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SURIPRISE IN STOI UITED STATES ARY HM SECRET MOGD EXPLOSIVE IIlIN RESERVE FOR W War Colege Experts are Workin Complete the Details of Reorg zation-Ammunition and Trac for Big Guns are Also Neede Experiments Under Way. Military experts at the War lege are working ?round the cloc complete the details of the army organization program which Se tary Garrison will present to P dent Wilson as a basis for nati4 defense legislation. "The United States army ha high explosive which would sur: the world in event of war." This is the announcement of a I ranking officer of the general s in discussing the impending reorg zation of the army. "The General Staff is thoroul conversant with the development -military science as shown by work of the various armies in European war," this officer cont ed. "Our observers abroad have 1 particularly observant of the eff of vario'us explosives. Knowing Intensity of the explosives 1 -abroad-particularly the meh shells of the Germans-they are position to make comparisons i the explosive which the ordnance perts of the United States army cently have perfected. "Of course the formula is a se which it will be unneeessary to close before an actual emerg( causes it to be turned over to pri mannufacturers to be used for army. At present the explosive is 'ng manufactured only in Un States arsenals, where the formul most carefully guarded. ."The -trench *arfare abroad j divelopment of that form of op tlons which was wholly unlooked In no previous war have intrei ments played so important a par have they been so elaborately 4 structed. More than anything -this has called for the use of a I explosive shell-a shell that not i will destroy any unprotected f but'wm destroy the, protection it, Shrapnel will not do this, but high explosive shells simply dei bshes trenches and everything I contain" Ordz.ance officers and artillery perts declare that trench warfar employed abroad has been to si extent anticipated by American provements in field gun carriages the result of which the angle which our three-inch and 4.7-i ; ield guns may be raised has been creased from ten degrees to twi degrees. This mnakes possible a high aj -re which can be used not only getting behind hills and earth for ;ations shielding hostile batte1 ut in dropping high explosive si into covered trenches as well. addition ,this Improvement increi - therange of our field guns by sev( per cent, giving a range of upwar ~eight thousand yards. Field guns, however, can not b< neffective in destroying trenches ~ owitzers which give a high al Sr~ ie, especially designed for thatI pose. -A tremendous increase 'howitzers, 'particularly the se inch guns,- is contemplated, and'i Stbiese; using the new explostve of dpartment, officers believe tre *warfare will be made almost as ardous as open field manoeuvers. While ordnance officers refus4 dscuss their plans, it is known t -are working on plans for mobile g --nd- howitzers as large at least " the -German twenty-eight centimi vmns :The most serious problen Sthis connection lies in the diffici Sagnalrimg these guns -mobile,< h- tructing a carriage and base of yI~el'ent stability for the purpose: Wat the -same time sufficiently comi aend light to --make possible t] Otransportation by - tractors over -xoads which it might reasonably ziexpected to encounter in this cc ~-'This is a problem over which b a rdnance .and quartermaster exp l are engaged. The .transportation 5 ice of the Quartermaster's Dep ,ment now is experimenting '1 #three different types of -tractors, one "of- which is as practicable: fficient as those used abroad, ---the next apprspriation bill will ~ or money 'with whi h to pureb levr. of these tractors. SAccording to the belief existing denavy and war departments, greatest of emphasis wiil be pla -inskimg for national defense apj pr-.~iaions from the coming congi >upon the lack of shells for he ~7gus. This comes directly from -sons taught by the European v where recent battles have showvnt with modern artillery the numbei "shells used is tremendously gree than it was in the past. -As -an illustration of this, B -Gen. William Crozier', in testify during the last session of congr stated that it was estimated that * resent appropriations would furl gighteen thousand rounds .for thredinch guns of the army, much less for those of larger calil - He also said that he liad recer talked with an European officer. y stated that while his battery was der fire it had used an average of hundred rounds a gun each day. Gen. Crozier also stated that p~esent rate of manufacture wo take four years to bring the supply 'ammunition ijp to this figure, whi If used at the rate given by the c cer in question, -would be o enough for a three-dasy battle. Along these same- lines it is int esting to note that at the pres time the manufacturers of shells -large guns in the United States not willing to make more than small quantity for this governme "n sp'eaking of this, Rear A dmi Joseph Strauss, chief of the N: Bureau of Ordnance. stated last] cember that while the price for fo -teen-Inch shells was low last yeara there was money avait~ble for1 purchase of five thousand shells fourteen-inch guns, the bidders lin ed the amount that they were will to furnish to a smaller figure. As a result it is practically decit that appropriations will be asked buildings and miachinery which enable both our army and navy manufacture their own shells and much larger quantities than at pr - ent. 'The same~ thing will be true -the navy in relation to the constr tion of torpedoes, as at present takes two yeais from the beginn of an order to furniaih'the comple weapon. Since there is only one private ec cern in the U~nite!d St..tes equipped bandle this work. it is expected tl special stress will be placed upon1 need of sufficient funds for it. -Chancellor Sees Gerard. Dr. Bethmnannl-Hollweg. Gerrr Imperial Chancellor, had a conf ence with Ambassador Gerard j after a meetIng with the Kais Amiean relations$ were discussed. if BRITISII WAR LOSS iREAT; CASUALTIES ARE 330,995 APremier Asquith Issues Printed State ment Showing Result of Fight ing in All the Theatres. The casualties in the British army and navy reached a total of 330,995, according to a printed statement is sued by Premier Asquith. The total naval casualties up to July 20 were g to 9.106 and the military casualties to July IS were 321,889. The naval ani- losses were divided as follows: Officers killed, 499; officers tor wounded, S7; officers missing, 29: men killed, 7,430: men wounded, 787; men missing, 274. The military losses were divided as follows: Col- Kiled. k to Officers. Men. cre- France ........ 