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'"THE. MEW TURKEY i Woman Nomad of Southern Anatolia. . ' ! i , , ... J . '. ' ' Prepared by National OeopmphJo Society, Washington, l>. O.?WNU Service. TURKEY, the former "sick man" of Europe,, has taken a new lease on life In Asia. There on the bleak, windswept Anatolian plateau, the erstwhile Ottoman empire has set about the task of building up a now state and a now social order, looking to the West for a pattern. Progress Is slow In some phases of Its development, for the Anatolian peasant Is fundamentally a conservative of conservatives and has proved acquiescent rather than enthusiastic In accepting reforms. However, more change proligbly has come Into his life during the last decado than In any century that has gone before. lie no longer owes allegiance to a^ sultan of the house of Osman, but serves the Turkish republic. By government order he doesn't wenr a fee any more. Not that there was anything economically unsound nbout a fez, but because the leaders who ordained Its departure were keen psychologists, and renllzed that their countrymen could not compete as well with representatives of the Western world while they wore a headgear that set them off as distinctly different In accord with another official promulgation, a Latin alphabet has replaced the beautiful but cumbersome Arabic script. Every- one set nbout learning this new method of written expression. Only a very small per-^ rentage of the population could read* or write the difficult Arabic characters, and even these found the alphahot a handicap In commercial dealings with foreigners. When the Turkish republic came Into being, 'in 102.1, It took over an empty treasury. Turkey Is not lacking In natural resources, however. Popper, silver, zinc, chrome ore, manga nose, meerschaum, borax, emery, some coal, and a little Iron make up Its mineral treasure chest. There are . also approximately 21,000,000 acres of timberland and a considerable amount ! of unharnessed wat^r power. Only about 2 per cent of the population Is engaged In manufacturing. Perhaps the most Important articles produced are carpets, the weaving and coloring of which require some degree of skill. .Fig-packing, plants, ginneries. textile and sugar mills also assume prominent places In the nation's rather meager Industrial life. Anatolia Mostly Agricultural. A vast majority of the people of Anntolla have always derived a living from the soil or from their flocks, but the methods used are only Just beginning to develop past the primitive. Many peasants still break the ground for planting with flint-tipped wooden plows drawn by oxen or buffalo or, ' perhaps, If there are no animals avail- u able, by daughter or wife. However, i steel plows are beginning to mako their appearance here and there, and near the coast cities tractors are coming into use. Eleven years of almost constant warfare Immediately preceded the establishment of the republic and culminated In a decisive victory over the Greeks at theSakarya river, In August, 1021, and a heroic defense of the nedleval citadel of Onzl antep, near he Syrian frontier. This period of J conflict left Turkey sadly depleted of j 'arm animals, seeds and agricultural mplemenfR, as well as able-bodied i manpower. lint these Anatolian peasants are a i tenacious race and, at the disbanding | ihe armies, hack to their despoiled , farms they went?those who were ?by??;rai|y able?nn<t. with sucfi equipment as could be scraped together, befan again to cultivate the soil. There was no money for farm mail r; erv. Groin was thrashed hv the irlrritive method of rolling It out tinier a heavy log set with sharp stones, ind was converted Into flour between f heavy stones manipulated by the rtn of the farm hnusehojUl. Now new governmegf Is fl|Twrallng ngrliral schools which teach the ndages that accrue from the use of ^rn farm machinery, nong the more Important crops al are o?>pc:?ls, figs, olives, fruits Tying. lohnccOlWd Cotton. Smyrna and Samson tobacco have long famoiiH In the markets of the d. and of recent years cotton from region abbot Adnna has begun to ict international attention, lore are about 12,000.(M? sheep In tey and nearljt amany goats, former yield a rather coarse wool 'h Is admirably suited to carpet ufacture. The hair of the goats. niuny of which are of tho Augury variety, supplies 'the material foi^ tho manufacture of mohair. Savage dogs, their throats protected from wolves by heavy spiked collars, guard the flocks, and some shepherds would almost rather lose a child than ono of these watchdogs, Women Are Conservative. Although official freedom has come to the Anatolian pensant women, they have not experienced practical emancipation to the same degree as their city sisters. They ?llng to their veils, resent the government liquor stores, nre shocked by the seml-nuditles of tho new periodicals, see In the motor ear a terro^to their-~bensts, and dread the railways, for whose coming the men are eager. They do much of the hard work about the farms, and in addition spin out the wool which their sheep give, and wenve It to make clothes for all the family. .