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BULGARIA ENTERS WAR ON SIDE OF TEUTONS ALL BALKAN NATIONS LIKELY TO BECOME INVOLVED i Invaders Said to Be Irregulars Wearing Military Uniforms, But Fighting: Tnder Orders oi Officers. London, April 3.?Bulgaria has entered the war on the side of the Teu tonic ames ana -it -is cullh cr? *> xi,u*~u zae possibilities that all the Balkan nations may become involved An official statement given out in ftish, tte new capital of Serbia, and received by the Serbian legation here today, says: "About 2 a. m. yesterday Bulgarian irregulars in great numbers wearing mi'irarv uniforms suddenly attacked our blockhouses at Valandovo. "Our surviving - fronotier guards, overwhelmed by superior numbers, had to fa'l back toward the railway station on Strumitaza. "By 5 o'clock the Bulgarians occupied all t-e L eights 011 the left bank of the river iYardar. "The fighting continues and the number of dead and wounded is considerable on both sides. "It is said tl:e Bulgarians kave taken two Serbian guns. "Wounded soldiers who have arrived at the railway station declare the Bulgarians maneuvered in the fight under the orders of officers. They formed little more tfcan a regiment and many believe they ade not irregulars at all, but regular troops from the Bulgarian army. "The frontier posts of the neighborhood have arrived to help and details will be forwarded as soon as they come to fcand. Telegraphic and telephonic communication with Djewdfell and Salonika is interrupted." The Agence Dispatch Balkans in Paris publishes two dispatches from Nis-h confirming the news and adding: ??TV-.n Tiiil era riartc lpft SO f>n tfcft 1'-^ _ grounds and carried back a great numbed of wounded. The Serbian losses were 60 killed and a greater number wounded. The Serbians pursued the Bulgarians up to ti:e frontiei." \ Since the beginning of the war the allies, Germany and lAustria, Italy and even Turkey, have made overtures to Bulgaria, owing to tsbe strategic position si'c-e occupies. Field Marshal von der Goltz was last envov whose arrival was re ported at Sofia, the Bulgarian capital. He reached there on March 25 and it was reported presented a proposal from Turkey to cede Adrianople, Kirk Kilisseh and other important towns to Bulgaria in return for continued neutrality. Turkey's offer is said to have included the restoration of the TnosMida line, giving Bulgaria the territory she had previous to the treaty of Constantinople signed at the conclusion of tee second Balkan war. It was reported in Vienna that t):e czar had sent Prince Troubetzboy to Belgrade to patch up a peace between Bulgaria and Serbia over Macedonia. This conference plainly did not bring results. In February last the Berliner Disconto Gesellschaft placed at the disposal of Bulgaria $15,000,000 as .a second installment of a loan of $100 000. 000 conceded by -German bankers late in the previous year. Despite tMs \ large German loan, it was declared Bulgaria would maintain her neutrality. Italy sent representatives in Bulgaria earlv this year and also to the other Balkan states, proposing a restoration of the Balkin league as it existed prior to the two Balkan wars. TThe friendship of Italy was promised to such a league. It was announced last month tf-al Italy had been successful to such a degree that it was practically certain tftat Germany and Austria would not v?o. ohlo trk Arzur "Rnler.aria into th? col? fiict on their side. On tf:e part of the Balkan state, the end in view in these negotiations was stated to be a permanent peace based upon a more equitable adjustment of boundary lines The recent overthrow of the ministry in Bulgaria was explained to be due to tfje opposition of King Ferdinanc to the proposal of the prime minister 1MS. Raaoslovoff, to declare war on Turkey and bring about the recapture oj Adrianople. Following the upset o; tlie Bulgarian ministry on March S a note was sent to Tudkey demanding protection to Bulgarian travelers pass ing through Turkey and intimating that otherwise "relations between Bulgaria and Turkey would he gravelj imperilled/' In the opinion of close students oi Balkan affairs, the action of Bulgarian irregulars in attacking Serbiar troops is tl:e torch that will inflam? all the Balkan -states and possiblj Italy. Bulgaria was humiliated by th?; treaty of Bucharest, August 10, 1913 which took from her the "very territories she fcad gained by the first Bal kan war, settled by the second peac< conference