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BTIISE STILL PLACES FAITH IN OUR DREADNOUGHTS. ARE DEUSV FAU;TORS Navy Chief Recommends Two Dread noughts, Six Destroyers and Eight This Program Win Mae Navy Equal to Any nbmarine-Success -it a Certainty. Startling. successes of submarines in the European war have not sway ef United States navy officials from -their belief that all big-gun battle ships of the dreadnought type form the, main dependence of any sea power. The construction of two such ships next year was recommended by Secretary Daniels in his annual re port submitted Friday to President - Wilson. The navy general board urg ed the building of four. The completo building program for the coming year recommended by Secretary Daniels comprises: . Two dreadnoughts, six destroyers, eight or wore submarines, one to be a large, sea-going craft, and the others of Smaller size for coast defence opera tionas, one gunboat and one fuel oil If this program is followed out, Mr. Daniels says, "the increase will be noteworthy and will give us a well rounded navy equal, if not superior, to _that of any navy in the world, ship for ship and man for man." Secretary Daniels' program, he statesfollows the policy of the gen erate board recommendations, but re duces the number of ships of each das asked for. The board recom mended the construction of the fol lowing as the 1916 program: Four dreadnoughts, sixteen de stoyers, three sea-going submarines, sixteen coast . defense submarines, lfbur scout cruisers, four gunboats, two fuel oil ships, one destroyer ten der, one submarine tender, one navy transport, one hospital ship, one sup ,ply ship and a $5,000,000 appropria Stion -for navy aircraft. The board -was' acting on its policy looking to the completion in 1919 of a fleet, the iain line of which would be 48 bat tleships. In its report transmitted the secretary it is stated that ihe -present situation of the battleship 'et iten ships behind that program. ttotal of thoseIn commission, un 'bonstruction and authorized for com "pletion in 1919 being thirty-seven. Submarine's come in for extended ': smanian by the secretary and the genfal board. "Recent developments in naval warfare ' Mr. Daniels says, 'bave strengthened faith In the effl 7deangy of the submarine. The depart et-urges, therefore, the construe fan increased number of sub en and the larger utilisation of this weapon of warfare, which has demonsratedits efrectiveness. seTher~re many (very mapy more ihAn g few weeks ago) who believe the time has come when the advice Sfr Percy Scott should be taken. E aths ago that able English offcer declardfthat the submarine was the nos& effective-ship of the-navy of the ~tdre and advised a cessation in the 3apId construction of dreadnoughts wid the utnliation of the money thus t n building large numbers of "The lay mind has acecpted this -ar yato the policy, but the- trained na1aoffieers makirg up the general rdare convinced that,- while the -nsmines'have a large part, to play -t iaal warfare, they do not re $ace the larger craft. These naval Eeme.hold to the opinion that ~dnought ramnains the contra] < o chief fighting force of' a well. noe3avy. "The- general board reiterates the geinion~i Whas always bold that 'coin mand of the sea can only be gained endd held by vessels that can take and %eep the':sea~in all times and in all 'athiasaid overcome the strongest ni~iea that can be br'ought against ~aIt declares 'other type are isubeand have their particular , ebutg the backbone of anuy navy ats can command the sea consists of te strongest, sea-going, sea-keeping aps of tts day, or, of its battleships.' "Tho' department feels that It is -spepol-afe ground in slooking to' the board to ~prescribe the character o~f - the ships ,to be constructed. The 5airge-increase in submarines Is most - Geirable, but nothing the present 'ar has disproved their faith in the misdern dreadnought. "The fact that there has been no encounter between these powerful ships does not justify the conclusion that. theirfurther construction should be discarded in fqvor of the smaller craft, which has astonished the world by its ability to sink cruisers and other craf, giving its severest and inostifatal blows before Its presence Ja discorered. "It may be that naval enngements later on .will teach lessons that will - change expert opinion, but as long as the bulk of the ablest naval officers believe the increase of the navy should embrace, in fair proportion. the dreadnought, the destroyer, and the submarine, the secretary would -not feel warranted in recommending a widely different program of con 2struction.. "However, in view of the demon -strated power of the submarine, I would Impress upon congress the im *portance of making a larger increase in the submarino craft, appropriating generously therefor without reducing the appropriations for other craft. The estimates for .these were '-educed to the minimum. "That our navy has not neglected the constr-uction of submarines will be seen by a comparison of our strength in this craft with that of foreign navies. It Is roughtly esti mated that there are built or build ing for the various navies the follow ing number of submarines: England. 84; France, 76: United States, 51: Germany,.31; Japan, 17. This esti mate was made in July of this year. ~"When the relative sizes of the fleets of- the great nations enumerat sd above are considered, It will be seen that the United States has a sub marine flotilla relatively and actually very powerful. England's fleet is more than twice as great as ours, yet she has put little more than half as many more submarines. France has a considerably larger submarine fleet than ours, with a smaller navy, but she bas in the past taken the lead in submarine building. Some years ago she abandoned the dreadno'ught pol Icy to acquire large numberrs of sub marines, but in the last two or three years has made 1mnusual exertions to repair her deficiency in dread noughts. England has overcome this lead, aiM we are on that road, having in addition to the 51 ships already mentioned eight or more authorized by last year's bill, on which work will shortly commence, and we are asking for eight or more this year. which will swell our total to