3,288 48,372 cri Dardanelles (includ- , , enal ing naval division) 567 7,567 Other theatres of op .s, a eration, excluding rise Gerinan Southwest Africa.. ...... 145 1,445 igh ' Total . ....4,000 57,384 ani- 4,000 ;hly Total killed .. .. 61,384 s in Wounded. the Officers. Men. the France ........ 6,803 156,308 inu- Dardanelles ...... 1,379 28,635 >een Other theatres. . .....248 3,247 ects the Total........ 8,430 188,190 ised 8,430 nite in a Total wounded .. 196,620 vith issing. ex- Officers. Men. re- France ........ 1,163 50,969 cret Dardanelles .. .. .. 198 10,892 dis- Other theatres .. .. 22 641 ,ncy Total 1,983 62,502 te 1,383, the be- Total missing.. ... 63,885 -ted Total killed- wound a is / ed and missing . . 321,889 ' Total Casualties by War Theatres. is a Officers. Men. era- Fac - France..... ...11,254 255,649 fch- Dardanelles .. .. .. 2,144 47,094 c Other theatres .. 415 5,333 Total... ... .13,813 308,076 else 13,813 ugh )nly Total military casual se ties ........321,889 the Premier Asquith announced in the aol- House of Commons on June 9 that hey the total British casualties, excluding the naval division, had been 258,069 ex- up to May 31 in killed, wounded and as missing. This shows casualties in )me the army alone of 63,820 between im- May 31 and July 18. as A statement made in London July to 15 giving the number of killed. neb wounded and missing in the British m- navy up to May 31, as.13,547 evi nty dently was erroneous in the face of Premier Asquith's statement. igle On -April 11, H. J. Tennant ,under , secretary of war, announced the total tin- British losses as 139,347. If his fig ies. ares were correct :he British have ells lost 182,542 men in the last fourteen in weeks, an average of 13,000 a week. tser ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Typographical Errors. 0 -Every week this paper, and every wa other paper in the country, has a as number of errors-typographical and igle otherwise. That's one of the rea >ur sons a good many people think the in editor should have been a blacksmith. -en- But what of the editor's viewpoint? rith If there's one thing better calcu the lated to turn rosy youth to dodder ncb ing old age than, for instance, to get iaz. death notices and ':eather predictions mixed so that the darned thing comes to out in the paper "Mrs. William Wil hey liams died last night. She has gone -where it is-116 degrees in the shade and with rising temperature to-mor Srow,'' well-we'd like to know what L~lit is. ilt Maybe you think it pleasant to o-walk down the street and hear some ;ugrinning Idiot with a head like a Ger aiman pancake and a brain like an ad tact dIed egg holding up the sheet to caus tic criticism and the editor to con iesciousless scorn! Maybe you think beit nice to hear some member of the* u-vacuum family remark that the edi u-tor mnust ;nake up his paper with a ~hovel! Or some Pinhead Percy won oth der why the editor doesn't learn how srt to set type! ier- No doubt you think it excruciating art- ly delicious when an item announc itb lug -that Miss Merry Merryvale is to any be led to the altar gets into the paper and as "led by a halter!" .Funny, isn't ind it? Yes, it Is! It depends on the el' point of view. Some people may think ase a paralyzed man with the itch is the height of the ridiculous, but what in does the paralyzed man think about the it?' ced We are all apt to make mistakes. ro- Don't forget that. What would you -ess think if the editor put some of your avy mistakes into the paper? A man who les- shaves himself, once came to church rar with a fine patch of whiskers on his hat chin which he had overlooked. A -of young lady let the shoe string on her ter switch hang down her back, and how a good elder caught the tail of his rig long coat over the neck of the bottle ing in his hind pocket and went down as the street showing that sometimes the the strongest in faith are the weakest is in the flesh. the But we have no intention of telling but these things. As an editor we re wouldn't be much of a hairpin 'if we tly were bent that way. Just remember, hc though, that we are all prone to er an- rors, and the next time you see some six thing in the paper which you regard as a sure sign of the editor's feeble he mindedness, just say the devil did it. ~-N. N.B. 'of ch Thought Records. f i- A tinfoil philosopher has said: ly "The more I see of men, the better I like dogs." As an example of logic. er- that is a good epigram, but there is ent more of cleverness in it than of love for for humanity. re Man is all right in himself; it is a only when he reflects the +houghts of at others that he falls to their level. ra' No institution or group of men or as tvy sociation is greater than the individ )e- ual. ur- A religious or an irreligious man: nd n Demccrat or a Republican, a prohi :he bit ionist or an anti-prohibitionist, a for suffragist or an anti-suffragist is not lt- great or evil because lhe is a religious ig man, a Denmocrat, a prohibitionist or a suffragist, Hie is great only in that led proportion as he is conscientiously for honest in his convictions or evil ini eil' that proportion as lhe goes against tc them. in Thus a man who believes in his es- soul that a principle is right, does of wrong when he votes for a law that uc- would oppose that principle. Also it he does wrong by voting for a law ng which he intends later to help nullify. Led Think for yourself. And do what you think is right. Thus a man be y- comes truly great. to Do not record the thoughts of oth at ers. Thought is the light from H-eav :he en. Consideration of bodies of men makes us hiird and narrow. Think for yourself and let others think for themselves. an Don't be a thought record.