<= The Ottoman Turks first appeared In thel^ present homeland early In the Thmfeenth century, when a few thousand of them, driven from Central Asia by Mongol Invasion, settled near the present Anknra. Sixty-eight yenrs later the Osman dynasty established itself and eventually conquered a large territory extending Into Europe and j&frlca, as well as Asia. 1 Through the succeeding centuries rj unsuccessful wars followed the earlier I victorious campaigns, with the result that the far-flung empire was reduced to the limits of the present republic. I But in some respects the shrinking process was a disguised blessing, for I it eliminated many of Turkey's poly- 1 got racial problems. j There nre still \flthln the country I minority groups of Circassians, Armenians, Arabs, Kurds and Turko- I mans; but, with the possible exception J of the Kurds, who are fairly numerous I and intensely nationalistic, these peo- J pie do not present grave difficulties. I The Turkomans, who live near the I western borders, nre a nomadic people I and subsist - nlmost entirely on their I flocks.- I Ten years ago there were approxl- I mately &?00,000 Creeks living In Ana- 1 tolia and eastern Thrace, but those I who survived the war of 1919-22 were J removed to Greece in exchange for I about 500,000 Turks living there. ; Turkey's only large city Is Istanbul I (Constantinople), and since It has been J shorn of Its importance as the seat of I government, many of its palaces are I empty and In disrepair, and the ba- I zaars, while still wonderful, have not j the variety of attractions for which I they once were noted. The only fea- | ture which has not changed Is tho I matchless beauty of the Golden Horn [ - and the Bosporus, as their blue wa- I ters reflect mosque and minaret and I crumbling fortress tower. Ankara Full of Energy. J Ankara, awkward adolescent, throbs I with energy. Call the new Turkish 1 cnpltal An-go-ra and you relate It to | Angora cats nnd Angora goats. Call I It Ankara, as the Turks do, and its I name suggests the anchor, paradoxical I emblqm of an inland city, which } marked Its ancient coins. : Between the railway and the city, J what was a malarial swamp has be- I come a sports field, resort of fashion. J On the main streett qp which big I buses climb to a shoulder of Citadel I hill, are -crowded schools. Near the I Museum, happily conceived nnd mag- I nlflcently placed. Is an equestrian I statue of the first nnd present pros!- I dent of the republic, Mustafa Kemal I Pasha, confidently scanning the West. I Artfifolia still colors the life of Its J capital. Brlght-shlrted ponsffnt^ throng the market place. Flocks of turkeys wander about, fattening themselves for? sale. Oarts with solid wooden wheels and drawn by sluggish water buffaloes poke solcmp fun at the speedsuggestive red helmet ami arm hand of an -ultra-modern traffic policeman. Izmir (Smyrna), Adnnn. Konyn nnd Bursa nre other important cities. The ! last named Is a veritable dream city, charmingly lorn ted on the gorge-gashed lap of the Mvsinn Olymnus, not far in- { land from the Sen of Marmora, Many elements In Bursa life make It a potential center of difficulties In the new Turkish republic. It owed much of the prosperity that made It a beautiful city to Greeks, Armenians and Protestant Christians who were engaged there In silk manufacture before the World war. One of the republic'* largest cities, and long a capital and cultural center onder the Osman dynasty. Bursa has at times fail slighted by the npvbUcaa regime^ To Probe Charges Against The CWA Washington, Jan. 20, ? Specific charges of mal administration of relief agencies in South Carolina will bo investigated by a personal representative of Harry L. Hopkins, federal rolief administrator. The South Carolina house delegation, after a conference with Hopkins yesterday, announced through Representative Pulmer that Hopkins had agreed to make the investigation provided it is limited to specific cases. s Fulmer, spokesman for the delegation, said Hopkins would be furnished "names and charges" within a few days from South Carolinians who have complained that political "pull" is necessary to obtain relief jobs and that needy persons haVc been denied work. Fulmer said the bulk of the complaints,, center around the operations of the OWA in South Carolina, of which Malcolm Miller is administrator. Tho congressman said the delegation would have "no trouble" in furnishing Hopkins specific complaints. He said tho federal administrator, Hi the opening of the conference, appeared disinclined to order an investigation because he believed tho complaints wero "general" and that many of them came from disgruntled persons. vJ o Fulmer said the representatives presented Hopkins with so many direct complaints, with names