University of South Carolina Libraries
THE CHANGING BATT'E uNE IN THE EAST FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR IN THE EAST The. first twolvomonth of fighting between the Russians on one side and the AuBtrlana and Germans on {he other is a story of great changes of fortune, both combatants being re peatedly driven back only to show the greatest resiliency in defeat and ?oon to resume the offensive in a most surprising manner. 1 The end of the year, however, finds the pendulum swinging strongly against the czar. He may recover and take again the roadB to Cracow, Vienna and Berlin, but just at pres ent he is on the whole In worse plight than in any hour since the war started. Russia's losses in the first year of the war are not approached by thoso of any nation in uny war of history. According to reliable estimates, she has had between 2/>00,000 and 4,000, 000 men killed, injured and captured. Despite theso horrible gaps mado in her ranks, she still has millions in the field, and her great reservoir of personnel does not show signs of ex haustion. It is not men she lacks, but guns, shells and brains. Slow tp Mobilize. On August 1, 1914, Germany de clared war on Russia. Almost imme diately the Germans crossod tlio fron tier at Thorn and the Austrians soi/Vh of I/ublin. They woro practically un-' opposed because of the slowness of ' mobilization in Russia. The Grand I)uke Nicholas Nicholalevltch was j forced to gather his main armies well ! to the roar of the line of great fort resses running through Koyiio, Grod np. Ocsowetz. Novo Georglevsk, War saw and Ivangorod. fOn account of his desire to do all ho conld to relieve the French, who : were being driven from northern 1 France by tho amazing German rush through Belgium, Nicholas attacked sooner than he otherwise would have done. As a result, he met two disas ters. He sent General Samsonoff into East Prussia from the south and General Rennonkampf Into East Prus sia from the east, the latter winning tiie first largo engagement of the war In the Kast at Gumblnen. At this moment the Germans, be- 1 Iievlng that the French were woll in j hand and about to be surrounded on their eastern frontier, quickly with- ! drew 250.000 men from France and i hurled them by rail into East Prus- ? sin, where they fell upon Samsonoff | with crushing force in tho great Ger- i man victory of Tnnnenberg (Aug. 28). ! Meanwhile, the Austrians, leaving , only a few troops in Gallcla to hold ! btu-k the Russians advancing from j Tarnopol on the line of the Gnila-Llpa, | struck the Russians on massejit Kras- ; nik and routed them to Lublin. Most Bloody Drive of War. With two armies in difficulty, tho | grand duke decided to abandon ono i to it h fate am! savo tho other. Ho ' throw re-enforcements into Lublin and ord?M'tid the lino of tho Onila- ! L?ipa river be for'"-! at any coat. In | one of'the most bloody drives of tho ; war the Russians advanced Into east ern Galicia and occupied Lemberg. The Russians then advanced to R&W* ItUBk'it and irt^k the Austrian' armies in Poland in the roar, cutting ' them up frightfully. Meanwhile Von llindenburg had completed his victory over SamsonofT by turning on Rennenkampf and clear ing East Prussia of Muscovites, But though Rennenkampf had been do- ' feated and Samsonoff almost anni hilated, the Germans. The Russians were now as far west as Tarnow in Gallcla, while their Cossacks were able to make raids into Hungary farther south. Hindenburg concentrated a great force suddenly in Silesia and began a drlvo from tho west again st Waraaw and Ivan gorod. The Siberian corps arrived In the nick of .time to save Warsaw from the enemy.' ? Hlflh Tide ?f Russian Invasion. Hindenburg then drew oft the north ern section of his army In Poland to north', thinking to take the purau y d- -?L f' -Vvi&i- ? lug Russians in flank with the south ern section. But the Austrians