--N. N. rB. st er. England has 16 munition factories now at work and is erecting 10 more. NEWS OF THE WAR SCATTERED ITEMS GATIERED ABOUT WORLD CONFLICT BIG NEWS IN SHORT SPAC Interesting Pointers About the Signi. can Things Which Oftentimes Es cape Attention-War Goes on in Many Fields of Activity-What the Various Nations are Doing. It' was an Austrian submarine of American design and patent which torpedoed and sank the Italian cruis er Giuseppe Garibaldi a few days ago in the Adriatic, off Ragusa. The Austrian submarine U-5, which some time ago sank the French cruiser Leon Gambetta, is a sister boat of the craft which sank the Garibaldi. Both vessels are practically In every detail duplicates of the submarine C-1 of the United States navy, form erly the Octopus, which is one of the underwater boats stationed at the Panama canal. She is of about 300 tons displacement. * S The death rate among the wounded on the western front is nearly 24 per cent.,, as against 22 per cent. in the Crimean war, and this in spite of the insanitary conditions prevailing in the latter conflict. The London Lan tet says the high rate to-day is due to the conditions of trench fighting, which result in a large number of in juries from shells and shrapnel, while in many cases it is. impossible to ,bring prompt help to the wounded be cause they are lying in fire-swept zones between opposing trenches. 6** Since the beginning of the war the Iron Cross has been conferred. on 344,794 persons, so it has been offi cially announced by the German au thorities. The length of the ribbon attached to the crosses is estimated at 70 miles. Up to the end of March the cost of manufacturing crosses was $700,000. Three thousand five hun dred Iron Crosses of the First Class have been bestowed. The wearers of these crosses have shown marked and repeated courage, for a soldier must have earned the Iron Cross of the Second Class before that of the First Class can be given him. The German battleship which was sunk in the Baltic by a British sub marine on July 2, according to Brit ish statements, was the Pommern. A semi-official German statement de clares that no German warship has been sunk in the Baltic by a subma rine. 5** Jamaicans are discussing a sugges tion that the island raise, equip, and send to the European front 5,000 men. It is estimated that the cost would be $2,000,000. The Italian government has asked the United States government to use its influence to protect Italian sub jects in the Ottoman empire, especial ly in Asia Minor, where the Turkish authorities are said + be preventing them from leaving. * * The Italian government has ap pointed Gabriele d'Annunzio official chronicler of the war. A man with a large appetite can get all the nourishing food he wants for two cents in Berlin and Wurt temberg, provided he does not insist upon a varied menu. The authorities have introduced a new food mixture. consisting of maize, flour, dried vege tables, and -dried meat, enough of which for a big meal can be bought for the modest sum mentioned. * * The King of Italy has been under a heavy shell fire. He was watching the work of a young soldier who was cutting Austrian wire entanglements, also under heavy fire, and declined to retire when urged by his staff. The wire cutter finished his task in safe ty, returned to the Italian lines amid cheers, and was presented to the king. 6** A significant utterance has been made by Dr. Hammerskjold, Premier of Sweden. In replying to a deputa tion representing the Peace Congress recently held in Varberg, he said: "The Swedish government sincerely desires to remain neutral, but it does not necessarily follow that peace can be maintained. It is as dangerous to believe Sweden favors war as it is to believe that she favors peace at any price." 6** Eminent British scientists and in ventors have been appointed mem bers of the Invention Board, of which Admiral Lord Fisher is Chairman, and which will co-ordinate and en courage scientific work in relation to the requirements of the navy. The German government has is sued an exhaustive report on the con ditions which prevailed in Belgium in the early days of the war, the report being a reply to the findings of Lord Bryce's Belgian Atrocity Commission. The German report, which contains a large number of depositions and other evidence, charges that the Bel 'ian civilian population carried on a perfidious and, in many instances, a barbaric warfare against German sol :iers. in violation of the rules of in ternational law. Any repressive measures taken by the Germans, the report declares, were due to the un lawful acts of the Belgians in their guerrilla warfare. It is charged that women and girls mutilated wounded German soldiers. 6** Sir Thomas Lipton, who has re urned to England afte; his second rip to the Near East with his yacht. he Erin, now a hospital ship, declar d on arrival that "miraculaus is the only proper adje'tive to apply to the ;ork being done by American nurses nd doctors in Serbia." He said that American methods of prevention and ure have saved Serbia from~what at one time threatened to be the worst series of epidemics ever suffered by a odern nation. * * Since the beginning of U:ie war the otal loss of British officers has been 12.C42. Of these Z,865 have been killed and 7,062 wounded, the re ainder being reported as missing. n one fortnight recently the British ost 254 officers killed, 4S9 wound d. and 23missing, a total of 776. During these two weeks the Lanca hire Regiment had 10 officers killed nd 36 wounded. Unxder an order of General von Bis ing. covernor general of Belr ium, ny Belgian between the ages of 1 C nd 40 who seeks to leave the hadn ry to serve the Allies in any capacity htever is liable to a fine of $2.500 r five years' imprisonment, or both. * Workmen at the Krupp gu'n works ant higher pay and other conces ons. Some of their demands have een met, but many men have left . ah pln. Some minor cases ni GERMAN LOSS IS 500,000 IN EFFORT TO TAKE WARSAV Forces in Baltic Advance on Viln and Threaten Warsaw-St. Petersburg Railroad. London, Wednesday: Though th Germans now hold a great line fror the Gulf of Riga, sweeping south westward around Warsaw, encirelin the city stretching away to the Gali cian frontier near Sokal, it is esti mated they