at least 67 in the next three years. Ger meny with a arer flet than ours has less submarines, and Japan, with &'fleet smaller than ours in strength only half as many submarines. "What we have done, however, in submarine construction is but an earnest of what must be done in the future. Whqn we shall have a divi sion of sea-going submarines in com mission we will have added to the battleship fleet a strong fighting unit which must be of larger importance in any over-sea operations. "As far as the submarines them selves are concerned, it is believed that ours are on a par with any in the world. In the appropriation made by the last congress two types for the first time were included-one of high surface speed, to accompany the fleet, and one for coast and harbor de fence. In the building of two such distinct types we are in accord with what foreign countries are doing. and submarine flotillas in the future will probably be composed of vess-ls of these two types." Of aviation the secretary says: "Aircraft have demonstrated in the oresent war in Europe that no mili tary arm Is complete which lacks them. They will not replace vessels of war, but will extend the field ol operations to the air as well as on the surface of and underneath the water. They provide the best means for discovering submarine mines and have become an indispensable naval adjuct. "We are but In the infancy of ali craft. The development in the man ufacture of these craft in this country needs to be stimulated, and the suc cess of this arm of the military ser vice abroad will be a mighty stimu lant to American manufacturers. "Orders were given early In the year for some foreign-built aero planes, In addition to large. orders foi aeroplanes made in this country. Un fortunately, the war has made it im. Dossible for the orders to be place abroad .o be filled, and the trial ol such craft must be postponed. The best types of American manufactur have been ordered and the depart muet will develop this modern brancd of the naval service steadily and rap idly." The general board does not take the same view. Its report refers tc its recommendations in 1913, whict "brought to the attention of the de partment the dangerous situation o: the country in the lack of air craf! and air men in both the naval ane military services. At the present time the total number of air craft of an3 kind owned by the navy consists o' twelve aeroplanes, not more than twc of which are of the same type, anc all reported to. have too little spee and carrying capacity for servic work. "In our present condition of an preparedness, in contract with an foe possessing a proper air service our scouting would be blind. We would be without the means of de tecting the presence of submarines oi mine fields, or of attempting direc1 attack- on the enemy from the air while our own movements would be an open book to him. The genera board can not too strongly urge tha1 the department'smostserious though be given to tis matter, and that con gress be asked for an appropriator of at least $5,000,000 for the pur pose of establishing an efficient al service." Financial conditions resulting fron the European war have caused the department to refrain from asking this year for an increase in person nel, Secretary Daniels states, but says a plan will be presented to congres! next session fer the organization oj a competent naval reserve force fron the men who t'eceive honorable dis charges from the navy. The general board lays grea stress on the question of personnel "The board," the report says, "ca, not too strongly urge the repeatee recommendations to provide the fleel with a personnel active list and train ed reserve, equal to the manning o: the fleet for war. In the opinion o: the general board, this Isa matter of even more serious Import than tha1 of construction, for It can not be toc often repeated that ships without trained personnel to man and figh1 them are useless for the purposes o: war. The general board recommend: legislation for an active personnel officers and enlisted forces, capable of keeping In full commission all bat tleships under 15 years of age fyon date of authorization, all destroyeri and submarines under 12 years o: age from authorization, half of the cruisers and all gunboats and all the necessary auxiliaries that go with the active fleet, and of furnishing nucleu! crews for all ships in the navy thal would be used In time of war and the necessary mei for the training anc other shore stations.". Secretary Daniels again urges thal the grades of admiral and vice ad miral be restored, and giving consid erable 'space to the occupation 01 Vera Cruz by the United States naval forces, pays tribute to the ninetees men who lost their lives there. The entire record of Vera Cruz, the see retary states, is "a remarkable dem onstration of the all-around efficiency of the navy." The report discusses at length many other subjects with which the department has been engaged includ ing the manufacture of powder, In vestigation of the cost of armor. plate manufacture, construction de tails of new ships, the anti-wine mess order promulgated this year, the edu cation work for enlisted men, for which the secretary expresses grea~t enthusiasm and reports pleasing re suIts, and the work of the relief ships North Carolina and. Tennessee. still in European waters watching over American interests. LIST OF FRENCH DEAD. French Government Believes Losses Are About Equal. The French war office does not is sue lists of war casualties. A corre spondent by inquiry in various quar ters estimates the French dead up to November 10 at something under 100,000 men. The number of wound ed and sick being cared for in French hospitals November 19 appears to have been about 400,000. The Swiss government's bureau for the ex change of prisoners in Germany. These figures added put the total losses of the French army at about 590,000 men. The French estimate the number of Germans killed In battle on this fron tier as considerably exceeding 100, 000 because German tactics have been more continually on the off en sive. The French military administration does not share in the popular view that the German losses have been enormously in excess of those of the French. Neither