were too slow to carry out the fleld mar shal's plans and the Russians, slip ping Into a gap In the lines between the Germans and thelis allies, slaugh tered the latter. The result was the high tide of Russian invasion. The Austrians withdrew over the Carpa thians again, leaving Przemysl to be besieged a second time. The Ger mans withdrew to Silesia and the Rus sians, following closeljr, were able for a brief moment to raid this rich province at Pleechen. At the same time they entered Bast Prussia again. < But again the German strategic railways proved their undoing. Hln denburg concentrated at Thorn and drove into the right flank of the Rus sian main forces, throwing them back on Lodz. He advanced too far, however, and when he had the Russian forces near ly surrounded, h? suddenly found Rus sians In his own rear. In thl4 ex tremity; the Russians say, he tele graphed for re-enforcements. But before the re-onforcements sent from Flanders arrived the Ger mans had managed at frightful cost to hack their way to safety. This was the bloody battle of Lodz. Wins 8fbond Victory. With stronger German foroes oppos ing them the Russians withdrew te the lino of Bzura, Rawa and Nlda rivers. At the samo time the Aus trlans, attempting to debouch from the Carpathian passes, were driven back everywhere, leaving 60,000 pris I oners. With January Hlndenburg made a third desperate attack on Warsaw. For ton days,, both night and day, the Germans came on. Then, having lost probably 50,000 men and the Russians nearly as many, they gave it up. - Unable to reach Warsaw, Hlndenburg concentrated twice Slaver's force in Hast Prussia, and won^bie second overwhelming victory there. Enor mous captures of Russians were made and the fortress of Gradno was at tacked farther west, from OssoweU to Pultugk. The Germans retreated to Mlawa and then tried to flank the Russians at Praasnysz, which city they\took. But the Russians again flanked the flanklug party, as they had done at Lodz and won an important success (February 32-28). In March and April, the Russians pressed through the western Carpa thian passes and entered Hungary. Just when their future seemed bright est. the Germans broke the Russian lino In West Galicla and let through enormous forces. Pressing westward irresistibly, they took the Russian Carpathian armies In the rear. The Intfcer tried to retreat, but vast numbers were captured. Przemysl, which had succumbed to the Russian beslegors March 22, fell again Into the hands of the Austro (Jormans. ? * Groat German Maneuver. From Przomysl Von Mackonson drove east through Mosciaka and Grodok and capturod I>omberg, the Gatician capital. Then he turned north and marchod upon tho Warsaw Ivangorod --Urost ? l^itovak triangle l'rom the south. At the samo time tho Russians in southern Galicla, putting up a desper ate resistance, woro driven by Von Linsingen first to tho lino of tho Dniester and then across the Gnila liipu to the lino of the Zlota-Llpa. Reaching the vicinity of Krasnlk in their drive to Warsaw from the south, tho Austrian* sustained a se vere chock In the scone of their tri umph of tho previous summer. Hold on this lino the Germans attacked hot ly from tho north and took tho town ef Przasnysz (July 14). > The Germans now began the Krand* est maneuver ever soon in the history j tjf human warfaro. i Prom tho Windau river in the Hal ( tic provinces all the way along the I border oj lOast Prussia and in a gigan ! tic swoop through the vicinity of R$ i dom, west of the Vistula, and a line I south of the 1 uhlin-Cholm railway they delivered sru&ahtnf blows and have reached the very fates of War | 91W. <>' FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR ON THE SEA At th? end or (he fl rat year of war not a (ivrinan tlghtlnK craft, except Mubnmrlnes, Ik known to be ut lame outBlri* the Dultlc sea. The Austrian warships ure confined to the up per