have lost five hundre thousand men and the Russian from is not yet broken. On the Narew River north of th Polish capital, the Russians hav made a stubborn resistance, holdin Field Marshal von Hindenberg i: check while to the south the combir ed Austro-German forces strugglin to seize the Lublin Chelm railwa3 have been for days on the threshol of success without being able actual ly to achieve it. Fighting on this latter front ha been renewed with great intensit and the Teutons claim to have in proved their position on the extrem right, which is resting on the Bu river. Immediately west of Warsai comparatively quiet prevails and it'i along the Lublin-Chelm section, or i the Narew River region that it is bi lieved a crisis will be re.ched. Which one of these fronts is of th greatest strategic importance, Lox don critics can not agree, but a Gei man victory on either doubtleE would mean the fall of Warsaw. The German forces in the Balti provinces advancing along a fror approximately eighty miles wide tc wards Vilna with a view to seizin the railway from Warsaw to Petrc grad, are daily becoming a more pc tent factor in the fighting for linke up with the forces to 'the southwesi they give the Germans a front c three hundred miles with which t effect a vast turning movement nort of Warsaw. The troops operating against Rigz from which city they are only twent miles distant, are considered in th nature of an independent columi and it is these forces which hav come under the fire of the Russia: warships. sabotage have been reported. The British government . sine March 11 has paid $3,500,000 on col ton cargoes, twenty-five shipments c cotton having been purchased, in ac cordance with the arrangement rt garding American cotton shippers. .. * Arrangements have been mad( largely through the work of Ambas sador Gerard, for the exchange c crippled prisoners between German and Russia. The prisoners will b forwarded through Sweden. E3 change stations have been selecte and the Swedish government has un dertaken to transport German an Russian prisoners- to the frontier a the same time. It has been officially announced i: the British House of Commons tha the governments of Canada, Austra lia, and other colonies will be con sulted both as to imp ,rtant question during the war and as to the term of peace. British Board of Trade statistic show that food in general is about 3: per cent. higher than a year ago i: the large towns of England and 31 per cent. higher in small towns ani villages. The Prussian Minister of the In terior, who has been visiting Louvair has stated in an interview that th German government intends to spen' $7,a00,000 in reconstructing the Bel gian city on modern lines. More than fifty of the staff of th Agence Havas of Paris, the principa news agency of France, are with th colors. Six of the staff have thus fa been killed, two of them having beel cited In the orders of the day of th army for marked gallantry. Sergeant Michael O'Leary, V. C. of the Irish Guards, has been havinj a fine time on furlough In the City o Cork and at his home village, Mac room, County Cork, in both of whicl places the population turned out el masse to do him honor. He is doubt less the most famous non-commis sioned individual in the British army He is the man who in February cap tured a German~ trench practicall: single-handed, killing eight German and capturing two, for which he wa: given the Victoria Cross. Recentl: he was received by King George. The military and naval authoritie: of Canada and Newfoundland havy made provision for an extensive pa trol system in the ocean areas arounc the east coast, in an effort to preven1 the Germans from establi'shing sub marine bases in these areas, as it ha! been reported they intend to do. Ernest P. Bicknell, National Dire< ton of the American Red Cross,- whc has been directing the Rockefellei Foundation activities in the war zone on arriving in Washington recently, declared that a German Inventory ol food supplies In the empore shows nc shortage, present or prospective. WILL EVACUATE WARSAW; RUSSIANS GIVE UP DEFENCE etrograd Dispatches Indicate With. drawal of Huge Armies From All of Poland. The probable evacuation of War aw and the whole Polish salient by he Russians is indicated in Petro rad dispatches. This decision would ome as a surprise to all outside the nner councils of the Russian general taff, as the splendid resistance which he Russians have been offering to he German efforts -to encircle the ity were believed to be evidence of rand Duke Nicholas' intention to fght it out with Germany.. Russian military critics point out, owever, after conversations with ompetent military authorities, that ntil the army is properly equipped o oppose the perfect Austro-German achine the sensible thing to do is o avoid battle and withdraw until he armies are organized and equip edl and in a condition to take an ggressive offensive and drive the nemy from Russian soil. Politics, rather than strategy, de ided the Russians to advance into ast Prussia and Galicia, the critics xplain, and while in doing so they endered great service to the west rn allies and inflicted terrible losses n both Austrirans and Germans, they ay now give up all and more than tey gained. It is anticip:.ted by the Petrograd apers that the wvhole country, if vacuated, will be denuded of re ources which might prove valuable. Wireless Reaches Japan. Regular communications will now e accepted betiveen Japan and the nited1 States by wireless, following te -M.ablishment of communications etween Funabashi, near Yokohama. a n tTHwaiian islndsa PLANS FOR BIGGER NAVY; WILL BUILD.MANY SHIPS x Large Submarine Flotillas for Both Coasts- Aeroplane to be Developed. a From authoritative sources The i New York World has obtained a gen - eral outline of the reports that Sec a retary Daniels and Secretary Garrison - will present to President Wilson re - garding a definite program for a I larger army and navy. It is upon t these reports, as finally approved by the president, that the two secretaries a will base their estimates .of expendi e tures which congress will~ be asked to provide. The navy program is: 1. The construction of at least four superdreadnoughts and probably two battle cruisers of the British Queen Elizabeth type. The United States navy at the beginning of the year was ten first-line ships behind the number required by the policy laid down by s the navy general board in 1913. y 2. The construction of a large . number of destroyers. The navy, on a the basis of its present number of g big ships, built and building, was ninety-two destroyers short of the s complement determined upon by the a general board of four destroyers to each battleship The navy now has forty battleships of all types and only e sixty-eight destroyers. 