University of South Carolina Libraries
PROTECTS SOURCE OF PEARL BUTTONS H ?? Science It Taking Cc.rc or Fresh Water Clam. Washington.?Sclencu Is saving the mussel, or fresh wutor cluui. Reports from tlio upper Mississippi valley ln^ dlcate thut the placid uiollusk, whoso hell Is the chief source of "pearl" buttons, bus been propugullng rupidly, thus checking fears thut sireutn pollution had tnark?4 J*-M doom. "'Pearl' button^bi In'il to mind pultnfrluged lagoons In the tropics, with swarthy natives diving Into shark-Infested wuters for precious 'mother-ofpearl* shells, llut unroinuntlc buyers of buttons look to the mud banks of .. American Inland waters for three-quarters of America's 'pearl' button needs," says a Notlontfl Geographic society bulletin. "Arkansas, Illinois, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan and lowu, in the order numed, ure the most Important breeding grounds of the mussel, or fresh water clam. The mussel also can bo found In other regions, principally Texas, but nowhere Is lt^ as numerous as in the Mississippi 'ftnd Us fur-llung tributaries. "More than 15,133,000 pounds of 'pearl' buttons were made from fresh wuter mussels In 1030, whereas murine shells, practically all of which were Imported from Austrulla and the Philippines, produced only 4, f?00,000 pounds of buttons. Is Hitch-Hiker. "Saving the fresh water mussel required n round-about approach. The mussel has an unusual method of hatching its young. First the native fish of the Mississippi basin had to be saved, because, at one stage In Its growth, the Infant mussel must hitch-hike to the gills of any llsh thut happens to swim by, attaching Itself with tiny hooks. In this position It becomes overgrown by skin or mucous membrane of the fish, riding along for ubout ten weeks, and then dropping to the muddy bottom of the river to begin Its normal life as u mussel. "Fish rescue stations established by the bureau of fisheries along the Mississippi river send out men to scoop up fish stranded by receding flood waters In pools which would otherwise dry up. One fish may carry as many v- nr 2,500 tiny mussels. In one yenr some 300,000,000 fresh water mussels were thus 'restored to circulation.' The mussel requires about five years to grow to n good commercial size. Pearls, "Extra Dividends." "Mussels are valued at river-bank prices, which range from $20 to $130 per ton. Hut often there are 'extra dividends,' In ,tbe form of real pearls, which are found In mussels of Inland waters as well ns In the oyster shells of the ocean. One Illinois digger sold a pearl to a Mount Carrnel Jeweler for $500. The jeweler took It to New York, where It brought $2,000. Then It returned to Illinois by wuy of'Pttrls, and Its price In the necklace of a Chicago bride was $25,000. "Although mussels are edible they" nre not highly valued as a food. The American Indians, however, apparently were fond of them, because great piles of unchlpped mussel shells Utu he found around their encamptnenw." School Meals in Porto Rico Cost Only a Penny Washington.?A penny a meal is all the school children of I'orto Rico pay for their fare. If they haven't this pittance, they may pay In produce. Theodore Roosevelt, In his last written review of education In Porto Itoco before lo?lng appointed governor general of the Philippines, describes the schooling of the native. The cheap meals nre prepared and served by girl pupils as part of their training In lines with government methods to disseminate "practical knowledge." Porto Kicnn schools are built on small farms of from 5 to 15 acres. ; These the schoolboys cultivate and receive for themselves one third of the | proceeds. The remainder Is either , sold for school funds, or used in school lunchrooms. The young farmers are j likewise encouraged to cultivate their own truck gardens and receive prac- ' tical prizes for meritorious work. : Manual training also plays an 1m- ! portant part In their education." (71rls are taught home economics ' and sewing, as well as being put to serving meals. Memphis Lawyer Has Big Collection of Sea Relics M. : ph.- I . I Mi: a*- r:..-\. 1... > :: :.i re- ' n of p--i V. - a ...... - : lie p. V m- i . .: I' " * ).f >er v. w . I I . .. ' f t. ?. v. I i m 'a 1 - - ' . ' .. tr.-'ii t he Ma.i.e. u . a..-. -ur.k :n lluvitn.t hurbor. < ' Harvard Moving Historic Bell to Memorial Chapel Cambridge, M.isv Wl. it m ght l"' railed the oMic;.