooler altitudes, or to spend the
torrid months In the little white villas
tucked here and there snugly into the
hillsides.
Roy M. King, a 29 year old night
registered mail clerk in the Charleston
post off Ice, was placed under $1,000
bond to appear In the federal
eourt there to answer to the charge
of stealing from the mails. He was
arrested with a decoy letter containing
$4 of marked money in his pocket.
The HaJley Military academy at
Greenwood, headed by Col. J. D. Fulp,
will not open this fall, because it was
Impossible to raise the money to replace
the building burned some time
ago. Col Fulp has accepted an advisory
position with the Porter Military
scad easy. He is bow head of the
South Carolina Department of Public
~ Welfare, which is the basts of relief
work In this state.
JUSJEflJTL._ ?,JEMEg
How an Export Handle* Bees.
PrtptirvA by (lie National Qrogt hj?Ii!c Hoclttty,
Wn?hlntfloii. D. C.?WNtJ ' Harvlca,
THKKE are some 800,000 bees in
the United States, producing
about 100,000 tons of marketable
honey Annually. And yet the
bee Is not a native.
There were no bees In North America
when the Spanish explorers arrived.
SettlerH coming in later expeditions
brought them, and at tlrst the Indians
called them the "white man's
fly." Slnco then they have followed
mun In his migration and settlement ,
of every part of the United States and j
Canada.
Until recently these insects' chief
usefulness to man was their production
of honey and beeswax?no mean service,
since for centuries honey was virtually
the only available sweet. But
now, as pollinating agents, they perform
a far more important duty.
In the pioneer stages of American
ngrlculture, bumblebees and other nutlve
pollinating Insects that fed upon
nectar and pollen were plentiful everywhere.
But the planting of vnst areas
which once were forests, prairies, and
swamps with fields of grain, orchards,
and gardens upset the delicate balance
of nature.
Widespread cultivation of single
plants In huge acreages brought about
un nbnormul condition of Insect popu- ;
lation. Injurious species, afforded an '
enormous food supply, prospered and
multiplied until now serious insect
pests menace almost every Important
crop.
Insecticides must be used to protect
farm crops, particularly fruits. Unfortunately.
these materials kill not only
harmful but beneficial Insects. The toll
Includes honeybees and other wild bees,
as well as the efficient bumblebees?all
the Insects that carry pollen from uiie
blossom to another. ? Plants
Need Pollination.
Even yet we scarcely realize the
dependence of many plants upon insects
to effect pollination. The cutting
of wood lots and the clean cultivation
of our fields have added to tip? difficulty
of survival of our useful Insects,
with the result that more and more
dependence has to be placed upon the
honeybee, the only pollinating Insect
that can be propagated and controlled.
Some plants bear only nude flowers,
which produce pollen but no fruit, irnd
female flowers In the same species
occur on a separate plant. To set fruit,
pollen from the male plant must be
carried to the female flower.
Some plant# simultaneously bear
both male and female flowers, but still
require cross-pollination to set fruit. !
Then there is a third class In which
both sexes occur In the same blossom. .
Some of these plants can set fruit with
their own pollen. But in many plants
pollen from another is necessary to
set a full crop of fruit or seed.
Although the honeybee is by no
means domesticated, It Is easily controlled.
Consequently, millions already
are being moved from one section of
the country to another and placed In
orchards and on farms. Bee men In the
South even offer for sale a pollination
package, a wire cage filled with/bees.
The grower distributes the^fequslte
number throughout his orchards, opens
the cages, and leaves the rest to the
bees Hundreds of full colonies are
rented to orchardists during the peak
of the blooming 'period. The bee has
also largely replaced the camel's hair
brush In pollinating cucumbers under
glass.
Were It not for the work of the honeybee,
most of our apple, pear, plum,
and cherry orchards would bear poor
crops, the growing of certain forage
crops would be unprofitable, and the
variety and quantity of our vegetable?
would be materially reduced.
Found In Nearly All Countries.
Honey and beeswax are produced
over a wider geographical range than
any other agricultural crop. There Is
scarcely a country in which honeybees
are n$t kept. They Inhabit the Tropic
and Temperute zones, they are found
In the deserts, on the mountains. In
the plRlns, and in swamps, und as far
north as Alaska.
Scattered over the world are several
distinct races, such as the Italian, Carnlolan,
Caucasian, and Cyprian. All
races, everywhere, react In almost the
same manner. A skillful beekeeper can
succeed In Australia as well as in Ohio,
provided he keeps an eye to the
weather and studies the local flora.