3. The construction of upward of 100 submarines, furnishing a comple s ment of fifty for each coast. 4. The construction in the aero c nautical base at Pensacola, Fla., of a t plant for the construction of hydro . aeroplanes, capable of turning out at least three machines a week, or as fast as.officers can be trained to oper - ate them. 5. Increase In enlistment authori zations to bring the enlisted person f nel immediately up to full strength for all ships, built and. building, which might be utilized in time of war-an increase of about 18,000 men. 6. Enlargement of the capacity of the naval academy at Annapoliq with e a view of overcoming at the earliest possible moment the existing short e age of 900 officers, on the basis of the ships built and building, to say nothing of the needed increases through extensions in the aeronauti cal and submersible branches of the naval establishment. B 7. Authorization for the expendi - ture of a large lump sum at the di f rection of the secretary of the navy, - with a view of taking advantage of improvements and desirable innova tions immediately upon their discov ery. 8. Legislation giving the board of - civilian inventors, which Secretary f Daniels recently created a status be y fore the law. 3 Secretary Josephus Daniels tele graphed The World from a point in I North Carolina as follows: - "We are now studying what has been learned by the European war t that will constitute the best guide for the larger naval program. The out standing lessons are three: "1. The value of the submarine. The last congress authorized twice as t many submarines as any previous - congress and also authorized the - building of three seagoing subma 5 rines larger than any nation has yet 5 constructed. We are building one submarine in the navy yard at Ports mouth, N. H., and must build others - in navy yards, thus securing compe tition between government plants and 1private construction companies. We are expecting to get better batteries. STwo have* already been, ordered from Edison and will be shortly installed, one in an old and one in a new sub -marine. Naval experts-and civilians are trying to Improve the motors, a which are now difficult to obtain. We Sare planning for new submarine bases - ashore and for new tenders for sub marines. The perfection of the sub marine and the construction of a a large number of additional ones may b e said to be receiving most earnest y consideration by naval experts and Snaval statesmen. "2. The European war has empha sized the value of aircraft as a naval aid. The last -congress recognized the importance of aircraft and gave us $1,000,000 to begin a fleet of scouts in the air. We have establish ed at the abandoned navy yard at Pensacola an aeroplane station with school for instruction and shops to repair machines, and the construction of our aeroplanes at Pensacola. im portant experiments are being made at the Washington avy yardi I had made contracts to buy hydroacro planes in Germany and in France just before war was declared. These can not be secured now. But we have placed orders also with .home com panies and are buying all types that are suitable for our service made by American manufacturing concerns. Almost daily we are assigning young fficers to the Pensacola school, so we will have trained men to fly in the new craft ordered. "3. The need of fast, cruisers has been emphasized. The general board and construction officers are now busy discussing the character of fast cruisers and battle cruisers. Our policy in the navy hitherto has been to sacrifice speed to armor and guns. Now we see the need, if necessary, of sacrificing armor to speed. We must have ships that in heavy seas can' make forty knots. The types are yet to be determined upon. "These are the big things the big war has emphasized as the immediate need in our naval program. "Have we need to change our pol icy as to torpedo destroyers and dreadnoughts and armor? These are matters our ablest experts at home and abroad are studying and discuss ing. The general board is holding daily sessions discussing these and other naval problems. The number of additional officers and men is un der consideration." WARNS TIlEM AGAIN Uncle Sam Renews Appeals to Mexi can Leaders for Peace. Demanding in the Lname of hu manity that food be permitted to reach the starving people of Mexico City, the state department Thursday night sent urgent representations t'o Gens. Carranza, Villa and Zapata, de claring avenues of transportation to Mexico City must be opened to pro vision trains. The text of the representations. signed by Secretary Lansing, was not made public, but it is known that the document is a forerunner of more definite action soon to be taken in the form of a final demand that the Mexican factions end their strife and establish a constitutional govern ment by means of a joint conference. Bloodiest of the War.. The correspondent of Berlin na pers declares that the fighting going on between Austria and Italy is the bloodiest of the war. Manning Inspected Militia Camp. Governor Manning paid a visit of inspection to the camp at the Isle of Palms. where the first regiment S. C. N. C. are encamped. on Tuesday. Speaks for Preparedness. In addressing the state militia at Charleston Gov. Manning and Sena torSmih bthstressed the need of TO IMPROVE ARMY PLAN FOR GREATER POWE AND HIGH EFFICIENCY WHAT THE EXPERTS SA Secretary Garrison Tells of His Aim in. Regard to the Nature of th Army-Many Inwrovements Mu be Made to Bring it up to Othe Fighting Forces. The needs of army are numerou and difficult of fulfillment, partic larly insofar as personnel is concert ed. Under the head