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• Calhoun had emerged as one of the nation’s giants during the quarter century, 1814-39, but sac rificed his Presidential ambitions for his and his state’s beliefs in the rights of the minority (or, if you like, state’s rights). Having served as a U. S. Rep resentative, U. S. Senator, Sec retary of War, and twice Vice President, Calhoun could look back in 1839 to his crushed Pres idential hopes and forward to his moderate Southern leadership which may have delayed the Civil War. A strong unionist all his life, Calhoun tried nobly to press the Southern cause within the halls of Congress in his final decade of life. Upon his death in 1850, following a lifetime of public service, it was necessary for friends to rally to his wid ow’s financial support. He never used his office for private gain. The Calhoun mantle of state leadership passed to Robert Barn well Rhett who preached South ern rights or secession. This ul timately came in 1861, and as the nation entered its fourth quarter in 1864, the North and the South were at war. The census of 1860 showed South Carolina to have a popula tion of 703,708 and the nation 31,- 443,321. As the nation complet ed its first century of Federal government in 1889, in spite of Civil War and the monstrous Re construction Period, South Caro lina’s population was 1,151,142 and that of the United States 62,- 947,714. Wade Hamp ton, with quali ties not unlike those of Robert E. Lee, came out of the War as c o m m a n d i ng general of Lee’s cavalry. He suf- Hampton fered through the Reconstruction period and ultimately provided the leader ship needed for South Carolina to make a relatively peaceful ad justment out of this period and back into the Union as a respon sible and equal member. Follow ing a term as Governor, he was elected to the United States Sen ate where he served two full terms — 1879-1891. He might have served longer except for Benjamin Ryan (Pitchfork Ben) Tillman, the state’s acknowledg ed leader of the quarter century, 1889-1914. Tillman was a successful farm er in Edgefield County during the period of Hampton leader, ship, but he soon came to deplore what he felt was a return to “rule of the aristocracy.” The census of 1890 showed that 90 per cent of the state’s population was rural, and Till man’s appeal to this group car ried him into the Governor’s man- Tiiiman sion f o r four years, 1890-94, and to the most remarkable record as Governor in the state’s history. He is cred ited with starting both Clemson and Winthrop and with writing the state’s then new Constitution by which we are still governed. As a U. S. Senator for 24 years. Federal costs go up, up, up 1897-1918, he perhaps accurately interpreted the state’s sentiments in Washington, though he never achieved national recognition as had so many of his predecessors. He was joined in Washington in 1908 by another agrarian, Elli son (Cotton Ed) Smith. Smith, like Tillman, set records in being elected to consecutive terms, and probably represented the pre dominantly farm interests of the state well. However, his influ ence on national affairs was lim ited. In 1914, the beginning of the sixth quarter century, the state’s popula tion had climbed to a largely ru ral 1,515,400; of Smith the nation’s 91,- 972,266, half were now city dwellers. Change was everywhere. Sen ators were now elected by the people rather than by the state legislatures; income tax was le galized; and government regula tion was coming into being for the first time in strength. We had fought and won the Spanish- American skirmish and were now watching with interest the Ger man activities in Europe. We en tered this war in 1917, experi enced prosperity and depression in the 1920’s, underwent revolu tionary change during the New Deal of the 1930’s and were watching Germany again in Eur ope before the 25-year period ended in 1989. In 1939. the nation’s population had climbed to 139 million, a large majority of which was now urban. In South Carolina, of a population of 1,800,000, two- thirds of the people remained on the farms. A non-aristocratic, self-educat ed Charlestonian entered the limelight in Washington during the latter part of the 1930’s as a key Roosevelt-man in the U. S Senate. His quiet leadership in Congress ( 14 years in The House and 12 in The Senate) proved in valuable to Franklin Roosevelt nation's cirilian military federal federal defense interest veterans other in winning over both reluctant y»«r population employ*** forces income* expenses* costs* on debt* benefits* costs * Southerners and others io New 1789 — 3,929,214 unknown 718 $4,419 $4,269 $634 $2,349 $1,286 $176 Deal programs 1814 — 7,239,881 4,837 12,631 11,182 34,721 27.662 4,593 90 2,466 In 1941, he was appointed to 1839 — 17,069,453 18,038 19,317 31,483 26,899 15,099 400 3,143 11,400 the United States Supreme Court, 1860 — 31,443,321 36,672 27,958 56,065 63,131 27,925 3,177 1,103 32,029 the first South Carolinian to re 1889 — 62,947,714 157,442 39,452 387,050 299,289 65,814 41,001 87,625 192,473 ceive such an appointment since 1914 — 91,972,266 401,887 165,519 734,673 735,081 348,032 22,864 173,440 364.186 John Rutledge. Passing up this 1939 — 131,669,275 953,891 334,473 4,996,300 8,858,458 1,367,978 940.540 416,721 6.549.939 lifetime security a year later, he 1964 — 190,000,000 • in thousands of dollars 4 2,500,000 2,686,821 114,400,000 119,100,000 55,300,000 10,700,000 5,100,000 49,000,000 accepted the job as director of the Office of Economic Stabiliza- MAY, 1964 Busiest judge Federal District Judge J. Rob ert Martin, Jr. of Greenville was in all likelihood the hardest work ing, most productive judge in the nation last year. While the state did without two of its judges as a result of vacancies caused by the death of Ashton Williams on February 25, 1962, and the retirement of George Bell Timmerman on Oc tober 10, 1962, Martin carried the brunt of the load in traveling all over the state. For the most part he held his ground. Through June 30, 1963, the number of cases per judgeship in the Eastern District of the state came to 433, third highest in the nation. The rub is that there was only one judge on duty most of the time — Judge Mar tin. Through June 30, 1963, the number of cases per judgeship in the Western District of the state came to 166, 75th highest in the nation. Judge Martin also helped out here as well. As indicated in the preceding story, the courts of South Caro lina lost only a negligible amount of ground in staying up with the varied court dockets. A major part of the credit belongs to country Judff* J. Robert Martin. Jr. Judge Martin, a relative new comer to the Federal bench, as suming this position in Septem ber of 1961, but a veteran of 17 years service as a state Circuit Court judge (13th Circuit — Greenville and Pickens Coun ties). Other District Judge, C. Cecil Wyche, is nearing 80 years of age and is expected soon to retire, creating another vacancy for South Carolina — perhaps not long after current nominees Rob ert Hemphill and Charles Simons are confirmed. PATRIOTIC QUOTATIONS OF PAST “If I had a vein that did not beat with the love of my country, I myself would open it. If I had a drop of blood that could flow dishonorably, I myself would let it out.” C. C. Pinckney “The Union, next to our liberty most dear. May we all re member that it can only be preserved by respecting the rights of the States and distributing equally the burden of the Union.” John C. Calhoun (in answer to President Andrew Jackson’s toast: “Our Union, it must be preserved.”—1830) “Bad men will sometimes get in (speaking of Presidency) and with such immense patronage, may make great progress in corrupting the public mind and principles. This is a subject with which wisdom and patriotism should be occupied.” Thomas Jefferson “Let us deserve well of our country by making her interests the end of all our plans, and not our own pomp, patronage and irresponsibility.” Thomas Jefferson “Influence is not government.” — George Washington. “The basis of our government being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter . . .” Thomas Jefferson “Though the people support the government the government should not support the people.” Grover Cleveland ^ THE SOUTH CAROLINIAN 13