at liondon, ending in i treaty signed May 30, 1913. The treaty of Constantinople further humiliated j I': er. '| The treaty of Bucharest compelled ! Bulgaria to surrender Kotchana, Ishtib and Radovishta to Serbia and Sa- | lonika, Doiran, Demirhissar, Seres, Drama and Kavala to Greece. She was shorn of her prizes and I er old possessions wrested from her. Bulgaria's position in the present i war was recenuy suiumauicu l . \ M. MatC':eef, former Bulgarian minister to Greece (on March'6, 1S15,) as follows: "Bulgaria wants the treaty of Bucharest abrogated, the execution of t! e treaty of London and the fulfilT| ment of the St. Petersburg conven: tion. She wants to retain the position ' and rights which the Serbo-Bulgariau j j treaty gave her. TLus only can t'.e | treacnery 01 Serbia, -ureece, xtummiiii and Turkey be blotted out; 011 those terms alone can a satisfactory settlcj ment be arrived at in these Balkan countries." [ This statement mentions four conn- ! i tries toward which Bulgaria o erishes I | enmity, but does not include the coun- j j try against wcicli he holds her major [ j -grievance?Russia. By the treaty between Serbia and j I Bulgaria, Russia was virtually enI trusted with t):.e guidance of all the , .future actions in the Balkans. Russia is blamed as the great power ! which forced the ignoble settlement at ! Bucharest upon Bulgaria. More intense tftan tfc-e feeling against Russia, is the bitterness in Bulgaria against Roumania. It is asserted Rumania aided Russia in forcing the treaty of Bucharest upon Bulgaria, threatening to occupy immsdiately the Bulgarian capital, Sola, I with Rumanian troops in case the disj honorable peace was not signed. TV.e boundary fixed by tJ':e treaty of ! Bucharest was extremely complicated, j Bulgaria was left with Strumitza, in ! Macedonia, and 70 miles of seacoast I i on the Aegean, between the towns of j Mesta and Maritza. But the Serbo-Greek boundary was ! t? ? ? ? 0/v?. I j SO drawn luai ueveuiire ccij bian and Vodena and Fiorina fell to Greece. After this settlement it remained for Bulgaria to make a treaoty /with Turkey, but Bulgaria ftad been left prostrate, in no condition for a t)':ird war j with the Turks, and was compelled again to yield. Turkey compelled the Bulgarian envoys to renounce their claim to Demotika and Kirk Kilisseh and in this ! way Turkey managed to get territory i beyond the fMaritza river. i By the treaty of Constantinople, I signed September 29, 1913, tibe Turkoi Bulgarian lino was traced up Ma| ritza river to a point near Mandra, and I j then, west of Demotika, leaving both I | that town and Adrianople to Turkey, j Indeed, the Bulgarian concessions to Turkey was practically doubled in extent over t):at allotted to Turkey by the treaty of London. These two settlements left Bulga j ria with "manifold grievances. ; little country had her back to tlie wall j ?nothing but enemies all round. Every month since lias served to make more intense these antipathies and the outbreak of tf;e present war suddenly gave Bulgaria its opportunity. Again Bulgaria became a factor in politics, not only in the Balkaa j states, but far beyond them. From J tl':e outset of the confict it became i | apparent that Bulgaria dominated the | situation and by action could at any I j moment embroil a large part of Eui rnr?a tt'iat hnd remained Quiescent. ! COCK CROWING CONTESTS LATEST MISSOURI FAD j A Joplin, Mo., dispatch says: What bids fair to become tTn-e most popular j contest among tthe rural population I of Missouri was lield near the little vHUwa io tr\ 2 *1 I viiiuge vi i^uucncf,, ttuu *0 ?.v w ? annual event. It is a cock crowing competition and is open to all comers. The birds arcbrought to the contest in darkened boxes. The rooster is suddenly taken out into the light and placed on a platform. T:e bird imagines he is thprp to t'-prald a sunnosed dawn, and k I ' ; at once begins crowing. At the same 11 time a special timepiece is started. The ' j one that utttrs the greatest number o: ' | cock-a-doodle-doos in twentv minutes f . | is proclaimed champion. For a month before the contest tu-e '! birds are carefully conditioned. Eacfi, '! owner has his own secret method of r | feeding, which he closely guards from | fcis competitors. For from two to three . |-weeks prior to the crowing match the ' ori/1 TY1 d I iwu i?