of personnel ar included: (1) Increases and changes for th regular or standing army and th militia. (2) 'The creation of a nucleus, i officers and men with a knowledg of the rudiments of military practic( of a second line aimy. which could b whipped into shape for field actio with a minimum of delay. (3) Legislation creating a systei of military training, as an ultimat result of which the United States i time of peril could summon to th colors a citizen army trained in ac vance, both .as to officers and me for almost Immediate field duty. . To meet all these problems Seer tary Garrison, the General Staff an the Army War College have bee working together for months. Th third problem enumerated is by fa the most difficult, as, whatever pla is determined upon,_.it is certain t meet with the cry of "militarism and opposition from the opponents c armamePb in congress and througi out the .ountry. Whatever plan is determined upo will require the .fullest measure c support from the president. The Secretary Garrison and his adviser have virtually worked out this pla is known, and that it embodies man of the features of the Swiss and Au, tralian military training-system als is pretty generally believed. - The -Swiss system of compulsor training affects every male citizen c the country, but is so distributed b( tween the ages of twelve and fort years as not to interfere-in the lea: with the business or professional c reers of the citizens. The Australia system in its general aspects is a] most identical'with the Swiss. In planning to increase the regula nrmy and militia, a figure' has bee set at about the 410,000 mark, it cluding a regular army of approx mately 140,000 officers and men an a "federalized" militia of 270,000 o ficers and men. To increase the er listed strength of the regular arm enlistments requiring only one year service with the colors and probabl two years in reserve will be recon mended, both with a view to makin the regular army a training schoc for mature citizens and in the hop that the short term demanded wit the colors will stimulate recruiting To increase the commissioned pei sonnel of the regular army, congres will be urged to double the output-c trained officers from West Point an possibly to establish a second mil tary academy near the. Pacific. coas1 C'mcers ar3 :.ecded to direct the ope: ations of the theoretical first defen sive army, to bring existing militi organizations into well .rounded en efficient form, to encourage and tfrai military organizations in privat schools, colleges and universitie and to be at hand in time of peril whip new armies into shau.3, schoc and train additi mnal officers, dd1 fil up the~gaps in the commissio)ne-i per sonnel made by actual fighting. The "federalizing"- of the miiliti wiill involve its being placedl entirei under the direction of the G~enera Staff of the War Department, whce will establish the requirements 10 membership, dictate the form w.hi' the organizatioa of each State shal take-the number of infantry, arts lery, cavalry, etc., which the enlistei strength of each State organizatioi shall be divided into-and arrtu: ments for more satisfactory hiad ma noeuvres, officers, schools, etc. The other point enumeratt:l -cre ation of nucleus in officers and me for a volunteer army which could b put ,quickly into the field in timet o emergency-is to be met in part L; the short-term enlistments and par by special encouragements offere< young men of education tnd intelli gence to take up the study of mili tary practice, attend suntmer campi for' practical itutruc icrn all wit h: view to obtaining commissions in th< first volunteer army organized. This plan -has been worke-1 .ut sn cessfully on a small scale througl student camps, which Secretary Gar rison has caused to bie estab:.i!ed ir the last three years. Four c'f these were in operation last year, four ar< planned for this summer '3n- thi hope is to increase this number ver3 materially in the future. In this connection Senator Chamn berlain's bill for the creation of at officers' reserve corps will be pushed probably with an amendment whici will offer graduates from these camps commissions as Second Lieutenant:i in the regular army or in their state organizations. Authorization for the purchase .> equipment for an army of 1,000),000 men will be asked, not that all thi equipment will be purchased imme iately, but that congress should au thorize a definite policy looking tc the acquisition of this equipment ai the earliest possible date. Ordnance plans for a theoretical army include: 1. Five rifles for every man ex pected to be put into action. 2. Twelve machine guns for every 1,000 of' infan'trymen and cavalrymen in action, an increase of nearly 4 to 1 brought about by the lessons of the present war. 3. Six field guns and howitzers for every 1,000 infanfrymnen and cavalrymen, an increase of nearly 100 per cent. 4. Increases of nearly 500 per cent. in the amount of ammuni tion per gun to be stored ready for use. Plans for the improvement of the oast defenses Include: 1. Increasing the elevation of 1 2-inch coast defense guns by five degrees above the horizontal, giv ing them a range, with a slightly lighter projectile, of about 2().000 yards. and placing them on equal footing, if not a little better, with the largest naval guns now carried. 2. Emplacement at New York harbor and elsewhere of not more than three 1 6-inch coast defense guns to make impossible the firing by long range naval guns over our fortifications and into large cities. The United States already has one 1 6-inch gun for emplacement at Panama. 3. Construction of a fort at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to cover the passage between (Cape H-enry and Cane Charles. nnd of fortifica tions, for which land already has been purchased. on Cape Henry. 4. Increase of 10,A00 officers and men for the coast defense branch of the army. to make up for existing shortages. 