Adriatic and the Turkish fleet to the Bea of Marmora and adjacent struits. The mer chant marine of the central Kuropean powers has disap peered utterly from the ocean highways. Sixty miUion doi lars' worth of German shipping lies idle in the doeks of New York, while several times an much is bottled up elsewhere At the same time the Qerman submarines have inflicted enor mous losses of allied shipping While both sides have prob ably concealed many losses, the following is a fairly accu date summary of the number of craft which have been de stroyed : Entente Allies. Brit- Rus lsh French elan Battleships . . 10 2 Cruisers 12 1 2 Submarines . . 4 3 Auxll. cruisers 5 .. 1 Gunboats, de stroyers, and torpedo boats 4 6 2 Total Japanese and Italian losseB, seven vessels of all classes.. 4 Teutonic Allies. Qer- Au's many irla Battleships 1 Cruisers .J8 2 Submarines 0 1 Auxiliary cruisers .... 19 Gunboats, destroyers, and torpedo boats ... 20 1 ? Total Turkish losses of ves sels of all classes, four. Total tonnage en tente allies ... 4 ..... . . 376,770 Total tonnage, Teutonic allies 224,746 big Events in first YEAR OF THE WORLD WAR 2H? A rcliduke mid Ajrckdacboii VraaolH of Austria ?lata by Serbian ??????In*. Auiut I ? Germany declare* war oa HiimnIm. Anguat 2? Gerrnaa force* enter Luxem burg. (iermauy demnuda paaauge (hrongb Belgium. ? Auguat 6 ? Kngjaaid announces atate of war with Germauy. Auguat .,7? French Invade aouthern Al aace. - Auguat . 8? Ilrltlah troop* land In France and Belgium. Auguat 1 1? -German* pnaa I.lege fort*. Auguwt 12 ? Hnglnnd and France de clare war on Auatrla. Auguat IS ? ?Auntrlan* Invade Serbia In force. Auguat 17? Beginning of five dnya' bat tle between Serbian* and Auatrlaas on the Jndar, ending In Austrian rout. Auguat 2ft? Germana enter Brjuaael*. August tt? GeriuituN enter Namur and attack Mon*. Auntrla announce* vic tory over ltu**lan* at Krasnlk. Japan declare* war. Auguat 24? Ilrltlah begin retreat from ? Mona. Auguat 25? Freneh evacuate Mtielhau ?e'n. Auguat 2T? liOuvaln burned by Ger mana, Augnat 2 H? Battle off Helgoland, aev eral German Warahlpa annb. Augnat 99 ? Russians oruahed In three days' battle near Tannenberg. * September 3 ? Ruaalana occupy I.em berg. September S ? Battle of the Ma rue be I gla*. German right wlaug defeated and retreat beglna. September 7 ? Mnubeuge fall*. September 12 ? GeAnaa retreat halt* on the Alane. September 20 ? German* bombard Helm* and Injure the Amou* cathe dral. October ft? Antwerp occupied by the German*. October 13ft? Boer revolt start*. October 14 ? Allien occupy Ypre*. Bat tle begin* on Vlatuln. October IB? Oatend occupied by the German*. October lft? First battle .of Yprea be glna. October 24? Ten dnya' battle before Waranw end* In German retirement. October 27? Ru**lana reoccupy I.oda / and llndom. ? October 3ft? Turkey beglna war on Roa ala. November S? .German aquadron bom* barda Brtttah coast. , ? - - November S? Dardanelles forta boa barded. November ft? Tslngtau aurrendera, November 12? Ruaslans defeated mt l.lpno and Kutno. November ? IS ? Rusalaas . defeated At Vlotslavek. November 17? Austrian victory ov?r Serblana at Valjevo announced. December 2? Auatrla na occupy Bel* grade. December Btt? Serblana defeat Austrian# In three dnya' battle. December R (ierwaaa occupy I.oda. December IB? Austrlans evacuate BA* grade. December 16? German erulaera bom bard Scarborough and Ilnrtlepool, ISO clvlllana killed. .*??? December 20-20? Severe flghtlng on tlkO^ llae of the Haurn river. January .