-ii il.uk of the tuition's J oldest university has been transferred frtmn Its traditional position In Harvard hall to the belfry of the new million-dollar World War Memorial chapel In the Harvard yard. Tkc boll, which for deeadea has tolled the hours, welglia 4,GOG ftoutida and has a 160pound clapper. Historic New England -| Has Rival in Virginia i While we continue to rvgurd New j England iih the most Interesting sec- j : Hon of the country In which to motor, j ' breathe of its historical associations t with the ((evolutionary war ami Its j results, we think Virginia comes second because of Its relation to tbe Civil wur, New Kngland with Its long ocean scenery, its Cape Cod. Plymouth, -Salem, Hostoo and New Hampshire ami Vermont mountains,, Is highly scenic. Virginia, as tbe scene of great buttles, tukes precedence over ul) states In which the Civil war was fought. It has Impressive mountains also. . From Harper's Ferry down to Winchester with Its Sheridan's ride. Its Bull Run hatties, Its crystal caverns. Its White Sulphur and Hot Springs, the National bridge, Lynchburg, the Confederate capital, Richmond, Cedar Creek, the Wilderness battlefield, Petersburg, Spotsylvania and Its bloody angle, Fredericksburg, Danville and Appomuttox, where lice's surrender broke the hack of the Confederacy, are* features of the state.?Chicago Journal of Commerce. Film* Expected to Aid Future Hietoric Study History classes of the future may be enlivened by news pictures showing great men of the past "In their habits us they lived" niul the glamorous events of many years ago. The possibility of such graphic visual Instruction to supplement duli wrestling with dates and the hackneyed Informative phrases of the ordinary textbook has been set forth by an educational authority. He said: "The superior learning of children taught with well-constructed pictures as an adjunct to oral and written Instruction has been Indisputably proved by Independent Investigation. "The vaults of the theatrical producers are filled with treasures for the schoolroom, In which many great epics of history have been reincarnated. Of all the source material to be drawn on none appeals more to the Imagination than those actual recordings of human activity which the news reel companies have been gathering from the four corners of tlie world over u period of 30 years." A number of large firms are devoting special attention to educational films.?New York Sun. Sweden'* Wood Industry Sweden was among the first countries to advocate reforestation and few if any countries of the world ~ have succeeded as Sweden In rationalizing the cure of, the forests and the various industries rerlved therefrom. The result Is that the country now stunda In the very front ranks ns a producer of soft wood, wood pulp and all the by-products of the sawmill Industry. As a result of the | care and Intelligence exercised the wood hns boon shown by test to be of , a very superior quality. The timber | Is felled at a time when the sap does not circulate; the floating In very cold water reduces the risk of dls- | ease In the logs; the material handled by modern machinery and last i but not least the superior quality of ] the labor employed, which has a fine sense of Judgment In mntters of wood i quality. ] 1 I 1 Giant Earthworm* I An earthworm native to southeast- ( ern Australia attains extreme lengths of 10 or 12 feet and diameters of \ of an Inch, although the nverage specimen Is only 3 or 4 feet long. It be- 4 longs lo the same animal its our common earthworms. The progress of these gigantic worms through the soli j Is attended by gurgling and sucking j sounds clearly audible to persons walk- , lng on the surface. Their eggs resem- j ble large olives. Related species which < attain a length of several feet are j found In parts of South America, Java j and other parts of the world. j . t Girl*' Blood Made Flag Japanese school girls, fragile as butterflies und small as pixies, must not faint at the sight of blood. To test their courage seven Toklo high school girls gathered recently around a white i cloth In the center of which they had ' drawn a circle. After a solemn so- i praho- chant the maidens pricked their; < lingers deeply, held them over the clr- I cle until It grew red and the cloth becaine the flag of .Lipan.? Time Magazine. | Freak Fi*h Born It o -aid "it ! authority that Jut uti.i . fcpe? i.