5. Immediate increase in coast there is on hand and appropriated for in the United States only 73 per cent. of the most conservative estimates of what would imme diately be required in tim4 of war. . Secretary of War Garrison sai last week that the plan of militar3 defense he will propose to Presiden Wilson this week will give the Unit. ed States a good, consistent, efficieni military policy. "You may call that a radica change if you like," he said, wher asked if any drastic reforms wer imminent in the army. "The mili s tary system of the nation of the pas has been a confusion of various pol e icies. We now propose to have one and one that will b . serviceable t< t the country." r "To build up an efficient militar defense is a thing you can't do in i day," he continued. "You migh build it in a short time, however, i: s you had a system. In the arm everything depends upon everythini else. Your reserve force depend e upon your regular army and thi strength of your coast defense de e pends upon the strength of your ar e tillery. Rome was not built in a da: any more than a good arm; was, bu a it might have been if a systemati e effort had been made. But if on ", street had been set one way and an e other just the opposite, the resul n would have been a j'mbled heap." When asked what changes woul< n take place Secretary' Garrison said: e "I am not going to tell anythin a about the policy until it Is complete If I started now I would have to tel about it in sections and I would no like to have piecemeal discussions o it. The plan is like a picture. Un less you can see it all at once yo1 d lose the effect of the whole. e "I Lave been working with thi r General Staff and we have got it il n definite shape so that we can sooi 0 put it before the people." Secretary Garrison refused to sa: anything about President Wilson' s note to Germany. "That is outside my department, n he said, "and I never discuss affair that are not my own." I BIG NEWS IN SMALL SPACE y 5- About. 33,858 pounds of bomb 0 were dropped one day last week by i French aeroplane squadron of thirty y five machines on and near the rail if road station established by the Ger 3- mans for strategic reasons at Vig y neulles-les-Hattonchatel, the statioi ;t serving the region of the Calonn, L- trenches and that of the Forest o a Apremont. The squadron, workin I- in the.face of a- forty-mile an hou; gale, dropped, according to the offi .r cial report, 171 bombs of 90 kilo n grams each (about 198 poinds). Th L- Germans have been assembling larg i- quantities of military stores at th d station. The bombardment starte< - several fires. All the aeroplanes re L- turned to the French lines. y ** s British troops are now in Serbi y fighting with the Serbians agains the Austrians, so it was stated a g Liverpool on Thursday by Crawfori 1 Price, the British eyewitness wit] e the Serbian forces. He said that thi h British army authorities now per - mitted him to make this announce ment. Shells have been- dropping int d Arris for more than 250 days. Whe1 the war began the town had a popu lation of 35,000;- in December th population was.. 4,000; now- it i 1,000. A few score of the inhabi a tants have been killed ori wounded d while the rest have left, under per Ssuasion of the military authorities e Those who remain sleep in cellars The streets are overgrown witl grass. A few underground shops art 'doing business. American travelers who havy reached Greece from Turkey statF .that the native Christian inhabitant: of the Ottoman empire, the _Armen ians and Greeks, are being evicted rfrom their home shy tens of thou scans, driven to distant places, ani Igiven the choice between accepting -Islam or being put to the sword Their houses and property are seizei Sby Turks. Able-bodied men are be -inig drafted into the Turkish army Many Armenians, who are farini somewhat worse than the Greeks have been massacred. SGold is flowing into the Bank oi f France from private hoards, in re r sponse to the request of the Frencll t government. In two days more thai I' 10,0'a. persons deposited gold. Th4 -certificates given for the gold stati that the exchange was made for "na s tional defense." - * * SCholera is reaging in Lemberg, re cently captured from the Russians, and the Austrian and German troop! have been withdrawn in consequence, so reports from Petrograd state. 1Civilian refugees are pouring intc Russian territory. At Kiev the Lem oerg camben are ply-ing their trade. The British Navy League is urging the government to seize all German, Austrian and Turkish ships detained in the ports of the British empire "as a set-off, in some measure, against the destruction of British merchant vessels w-thout -arning by German * * Plans are being made in Germany for the formation of a central body, acting under the direction of the Im peial government, and composed of equal nuinbers of producers and con sumers, to improve the economic war machinery during the next harvest year, especially in regrrd to the fix ing of maximum prices and the con trol of the food supply. The govern ment plans to establish a systematic control of prices of all goods neces sary to the conduct of the war, tak ing all matters of this kind out of the hands of the individual states. Nearly $3,000,000,000 has been subscribed by the people of Great Britain to the war loan, this being, in the words of Chaticellor of the Exchequer McKenna. "by far and away the largest amount subscribed in the history of the world." The total number of subscribers through the Bank of England was 550,000, their subscriptions being $2,850, 000000, while 547,000 persons have subsribed $75,000.000 through the post olffifceeff, with more subscrip tions through the latter channel yet to come. * * Reports'from Rome state that over 8.:ii0 Turkish wounded from the Dardanelles are now in Constanti nopie and that the stre~ams of wvound edl which keep pouring in from the front are having a most depressing effect on the spirits of the Turkish troops who have not yet been sent to the Oring line. It is said that an in fatry division which was recently sent to the Dardanelles from Smyrna marched through Constantinople weeping. * * The Russian minister of finance has issued an order prohibiting the export of gold. Sir Robert Borden. premier of Canada. last wec,, attended, on the invitation of Premier Asquith, a meeting of the British cabinet, this being the first occasion on which a minister from the colonies has taken RUSSIANS RETREAT DEFENDERS EVACUATING DE= FENSES OF