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? niiir ?*!??! ? i ? ? w ^ ? ?? ' ?" ? ? ? ? ^ ??? ??? ? ? wi<r.?inii^i iii ii i,Bi i ^iriy^ -y ?> n, >,iaiy.,^..lli?,-np, urn ?pru^^y^im ii t i .bhioi i !? ??????? ^ ?. i,i>iiim^, ?>?mmm mmmiww??? [Vol. I.] COLUMBIA. (B. C.) TUB8DAV, MAV. 7,, l?W/ -VTi., ? "??'? > ? [1N0.S1. mi ii ?i n i n ? mi n ,\aidmfmimttapaa*&Ba&mnBam ri'nt.ttMr.it wntisw HY THOMAS W. LOttUAIN. TWmt ?/ Subcriptivi.?Thixe DolUm per annum,'psy* able in tuU*anov....No pajwr to b? d<so6m;nu<<l,<bttlat tlio option ol'thbKdltor, tinUl ftU UWimirM m? Mid. .Ihtrthrnxni* no* <x<**dinfc fourteen llnea, Inkrfced tltc firtt time for *vcnty.flve eenta, and Ibrty ccftt< lor oac?i iMibMtqurnt inaartion. Ltlltrt to die Bailor mtfftt l*ix*t-|>al<!^ tbopo?pfttvUl be sharped tothe writer. ?l.'l J.'.I UJ-L-l.-1-JJJ. il-li?.?'J..'1 .iU." iJMJilXJIjj| LITERARY RMKNTIFlG. ? ? 1 '? ' ' *** ' " ? ? 'i ? FKOM TIIK IXALUrriG M VMRHTC AN BCJBNCK & riTKR^TUKE. . I have often been astonished at esof European criticn for ourbnrtgtios* Wj heads, afitjf no less so on tlw denials o^thOA by our own countrymen. both lor the subJanco end the refinen(pnt of M-.icncc, an well na of Utcinturc," say these cri* lies, and the statement (uuAr the* truth)-'of this very natural fnct,^ mot o tithe part Of the American writers with rimnl'c contradiction, and n full measure of praise of. American geninM.-? Now all this U written or uttered in such atho rough ignorance or misconception of canst*, tharf marvel much at the fact not being before contradicted. " The circumstance Ih, in a con siderable dcgice, as you have stated," ought to have been the reply of the writers, " nnu the reproach rests with you, that after all your con summate sagacity, you have never penetrated the surface of the tact, or connected the nffkct with its c<iK*v*.n It seems to me, that a nation, placed in the circumstances of this republic, has yet to run the careor of philosophy and the art*, Iler course, in the nature of tilings, must be one first of himplo utility, and mere convenience And comfort, before it can becoino one of great lux ury, and splendor, antl renown. Hhe must first level her forests, and cJ?ar away all the incum brances of her soil, before sho can bo admitted fo n participation of thoie refined enjoyments that spring out of laborious nnd excessive culti vation, The soil must Undergo the usual work ing aim processes of art, before it can be made fo yield its most delicate and valuable produce. The artifles of her literary manufacture may be indeed all of theurof a sufficiently firm and so lid texture?there may be enough of stuff awi imbalance in the material?but a larger expendi ture of capital, and n greater division V>f labor *rc required to procure tlioso finer and moro highly finished fabrics, that form the beauty and tho riches of art. If ever. St|- short, the purer visions of iwetry, ana the more refined abstractions of philosophy, are to descend on the land to enlighten and adorn it, It must ba after a period of comparative sterility, and in the company of tlioso arts that q ' <o every species of r$fyte<l enjoymen truth of the has to' well a?/oTevery other kiricT, through the' nature and niitessary obstacles of the com ae. It may be fairly put down, that she cannot uttiinatoly miss the grandeur and elevation of her destiny, whether in arts or in arms?-nor indeed in nuy of tltc walks of renown?hut time and circum rtanccH must ripen her for those great achieve tuents which will most effectually kindle and difTuiehcr lasting glory, nnd cover hor laud all over with the monuments and the trophies of her success. The theory of all this is. to my mind, equally simple and satisfactory. f he-primary or even tual causes, to which modern nations Are indebt ed for their permanent glory in literatu the aro> are the great opulonce and con teisurelof notno or their dosses, who are . tronsof'all the objects any way connected with luxury and enjoyment; and the dependan.ee for patronage on these, and in a leu* degree, the love of renown of Home of their other classes, who pursue the literal acta and professions which very naturally beget a rivalry and com petition in the latter, for the profits and the ho* nors attached to these vocation)). Thin emula tion. ami thin struggle for superiority* lead ne ce??arily to excellence, and to distinction of va rious kinds. Literary and scientific lalHir, and labor.it may be added, of every description, uu dergoe* greot division and subdivision, by all fhi* progressive improvement of it* productive powers i siud genius expands ami ripens under all those hard contentions and discipline, to which it is