- p?? -e :i1 t. ;..?!,! .e-> than !i?di T'-v.. t.< ., !< ! f*?!i ire i."' une-emn.ini y ! . ! :i r? i:,ent and - b.i \ ' . ': n ' h ti\ e pei I I : < '.i ,i ? !\ am! ..f -! \e pj-f .':? !- ! .- :? sirrstiei ! ' 1 i : b. I.ej'i'NM. a * 1 Ml.!. live ! ' he ,i :' r*,. Long Flight* of Bird* It i- a in""' <| : >ii what birds ht'ld tbe dm* M Might records, hilt: >e\?-ral ni. i.: ...tied by Laurence R. j Fletcher, nt the \i rtheimtern Bird j Banding iMt i"(i. are at least j worthy of honorable mention A banded tern rmveled miles from Labrador to Madagascar. In the Indian ocean. Fletcher related, while h humming bird made a round trip from a Kradklin (N. II.) gnrden to the pam pas ?f central South America. Swim Schoolboy Give* World New Idea of Cow In the New York Times apiwaretf the following contributing^ translated by u correspondent from the French of ft Neuchfttel (Swltj&orland) schoolboy: "The cow Is ft niftiiuiiftl and tamed j ta bus six sides, right, left, front, back, top and bottom. At the back end, there la a tall from which hangs h plume with which she drives off the dies so that they ^cannot fall In the milk. The head has for its aim to have horns and that the mouth can be somewhere. The horns are thera for horning, the mouth for chewing a cud. "Under the cow hangs the milk and it Is arranged to he milked. When people milk, the. milk comes and there Is never an end to the reserve. I have never learned how she makes more and more milk. , "The cow has a good odor, one can smell her from far away; It Is for this reason that there Is fresh air out hi the country. The mister cow Is called a beef; he Is not a mammal. "The cow does not eat much, but wbat she eats, sho euts It twice, that Is why she has always enough. When she Is hungry she chews a cud and when she does not sfty anything, that Is that her stomach Is full of food." Golden Rule Accepted as Perfect Expression According to Matthew 7:12, the Golden ltule Is: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." It was first referred to by Robert Godfrey In his work on "Physics," Issued In 1674, as "the Golden Law, 'do as you would be done by.'" In 1741, Isaac Wutts, the hymnologist und churchman, wrote, in his essay on "Improving the Mind"? "Such Is thut golden principle of morality which our blessed Lord has given us." Ilowells In "The Rise of Silas Lupham" (1885), Vol. II, ch. 25, wrote: "In our dealings with each other we should be guided by the Golden Rule." This Is the earliest quotation we have. Rut, the original use of the phrase was mathematical, and dates from 1542. Inv-, that year Itecorde wrote Greek Artes, on page 240 of the edition of 1575 of which he explained: "The rule of Proportion whiche for his (Its) excellende Is called the Golden Rule." Featly In "Clavis Mystlcn," ch. 21, p. 279, wrote: "The rule of three, or Goldei^ Rule, as It Is called In sacred algebray."? Literary Digest. Real Estate Bequest* The practice of bequeathing or devising lands to the church had become from the early centuries after the Norman conquest of England an Increasing burden. It was estimated at one time that practically half the land In England was owned either by the church or Institutions. Agitation began in the English parliament as early as 1279 to deal with the evils arising from this transfer of land. In the reign of George II, 1786, the Mortmain (dead-hand) act was passed, and this was amended In the reign of Vic-' torln, 1888, by the Mortmain and charitable acts combined, In which no bequest for a charitable use was to involve the acquisition of land. In 1891 the st a tut e was revised to make It possible that land might be bequeathed, but must be sold within a year, unless released from the provisions of the act by a commission. There have been several modifications since. 