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F(jH THK C /I M V hi N CJZLsTr. j?. 1JK I E V ACCOUNT Of the general a^i/icarsnce oJ South- C a rg X l s a , and i:s climate, connected wi:h ob' ^ Mervationa ufion the manner & of iTs inhabit * ants , and ihc influence of climate u^i>n /Aem^ by -thk fcoi rou. The following notes are the result of r observations made during the fall and win 1. Winds during fair weather prevail from the north west, throughout the win ter solstice. They are observed to veer round until thev flow in from the south east. This is always precursorv of a change in weather, for if they continue either from the north east or south cast, they are al - >fays productive of misty weather, when fi'om the first mentioned quarter ? and . ratn if from the latter. x. ftou'ii e isttiiv winds have most com monlv for their attendants clnud.*? which continue accumulating until they are re ~ turned bv a north or north western wind, when ihey are deposited in the form ot rain, unless this has proceeded that event. 3. South or south westerly winds some titite* produce rain, hut they do not prevail generally during this 51 ate of weather, it should he observed that these remark* are particularly applicable to the winter season. 4. During this season I observe that we never have fair Weather Ion tr than seven ty-four hours after the shifting of the wind from the north west, to any other quaiter ; , and frequently not more than twenty four. 1 Tills observation will not bold good every year but approximates the truth more than 1 any other general one. 5. There is always a change of .temper- ' a(ure? with the shifting of wind. That which rushes in from the north or north w#bt,' is generally cold and dry ; but when j unpleasant in consequence ol predominant humidity* The cause is rbvi us; its conducting power is increased \vh ch de prived us of animal heat. 1 depression of spjrits and hypochondria follow. 6. South easterly winds are generally warm, & hifjh'y charged with vapour, parti cularly during summer and autumn. 7. South westerly winds in those seasons bring with them clouds, highly changed with electi icity. These are the winds which render jus so sensible of the least <!e cyement in temperature. From iht? foregoing observaons let in dcduce a few corollaries explanatory of atmospher'^ phenomina. It is aptineiple I believe universally admitted, that air rn rified by equatorial heat is displaced by the more dense and ponderous air of co d er? regions. This displacement consti tute* the trade winds and is an impulse which has given birth to tl*at general cir culation, which renders the globe habita ble by animals whose existanre, depends Upon a pure state of the atmosphere This draught of air appears to arise near the coast of Africa, and seems to acquire additional force nnd velocity in its passage across the atlantic to the Caspian Sea, here meeting with the West- Indies, it is thrown into commotion, ami in its course through the gtvlpH of Mexico to the continent of America is compelled to assume different directions by those stupendous bulwaik* of nature* which constitute the sp ue of the continent. Here it is reflected n various directions, but one of ihe currents which arrives here pursues its course alnnt* those mountains, and is there reflected directly across that part of the continent which is between the gulph of Mexico and South Carolina, continuing on until displaced bv a more forcible current from the opposite quarter : This constitutes the south west wind, and is highly charged with moisture Vn its passage "over those immense bodies of water. When met bv a north or north "westerly wind, this humidity is converted into vapour which afterwards falls in the form of rain, mi*) or dew. The other current when met by a colder wind, is driv en immediately back or reflet ted obliquely an\ots, constituting the north west. This in sufamer is almost invariablv productive ] of rain, and in winter, as I have already stated, is the coldest wind that we have. The variableness of climate within the vicinity of the equator then appears to arise from that contiguity, and is explicable tip 1 On no o her principles than the following : 1st. If a n>nh easterly wind prevails twenty- four hours, it brings with it heat and moisture ; a contrary wind meets it, converts its moisture into vapour, and thus produces rain and cold. 2d. If a north westerly wind prevails, it is because An east* south or southeast ern is met by m we^U* north or fiorth west ern, reflected as Shove, producing a very sudden transition from heat to cold. 3d. If north, north east? or north west erly winds prevail, it Is because they have gained a passage to the equator, by forcing opposite currents to assvfme a retrograde