If honeybees are properly handled,
tnere Is no more danger In caring for
them than in raising chickens. However,
the belief that bee* learn to know
their matter and will net attog htm la
without foundation.
During the active Mhiei the average
life of a bee la tlx weeks. The ftvet
. .. tgaEL ??
two weeks ur'e Jived almost exclusively
within the hive, but thereafter the beea
pass most of the daylight hours in the
fields when the weather la good, In
aearch of pollen and nectar. Since the
beekeeper rarely opens the hive more
than once a week, there Is little opportunity
for the bees to become acquainted
with their owner.
Some persons are so constituted that
one sting may prove highly dangerous
to them and require Immediate medical
attention, but these cases are rare.
During the active season, a normal
colony contains one queen, a fully &
veloped female; thousands of unreproductlve
worker bees, which ure females
only partly developed; and several hundred
drones, or male bees. The queen
Is endowed with great powers of reproduction,
since she can even produce
male progeny without mating, but she
cannot produce female bees, workers
or queens, Without going through the
mnrrlage ceremony. Thus, the maligned
drone Is Indispensable to the completion
of the Immortal cycle of the lion ybee.
Queen's Wedding Flight.
Upon the wedding flight of the queen
depends the subsequent development
of the colony. On a bright spring day
the vlrgit) queen emerges from the hive
and soars u>vay to seek a mnte from
among the hundreds of drones cruising
about in the warm sunshine. Blissfully,
perhaps, the drone is seeking an encounter
that will cost him his life, but
insure the perpetuation of his race.
A moment after mating the drone
dies and the newly mated queen at
becomes n widow. But this one
bating enables the queen for the rest
of her life* three or four years, to
perform her maternal duties.
A few days after returning to the
.hive, she begins egg laying, slowly at
first; but at the height of her career
she may lay as many as l?r?00 eggs a
day and maintain this rate for days at
a time.
She lays two kinds of eggs. One kind
Is unfertilized and hatches Into a
drone, or male bee. Mating has no Influence
upon this part of her family.
Her sons are not the sons of her mate
or husband, and are consequently fatherless.
but they can claim a grandfather.
The other type of egg is fertilized
by the queen with a male cell, of which
she retains an almost unlimited number
In a special organ of her body. The
fertilized egg hatches into a female
bee, usually a worker.
Thus both workers, or neuter bees,
and queens come from the same kind
of egg. Yet the two show marked differences.
The queen has the function
of reproduction; the worker bee has
not. The queen bee possesses teeth on
her mandibles, or Jaws; the worker
bee has smooth Jaws. The worker bee
has pollen baskets; the queen lacks
them. The worker bee has a straight,
barbed, unretractable sting; the queen
has a curved, smooth sting. The worker
bee loses Its life after stinging, but the
queen does not.
A worker bee takes 21 days to develop
from the egg to the adult, while
a queen, who Is much larger, requires
only ir> or 16 days. The colony itself
has the power of determining whether
a fertilized egg shall develop Into a
queen or a worker bee.
Raising a New Queen.
During Its normal existence, only one
queen is necessary to maintain the
population of a colony. Unlike the
worker bee. who lives but six weeks,
the queen may live two, three, or more
years, but eventually she also becomes
old and decrepit. Then a new queen
must be raised to carry on the life of
the colony.
The rnlsing of a new queen Is entrusted
to the worker boos. An egg or
a newly batched larva less than three
days old Is selected. The cell In which'
the larva la deposited ig broken down
and enlarged and the heiress apparent
Is given special care and attention from
this time on. For the first three days
worker and drone larvae are fed royal
Jelly, a milky white secretion from the
glands In the heads of worker bees.
After the third day a coarser food,
such as nectar and pollen, is given
them. The queen larvae, however, are
fed royal Jelly exclusively throughout
the larval stage, which lasts five and
a half days.
The difference In diet during the two
and a half days, therefore, determines
whether the larva will develop into a
*** th?t cannot reproduce but posmsms
all other maternal Inatlncta. or
on* that hat the function of reproduction
but lacks all maternal Instincts,
for the qneen becomes virtually aa
egg-laying machine.
REWARD 28 YEARS LATE ~ l
Scissor* Qrinder Just Cashes Rscognl '
tlon for Heroism.
? I
An Investment In courage made 28 g
years ago In saving u young woman (j
from a runaway has been cashed by (
John W. Freeman, Itinerant scissor*
grinder in Laredo, Texas.