necessarily subjected in its accompa nying though toilsome career. For it must Ik* recollected, tha^gonius is nothing after all* in t".;miv of its departments, but the intellectual pawn* or skill that is got by the concentration of the mind to a single pursuit, and some of its mtr?t useful and interesting development* are never made before there is a thorough separation of the different professions in which it dfelight* to unfold its energies, and build up its durable glories. Now, the grrat accumulation of richer that takes place in a commercial era. is invariably fallowed hv a progressive, demand for all those holier gratifications consequent on the cultiva tion of intellect, as well as lor alt those sensUul ones likewise, which precede as well as accom pany them. The effects of such a deniand for the ordinary products of human industry, we i to aware to be those of <|uick I y exciting the par ticular opecies of ingenuity or ?f skill demand ' <1, and of increasing the number or redoubling the activity of the existing laborers. Hut the rarer and more exquisite productions of human ingenuity)?the articles oT nicer skilt and more iefined workmanship?the labors of' the statua ry. and the painter, and the poet, and the philo sopher, are mainly all of them, ill bur times, ynrrhtistd tahnrn\ for which, if there, arises no regular fftMiait// in the market, nearly absolute sterility must emtio t and it may Ik* added, that in proportion to tho extent of the demand will be the immhi'r of the artists engaged in these different occupations, pad consequently, tiiode grco of tlioir excellence in them. There in this. marked distinction, however, betwoen tho aucient and the modern patroni tjtre of literature end the arts, end between the former and the present' candidate* for retto\yn, i in these departments s?'The ancient promoters and patrons of those things, were the people | I whilst such of J|?emodems as And tbemsel ve? in * condition to luUautfstcr patroivge to the.Uber** M.arte and prpfHsions, pud of tlioso who can ptirsuothesproads to distinction, are more cW* fctipilcribed in number. > TbU difference results IVoiiy the djfierept structure of ancient-ami. mo tlernsocloty, and v?e ojpposito habty whfel) have bseri Ounce engendered. . -Theabundant leisure, of4 Unpeople oT'those ancienirepublic*, where in literature and the arte flourished in any thing Uko great vigor & ologance, made thcin in the necessaryicoursc of things tiie arbiters of every kind of glory ? tlie persons, in fact, to whom the artists and poeb* of thbse day* were to look ?p for their substantial rewards. This made all their poetry popular, and their paiutina; and theirs sculpture too. It will bo remembered, that He*! rodatus recited his history to all (Jrcccc assem bled. and received the crown of glory from the hunus of tho miopia j thnt Pindar rehearsed his odes in tlio public assemblies; that Pericles em-1 bollishad Athens by tho genius of Phidia* and other artists, in compliance with the popular taste. This circumstance made the stimulus of ?for? bear down that of out of all pro portion. Whore the auaiouccs were so greatly enlarged, and every species of renown were to; coma from the people, tho competitors for the different prizes would he very numerous, and their nonius bo tasked to the severest efforts. ?poll parte of the world to a 'mutual intercourse, ef I'cctNka great revolution in all this. Men Would n ictr ge; Hut commerce, by laying oikiii the different f the world to a mutual intercourse, ef kgreat revolution in all this. Men Would wend in these patlis out of the pure lo>e y, but the numbers that can attoiil to do re necessarily lessened, because their au ) ere reduced in size, and because pecu niary dejtondaAce, and a state of labor, have ta ken place of the ease, and leisure, and indepen dence of a former period, Tho creations of ge nius muitlBOW be MbJ for, or tliey are no* pro tluced totUMtonsiderable extont j?they pe rish befocemaityittd,. id the destructive blight of poverty. GtlM;: numbers of wen of genius can not now have tlio aasplo leisure and encourage ment ns formerly, to brood liver the fine visions oftbeiriw intoconnpl minds Hh ?.A . . ips be difficult to decide. T imagination must havo suffered by the cty^. but the sciences of reasoning and calculation* establish their proudest triumphs in an ago.only like our own. The effort, therefore, of this r$ duction in the number of thp competitors for tlicM kinds of glory, is, the confinement of their 8emus and labors to particular departments f? tat thorough separation, in short, of all me. chanical and liberal professions incident to a commercial and refined ago. The