4. A* Clock Struck Tw?lv? At the stroke of midnight by the parish clock a certain man fell asleep and dreamed a dream. He ran awa$ to sea. served on board ship for a long time, and. Just escaping with his life, swam to a desert island. No rescue arriving, he began to abandon hope, when at Inst a ship hove In sight and took him on board. He became a ringleader tn a successful mutiny. He was arrested and tried, condemned to death, and led off to execution; but at the eleventh hour, when the noose wns round his neck, and he was expecting death at any moment, he awoke with a start, and heard?the last of the twelve strokes of the clock. Dangerous Rock* Charted Pinnacle rodks lurking nt various depths lu the ocean off southeastern Alaska have been responsible for many shipwrecks in the past that the main ship channels In that locality have been swept with u wire drag to locate the pinnacles and those discovered have been charted. One remarkable pinnacle found rose from a gen eral depth of (Km feet t<> within 17 feet of the surface, according to a report from rrte frderftT bureau "f geodetic sur\<\\. This pinnacle, so the report -tatev |,.,s l-e.-n , ailed "Wash ington Monument Rock." |?>e:nme it i-higher thin the famou* monument ' erected m honor of <c;r fir?-t President. 1 No Regret# On a certain occasion Oeorge Wash ington had as a guest in his house I^ouis I'hil.ppe. duke of Orleans, a great prince of France. The duke, on coining down to breakfast one morning. politely Inquired: "How did you sleep.- general?" Washington, with a smile, replied: "I always sleep well, for I never wrote a word in my life which I had afterward cause to regret." Thert- wh? no hoaattng or pretense in this remark. Washington meant that throughout his career he nad consciously Sought -to win by honorable conduct the peace of mind which has for Its basic foundation an easy conscience, * ?r~?I""?r-7? j LIGHTS THUMBlUt J ! j of NEW YOBKj " \}f A '*~*j-J^~ ' '* \- ' At his homo In lit? Uast fr ffllea, Joint l>. Rockefeller, Jr., hut* a truly magnificent pipe organ, He I* a pretty fair amateur organist bUu*#lf, but frequently ? ? tall? in a blind man to play fpr Id# family and friends. This blind man la a line performer and knows any uuiount of classical music by heart. 1'robably Que of tho finest private libraries In the United Stutes la owned by Walter I'forzkelmer, the investment broker. They tell me he keeps most of his books at "Hidden Brook farm," his place In Westchester. The name of that farm should Itself make u good title for a story. * * In tbese troublous times, members of the aenatu and house ure getting the largest mall In history. Letters and telegrams from constituents pour In Washington In a never ending stream. One day, by two o'clock In the afternoon, 3,000 telegrams had been delivered to the office of Iloyal Oopelaud, senator from New York. Secretaries classify these telograius and letters and It takes an efficient service to deliver them, to say uothlng of handling them later. Before his death, Coleman Du Pont owned a number of New York hotels, as well as hotels In other ports of the country. He used to stuy at his suite In the McAlpin when he was In Manbutton, but he ulso kept a suite ut the old Waldorf, and It was there that ho used to give some of his famous dinners. The Umpire State skyscraper Is many stories taller than tlie old Waldorf, but it never will have the atmosphere of the building It replaced. Collecting watches Is a fad with several rich men, but there Is one extremely wealthy gentleman who goes further. He not only collects watches; he repairs them. For some reason he never Is so happy as when operating on a watch or a clock. It Is his relaxation and he spends hours at It. One day he rode In the roadster of a friend. The dash clock didn't work. The rich man managed to get It loose from Its moorings, took It home, and a week or so later shipped It back to the owner in perfect running condition. * # * Florenz Zlegfeld Is continually being asked by coeducational universities to net ns n Judge In beauty contests. Some of the girl undergraduates probably believe that Zlegfeld has only to see them to offer them a leading part In one of his shows. ? I still think the prettiest "Miss America" I ewer saw was the little Campbell girl, from Columbus, Ohio. She married an Ohio Stnte football player and retired from the professional, beauty business. ? The prettiest Italian woman I ever saw was In Naples; the prettiest French woman was In Alx les Bains; the prettiest Kngllsh woman was In Ixjndon; the prettiest Scotch woman was In Chicago; the prettiest daughter of Sweden was In New York. The loveliest Russian woman I ever saw was In Paris. But walk up nnd down Fifth avenue and you will see as beau:iful women as there are nnywhere in the world. (?, IMS. n?ll Syndloate.)