% lOtS? French advance ncrosa Alane north of Solaaona. January 14? French driven back acroaa . Alane river. January 24 ? Naval battle la North aea.'i tleriuan armored crnlaer llluechcr aunk. January 3ft? Rtiaalana occupy Tnbrla. February 9? Failure of German attacks neat of Waranw, February 8 ? Beginning of battle In ICaat Pvuaala, ending In Ituaaian de l feat. February IS ? German formal aubmn rlae '?blockade" on Great Brltala be glna. February 24 ? UuNalnua driven from Bnkowlna. March lft? Brltlah make advance ?t Neuve Chapelle. March 21 ? Zeppcllna bombard Parla. March ?2? Surrender of ITacmyal te" Ruaalana. ^ March 31 ? Ruaalana penetrate Dukln paa* and enter. Hungary. April B ? French begtna violent attacks on Mlhlel Salient. April 14 ? Ru** tana at Satropko, 20 miles Inside Hnngnry. April IS? Ruaalana evacuate Taraow. April 22 ? Second battle of Yprea be Aprll 2B ?Allies leave Galllpoll penin sula, mmWvHhm fearful losses. April 2ft Allies announce recapture of Maura* Het Sna and Hartmaanawrller Kit r. . May 18? Berlin reports eaptnre of SO, POO R wanton priaogera In west Gall* eta and as I* are of three village* near Ymr+f* May thianlani fall hack from Dnkla ?tf T? -Berlin rttwria capture of Tor ?tw wltk (Manx HmmIm ?*??#???. Mar H?G?rmaa ewbn^rlue alnka tl* l.mlUaU, mora tkan 1.106 Im<. Rm elana I* fall retreat troMu tarpa tklana. . May * ? (irrumni c?ylnr? Ubm Ualtlr Mr(- X May 1 3 ? Fraavh i?pl?rr Oreniony. worth of Arru?, ?( great coat. May 14? A merlt-aa Inl tukwarliit note Maade pibllc. Mm/ ?4 ? J (Ml y 4?cl?rc? war oa A?? trla. B*X M? KnIUii* Aunlrla. ay 2MV- -Italian* luke Oroduo. IIumI... " rhrrk fivrtiiHiix at VUitwi. M*r SI ? Flrat (it'ruiao ??(* us rla* r#arb?? W<<?hla*toa. /,?vp?lla( drop bon*U* In l.ondoa. Jaae a ? I*rsea*yal folia to Aa?(ra-0?r aaaoa. June 10 ? Qermaai) rapture MlunliUw. Juac 1 1 ? V. ft. nubwnrlac aot? to Germany made public. Italian* tml** Moafulcoae. Jaao I ft? Italian* take Grndlaea. J?a? lft? -Aoatro-Germeaa oeeupy Tor ? ?(rod, ^ Jane ftft ? Kreach take Metaernl. . Jane 91 ? Krenck aaaoaaeo ocoapatloa of tbe "l.abyrlntk," north of Anraa. June fti ? Auitro-dormaaa capture I-e? kerft. Jane Ifl ? Aaatrlaaa eroaa tke Dataller ad llallea. Jane ftft ? Halle* falla. Jaly ft? Itnaalaaa defeat Geraaaa at temot to land at Wladaa. Jal y a ? naaao-Gorman aaval kattle of Gottlnad, Jaly 4 ? Italian* take Tolmlno. Jaly ft? Berlin aanoaaeea aalua In the Arfoaae foroat. Jhnly !?? Orrmaaa take Praaaayaa, BO mllea north of Wamn. lair 1ft ? Germane ndranee nt maar tolnta la Rtyaela, taking Wlndau, Ta am, Blonde aad Grokec. Xalr 30 ? Rnnalona report sinking of Bft Tnrklah aalllna veaael*. German aaaa reaeh eater forta of Waraan aad damage the kaklia-Ckelm rail way, Jaly. fti? Third U. 8. ankmarlne note ?reea to Germaay. July IS? TnrkUh-Germaa expedition landed In iVlpoli. Jolr JM ? German take two forta aear wanawi Jaly ftd? Rnaalana repulae Auatrlano ta CUllela. CAMPAIGNS OUTSIDE big war Theaters In a score of regions there has been fighting which would have held worldwide attention were it not for the mighty battle lines In France and Poland. Servla's own war was a greater trial to her than either of the two preced ing Balkan struggles. Assisted by Montenegro, the little Slavic nation twice threw the hosts of Franz Josef beyond her borders and inflicted losses of about 330,000 men, bat she suffered severely herself. The Austrlans invaded Serbia In great force about August 16 and pene trated to the Jadnr river, where a great five-day battle ended in the rout of the Teutons. The Auatrlanfl returned Boon in stronger force than ever. They reached Valjevo, where on November 17 the Serbians met a defeat. With their supply, of artillery am munition exhausted, the Serbians now had to retreat. The Austrlans, be lieving "thorn crushed, withdrew six army corps for re-enforcements against the victorious Russians in Ga licia. Shells and English tars with naval guns reached the Serbians, and on December 5 they turned on the Aus trlans and cut them to pieces. The entry of Turkey into the war was marked by a brave, but foolhardy attempt to invade Egypt. Great Brit ain's Indian and colonial troops threw tho Invaders back with heavy losses. British and Japanese troops Invest ed the fortified