is credence given to reports of bad provisioning of the German army and of soldiers famish ed and driven by overwork to exhaus tion. kFrench commanders find Ger man prisoners defiant and confident, arnd there is no indication of starva tion except where troops have been cut off from the matti bodies. Building SIg~ Destroyers. Secretary Daniels has given out contracts for six torpedo boat de-. ADMIT REVERSE HERNAN ARMY NORTH Of WAR SAW FORCED TO RETREAT BELiRAUE 13 EVACUATED Austian Government Candidly Ad mits That Servians Have Regained Possesion of Their Capital-Petro grad Says German Troops Are Massing Towards West of Warsaw. Berlin reports Tuesday: "The Ger man column which had advanced from Soldau, East Prussia, by waY of Mlawa, in the direction of Cischa now, has had to reoccupy its old po sitions owing to the numerical su periority of the enemy." Petrograd reports: "In the Mlawa region our action continues and tait success gained by our troops has beaij maintained. "On the left bank of the Vistula large forces of the enemy are con centrating. In the area presence o new bodies of the enemy, which have just'reached our front, has been dis. closed. "Since the morning of December.14 there has been fierce fighting betweem Lowicz, the Vistula and the left bani of the Bzura and both sides have beer alternately on the offensive and de fensive. Our troops, however, have made some progress." Vienna reports: "In the southerr theatre of war the retirement of oui right wing involved a change In th( military situation, which made it ad visable for us to abandon Belgrade which was evacuated without fight ing." "The moving of strong hostili forces in the south necessitated the rearrangement of our Balkan arm3 and the withdrawal of our righi wing. This simple proceeding hai been represented as a decided Ser vian success. Servian reports of ojp losses are immeasurably exaggerat ed." "Our offensive movement directed in a southeasterly direction from th( Rivet' Drina encountered southeast o Valjevo a greatly superior force ol the enemy. "Our advance had not merely tc be stopped, but we were compelled also to make more extended retire ments of our troops, which for man3 weeks have% fought obstinately anc brilliantly, but with many losses." Washington reports Vienna, offi cially, saying: "In West Galicia thf battle continues, and over 10,00( Russians were captured here. In Ser via our offensive advancing south o! Belgrade captured 20 machine guni and numerous prisoners. On th( western front at Gorni Milanovac (M miles southeast of Valjevi) Serviant are seristing obstinately." Vienna reports officially: "Our of fensive in Western Galicia has com pelled the enemy to retreat and caus ed his front in South Polaid tc waver. Our troops, advancing inde fatigably from the south reachec Jasio and Rajbrot. In this advance and in the last battle we took 31,00( Russian prisoners. 'Petrograd reports via London: "German frontal attacks on the Rus sian line to the west of Warsaw un der cover of night were successfull: repulsed by the Rrssians, according to trustworthy information reachini Petrograd from the front. At man: points along the front the Russiani succeeded in capturing isolated Ger man positions. "German attacks were met by Rus sian counter attacks in which it ii said several hundred prisoners ani one field battery were captured b3 the Russians. During the Jast thre4 days of fighting eight machine guns two batteries of field guns and 4,00( prisoners have been taken. Excep1 for the night, attacks of the German' there has been little heavy fighting in Poland in the last 24 hours. "According to The Army Messen ger German attacks along the Easi Prussian front, which were conduct ed simultaneously with their offen sive in Poland, failed because of for midable fortificatiOns which the Rus sans constructed in fields and foresti paralleling the German lines." Berlin reports officially by wire less: "The position of the Germanic allies in Polapd is generally consid ered favorable, an especially favor able, point being the fact that the Russians appear to have assumed the defensive everywhere without the power or energy to assume an aggres sive advance in any section." Paris reports offcially: "Betweer the sea and the Lys the English have occupied a little forest to the west 01 Wytschaete. The ground gained Mon day by our troops along the Ypres canal and to the west of Hollebeke has been retained in spite of a vig orous counter-attack on the part 01 the enemy. "From the Belgian frontier to the Somme there is nothing to report. From the Somme to the Argonne there has been intermittent cannon ading. Excepting in the region of Croup, this artillery fighting has not been spirited. In the Argonne we have made some progress and retain ed the advances made by us on pre ceding days. "In the Vosges the railroad station of St. Leonard, in the south of St. Die, has been violently bombarded by the Germans from a considerable dis tance. "In Alsace there has been much activity on the part of the enemy's artillery with the exception of before Steinbach, where an attack by Ger man infantrymen coming from Uff holtz, was successful in gaining a foothold. We have everywhere re tained the positions won previously by us." Berlin reports officially: "The French Monday made fruitless attacks at various poInts. Their attacks on our positions southeast of Ypres fail ed with heavy losses to the enemy. A hostile attack in the region north east of Suippes was repulsed, as well as an attack north of Verdun, with heavy losses to the attackers. "In the uelghborhood of Ailly and Apremont, south of St. Mihiel, tfte French tried four times to storm our positions, but In vain. Brussels has decided to pay the la't contribuEov. amounting to $27,000,000 by addi tional taxes to be leved until June 15, 1915. London reports that it would ap pear that the Allies, who now have a suneriority in numbers as well as in artillery, have made some progress and have withstood vigorous counter attacks delivered by the Germans. The fact that the Allies are in pos session of Hollebeke, in Flanders, and that heavy fIghting was going on again, shows that they have made an appreciable advance during the past two days. as last week they were