motion or compose an upper fttratum*j. It should be observed meanwhile. tkat*i(i| noith easterly winds which arrive here ..are I formed bjr air in its passage to the equator, which meeting wilh the northern T*t:ch luriner io ihe east, bccomcs rctlected r>^?l? H'lely upon our comment. lis consequent moisture is to be expiaiued, upon no q her pi iuciples. than those which I have adopted in developing ttic cau*>e oi. the production of rain, by the north West in summer. It is remarkable, however, that neither the N. nor N. W. prodaces rain in the winter. I hi arises probably from the moisture of southern winds, being converted into snow j in colder situations. I think 1 am fully warranted in the conclusion, when we re ih-ct, that snow is almost invariably pvoduc- j ed by a north easterly wind, which arrives lure very shortly alter meeting with a cold- j er. Upon the same principle may be ex- j plained, the production of snow from any oilier curve nt of air. This I shall do by stating. .1. if contrary winds meet in any part of Sou h-Caroiina, the co?c?er lobs the warmer ttr m i he form of snow, rain or sleet, ac cording to their difference of temperature lak. s place* if southern winds prevail with haih rain, snow or sleet, it is because an upper or under stratum prevails from an opp >sne quarter, which robs the foimerof its heat ; producing water in the above forrrs, I his is fully exemplified, by an attention to the wind and clouds at the same time, for we frequently find the former making for one pottrt, and the laiter for anothev. i am al so of opinion, that those phenomina are trecpn ntly the result of two currents of air, wh.-se respective temperatures are dif ferent* becoming intei mixed fiom the sud den decent of a colder and more ponderous stratum. Nothing can l>c move beautiful, grand and sublime, than a contenfplation of natures mysterious operations, about the commencement of winter, between the Blue Ridge, and Aleghany Mountains. There every rrsmg lo a Soulh-CarolUmm is strange, and magnificent. Those stupen dous burieis, which intercept the view, and obs u e our horizon, present to K si^ht huge masses of stone, loty trees, rugged ciifis, vust precipices, and an at - uK>?-phere about their summits of the most beautiful azure. In surveying their won I vieis. he h ?>ks a I. tile fariher, and beholds xi few scattering cloucN disgoigm^ tre? - mendons showers ol snow, whilst all about Uim is sunshine, calmness and serenity. ( To b c continued. J li is and should be gratifying to every American to know, that the conduct ol mc agents olout ,;ovcinmciit attracts theuitwii ttuu oiicl (iraise ol foreign nations; tt?is cer-. ttffnly is one of the means by wiiicii notional chaiacter i? elevated and honouicd. We have pel u.iar satisfaction in instiling the, following extract, us it favorably louche* the repuiaiiou of one^uf our fvliow townsmen, in wnosc ciurci we with otheis, feel a sin cere interest. We trust also that the compliment t > our nation and goveimtnt, obviously ?n teiided in the concluding sentence of the subjoined article, will be justified by a re solute and successful reclamation of Ame rican property unlawfully siezed by the Spaniards. ? ? Buliimore I'at . From the Par in i{ JoU trial of commerce " " 'i -pi >earsthat Mr. Hughes, who has ho successfully luliiled his mi*sion to Lar thugena, in obtaining the liberation of his countrymen detuned by tlie Spaniards, interested himself with the same success lor some Etigli >hmen and Frenchmen who weie m the same situation. " We will not examine whether those Englishmen were taken under American or English colours; in either case the conduct of me American commissioner deserves praise, Notwithstanding the Spaniards have refused to restore the cargoes and vessels Hiczcd by theuu it remains to be seen whether the Americans will quietly snbm't to the confiscation. Whatever may be the course of oilier powers, v>e should be very much uur/irtsed ij I he slmeri cans hucrijiced their dignity , and the rights <>J their citizen *, to their deft rence fo' the bfian ibh goverment" London blur. LORD LXMOUTII. Much censure has been bestowed on this Englishman for stipulating wi||i the Algerines that they should discharge all Kurofh an Christian slaves. We smspect this charge to be groundless, and that all Christian slaves were stipulated for, ?^>ur newspapers are too apt to take f?ct* f'?r granted, upon very vague and cient testimony. When .the h^;Hsh government do a good act, let us ncknow* ledge it .