light that has fallen upon science of every sort, is the obvious result of this concentrated vigour of annlieation. and has kept equal pace with' that demand for Impractical discoveries, thut first gave it birth in our times, and continues to nourish it by the substantial aliments of praise and profit. Now It isquite certain, that such a Htatc of tiling* catt never arise In a particular country, nntifthere in a considerable concentration in it 'of wealth and numbers i ami it is equally clear, that this double concentration is inevitably re tarded in a state that ban an unlimited ami con* venient outlet fur Its population, and the nature of whose government gives room, besides, for the fullest expansion of all the capacities of its citi zens. Tlio Italian states grew gradually up to great opulence and commercial splendor, beibro the soil of Italy ?.vus enriched with tho memorials and master-pieces of human genius. Tho revi I val of letters, itself, which wus an effect of this inn-casing wealth, and a symptom of groat moil till improvement, did not talco place until the fifteenth century and when at last tho prin ces of Florence and Tuscany, profusely poured out their wealth to promote literary plans, and erect noble monuments of the arts, at once indi cative of their taste and their liberality, they were enabled to do so only after industrious ge nerations had passed away, and commerce had accumulated in their hunds ample fortunes. In the yttne manner, in the space from tho age of l.ouis the fourteenth downwards, arc comprised nearly all the illustrious lights that adorn the literary and scientific annals of France ) and, in Knglaud, it was not until the reign of queen Anne (the Augustan age there also) that British literature earned its proudest distinctions, and produced those great names that stan/t promi nently out to the notice of the world. When tljis period arrives, therefore, no country will be without its Distinguished poets and painters, or destitute of its academies of arts, or splendiil collections, or of its philosophical' institutions ; and every attempt to establish these objects be fore their natural epoch, must cud in mere iin potenceWl disappointment. The natural conclusion, therefore, of all this, is that our youthful though vigorous renublic (vigorous in the energy and enterprise of licr ci tizens) will have to pass through1-tho ordinary career of nations, in her progress to literary and scientific glury,'as w*ll as to glory in tho arts. And, it may be also fairly inferred that th* pe Y'od of her ascension to this great height of sue cess cannot Uc definitely fiixed, as long as her forests remain unclcarcd,. and tfub inteirpriie 6f v una?lu?vin*t|iehii^twt>odrotodUpIay in the almost unparalleled, freedom bf riuncnt?taikes w strong a ditVction in rtrjt'l cvfkijfttvourito wltlw?tho Acquisiti onor property. Thl era of excessive \ftaltli. of hecossUy and deptndance, ofacompTbte divni* ori of labour atni separation of profession^ tnust f>ro be'pfopraat jnatedby this condition "of { and, uh\il aM this falls in with the lux d refinement, the polish of mnnucrl and of In what are called the upper ranks of so clety,;wo must reft satisflcd uith that pn-eatjpowi venxiiiAn for the splendid fruit# of a highly cul tivated period, tl^at arises out of a moro^equal 'distribution Ofprbperty,?namely, the'COmfort V' ill classes.' ! But the Question concerning American g*tu rn*, is one altogether different in it? merits?-one th&? rest# upon entirely distinct grounds. It js Suite preposterous to nay of any set or pednfe, iat they are wanting in gonitis, whilst they live Under political institution* of a fr<*o and geno roffs scope. Whence are derived tho rare and exulted traitsof the human cnaracter ? Whence moral ener y, and political greatness, and man* lihess of purpose ? From what but the capacity yf man dilitating to the im|M>rtant occasion* of whatever kind that nresent themselvos, and his ambition set into a flame by tho rich and anima ting prospect which liberal institutions Hprcad before him. The enterprise of free citizens has penetrated the polar ices and tho interminable wilderness whero civilized foot had never beforo trod | uml, in Its domestic sphere, their genius has displayed (in lite direction wo may conclude of their great engrossing desire?the acquisition of wealth)-?new and useful mechanical rcHults. Therefore it is, that genius circumscribes its I>ath to the only sphere that is appointed for it >yjHcutiar circumstances ; and we may safely infer, that tho inventive powers, whatever tent may bo impressed on them, can never perish or become ntagiuntYor the want of exercise, under "the eflectual stimulants of freedom of thought ami action. VEUITA8. Clurlvaton, Dcccmbcr 39, 1815. FHOM Tlir. W. T. COLVMBIAir. ZOOLOGICAL DISQUISITION. The original inhabitants ol America shown to bo of the Mine family and Unease with those of Asia ? by a process of reaRoning not hitherto advanced. Juy Samuel L. Mitchill, M. W. Pro fessor of Natural History in the University of N4w?York, in a communication to I)e WittClih* toll, Esq. President of tlie New-York Pltllosphl cMSocictyj dated New-York, March 31, 1816. * ? Tho view Which I took of the varieties of liQinanrace,Inmvcourse of Natural Histo 01% Vniversltv of New-York, i srticulars from tliat enter *oologiM? of the ace, that I , oraailon, mid without delay, a Winery of my'yesterday's lecture to mv class. 1 denied, in tho beginning, the assertion that the American aborigines were of a peculiar con stitution, of a race sui gtnerit, an J of a copper color,? All these notions were treated as fan ciful and visionary. The Indigenes of the two Americas appear iodic, to be of tljc same stock and genealogy, withthe inhabitants of northern and southern Asia. T!?* northern tribes were probably more hardy, ferocious {Mid warlike, than those of the south. The tnbee of the lower latitudes seem to have been greater proficients in the arts, parti cularly of making aothc^ fleering the ground and erecting works defence. Hie parallel betweenthe peoplo of America and Asia,a(Rirds this important conclusion, that on both continbnts, tlie hordes dwelling in tlie, hlj" ? ? ^ ^ VI tries _ overrun China, so tlte Axtetns subdued Mexico. As dm Hails and Alsns desolated ;ujdy, so the Chippowas and Iroquois prostrated the populous settlements on botli banks of the Ohio. The surviving nee in these terrible conflict* between the different nations of the antient na tive residents of North-America, is evidently that of the Tartar*. This opinion U founded upon four considerations. 1. Tito similarity of physiogonomy and fea tures. His excellency M. lionet, lute minUter plenipotentiary from France to the United States is well acquainted with the (sees, hues and fi gures of our Indians and of tlie Asiatic Tartars, and is perfectly salistled of their mutual resem blance. Mons. Cafcoeux, consul of Franco to New-York, hasdrawn the same conclusion from a careful examination of the nativo man of North America and Northern Asia. Mr. Simbert, who had been employed, as Josi ah Meigs, esq. now commissioner of the land office of the United States, relates, in executing painting* of Tartar visages, for the ftrand duke of Tuscany, waH so struck with the nwiilarity of their features to those of the Naraganset In dians, that he pronounces them members of tho same urcat family of mankind. The anecdote 4tc. is in the I4th vol. of tlie Medical Repository not**.?(not n? moriMon m.) ? Ai to colour, it inay he Mid, there nro more than " ili/fht *h?<!e* of <tif!Vicnf e." NVe have *?cn tome wen tern Indian* of North America ncurhj tu f.?ir tho white*. Humboldt ?.pculo of the Miiayqoerina at Oorna us, a.i of "very tall stature," of " picat mu?cuhr ? m>xth." and.wfd?, " the color of their ?kin w.vi home, tliinff n hro.vn ami A to/ifn r cofor. flccn hl.n di&ttuuc, in?iti4nlco in ilieir attitude*, attxi projected ori Mie hori zon, they m-rlii h*vc l?ccn taken for btatnenof bronze." Tin'* iaoue of the nohlest r?cei of men in Terra i'trmn. The/amnmea ?uper>?ri?y over the fllwyiiui mmI other ffjirr tnhriil trilie*, l.ccitisc their blood ti ur.contanmu t*Mi hy a mixture which t|?ty cotwider h.-,ic :<rwl ignoble 11 Nni withstanding the intitnilo tlct which inptr^rlbtl nlte the whole of the American n:ition? a* beWjfii?f to the tame rjiT.ncyer.il i do tint the lew differ from e.fJi other in the height ft!' their itatoie, and their com l?l?* < .nr* more ot Kmi '.ii'vuy," fAirralb*. p?. ? >j idi ?Within a.feyv months.J examined over and a* gain seven or ei^ht Chinese sailors, who had ns sis tea'in navigating a ship from Macao to Now York. .Tho tkiimesp of their beards, tho tj;iy lomplexiou, tho black teeth, tho akpvct of their cyis, tho contour of the facts and in short, tho gojicroFfexternal character, induced every per son who observed them, to remark how nearly they resembled the Mohcgans and Oneidas of NeWriork. , Hidi tyellmcllt, tho Tunisian envoy to the U. ?States in 1804, entertained the same opinion,ou beholdiug the Cherokee*, Usages and Miamies, assembled at the city of Washington, during hU Residence there. Their Tartar physiogno my struck him in a moment. 