> uai c.iuu > ciixvi vvk/ p; stimulating as possible. , The time taken up by each cock is | usually limited to twenty minutes, and 11 ^! a timekeeper stands near to mark th-3 ^ | number of crows and the variation of | notes, which are all considered. , j We don't know whicfi is worse? a - worldly wise widow who tries to act - like a school girl, or a school girl who i attempts to emulate a worldly wise i widow.?Jacksonville Times-Union. i HISTORICAL DATA IN NEW YEARECOf AGRKTI/frRAL EVOLUTION IS FULL OF INTEREST State Publication Offers Many Hint; to Student of South Carolina Economics. The Yearbook for 19] 4, issued b; L. e State department of agriculture commerce and industries, contains < number of interesting notes on th< history of agriculture in South Caro lina. Some of these suggest inquiries which might well be made the basi: o: monographs. Studies in history it the schools and colleges of t:is region have been too exclusively con: fined to the political and military fields. T':ere is a vast amount of 'virgin material available to him who looks into the economic history oi the State. Especially worth while would be an investigation of t e evolution or agriculture. An iiliminating and useful essay might be written for example, upon the farm practice and the household arts carried on under the capable direction of Eliza Lucas. Another paper might deal with the propaganda suggested by Thomas Jefferson -for the growing i.ereabouts of the olive, the a'mond and t:e castor bean. Among the notes in the current edition of The Yearbook are the follow ing: "Diversification and rotation," the commissioner points out, "have been urged upon South Carolinians since 1825. Deep Plowing: Distrusted. "There was a time when there was actually a controversy over ti:e benefits of deep plowing. . . . Horace Greeley declared tO.at the suspicion cast upon this innovation cost the South in one year a million bushels of corn." "This department has witnessed with pleasure the growing interest in the cultivation of sorghum and ribbon cane, not only for forage, but for t e manufacture of syrup. It is only one step, and quite an easy one, from syrup to sugar. The late Jo?ti Alexander, of Columbia, made a centrifugal mill at a price within the means of any farmer and it is natural to suppose that almost any machine shop in the State today could make them for farm use." v "Dr. Junius Smith was successful in growing tea in upper South Carolina ten years before the war between t e sections; t':.e only reason why he " * ~ ' - *- t aid not continue it upon <x larger suait being the matter o: the cost of labor.' The Yearbook quotes from Tourney's "Geology of South Carolina,' 1S43, an account of indigo culture it this State, written by the late Thomas W. Glover, of Orangeburg. The in qiiiry is suggested by the commis sioner whether, if Europe so.all be a war for a long time, t: e planting o indigo might not profitably be revive* in the South. Herbemont of Columbia. X. Herbemont, a viticulturist, o Columbia, is quoted as urging on th< notice of his fellow citizens the im portance of a more scientific practic 1 in farm management. It is a pit; that some adequate biography of Mi Herbemont is not extant. His letter to the American Agriculturist am i otfier journals prove mm uusscsscu v i respectable learning as well as of en | terprise and foresight in fcorticulturc An interesting letter, cited in th report, is that of Col. William Haz zard, dated St. Simon, February 2S 1828. "Every individual," the write ; insisted, "should provide land to pro duce grain, pulse and roots for hi personal and plantation uses." "In 1810, there was quite a contro very over the matter of seed (corn r.nlnn+inn '? Vin<"TL.'?iQT> Trvhn TftvlOT. C | (fiv/li) V VMM ? ?? y ? -w ? 7 j South Carolina, and "the famous farm ! er of New Jersey, Jsepoa Cooper." IT!':e steam plow, says The Yearbook is a Southern invention, "having bee patented in 1833 by E. C. Bellingei i of this State. His gang plow is prac tically the same as that in use today. "The Cashmere goat was introduce into this State by Dr. J. B. Davis i 1849." '^Edmund Ruffin, of Virginia, wh was connected wit1 a the first geologi cal survey of ti~is State, in 1848, spok in several Southern States, urging use of marl and of lime as manures. ? ^ 1 ^ Tea as a i;aronna autpie. Southern Agriculturalist, 1S2S: "To importation of tea into the Unite States is from 8,000,000 to 10,000,00 pounds annually. It might become great staple of South Carolina." j "Col. J. C. Stribling, Pendleton, th real inventor of toe split log drag, or erates an overhead system for irr: gating his truck garden." ~ i- 1 0"A 4.