be ing attacked by invaders two miles west of St. Eloy, on the Ypres-Ar mentieres road. Carries Big Cotton Cargo. The steamer Hermon is about to sil from Savannah with 18,000 bales TO SEND WARSHIPS / MUST UPHOLD CANAL ZONE'S NEUTRALITY BY FORCE. Governor Goethals Telegraphs He Has Wrecked Radio of One British Collier at Balboa, Canal Zone. President Wilson and his cabinet decided Tiesday to send American warships to the canal zone to guard against neutrality violations by bel ligerent ships. How many ships will be dispatched will be determined af ter a full report has been received fro . Gov. Goethals, -of the canal zone, and Capt. Ridman, naval offi cer of the canal. "Whatever is necessary to be done," said Secretary Daniels Tues day night, "to carry out the. execu tive order of the president with ref erence to the radio communication, will be done. A telegram from the radio office at the canal zone says: 'For communicating -with British cruisers from west coast I have dis mantled radio of one British collier at Balboa, Canal Zone.' Governor Goethals Tuesday reiter ated his request for destroyers to en force neutrality laws in the Canal Zone. A conference was held be tween Secretary of War Garrison, Counsellor Lansing, of the State de partment, and Rear Admiral Fiske, chief of the navy bureau of opera tions. Secretary Garrison early in the day received a cablegram from Col. Goethals, explaining his request for destroyers. This message was not made public, but Mr. Garrison said, in Col. Goethal's judgment, misuse of radio communication within canal waters and the necessity of prevent ing misuse of the zone as a base of supply by belligerents, required the presence of swift moving war ves sels. It is understood that administra tion officials will go deeply into the question of the powers of the gov ernment in controlling activities in waters adjacent to the Canal Zone before any step is taken. Secretary Garrison and Secretary Daniets made it clear Tuesday that the delay in action on Col. Goethal's request for destroyers was due. to a lack of information. Mr. Garrison explained that the colonel had asked for destroyers without specifying the purpose of their use. In reply to a message of inquiry Col. Goethals ex plained that wireless regulations were being violated in canal waters and referred to the misuse of the Canal Zone as a base of supplies. The war department again asked for specific instances of what had occurred, but no further information had been re ceived. If the Canal Zone Is being used as a base of supplies Col. Goethals will be instructed to use his land forces. Should it develop that the wireless is being used within, the territorial waters the navy department will de mand an explanation from its naval officers, as the, qiuestion of wireles regulation is up to the navy depart ment. "Destroyers or other ships will be sent to the Canal Zone. at any mo ment when needed to prevent the use of radio for any unnetral act by ships of any belligerent nation," said Secretary Daniels.- The probability is that some' of the cruisers now on the Mexican west coast will be sent to the Zone instead of destroyers. Regarding the alleged use of radio outfits by British colliers within the canal waters offcials are trying to ascertain the extent to which this has been done It is suggested that a warning will be suffcient to stop al leged ofmences, without invoking a display of force If such a display should be necessary, however, it will be incumbent upon the navy, as by a proclamation on August 5 the navy department was placed in exclusive control of the radio service in the Canal Zone. At the British embassy it was sug gested that the*British cclliers which are alleged to have been using their wrieless within the territorial waters of the Canal Zone may not have re ceived word of the 'canal regulations on this point as these only reached London Monday. WOULD NEED TROOPS. Navy Alone Could Not Defend Pan ama Canal -Preparedness of the United States to defend the Panama Canal in case of war was the subject of a series of questions put to Commander Stirling, commanding the Atlantic fleet's sub marine cotilla, at Tuesday's hearing befo the House naval committee. The ommander expressed the opin. Ion that in addition to the navy a large mobile army would be regured to protect the canal and keep it open. "Is our naval force prepared to give us control of the cana,1 against a navy of the size, say of Ger many's?" asked Representative Farr. "Not very well prepared," the offi cer replied after some hesitation. Commander Stirling pointed out that lack of a base would handicap operations of any hostile navy against the canal. The nearest foreign base, he ,said, was Jamaica, a British pos session. Questioned about the Pa cific coast. he declared he thought both coasts safe as long as the canal could be kept open for passage of the fleet. The officer's testimony as a sub marine commander that the battle ship was the prime factor in naval defence attracted . much interest among committee members. Ulti mate development of the battleship, be predicted, would be to a more of fensive ,rather than defensive type, with less armor and more speed. De velopment of the submarine, he said, e'*rl" lead~ tn a type of 2,000-ton. armored, 25-knot, sea-going vessels so 4.ecompany tne battleships wher ever they go as a terror to the ene my's battleships. Asked regarding the eighteen sub marines under his command, he said all of them could get into active com mission on comparatively short no tice, eleven of them within ton days and the rest within two weeks, ex cept two that are in reserve and not yet accepted, and one practically dis carded. He told of serious lack of tenders for the submarines and of how he had repeatedly asked for more. Commander Stirling said the navy1 had fifty-seven submarines altogeth er. counting thirty-eight built, eleven building and eight more authorized. Of these, he said, twenty were. on] the Pacific waters, including nine ati Manilla. All of the boats, he said, were< equipped with torpedoes good from 3,500 to 5,000 yards. He regarded! the five submarines at Coron as ready . for any emergency.1 The commander said the navy now had .thirty-five modern destroyers, and