?WNU Sarvlca. Airplane Farct Are Nbw Lowett in History New York.?Airplane fares are now the lowest In their history. They are ipproxlmately one-half of what they were three years ago. In 1929 It cost (1300 to ride In a mall plane between >an Francisco and New York. Today .lie fare In 11 passenger tri-motored Manes with free meals aloft on a 28 iour coast to coast schedule Is $160. With the reduction In fares, speed of light has been Inc/eased and added comforts offered. Cat Mothers Fox Brood Grants Pass, Ore.?When a mother silver fox owned by Kills Phillips was unable to care for her offspring, an rdd mother hous? cat took up the bur*, len. Kittens and fox pups now crowd n friendly fashion at meal times. Newborn Babe Given Intelligence Test l.iwa < s\ lnw.i.- Mr. <>r\is C. ll'Uill < ! fit*' l rrf (nT" j ' l?fi ,c\ tilt t * I>\ >-r ' \ t ??r !i i: -t.i:: r.. : < r 11 \: t ^ ti; ri T!.. ? : \ ' I. ; ?> i ?t It.1 - l?r_'un .1 . ?. i.f f\|.< : . rt.i tilx w ,: ti li.i I.. ? ;i !' 1?- > tl 'i!) '. * I):. !1 V - ! !. .1: I t \ | n't't - f ? ! ti ? !?:. w _ (Ir t? I I'M t !)< > ;;iv > ..I . cr.li. A vt ,1 ||, 1 j !!* : el". i.. ; . . lebl's ??* >? i?t a rri!ii:,?-t ' I'liiverOy I -1 r:?I. ?f r , , perfect record of the < l,:l ! > , fry eni"iit. The rt*:rr . ; also Is recorded These r. . < ?*ere supplemented by pictr.r. l a ken with high-speed rnnurnc I?ort?~.r Irwtn betteres that 'r... -scterrUfw* studies will enable < bi|. dren to be taught self walking and talking at a ?er> early age. ' _J L* T '. - - ml P**? Hill III I I ?mmmrn n?w?immrnrn m i i mmmmmmmm?mtftfmmmmmmmm*??? LOOKING BACKWAVdII Takrn From the Filoi of The Chronicle Fifteen and Thirty Y , ' .T - iu I " A?? 11 THIRTY YEARS AGO July 1, 1902 Archibald J. Beattie married' to Miss Kstelle Smith at home of bride, corner DeKalb and Lyttleton streets. Rev. Jabez Ferris officiated. 0. J. Shannon, Sr., named as postmaster at Camden and talkes charge of office with Robert MoCreight as assistant. J>. J. Kelley, assistant engineer at DeKalb cotton mill, meets horrible death when steam chest of engine blows out. Survived by widow and three children. Buried in Sumter county. V Wheat from state farm being hailed to Vaughan's Hour mill to be ground for use of convicts. Frank Floyd, well-known colored man, dead. B. M.? Brown, 65, well-known* citizen or eastern section of the county dies from paralysis. William Waters dies at his home on south Mill street. Burial at Bethune, his former home. Camden full of insurance adjusters following disastrous fire of past week. Josh Ashley, of Anderson, has fist fight with Harold Sullivan following campaign meeting at Pelzer. M. L. Smith presides as county chairman at campaign meeting when , W. J. Tolbert, D. C. Heyward, F. M. Ansel and James H. Tillman spoke < as candidates for governor. Three-year-old daughter of Rev. C. B. Smith, of Bennettsville, bitten by mad dog and child carried to Atlanta for treatment. 1 Emanuel Sutton, farmer of Chesterfield county, killed 'tfy Hugh Nich- < olson. 1 FIFTEEN YKAHS July 13, 13U W. T. Osston, 72 years, died at ku J home in Taxalpw section of Ua<!7,H ter county. Jesse T. Trueadel appointed aa cot I ton weigher at Kershaw by count I board of commissioners for KeraW^I county aide. I National Guard of South Carolina I called into service by order of Pr*. I ident JWilaop. Presbyterians of Kershaw in. I nounce that they will erect i church in that town. Work progressing nicely on new I Presbyterian church at Lugoff. I Archie TwKty of Kershaw tnkrried I to Miss 'Palsy ILee Owens of West I Ida Wlodinger, three-year-old I child, bitten by mad cat at her hoife I on south (Lyttletbn street ? t j Fire destroys residence of Jennie I Cook on Mill street. Buffalo Milling company of Be- I thune commissioned with a capital I stock of $6,000. Thirty-seven persons killed and 111 1 injured in German air raids on Lgn- I don. :H Thornton Durant of pishopvilie I gets hand terribly cut while working at a saw tmill. . Supervisor's monthly report for June shows that a total of $5,421.71 was spent during month of June. I Fairfax Harrison, president of the I Southern railway, issued statement showing that of 18,000 passengers I i handled during year none were killed. I I. J. MoKenzie assumes office of fl j county superintendent of education ' ! for Kershaw county. I Southern Pines Produce Paper One of Camden's winter- residents sent the following item td 8 friend here