^ -fU .J. K. uous?, writing 111 ioiu tu w Rural Care inian, published by th late Cc! D. Wyatt Aiken: "Cotto may e\or It? a prominent crop, but : should be cultivated, oulv as one c the many necessaries of life; an air pie sufficiency of everything consume | rjKm :r.e laim snouid De grown at j home." r' "John R. Matt:' ows, one of t e pioi neers in the successful cultivation of I sea lsiuiiu coiion, reporieu 10 iu?* I "icultural society of St. John's parish i I i that he saved his lands rroin sterility and :r:ide tliein productive by using s 12-> loads of salt inud and 30 of stable manure per acre." "There is in this office a collection of eld drawings. & owing t'.ie style of *' \ats used it a number of places along the coast to reduce the sea water to a 1; salty brine for the purpose of fer j tili/rat'on: and, in fact, there were -1 some experimenters who reduced the 5; brip.j 10 salt crystals." j | rncam - 11 THE TEKKIPLE TOLL -! OF THE El'ivOPEAN WAP, i ! There have been many estimates ol -' the losses in killed r.nd wounded d!ir ring the eig t months of the war, and ' J si! of them arc made in sue1.: enor| mo us figures as to seem almost in ! credible. The insistence by reputable I and competent students c: the war, i however, that hundreds of thousan is :' of men ?. ave been sacrificed in toe i course of ti.:e fighting thus far can ! not fail to carry some measure of j conviction to the most skeptical. | A staff correspondent of The New York IWorld, but lately returned from i the war area, declares that the a'lie^ j on the western front are patiently biding t'.:cir time for the great strok? they are determined to-make against t1 e Germans, and they have calculated on losses aggregating a million men in the campaign they are planning to drive the invaders out oi: France and Belgium. From this he proceeds to an apalysis of til:e losses ; thus far scored on the field of battle ' saying: "These figures stagger one, but a | moment's reflection will svow tiiat I T j ! ill U U? li\J lilVfiiio CAur.jCliiini. j The total losses so far in this war J have been at least 6,000.000 killed, wounded or put out of action on bot?. sides. "The Prussian lists alone show I | losses in excess of 1,000 000 men, and : it is admitted that this is not t'.ialf of | the German locoes. A ?very conservative estimate to date is that Germany has lost 2,500,000 men. and that Austria i' as lost nearly if not quite 1 000, 000. "Of the allies Russia has lost most r.eavily, and although no accurate figures are available, her casualties total at least 1,500,000. The French have lest well over 1,000,000. Nobody knows k wl' at the Serbian losses are, but I have , heard them estimated at 225.000. Great , Britain fcas lost at least 150,000, caunting the casualties in her Indian 'forces. " ! j Feigium has had nearly 100,000 put i hors de combat. 5 "This gives roug ly a total loss of - 0.000,000 for the allies and aboui - 3,500.000 for their enemies.'' 1 Of L!:is number certainly two nr'l? linn onri nJrKa r?s bnlf a* manv more. * are prisoners. The Germans haze nearly a million in their camps and compounds, and ti e Russians probaf j biy have half a million in theirs. If I six million men C:ave been put out of action, perhaps three and a half miie lion ha-.e been killed or wounded, and 57 of these peri aps one-i:*ourth have. ' been killed, or in the neighborhood of s three-quarters of a million men. Of ^ the wounded many, of course, have aiready recovered and resumed their places in the ranks, a large propor' tion of tie remaining will be able to 61 rptnrn tr> the lines within tine nex: few weeks, and many will recover anj '> be able to aid in the work of restorer tion that will come after the war. ~ With ail these deductions, however, s t):e number of men lost beyond recall in fl'-.e great conflict is a huge total, >- but the significance of the number in ) the prospect of further losses is the >f most hideous feature of the bloody - toll. T:e heaviest fighting in the west???? of no i o vot r>Ainp Tf allies j ci 11 a.ix^a xo ?.vf i} count upon sacrificing a million men n to the effort to expel the Germans, i! r> is certain the Germans may be expected to lose three-quarters as man;; " in opposition. There will remain tlu g figf:.ting in the eastern area of tt:e war n where, up to this time, there have beej I only tne open operauuxis smuc | first sharp campaign in Belgium and 0 France and tie losses there may well 1 be estimated as equal to tftose thai e v.