he believed there should be eight sea-going submarines as a propor- t tionate part of a fleet. "We should have a submarine flo tilla on each coast," he said. Representative Hobson asked In ef fect if there was any really adequate, COAL FOR THE NAVY --- GOVERNMENT FIELDS IN ALASKA HAVE GOOD FUEL. F Secretary Daniels Finishes His Four Day Examination Before House House Committee on Naval Affairs. Formal announcement of success ful naval attests of coal from gov ernment-owned Matanuska fields in I Alaska was made Tuesday by Secre tary Daniels before the naval com mittee of the House. Trials by the cruiser Maryland about ten days ago, Mr. Daniels said, had demonstrated that the Matanuska coal was as good as any to be found. The results of this teat, over which navy officials have been exulting quietly for several weeks, were par ticularly gratifying, Mr. Daniels said, because disappointing experiments with coal from the Bering fields a year ago had dimmed hopes that the rich deposits in Alaska ultimately I would meet all of the government's demands for fuel on the Pacific coast. Mr.. Daniels spent his fourth and I last day before the committee, ex plained the needs of the navy in pon- c nection with the preparations of the I annual appropriation bill and answer ing questions on every phase of the national defence problem. He told t of a proposal for building.a half-mil- i lion-dollar projectile plant at Phila- I delphia or Indian Head, Maryland, admitted that it was no secretin the navy that the supply of shells for the great guns of the battleships was in adequate, and gave his views at length on the retired pay question. Capt. Winterhalter, the secretary's aide for materials, was questioned about submarines, and ahd quite an argument with Representative Hob son of Alabama, over war scares. Capt. Winterhalter said he was un able to see international dangers ahead pictured by Mr. Hobson. Then the congressman told the committee of a "scare" last year that put the American garrison in the Phillipinees in a state of siege. "In May and for some months of last year," said Mr. Hobson, "our gunners at Corregidor Island stood at their guns night and day, with plans for a two years' siege. The harbors were mined. Troops from all 1 over the islands were brought into Corregidor and everything prepared for a siege, except there was no transfer of the government from Ma nilla. It did not take any vision to see that." The secretary said the navy was trying to put its yards on a business basis with industrial managers,, try ing the plan at New York, Norfolk, and perhaps some other points. "The Philadelphia navy yard is in excellent shape," he. added, "and hasn't as many evils-card systems and other paper work-as they have in some of the other yards. We are going to put a construction oficer in charge at the Norfolk yard." Representative Lee of Pennsylva nia brought up the proposed new naval dry dock, suggesting that, In view of trouble with the site select ed at Norfolk, it would be better to build a dock at Philadelphia, where the bottom is safe and sure. "The reasons I recommended the building of a dry dock at Norfolk," replied Secretary Daniels, "is because that yard has more docking, ma~e arrivals and departures than any other yard. I recommended the loca tion at Norfolk; It is for congress to determine what should be done. The. chief docking need of the navy is at Norfolk." Secretary Daniels was asked if the general board of the navy agreed with him as to the location of the dock. "We don't always agree," said the secretary, smilingly. "If the com mittee desires to place at Philadel hla the large double dry dock--two docks-at the same cost as the one 1,000-yard dock at Norfolk you wouldn't'object?" asked Mr. Lee. "Whatever the bill says Is-our duty] to carry out," was the reply. "Did Capt. Grant t'irn the battle ship Texas around In front of the navy yard in the Elizabe~th River at the Norfolk navy yard?" "Yes, he did," was the reply. Mr. Lee was a little sceptical abouti the Texas turning around in a chan nel 400- feet wide and 35 feet deep. and suggested that maybe it was turned around at Berkley, Va. Secretary Daniels said it was not the purpose of the navy department to maintain mEarines on the Tsthmus in addition to the army. This wasI in connection with his urgent recom mendation that .$400,000 of an unex pended appropriation for marine bar racks at Panama be equally divided, nstead, at Mare Island and Norfolk. HOW WE GET THE NEWS. Editors Are Not Supernatural and Rave to be Informed. Day before yesterday a perfectly nice lady called us up and with tears I in her voice reproved us for not men-r tioning the fact that she had had aC friend visiting her last week. Wes told her that she had not let .usa know anything about it and that Il therefore, we did not know that she had a visitor. Then she said, "Well you should have known. I thought f you were running a newspaper." J Wouldn't that rattle your slats? il Some people think that an editor C ought to be a cross between Argus D and Anna Eva Fay. t. They seem tas think that our five b senses are augmented by a sixth that lets us know everything that hap- g pens, even if we see, hear, feel, taste I or smell it not. Dear lady, editors 'V are only human or at least, almost human. If you have a friend visit- C ing you, if you are going away, or ~ have returned from a visit out of 'I town, if Johnnie falls and breaks his s arm, if your husband chops his toe a instead of a stick of wood, if anything t happens that makes you glad, or sad, r happy, or mad, call us up. Tell us t about. That's the way to get it in z the paper.r AERIAL STRENGTH. I d How Warring National Are Equipped y in Aeroplanes and Dirigibles. t The present strength in air war :raft of European countries is indi- o ated in official estimates submitted r, by the navy department. These show a :hat Austria-Hungary has 600 nero- al lanes and 8 dirigibles. Belgium 60 d eroplanes, no dirigibles; Great Brit- t min 900 aeroplanes. 12 dirigibles; France 1,400 aeroplanes, 30 dirigi- b ,les; Germany 1,400 aeroplanes, 60 lirigibles; Italy 300 aeroplanes, 4 p lirigibles: Japau 20 aeroplanes. 