2. The affinity of thoir language. The lato learned and enterprising professor Barton, took the lead in this curious enquiry. He collected as many words as lie could from the languages spoken in Asia and America, ami ho concludcd, from the numerous coincidences of sound and signification, that there must have been a com mon origin. 3. The existence of corresponding customs. I mean at present to state that uf shaving away the hair ot tho scalp, from the fore part unit sides of the head, so that uothiug is left but a tuft or lock on tho crown. Tho custom of smoking the pipe, on solemn occasions, to the four cardinal point* of the com pass, to the heavens and to the earth, is report' ed upon tho inont credible authority, to distin guish equally tho hordes of the Asiatic Tartars, and tho bands of tho American ttiaux. 4. The kindred nature of the Indian dogs of America, and the Siberian dogs of Asia. The animal that lives with tho natives of tho two continents, as a dog, is very different from the tame and familiar creature of the same naino in Kurope. lie i* either a different species, or a wide variety uf the same species. But tho, identity of the American and Asiatic cu.rfl, is evinced by several considerations. Both are mostly white. They have shaggy coats, shurp noses and erect epro. They are voracious, thievish, and to a considerable degree indomita ! hie. They steal wheuever they can, ami some times turn against their masters. They are prone to snarl and grin, and they have a liowl, instead of barking. Tliev are Employed in both hemispheres for labor such as carrying burthens, drawing slides over the snow, anu the like} be ing yoked and harnessed for the purpose, like horses. This coincidence of our Indian dog with the Canis Sibericus, i? a very important (act. Tho dug, tlie companion, the Triend or the slave of man in all his fortunes and migrations, thus re flects great light upon the history of uati6nsand of-their geneftlogjr, II. The exterminated race in the savage en* counter* between the nations of North Ameri ca in ancient days, appears ctearlyto havu bceu that of the Malays. The bodies aud shrouds, and clothing of these individuals, have within a few years Imcii disco vered, in the caverns of saltuetre and copperas within the States of Kentucky and Tennessee, their entire and exsiccated condition, has led in telligent gentlemen who have seen them to call them mummiee. They are some of the most memorable of the antiquities that North-Ame rica contains. Tho race or uation to which they belonged is extinct; but in prccedjjM ages, pet cupied the region situated between Lakes Onta rio and Brie on the north*and the Gulphof Mex ico on tho south, and bounded castwardly by tho mountains, and weatwardly by the were aimllir in their origin and the present inhabitants of the Po ind of Austral Asia, is argued from Circumstances. he sameness, of texture in the plain cloth or matting that enwraps tho mummies, and that which our navigators briAg from Wakash, the Sandwich Islands and tho Fegees. 2. The close resemblance there is been be tween the feathery mantle* brought now-a-days from the Ulahdfc of the South Sea, and tho?o wrapper* %Mch surround tho fnummtes lately disinterred in the wostern states. The plumea of birds arc twisted or tied to the threads, with peculiar skill, and turn* water like the back of n duck. ft. Meshes of nets regularly knotted and tied and formed of a strong and even twine. < 4. Mockasons or coverings for the feet, ma nufactured with remarkable ability, from the bark er rind of plants, worked into a sort of stout matting. #. I'iecosof antique sculpture, especially of human heads und of somu other forms, found whore the exterminated tribes had dwelt, re sembling the carving at Otuheite, New Zealand, and other place*. 0. Works of defence, or fortifications, over spreading the f tile tract of country formerly p>SfteH*cd by those people, who may"he suppos ed capable of constructing works of much grca ? ter simplicity than the mora is or burial placet, and tho hippas or fighting stages of the Society Islands. '7. As far as observations have gone, a belief that the shape of the skull ami the angle of the face in the mummios correspond with those ot the living Malays. 1 reject therefore tho doctrine taught by the Kuro)wan naturalists, that the man of Western America difl'ei a in any material point from tho man of Eastern Asia. Ilad the Itobf rtsons, tho Huffons, the Kay naif, the !)e I'auws, und the other speculatom upon the American character and the vilificrt of the American name, procur red the requisite information concerning the hemisphere situated to the west of us, they would have discovered that the inhabitants of vast regions of Asiu? to the number of many mil* Horn, were of tl>e same blood and lineage wi(h