He bus Just claimed a $1,000 award (
made at the time of the rescue by the ^
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission and {
has bought a small plot of ground and
built a modest home in Laredo.
The award wa^ made aTter Free- (J
man, at Fort Smith, Ark., grabbed the y
runaway horse before it could do
much injury to Miss Johnnie Porter17-year-old
daughter of a prominent ^
businessman, who was being dragged
behind her overturned carriage. Free- '
man himself was stunned.
On the report of Fort Smith reeldents,
the Carnegie commission awarded
him a hero medal and $1,000, b
but Freeman said:
"Gentlemen, I want you to keep
that money uud give it to me when I
get older and need it."
Freeman was a young traveling j
salesman then. rj
In 1928 he turned up in Laredo,
making his living by grinding scissors
and knives. At the age of 67 he ap- ^
plied for his money and bought hiB t
ground and residence.
"I am happy now in my own home"
he says. "My ship came in Just when
it was needed. Now I am going to
raise chickens and make a better liv?
ing."
h
Caught on the second floor of a C
building at Mldvllle, Ga., the stairway b
in flames, Charles M. Murphree slid t
down the stair banister to safety, bub- f
taining minor burns. v
10,000,000 IN OEMS AND 8ILVER r
SOUGHT BENEATH THE BEA
Jersey City, N. J., Auk. 21.?The
our-roasted schooner Constellatlou
ailed Thursday to seek the treasure
f the steamship Merlda, gunk after a
oiltslon with the Admiral Farragut
tt the Virginia Capes In 1911,
Thomas P .Couuelley, president of
he company financing the expedition,
aid the Merlda contained eighteen
ims of sliver (available records list
he Merlda's cargo as gold, and a colaction
of Jewel* of Maxlmllliau Ferinaud
Joseph of Mexico, with a total
alue of $10,000,000.
Connelly gave the scene of the proposed
operations as fifty-four miles
outhwest of Cape Henry, off Virginia.
Aboard the Constellation were Capaln
Losche and his wife, the only wolan
aboard, and a crew of twenty-tWD
^eluding four divers.
Connelly said the expedition would
e gone about eight weeks.
Coley Spencer was held for the
iiurder of his father, by the coroner's
ury at Gaffney, after the father died
hree days after being hit with a rock,
"he father and two of his sons had a
Ispute in the road and all had rocks
n their hands an eye witness said.
)ne son was thrown into the ditch by
he father, and Coley Spencer threw
wo rocks, the first missing, and the
econd hitting the father in the face
nd breaking his jaw. He died from
esulting pneumonia, the Inquest said.
Mrs. I,avinla Harmon Stokes, who
ad a large funeral on Sunday at
Charleston, was the wife of Rev. Peer
Stokes, presiding elder of that dlsrict
of the Methodist church. The
uneral was at the home and burial
/as at Sumter.
AMERICANA I
A family in North Dakota that had I
Watched its corn and garden patch I
(planted in a low-lying area) esiaps I
ths drought seeing it destroyed by a I
recent severe hail storm and nonch*. I
lantly going out and picking U1, I
enough of the hail stones to frcsxa I
two gallons of ice cream and enjoy- I
ing the "treat."
The President of the United States I
growing an old style "mutton chop" I
beard. ^ I
A New York family trying to ft,re. I
stall being evicted from their homy 1
by bombardlug the marshal with hour I
bombs.
A farmer on land' adjoining a i,u- I
dlst colony hide-away holding a Sun I
day clambake so the spectators could I
see the nudists only to have the l&t- 1
ter turn out in shirts and shorts. I
? A member of the Washington Are I
department being charged with arson, I
Five thousand autoa being blessed I
In the annual observance of St. Chris- I
topher's Day at Baldwin, Long island. I
The United States government do- I
porting a pet goat brought from I
abroad by a feminine writer and radio 1
commentator. I
The so-called "Black Legion" irur- I
dering a man "tor fun."?Pathfinder, I
To Pave Important Road I
It is a piece of good news to peo- I
pie here an' wall as all others who I
travel the highway to know.that the fl
aix-mlle link from the intersection of I
the BlshopvUle-Hartsville pavement, is I
to be paved. It la the direct way to I
Florence and the connecting link from I
county site to county Bite?Bishop I
v 111 e-Darlington-Florence, etc. It I
should have been paved at first but I
one influence or another took the pay- I
lng around by Hartsville which Is all I
right now.?Blshoville Messenger. I
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Savings are passed on to you in the
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Don't delay. Get your new set of
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Mum SuttTs Senice SMa>