2 ' ti ,0 dirigiblesi.G attleship fleet, except by a largeg "Not against a military nation that a~ ias a standing army and willing to ake the risk of invasion-a tempor- Je ry invasion," replied the offcer. rc Commander Stirling said he could m iot conceive of any time when th ia ubmarine would be able alone to tr :oatrol the eg to make it safe for a inf BANDIT REFORIS i Tb WII JAMES PEAEFU CIIZN va ABOUT TO DIE l va VON'T TALK OF HIS PAST b. A] oesperate Acts of His Famous Gang va W4 Recounted-Killed Men Without ed ro Remorse-Escaped Death Many Im to Times and Mfanaged to Circumvent His Pursuers at AUl Times. $ el At his home near Kearney, Clay ounty Mo., Frank James. ex-bandit, fr, s dying at the age of seventy-two of kt complication of diseases incident to be ld age. W1 For twenty years the criminal ex- th >loits of Frank and Jesse James and wj ole and Bob Younger filled the b3 tewspapers. But for several years Frank has lived a quiet and peace- a ul life, and in Clay county and all th ver Missouri he has won respect for bi onesty and sobriety. 1o "I don't care to talk about those rc lays," he said recently. when a, visi- ni or mentioned a noted bank robbery ca n which Frank was a leader. "Jesse tr las been gone these many years. Cole er founger and myself have done pen- at mce in prison and are living respect- al Lble lives. Let bygones be bygones." Druing late years Fraik James' nly public appearances have been as Pi ftarter of horse races at county fairs, te n which capacity he was a drawing 01 :ard. In the last three years he has F eldom left his farm except to go to w ;he annual reunion of Quantrell's vet- bi wrans in a suburb of Kansas City two lays each fall. He owns the fine tock farm which is his home and lso property in Oklahoma. Frank James was born in 1843. He b as still a boy when his father died, h md he and his brother Jesse were reared by their mother and her sec mnd husband, Dr. ReubenSamuels. Joined Quantrell's Guerilas. , Even in boyhood Frank James B Eound himself in the midst of border t( rouble between the slavery sym- b pathizers of his own Clay county, t1 go., and abolitionists just across the si Line in Kansas. He was eighteen ii when the Civil War began, and he et oined the army of the Confederate S4 ien. Sterling Price. At Springfield, al Kol, he became ill with measles, and It by the time he had recovered, Price's o1 rmy was too far away for him to ri reach it. But Quantroll, the guerilla eader, was not far away, and his d< ay of fighting vtas more appealing fc than Price's, so he joined Quantrell, N nd remained with him until Quan- fS rell was killed in Kentucky near lhe close of the war. Jesse James oined Quantrell in the spring of 1863. 3 After the war Frank James re- I nained in Kentucky some time to es- n :ape threatened vengeance for some w )f his Missouri ventures. Suddenly I Le appeared near his home and made fi he statement: "I'm going down to ee Alvas Dailey." Z Dailey was found next day with 0 two bullet holes in his head. He had c incurred the enmity of the James a boys during the war. The killing b was not fixed upon Frank at the a ime, but he confessed It years later. When the James boys returned to b< lay county, Mo., a few years after of the war, they were idols of the cc outhern sympathizers. The resi- o1 lents believed that ill treatment by C Jnion troops had driven the James $ oys into the Quantrell gang, and b< this sympathy for them afterward F tided them many times in escaping vi apture for train and bank robberies. 5t from this time, It is said, Frank u] Tames did not appear in public for 1: rears except In disguise, al Jesse James was at his home neart Kearney in 1867 recuperating from f wounds received in an exploit when & ie men came to arrest him. Realiz ng that capture probably meant leath, he fired at them through a im oor. Two men were killed, but fa- se :ally wounded and the fifth fled. Jesse be ;ook the wounded men into his home s' nd gave them every care until other w nn came to attempt the capture; C< ;hen he fled to -Kentucky, where he te was joined by Frank. Je In March. 1868, a gang of armed hi nn rode into the town of -Russell- ai rille, Ky., ordered the residents to ti emain indoors, rifled .a bank of 100,000 and i$en rode away. Fur- ar uners followed them through Ten- b4 essee, but they escaped into Mis- in uri. .as Killed California Sheriff. fc Frank and Jesse James were next ieard of in California, where they Vere living "in funds." Soon, how iver, they were in trouble again. A M uarrel in a gambling den ended in th rsse shooting one men who had trawn a knife. The sheriff was play rg at the same table. He pointed a d evolver at the bandit's breast and fe rdered him to surrender. Jesse ra lipped from in front of the weapon se nd the sheriff fell dead with a bullet at et his heart-.e There was a general mix-up. Lamps be ere overturned and friends fired on rienda in the confusion. Frank and esse escaped during the melee, leav- a ag behind six dead and eight seri- Ci usly wouinded. They fled to the Mi iountains and spent much time with t le Indians before making their way ack to Missouri. of They then reorganized their old Mi ang, and soon the bank at Gallatin, at To., was robbed, the cashier, John F . Sheets, being shot dead. Columbia, a little village in Adair F( ounty, Ky., was the scene of their ext operation. It was in April, 1872. i he gang entered the village In two b ctions from opposite sides, meeting t the Deposit Bank. R. A. C. Mar- t n, the cashier, was killed when he ne efused to reveal the combination to J e safe, and Henry Garnett, a citi an, was wounded for attempting to asst. The gong got away with all ep te bank's ,gold. They were pursued ha ito Tgnnessee, where Herbert Saun- Fc es, one of the gang, was caught and Jo illed. Both the James boys and the HI oungr brothcrs were implicated in & is robbery. b Raided Fair Grqunds'.D In the fall of 1872 the fair grounds EKansas City were raided. The sec stary was forced by a masked horse tan to give up $10,000 which he was Fr jout to take to a bank. Jesse James foi anled by letter that he took, part in OC pi The bank at Corydon, Ia., was rob ad in June, 1873. Jesse James, sur ysing, as a country boy. joined the ed >sse and helped "chase himself." ed. Frank and Jesse James next led teir band in the hold-up