* we shall not fatigue ourselves in i his employment. Lord Exmouth-formerly Sir Edward Pel lew, and is abtytlt^ls years of age. i petition is s igning *in New JeJ^ey, praying the Legislature of that State to instruct their Member* of Congress to endeavour to induce Congress to establish a colony on the cOaat of Africa, to recieve from the U. the blacks in this country who are free or may become free. DOMESTIC. hX I K ACT S ? from ihe Documents acc c m fiaiiyinyr ihe Governor's Cotnmunjeuttcn. Richmond, Match 4iht 1815. Sir ? I have the honor. to enclose lo \ou | a Hes? lution oi the Assembly of the s.ate I of Virginia, instructing the Governor' U the Commonwealth, earnestly and respect fully.to submit to you, the importance of effectually providing for the defence ot the Chesapeake Bay * Your knowledge of the Chesapeake country, its population, the valne of its products, and us imporlav.ee in a polit.cal and a commercial point < I view, render it unnecessary and superflu ous for me to tn'er into detail upon l?is subject. It is equally well known to you* that the produce of the extensive count iV \ which is washed by this Bay and its ti lim itary watj^rS, has no other outiet to the sea. and thai thmin;h them must pats the pi>>. ducts of other couniiies intended for our consumption. The Chesapeake, too, af fords a necessary and essential naval station lor the public ships ol me I ntted States ; without it, our squadrons m*v often have to seek a at such a distance as may be fatal to them The importance of th's Bay as a link in ihe chain of inland com munication fiom north to south, has, I am I sure, attracted your notice, as well as the communication that some of its tributarv streams, (with the impiwemeti's contem plated,) will afford with the western watt is. Upon the political effects that will fiow from thus combining the interests of so many states, and the content that this community of interests of those states would form, it would he presumptuous in me to say a word to you, whose life and talents have been devoted to the formation and strengthening the union of the slates The entire loss ol our export trade during the late war, and the cruel desolation of the shores of the Bay and the rivers em p- l tying into it, has forced this subject upon i the attention of the people ol this state, in an irresis abl* manner. For the people of Virginia, I earnestly request that such l. measures may be taken during peacv as I ! will exempt us from a renewal of the ca | lamities and losses sustained during the i late war. It is certainly most desirable I [that the entrance into the Bav by hostile 1 I ships should he prevented, if practicable. \V hether that can be done or not, can only I be decided by en- meets and naval melt, t if this should be deemed impossible. L perm it me to suggest, that the pu&iuou I lowest down the Bay thai affords a good \ hd?hor, and admits ot easy access iron) the sea, from the rivets, and the upper L parts of the Bay, and is capable, (with proper woiks) ot being defended, with the L aid of such naval force and floating batie r rtes as could be combined, would give great > secuhtyjto commerce and^rt great mea [ sure prevent the renewal of the prelaloty 1 war, from which we hate lately suffered in the discharge of the duty assigned to me, I should lll-represtnt the feelings of the Genoral Assembly, if I did not give you the strongest assurance that this ap- I plication does not proceed from any doubt I | of your disposition to provide for the de- I fence of every part of the United States. I bony yeanryrtevottorr To The public service, 1 has inspired the utmost confidence id your I talents and patriotism. But it is under- I stood that your exertions iu this way arc I limited by the means at your disposal, and it is hoped, that your lecommendalion will induce the Congress ot the U. Slates, lo put at your command adequated funds to I enable you to provide for the effectual de- I fence of the Chesapeake, and every oiher part of America, that is vulnerable and I I exposed. ^ 1 have the honor to be, With ihe greatest rcspeciedq^Mr, your humble servant^ j ? * NV.C. NICHOLAS. H The I't enidcnt of the United Stages, ?JllK lie ply. Washington) May 29;/r, 1816. Iir ? I duly received your letter ol March 4th, enclosing a Resolutions of Fe bruary 2 id, by the General Assembly of [ Virginia, and urging the importance of Concurring fully in the views you have presented of the extended interests which are connected with the waters of the Bay, and of ti e u j?e that can be made of them by ah enemy powetful in its marine, as evinced during the late, as well during the * revolutionary war* it will l>e ntcesaary on ly to stfcte the arrangements exist ing, and contemplated with a view to the security of that ex|K>t?ed and m>i>ortai>t portion of our | counti). In addition to the present woi^ts at Hal timore, Annapolis, Warburton, and Nor folk, it is proposed to fortify strongly Old Point Comfort, so as to afford piotection to