and addresses that he agreed to order an investigation of cases where the complaints appeared to have some basis for inquiry. a Hopkins objected to a general investigation, Fulmer said, because of the expense, but asserted expense would not halt an inquiry of "specific charges." While the mpve was under way to obtain the South Carolina investigation, Washington police began a drive against alleged graft in the District of Columbia's CWA setup which netted two arrests, including that of Thomas E. Archer, 47, formerly of Anderson, S. C. Archer was charged with "larceny by trick" in connection with a rent survey. He was on$bof the survey's , supervisors and police charged he t accepted money from OWA employes j under him as insurance against the ' workers' discharge. He was held under $1,500 bond. Newly appointed South Carolina postmasters are: Aiken, Thomas It. Hallman; Bonnettsville, Dana F. Orosland; Georgetown, Luther C. Davis; Greenwood, George N. Burnett; Lynchburg, John W. \V~illis; Mount Pleasant, James M. Muirhend; Parris Island, Paul H. Norrisj^Rock Hill, Lindsay C. MeFadden; Winnsboro, Palmer A. Matthews; Fairfax, John B. O'Neal. * Wilson Chambers, River Bond resident, on Wednesday skated-down the Welland canal to Welland, Ontario. It was the 74th time he has performed the feat?once each year; After Clarence Holder, 18, and Joseph Bur tin, 20, had caused a "crime wave" over five mid-western states, and pulled IB holdups, the police of St. Ixniis, Mo., arrested them and placed them behind the bars. : ttt1 r* v j.imaa iV"' ODD, BUT TRUE v;;; ' . & ^ UNITED STATES GROWS A GREATER VARlETT AND QOANiTY (* FROVT TWAN ANY OTHER COUNTRY IN THE ...:.* I \NORUD I f THM Off K TVl) ( VftWrt ?tfo** vK ;^> \ KUJL SOlAf ftOOY / \ >v vwiXH IT'^y toy ON fcfcftSVlLLG. CAUPO&Nlfc, IT ^ vs the t<v>w io fc*oe ^CXCtG DPI fcOUIS HfcOt> 7 YMtt coolo V ' <stwis urn-e y I CHILDREN \MltH ) [ k PlCTVifcEr J fc*6 t*OVAi AftU TO mTOGRWVb "tOURHEAD ^CHE"* | I" 1 ;?&j| Money Grows On Trees in These Ro^if ntic Lands! . Original "Commodity Dollar99 Still Keep* Wolf from South Seas Doors - v I,. , , ?t?|?m ?????? , - A 1 BUM?H??? Photot, Etefrtg Gallawty On glamorous Tropic Isles carefree natives let the rest of the world roll by while the bountiful coconut palm supplies them with ail essentials of their existence/ By Scott Irwin ?TV YOU think money grown on aJ trees?'' , This favorite retort of American hnsbands will never be effective with wives In the Maidive Islands. For them "Yes"! Is the obvious comeback. Down in this little-known South Sea haven for the weary, money does grow on trees. They haven't dollar bills for leaves, but they bear something Just as good? coconuts. And coconuts are money In the Maldive Isles. Laborers are paid with them and debts are contracted and fulfilled with them. Coconuts are the original "commodity dollar/* . The thrifty Maldive Island matron tries to stretch her coconut money, instead or pinching her ponnios, as wo do in the land of tlio uncdlblo dollar. Hut aside from passing as monoy, thcro are scores of other "believeit-or-nots" about coconuts .which make them as intriguing and romantic as a hunt for pirate treasO ure. South Sea Island natives tako' it easy?and let tlio coconut tree do the worrying for them about the essentials of life. It is literally true. that if those islanders had nothing but the coconut tree to supply thoir wants, they could pass their days in contentment. Most Useful Tree Requiring little cultivation, the coconut palm would be worth its salt If It supplied food alone. But there are 83 other different needs which this tree fulfill*. Resided giving delicious and nutritious food and drink, the nnts. shells, leaves. . , fiber, and wood famish the msdns of satisfying almost every imagln I wood and building material, cook[ ing and eating utensils; provides, his fishing net, woven from coconut fiber; and his canoe; gives him oil | for his coconut shell>lamp, and Jaggery, or coconut sugar, to sweeten his food. Even In America, in addition to the scores of coconut dos' serta which are familiar standbys, the versatile treo supplies us with coconut fiber doormats bidding us "Welcome", palm leaf fans, salt water soap, stock food, charcoal, and a host of other products. So important is the coconut In the So&th Seas, that when missionaries went to Christianize tho natives, they found It necessary to change "our daily bread" In the Lord's Prayer to. "our daily coconut" in order to make It understandable to their converts. Easy Life Harvest time means nothing to coconnt trees?or to tho forturtato folks who depend upon them for food, clothing, and shelter. cTho tree boars ripo coconuts continuously, find has fruit In all stages of development, from blossoms to ripened nuts, simultaneously. Ask any farmer who has hustled 16 hours a day to get his crops harvested In time whether this moans anything! Many of the lazier natives don't even go to the trouble of picking tho nuts: They Mk tgdit for them to fall to the grrtaw^v when they ripen; others train 0?