of the St. eneviev, Mo., Savings Association stking several thousand dollars. A da: zrsuing posse was compelled to tur cex ud ride back to town. me July 20, 1873, was the date of the cmes boys turn from bank to trainfa >bbery. They tore up rails fourteen lies west of Council Bluffs, Ia., and y In wait for a fast express. The plc ain was late and the engineer, try- tO g to nake up lost time, was driving track. He was killed and his fre Ln badly injured when the engine mged down an embankment. Frank and Jesse James, Cole and omas Younger and one "Comanche ny" ordered the passengers from 3 cars and relieved them of their luables. The mailsad express cars. io were stripped.. lises sought In in in several states for the band. Held up Rich Invalids. On a raw Janjiary morning the nd held up the stage coach run ag from Malvern to Hot Springs, k. Two ambulances filled with in lids on the way to the Springs also )re held up. The highwaymen leap out from behind the bushes at the adside and covered the. guards be re they could draw their weapons. te passengerc were lined up along e side of the road and relieved of ,090 in cash, besides much jew 7y. , 0 It is said that Jesse James took Dm Ex-Gov. Burbank of North Da ita a fine gold watch which had en given him by the state.' This itch is said to have been kept by e bandit until his death, when it Ls returned to the forier governor the James family. The country next was aroused by train robbery at Godshill, 34o. On e night of January 31, 1874, seven Lndits appeared at the station and cked everybody in the waiting oms and set the stop signal for the ght express, which was known to rry valuable mail and express. The ain had fairly stopped when the ew were covered. Between $20,000 id $30,000 was taken. There was t exciting chase, but no captures. Four Detectives Killed. The railroads and express com mies now employed Pinkerton de ctives to run down the hand. Three the detectives-Edward Lill, rank Daniels and J. H. Whicher ere killed when they pushed the Ludits too hard. Whicher had confided to a Liberty, o., mian that he was going to the mnes home in disguise to capture te bandits. Warning reached them %fore Whicher and when he arrived 3 was shot dead. The Pinkerton company then or mized a large posse in Liberty and Lese men rode to the Samuels home, here the James boys were staying. ut the same old underground sys. im sent a warning ahead and the mys escaped. Approaching the house Le detectives saw 'several persons tting in a front room, and, believ g the James boys were there, hurl I a bomb through a window. Mrs. imuels thought It was merely tar id rags and tossed It into the re exploded and killed her eight-year Id son, Archie, and blew .off her ght arm and mangled her side. A Liberty lawyer, who had 'led the 3tectives, heaP! that he -was to pa3 r it with his life, and removed tc orthfield, Minn. This led to the 4omus Northfield raid later. Both Took Wives. In an interval of peace both the Lmes boys married. :Jesse wedded is cousin, Miss Zee Mimms, who hac ursed him back to life -after he was ounded in one of his niost daring rploits, and she remained his faith il wife until his death. * Frank, after an ardent courtship arried Miss- Annie Ralston, a belle Independence, Mo. She was a so ety favorite and loved gayety, but ter her marrige she was ostracized i those among whom she had bees favorite. There was a decrease in train rob ries during the early married life Sthe brothers. But finally the >untry was startled by the hold-ur Sa night express train in Rocky ut, near Sedalia, Mo. The loot war 20,000. Hobbs Kerry, a new memn sr of the James band, was captared rank and Jesse James sought re inge. They led their men, eight rong, to Nortbfleld, Minn., and helct p a bank there on September 7 876. Six of the band held a crowd ;bay while Frank and Jesse heldsur ie cashier, J. D. Haywood. He re ised to reveal the safe combination id was shot down by Jesse. Three Youngers Caught. In the meantime citizens were arm tg themselves. The -robberies, witl veral thousand dollars of the ink's money, wore cornered in a vamp. One was killed and severa' ere captured Robcrt, James and :>le Younger were given life sen nces in the Minnesota penitentiary ~sse and Frank James escaped anc' d in Kansas -City and later in Tex .Their escr pe was. considered lit s short of miraculous. They became ranchmen in Texar id had thb unusual experience of ~ing robbed themsmelves by a :asid g gang of Mexicans, who drove vay many cattle. The James boys llowed, and there was a pitched ttle. The two men killed fifteer exicanc and drove back their cattie Shortly afterward they held up a exican silver train, escaping witk ousands of dollars. A $50,000 HauL. Next they were heard of at Glen le, Mo,. on October 7, 1879. A w citizens there wore locked In a ilroa~d station, the night signal was t and a night express was stopped *d robbed of $50,003. They escap only after several pursuers had en killed. The band then moved to Kentucky, iexcept Frank. In Kentucky a arrel between Dick Liddle and Jim mmings, gang members, over one as Mattie Collins led eventually to e death of Jesse James. Liddle mn the girl. Wood Hite, a cousin the losing suitor, followed them to ssourl and ppeared one mornin8 the cottage of Robert and Charles rd and opened fire on Liddle, who s eating breakfast there. Robert rd shot gite before he succe-,ded hurtingtLiddle. Hilte wans taken o0 a room whore, it later was ught out, ho died of suffocation >m rags with which he was gagged prevent his groans being heard by Ighbors. All these men were mes boys' followers. Jesse James. in hiding in St. Jos bt, was told that Hite, his cousin. d been killed by Liddle. Robert rd knew Jesse would kill him if se learned it was he who shot te, and he made up his nmind to et there first." In his trial later rd told how he shot Jesse in the k. Ford later was killed in a aver saloon brawl. It Broke Up the Band. 