with the comment, ''Inasmuch as no mention is made of South Carolina I assume that the iodine in the soil must give the paper a yellowish tTnge. But that might be acceptable newsprint for the yellow s)ieet": Savannah, Ga., June 21.?One of the greatest commercial opportunities ever opened in the South?the discovery that white paper can be made from virtually all its pine forests?was announced here today. White paper chemical pulp, made for the first time from long leaf and loblolly pines, which malke up 80 percent of the iSouth's pirte forests, was prepared for exhibition to a meeting of the Georgia Forestry Association tomorrow at Rome. The discovery, a closely guarded secret until today, was made within the past month at Georgia's experimental paper mill here. The mill is supported by grants from the State Legislature and operated by the research division of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development. The new method of making paper lyas announced, by the-;director of research, Dr. Charles 'H. Herty, of New York, former president of the American Chemical iSociety. The arocess is a development of his disrovery two years ago that, contrary ;o a fifty-year-old belief of both sci;ntists and paper experts, white pa3er and news print can be made from dash pine. But there are only about 10,000,000 icres of slash pine in the South, ;hiefly in Georgia, Florida and along i narrow strip of the Gulf Coast. Long leaf and loblolly, the new white paper pines, cover 100,000,000 I acres, not only constituting the bulk I of southern forest*, but also being I scattered through the 'States of Vir- I ginia, North iCarolina, Georgia, Flor- I ida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, I Arkansas, Missouri,' Tennessee, Tex- fl as and Oklahoma. !So the discovery promises the I United States its own domestic I source for vast supplies of white paper." Two varieties of southern pine re- .1 main untested for white paper man- I Ufacture. Both will be tried out in 1 the iSavannah plant. Dr. iHerty said | no reason is knowh for anticipating fl failure with them.. They are the Vfc fl ginia pine, which grows in Virginia 1 and to some extent in North Caro- I line and the higher" elevations of 1 Georgia, and short leaf or "Old 1 Field" pine, which is widely distrib- | uted through those parts of tb?; fl South having red soil. ~? ~hH David Greenfield, a neurotic young j man of 24, fatally shot himself in a fl Pullman berth on the Piedmont Dm- 1 ited train between Salisbury and Charlotte. He had an attack of com- fl plete loss of memory some time ign | while a member of the Cosolidated | Millinery company, of Atlanta, and had been wandering around the east- 4 ernl stAtop wfrjlg blw family searched? for "him.'1 He was found finally at -fl Wilkesboro, IFa., and his brother-ih-~j law was taking him home. He died I in ten minuses after reaching the. I Presbyterian hospital in Charlotte, fl where he was taken from the train. Bossy Limehouse is again a candi- fl date for sheriff of Dorchester county* and local politics there are beginning to boil over again, with three t factions in the ring this tinte?-The Limehouse contingent, the R. L. D. bunch and an independent faction ; fighting both of the old contenders. 1171 nr 1 9 , fi nay lane a Uiance.'4fl SIDE DRESS with quick-acting , CHILEAN I NITRATE OF SODA. We have it in stock. For your lawns and gardens get a 25-lbj bag. F. M. WOOTEN J | , w w w e www-wwww-wwww w-www ww-wwww-ww'WW w'W S'? * "I , B ' ' ^ T T T T ; A DOLLAR'S WORTH . . ; Clip this coupon mi mail it with $1 for a six weeks' trial tubscription to < ; THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Published by Ths Christian Scisncs Publishing Socixtt t > Boston, Massachusetts, O. 8. A. * In It you will and the dally rood news of the world from its WO special wM**rs, ? as well as departments devoted to women's and children's Interera. IPOTts. musrc, < finance, education, radio, etc. You will be t?ad to welcome Into yplir .hom^ s" fearless an advocate of peace and prohibition. And don't mMs Bnube. Our D0?. and the 8undlal and the other teaturee. e? rZ\ -r < Thi CHiiaruN Fcisnci Mohitos. Back Bay Station, Boston, lltlt 4 Please send me a six weeks' trial subscription. X encldee one dollar fftl. ^ J | fwame, please print) ? ?-?? ? -t la a a a > > > * > a > t s s i t t s,> n a suit i > i l ? ? ' ' '