German port of Tsing tau, China, and after a siege of a few weeks the defenders gave up the hope less struggle. * ? A section of the Boer population of South Africa revolted. The revolt was put down by a Boer, Premier Botha. He then Invaded German ? Southwest Africa, and after a long campaign In the waterless deserts captured the greatly outnumbered Germans (July 8). After taking three-quarters of a year to arm herself, to the teeth, Italy at tacked Austria this spring. The effect of the entry of Italy upon the arena has not yet been marked. I FIRST YEAR COST OF WAR IN MEN AND MONEY Only approximately accurate tables of the killed, wounded and missing in the first year of the war are possible, because Fratice and Russia and Austria Hungary do not give out their figures, while Germany has changed her policy recently to one of secrecy. Great Britain still tells her losses from month to month. The following estimates are believed to give a fairly cor rect idea of. the casualties: Teutonic Allies. Germany 2,300,000 Austria-Hungary 1,900,000 Turkey 230,000 Total .J ;v. ... 4,430.000 Entente' Allies. Franco . i. ...... 1,700,000 Russia (including pris oners. 1,176,000) 3,600,000 Great Britain 480, Q00 Belgium 260.00^, Servia . 240,000_' Japan 1,210 Italy (no reports of losses 76,000 Portugal (fighting In * ' colonies) (minor) Montenegro 30,000 S#n Marino ~ (?) Total 6,286,210 The first year of the war has cost the belligerent govern ments about 116,500,000.000 in direct expenditures tyx mil!- 1 tary purposes. The war is now costing about $46.000, 0t0 a day. $2,000,000 an hour and $80,000 THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL Mountain Excursion VIA? SOUTHERN RAILWAY Protnier Carrier of The South. j|Wedne#day, August 11th, 1915 bow and attractive Round Trip Bxcursioa Fare? From * CAMDEN, S. C. k AmIhivUIo. N. C VM 'roxuway, ft ^ llnivanl, N. ?' Mfr W K.,?-k. N. C., ???> ?? N" <?" 3?2 *. 6 ???> IIi'iulerKonvlUe, N. C ?*> Wayuwllle, N. (1 Hot Bpftnp. N. C 8.50 Washington, 1). Similarly reduced furon to many other attractive reaort*. Tickets will he wold for all traliw Wednesday, AujoiKt lltb, with; final limit to reach original starting point returning by midnight vf Aug. ust 29th, 1015. For full Information, call on . J. M. Anderson, Agent, Camden, S. C.1 ANNUAL ' '? ? Mountain and Seashore Excursion AUGUST 11TH ATLANTIC COAST LINE "The Standard Railroad of the South." ' tm FROM CAMDEN, S. C. Washington, D. C. ; $10.00 Baltimore, Md., 12.00 Richmond, Va., ?. 8.00 Norfolk, Va., 8.00 Moorehad City, N. O., 8.00 Wilmington, N. C., .........6.00 Chattanooga, Tenn., ..............12.05 Montfeagle, Tenn., .........18.55 Corresponding low rates to many other points from this and otbtf A. C. L. points! Final limit to reach destination prior to midnight of Aygust 29th. For rates, sleeping car reservations, etc., communla^ with It. J j. Benton, Ageut, Camden, ^ 0. VACATION TIME ? - ' ::u: Eastern and Seashore Excursion VIA_ . _ SEABOARD AIR LINE I "The Progressive Railway of The South*" ' ??? ?*> . ? ? .'v. " Wednesday. August 11th -1 Norfolk, Va., $S.OO Richmond, Va., $8.00 I Wilmington, N, C., $6.00 J Washington, D. C., $10.01 Above Rates will apply from Camden, S. C. Coirespondingly low rates from and to various ottol points. Tickets good returning to reach original startiii point not later than midnight August 29, 1915. J FASTEST TRAINS, ALL STEEL EQUIPMENT, ..ELECTlfll LIGHTS AND FANS, ..FREE RECLINING CHAIR CARSj I r? ? : " " ? The best time of the year to take a vacation and Northern and Seashore Resorts. The Best Way , All The Way For Further information see nearest Seaboard Agen'jf write J . S. Etchberger, T. P. A., Columbia, S. C. G. W. &Jl D. P. ., Savannah, Ga.; C. B. Ryan, G. P. A., Norfolk, ? Peeling Peaches With RED DEVIL LYE TH* NEW WAY y,T7:- <*? Mr. King Phf ' J? ner, of Catherine* wrote us ?s ^g?gft3a s? art? "3