'his broke up the James band. ank, in hiding, began negotiations -surrender and gavo himself up in tober, 1882, and was sentenced to son for life. Ater several years in prison con nption was believed to have mark him for der.th and he was pardon Soon after this he apparently re ned his health, and never again s menaced by consumption. TIm glad I can spend my last rs n quiet," said Frank James re tly. "How fitting it will be for to die in bed at the end of a life more than averageo length after many times looking ,death in the eng asked if there was any ex its in his early life that he wanted tell about h6 answered. %-o that u-as a dhdarent Frak WISO3 ATTITUDE TELLS EDUCATORS SOUTIERNED DO NOT lATE THE NEll A QIESTION OF KNOWIM Presient Taks to ommlsau, on Southern Race Que Speakers Refer to Problem of be Races in the South--gean Refered to as Only Cloud. Outlining his attitude toward the negro, President Wilson, at Wash ington Tuesday told the University commission on Southern race ques tions, made up of representatives of eleven Southern colleges, that "our object is to know the needs of the negro and sympathetically help him In every way that is possible for his good and our good." Dr C. H. Brough, of the Univer sity of Arkansas, chairman of the commision, told the president the commission was organized -to mai an Impartial study of the race ques tion from the standpoint of the ie gross' economic, hygienic, civil and aoral betterment." He' said a deep investigation of the subject was be ing made with the goods of the ne gro in mind. "I am very glad to express my sin core interest in this work and sym pathy -with It," said the .,reuldnin reply to Dr. Brough. ,"I think that men like yourselves can be trusted to-see this. great ques tion at every angle. 'There is .Mot any question, It seems to me, ibto which more candor needs to.be put, or more thorough human good feet ing than this. I know myself as - Southern man how sincrely the beart of the South d-sires the good of the negro and the advancement of hits race on an soun.and sensible lines, and everything that een be donei that direction is of the highest val* It is a matter of common unde standing. , "There is a charming story Ao about Charles Lamb. The conerse tion in his -little- circle turned pon some men who were-not present, and Lamb who, you know, stutteredsid ;I hate that fellow.' His friend'Isaw 'Charles, I didn't know you knew him.' Tamb said, 'I don't;-I-Ia't hate a fellow I-I know' "I think that is a ery profound human fact. You cn nothste".a man' you know. And our. eiI is know the needs of the\ negro and sympathetically help him in -ea way that.is possible for his good ant for our good. 1 can only bid youn-od speed in what Is a very neceinr and great undertaking. President S. C. Mitchell, of Dea ware College, declared at the .open ,ng session of tbe commission'acoS ference, thL. the European 'warem Ohasized there must be mething more than radical and nationi se timent in solving .the quesapns it humanity. "Inclusion and not exclusion- must be the policy pursued on a- rae guestions," he said. Dr. Jam,es E Dillard, of the. University of'*_ ginia, said he was satisfied there was a growing sentioient among the-wb~tsL and negro leaders in 'the Sduth In favor of the'education of the negre In his annu* report Dr. Brougki reviewed the problemp of the race in the South." Under the Anna P. James Foundation-he reported 118 couniei 'i twelve staten- last year Improved their negro rural schools, while :ai the -universities, represented .on the commission were offering courses. on the race questif Dr. Brough ,re-. 'erred to segrE ton as a "mooted iuestion" which formed the only cloud on the horizon. The constructive work before the commission he declared to be: "The socializing and rationalizing -of- the Impulses of an inferior race-by 'im posing upon thetn the importance of preserving the racial integrity ,of both races, securing industrial edeu 'ation and Vtaining the goal of eco nomic equality of opportunity."' Dr. Brough believed there wag too much zeal among negroes for the ex ternals of education and a growing dislike for dpmnestic servL'e., He pleaded for higher standards among 'eachers and pieachers of the negro race. - "The South feels that race integra tion and solidarity in a social sense are ,absolutely snecessary t6 promote the best interests of both races," Dy. Brough declared in his report: "While willing- to concede equalty of opportunity in an economic sense she is unalterably opposed to misco genation of the races and views with genuine alarm the Increase in the number of mulatoes from 1,132,080, or 15.2 per cent..In 1890, to Z,06 :686, or 20.9 percent. in 1910. The fundamental incompatIb~lities of racial temperament and tradition which operate to make the great mna lority of actual unions between .the two groups unhappy and the fact that 'nany of those who do enter upon these unions belong to the 'crlmlnnl or anti-social- elements -of both gr9ups, would seem to indicate- the condemnation of such unions by the better elements of both races as a substantial basis. "The South rejoices with the North that the negro has been made-com mendable and rapid progress along economic, hygienic, educational; reli gious'and civic lines within the semi entennial'of -his freedom and that the problem of race adjustment is be coming less acute and easier of solu tion by the wise and conservative leadership of men of both races. "That the negro has made rapid strides toward the goal of economic emancipation Is conclusively proven by the latest census statistics. In 1863 there were 3,960.000 slaves in the South. At the present time 2, 108,7 86 negroes are engaged in gain ful occupations in the South alone and 5,192,535 negroes are engaged ln gainful occupations throughout the United States as a whole." NO SHOTS WANTEDI. United States Strengthens Border Pa. trol at Naco, Aris. Further demonstratIon wos made by the United States government Tuesday of Its determination not to tolerate continued firing by the Mex ican factions at Nco, Sonora, into American territdry. President Wilson, after a 'brief discussion with his cabin~et, instruct ed Secretary Garrison to comply with rhe request of Brigadier-General Tas 'er H. Blsc, at Naco, Ariz., for re iforcements to handle a possible emergency situation. Three regi mentsof infantry and, three battories of artillery were ordered to Naco. Seven Killed by Gas Explosion. A gas leakage in a two-story Cleve and, Ohio, house caused a gas explo Ion Monday, which killed seven end