*>nkey* to climb the trees, and* bfl"ff them, breakfast, lunch and supper. Willowy, graceful, fem-liko and romantic, coconut palms are nevertheless huge trees. They grow 70 to feet high, and their roots sometimes attain a dspth of 90 feet. A coconut tree begins to bear when c It le 5, 6, or ? years old. and coo* tinuea for abont *70 years The average production is 40 coconuts a year, although some trees yield as many as 200. Forty coconuts will make about 13 pouijds of the coconut we know--the curling, shredded kind that tempts youngsters' fingers when mother is baking. ? Bottle Makers In Malabar a father plants five cdconut palms when a son is born? enough tto keep the boy in "spending money" until he has to begin planting trees for his own sons! In Ceylon, the natives calculate their wealth in coconut trees. Twenty trees in full hearing are considered ample to support a family man in comfort, providing his wife doesn't try to keep up with the Joneses. They provide a dower for his daughter, a pension for his own old ago, and a ready made form of life insurance for his widow. Ingenious natives have devised a method of emptying the meat from the coconut without breaking tho shell. They punch out the "eyes" ?the two small soft spots on the end of the nut?and place the coconut in shallow water where a species of tiny shrimp abounds. Hun^ gry shrimps swim through the holes, eat the meat, swim away, and leave a perfect bottlo for the local John Barleycorns. ? Even more Inventive is tho robber crab of tho Polynesian Islands. He climbs the towering trunk of the palm tree, picks a coconut, hammers the "eye" with his hoatry claws until he makes a large enough opening to Insert his smaller claw, and extracts the . pulp, I Coconut* are oae of the oldest foods known to man. They are mentioned In the medical tltersture >t India, in 1400 B.C., and thero ire references to them in Sanskrit writings laboriously carved in ?g / itono 3000 years ago. In Ihoso lays coconuts wero not only prized is a great delicacy, but the oil was used as niedicino. And in many ? parts of the world tho coconut still , lias varied religious significances. Not only is tho coconut an ousy crop to harvest, but it is in many cases self-planting. That is why nobody knows certainly where the , M coconut originated. Growing at the ocean's edge, the trees often drop ripened nuts Into tho water. The heavy husk is waterproof and very buoyant, bo the nuts ma#, float for .? months, drifting (with thd wind and' v currents until they are washed; ashore. Action of the waves soon causes the triangular shaped nuts _ . .. ;* to burrow into tho sand. Nothing could bo finer for a coconut tree which thrives on sand and salt water, and before you could say "Walter Winchell"?there is another blessed event! Support Millions J Coconuts were known in America in colonial times; in fact, purchases of them aro recorded in the account books of George Washington. But until 1896 they wero en-( y*$ Joyed largely by people In seaport' communities. /Then a Philadelphia' " flour miller, Franklin Baker, was forced to accept a boat-load of coconuts from Cuba In payment'for a shipment of flour. Ho developed now methods of opening, processing, and packing the nuts so that coconut could be distributed anywhere. Today coconut cake is the second most popular cako in the . v-- V country; and only npplo pie exceeds '} coconut custard pie in popularity. - % Although nobody knows exactly where the coconut originated, it is now scattered throughout the tropics, and today is the world's most Important food fruit, supporting millions of natives. More than ten billion coconuts aro produced every year?or more than three hundred per second. If they were laid end to end. (which would look very silly) they WQUld encircle the Equator 90 times,* or they would make enough coconut pies to keep all tho husbands In tho world happy until thoir golden wedding day (which most men would say wasn't' ?tt? silly at all). "Grinning Face" Tho coconut did not get its name In tho East, whore tho fruit was ,Tflrst mentioned In literature. From tho 6th to tho 16th century it was known as the India nut. Then the face-like appearance of tho eyes on tho nuts led tho Portugueso ar.d Spanish, who encountered them in the East, to use tho term "coco", . v*i nuts, after their word "ceco"? meaning grin, or grinning l?ce. To tho average American, tho * feathery fronds of a palm tree swaying in the tropical breeze bring 7" thoughts only of movie sets, coconut frosting#, or travel catalogues. . But for millions and millions of 7 people In far away lands coconuts s are a matter of life or death the central feature of their extol-' ence, giving point even today to the ancient proverb: "He who* plants a coconut tree, plants vessels and clothing, food and drin'r, a habitation for himself, a-.J a horK tage for hi# cb litres," * .. J y -Maim