vessels coming in and going out of the Hay. The enlargements or improvements to be made in these works, and the further additions which may be made to their num ber will depend on professional examina tions, and on the means wnich may be ap propriated. In the waters of the Bav; there are nt tin* time two armed scl.oor.crs, iwu I boats. and ciiy!ii ur ten barges only . The r proportion r.flh e p fiMicTTTaYal f ? i ce to U-~ <i i i ( > i t c v 1 tor 1 1 ^ defence, must of course, b~ governed by occassious anil ( ;i cum*Uince>, ar.rt tiy the exienr ol it\c peace establish ment. Bui it ;s contemplated. thai one or " two s'eam-fi ??ates, on he plan of that at New-York, shall be s*.a;ioiied in lie Chesa peake, as boons as lluy can be built wnh the confidence and improvements which ^may he derived from tui ther expui l.ents of t h art atFetuly built. . .Viul it is decided that a' general survey of the Bav and its waters^ with a View to more t flVctual defence and security,' shall made under ihe immediate direction of the Navy-Board, and with the aid of a ca pable l.neitKir, I he v v- : 1 1 particulai ly exanvne into the . practical). Vny of works which may com mand the en'iance into the Bay, 'he ex* "prdlencv" "of works at the l ankier K.atah, which will deprive an enemy of the u>e heretofore made of that |>osiiion, a?td will evimyne and coinpaie the several places ulmh m; y ck. m attention in selecting the sta ion best adopted fur naval equipment, and at the same time, most capable of stlf-dt fence, and of repelling or cor.ujul ing a ho tile martime force. The C ommissioners of the Board, ac companied by Captain Sinclair, and by Colon cj Bnmford, will comiims imint:. diate!> this important service. And us no immediate danger is threatened to our peace by a mar, time power, it is thought better to devote whatever time may be ne cessary for an effectual and satisfactory re sult, than to incur the risk of error*, which might involve unnecessary expense, or a failure of the essential object. Accept, sir, assurances of my esteem and best respects. JAMES MADISON. Governor A ichUaa* Washington, November 6. ti e mission oi Mi. Pinkney to Nuple* has excited considerable interest not only in tlj.it citv, luit al*o in London if we may hell eve the Brinish Journalists. But why should the claim?* of our citizens for the unlawful confiscation of their property tx ette surprise* The prir.cipte of ^rectn n'a'ion, upon which they are foundtd, is fully sanctioned by the law of nations. The English new*p;>peis tell us that" it it not v-rv clear that their goverment ought to interfere' in the case'* Ami why should ~ it interfere \ What plausible pretext could Great-Britain invent fur countenancing the Neapolitan monarch in 11 refusal of our fair demands ? The people of every inde pendent nation, whatever revolution? thef may experience,, or however they iwiy change their sovereigns, are responsible for the unjust aits of their governors. W ere the ? ule of the law otherwise, all that a nation would have do to, in order to gel rid of its domestic debts and its foreign obliga tions, would be, by a liitie violence of exer tion, to depose one sovereign and crown another. This is a doctrine, however, that savours too much of Algeritie logic to be recognized by christian potentates. At all events, England should be the last power in Europe to suggest n single doubt as to the leealiiy and propriety of the Ameri can claims on the Neapolitan government ; because England, at the head of the Al UnT Powers, h** strained the principle of public law, *1n th a respect, beyond the p"int of veasonfby forcibly compelling the French to-p&y the expence of wars carried on for their own subjuga ;ion. JS m mite -r- 1 'Vfc From the very best a^oncy^ we hive derived the following fact!, and pledge ourselves for th<ir truth: Through an agent in this country, certain highly respkptable merchants have offered ro supply the Bank of the United Stats with ten millions of dollars in silver , at 4/. id, ifeerling per dollar * the Bank U to pay for the amount at any firiSe which may be convenent to itself j until thU paymentshall be made,it isannuallf to allow five per cent, interest London for the dollars ; and the silver shall be delivered, Bank is to make over in trust persons furnishing it, an equiRP mount of United States' six per cent, stock, as security for the ul timate payment for the specie. These dollars are to be remitted at the risk and evpence of the sellers, to any port or ports in the United States, which may be agreed upon, between the waters of the Chesa peake antTBoston, both inclusive ; not less than one million of dollars to be shipped at rhe same time, in any one vessel. We understand the Hank will probably accept the effer,