WARSAW ARMY STILL IN HANiER German Cavalry Attack Aimed at Vilna Railroad May Mean Effort of Teutons to Follow Huge Russian Army When it Falls Back and t Force Decision. London: The Russians around Warsaw for several days have been i withdrawing, leaving small forces to fight rear-guard actions so that the - main armies may make good their re treat. These rear-guard actions have developed into fairly large battles, t as the Russians, whose steadiness has been phenomenal in the face of re treat, are offering stubborn resist - ance and delivering powerful counter t. attacks. They have prevented Field Marshal von Hindenberg from throwing more of his troops across the Narew, re pulsed German attacks northwest of Warsaw and diven back.to the river some of the bavading :troops, 'who crossed the Vistula south of Warsaw. r In the southeast Field Marshal von Mackensen continues his victor*iois advance. He has swept aside the re sistance of the -Russians and forced them to retreat -along both banks ot the Bug. The Germans already have passed Chelm in pursuit. Thus on this front the retirement of the War saw armies is seriously threatene. During the month of July Berka says the Germans captured more than ninety-five thousand Russians between the Pilica river and the Bal tic alone. The Russians, according to Petro grad, have stopped 'Gen. von Bue low's advance in Sovno Province, to ward -the Vilva-Petrograd Railway. If Grand Duke Nicholas is to hold s the Brest line after his retirament I from Warsaw 'it is necessary chat - Gen. von Buelow's offensive be ar - rested, for should he reach the rail - way he would interfere seriously with' - the Russian communications. 1 It is not yet certain whether the a Russian armies can make good their retirement from Warsaw. The.Aus tro-Germans% have moved 'up very r strong reinforcements to hasten their - encircling movement. The appear - ance of fresh . troops also. suggests 3 that the German staff will not be e satisfied with- the capture of the city. ~ or even the destructio'n of part of the Russiin army, but, should this - be accomplished, will; attack the Brest line and endeavor, finally to crush'the entire Russian forces. t The Russian troops are' falling t back on the Brest-Litovsk line where L strong fPrtifications have been pre I pared. The retirement is. being con i ducted in orderly manner and it is a believed here that Grand Duke Nich - olas will save the bulk of his army. - Despite the cutting of the Lublin Cholm railway, the Russians. -still have' a .double track line running > through Menek and the road from Ivangorod.. through Lukow to the - north. In addition there are scores of Sroads which radiate from Warsaw, -all of which are in good condition. ,It is along these that the greater -portion of the population is taking . light, carrying- with sthem what .things they could save from their abandoned homes. Meanwhile the Germins are rapid ly cloising in on the Polish capital from the north and south, while the army of, Gen. von Bueloiw in the far north constitutes what -is at present the most decided menace to the Rus sian plan of retirement. This army, which is composed largely of 'cavalry, is making a determined effort to reach Vilna, weld an iron ring about that important point and cut the y'arsaw-Petrograd railway. lIf ft is successful, the Grand -Duke's position will be most critical .and the loss of a great portion of' his ;forces probably would result. This ,army is moving reapidly, and at pres ent there appears to be- no adeqjuate Russian forces in that territory' to -cope with it. Berlin has clamped the . Aid on tight on news of the activities of this force and this fact is causing. serious apprehension in military cir eles. The Austrians have occupied Izub lin, the mostimportant city in south ern Poland. abolut ninety miles south' of 'Warsaw, and the entire Austro Gdrman line between the Vistula and the Bug is pressing northward, at tacking the Russians at all points. -To the east, in the vicinity of Cholm, according to Berlin advices, the army . of Gen. von Mackensen is engaged- in a tremendous endeavor to break through in the direction of Brest Livovsk and cut off the retreating Russians. The Russians are cut off from re treat to the south and it is purely a matter of speculation how any will succeed in retiring from the Lublin Cholm to the new Brest-Litvosk de fenses, in view of the great pressure being exerted by the Germans and the fact that their important strate gic railway 'has been lost. The Russians have taken away or destroyed everything that could pos sibly be of use to the Germans in Warsaw and along the Line of their retreat. For the one hundred and twenty miles between the Polish cap ital and Brest-Litovsk farms are be ing stripped bare and crops destroy ed, the farmers being paid an ina demnity for their losses. Wvarsaw it self, when the Germans enter in a couple of days or a week, will be but a shell. Every ounce of metal has been' taken from the city. The historic edifices have been stripped bare of the art treasures and the banks of their gold. The homes of the city are empty. More than three hun dred and fifty thousand persons have taken flight from Warsaw alone, while fully os many more it is esti mated have deserted the surround ing districts. Plans for the evacuation were com pleted, it is reported, more than a fortnight ago and so complete were they that every individual was as signed to the road by which he must travel and permitted to take with him just so much that there rjight be no loss of time along the way. Warsaw is completely isolated. The entire consular corns with the exception of Hernando De Soto, the American consul. all the foreign resi dents and all the civic officials are gone. Mr. De Soto has laid in a stock of supplies and says he will stick to his post. Every., kind of vehicle is being used in th4 great flight in wvhich it is believed seven hundred thousand civilians are tak ing part. One Thousand Mexicans Killed. Americans arriving at Lt~redo, Tex as.. say that in recent fighting around Villa Garcia resulted in over a thou sand slain, the casualties being ap parently evenly divided. Names Receiver for Nashville. The municipality of Nashville has