*ill be made in the west. Before thf anniversary of the wars beginninc ccmes around, it is not unlikely thai two million more men will have beer - i^n- -,^,1 +>ia o.rM win hardh U I UlVUgill 1\J Tf y ClIiLi Uiiv V.UU . d then be in sigfct. If the estimates o1 0 six million incapacitated thus far is a correct, there is in sight a toll of perhaps eigf:t million men sacrificed in e year of struggle for the mastery oj i TTV-? ir*riT\r\ -ft orn r>^>c cf-n^rrpr flip ID! j Hi U1 UJJC. UUV11 .j?.~OD~- ? ;_ i agination and mock tfte comprehension of men of normal mind. e e >lost Likely. n Bix?By tf:e way, who is. or rathei it was the god of war? >f Dix?I've forgotten the duffer's t- name, but I think it was lAnnanias ? d j Indianapolis Journal. Weil-Known Men. i i George I>. Cromer, o*' Ncwuerry, is i veil known all ever the State. He is I lawyer and was formerly president of J Newberry college, and Iir.3 taken r? ! wide interest in matters o: the kind ! ( which will come before t e State boui.i t ! of charities. i | R. H. King, of Charleson, is secre-! j I tary of t' e Charleston Y. C. A. and 1 ' has had considerable experience in ; : community work. He has been acti ej Iy identified with movements meaning j the upbuilding of institutions cominc:! ; under tlic supervision of this law. ! D. D. Wallace, of Spartanburg, is j | professor of hicicry and economics of j I j Woffonl college, and is ti e author gi i j several v;ell known works. He i 1 been a student cf coeiolor;k:al problems 1 1 and is regarded as a well-posted man. | Dr. Z. T. Co-dy, of Greenville, is *. ?- ' I ! I itor of the Baptist Corner. Hi.; lar^ r i ; activities ave been alcn^; the lines l I Long Distance calls for f radius of several hundred I "In less than one hou ^ ? - - ? *- ? ./-v ^ 1 f- /~\ OI 11UU1 ctt <X lvjicu lv/ I "Since then we have 2 Bell Telephone to every f< most profitable results, rates are reasonable and in one Long Distance Te a dozen letters" SOUTHERN BELL TI AND TELEGRAPH < kua JLfta. i;u. VERY LQ acc( Panama f I JL* _ internauona SAN FRANCISC Opened February 20, < Panama-Califo SAN DIEGO, Opened January 1, clos v Southern V Premier Carri< Tickets on sale daily '< 1 returning. Good going ' ing via another. Stop-o . Round Trip from Newbe One way, via Portland, C Proportionately low ; Also very low round trij i Portland, Ore. ; Vancouv J Western points. Full information regar : points of interest, schedu Also descriptive literatur us help you plan your tri Why pay Tourist Ag . | CLLKZ 11 ixuux vuu t| S. H, M District Pass . | Columb S. H. Hardwick, H. I1 .! P. T. E., G. J Washington, Was' D. C. D. '|L? ccritemV.nte.! in the law creating ^ v )\ >" ' f f.'t O f jrwg Qn;J CO:" ^ j ti.:r.s. I In) ha.? .'cvotP'l much time among r v ' - M pm.ient dtlirquciit and deficient^! c"a??es of the State citizenship. L. E. Carngr-n, of Society Hill, :s -V plsnter cf large undertakings and v.a? formerly a member of the teusc rro* Darlington. He has always been acS ivt- i:i the work contemplated by tfl law and is a student of sociology and economic questions. ||j The board is said to be one ofl -t o: us Kir.u appointed in any fl in a good many years. All of the J ers seem anxious to Dcgin tneA oi co-opt rating witn those offrceflj me i 11- ? or institute*:s eonniv^^* rnder the purview of the act towards improving eonj-liorifc in the various jra's, aim?hcuses, chain gauge and the li' e. One Experience Convinced Me I of its Value "One of our salesmen demonstrated the value of the Long Distance Telephone to us. He was at Huntsville, Ala., and upon his own responsibility put in ^ ifteen merchants within a ir he had sold 2100 barrels M us of less than six dollars, j ipplied the Long Distance' mature of our business with The service is fine, the J there is more satisfaction, -il :lephone talk than in half XEPHONE I ^UMrAIM * J LUMBIA. S. C. M W RATES - /Sak i-Pacific 1 Exposition^ V f> r.ATJFORNTA iloses December 4, 1915 ? raia Exposition 1 CALIFORNIA, les December 31, 1915. ia Railway 1 >r of the South md limited 90 days for da one route and return- J vers allowed. I rry, S. C. - - - $81.10 V regon - - - $102.81 I rates from other points. V ) rates to Seattle Washier, B. C., and many other | ding the various routes, les, etc , gladly furnished, e sent upon request. Let p. encies when our services [eLEAN, ;enger Agent, iia, S. C. \ Cary, W. E. McGee, P. A. A. G. P. A. hington, Columbia, . C. S.C. J