University of South Carolina Libraries
FARM AND HOUSEHOLD. ? ? ? ? i . .Mr. Atkinson, of Boston, recently tent 5 cask of maize fodder and a cask of rye to ProfeMor Yoolcker, the well-known agricultural chemist of Englaud, with the view of showing the sort of ensilage prepared in America. Having analyzed the samples the professor reported tho maize fodder to be perfectly sound and , the rye very slightly moldy ; but both ? were wholesome food for cattle. A little cottonseed meal having been added to the fodder it was given to cows on an experimental farm. They took to tho ensilage at once and evidently en loyed it. With careful management Mr. Atkinson calculates that four cows ?cau 'be main* tainfed in good condition to one aero of ' ensilage. ? Hcicnttfc American. Olllsg Wagon Wheel* find Woolwork* Mr. Allen fc. Smith reports to the Farmer? Hetievo an experience in oiling wagon wheels and other woodwork: "I hlkve a wagon of which, six years ago, the felloes shrunk so that the tires be came loose. I gave it a good coat of hot ? oil, and every year siuco it hus had a coat of oil or paint, sometimes both. The 'tires aro tight yet and they havo not been sot for eight or nine years. Many farm ers think that as soon as a wagon felloes begin to shrink they must go ut once to a blacksmith shop and get the tiro set. In stead of doing that which is often a damage to the wheels, causing them to dish, if thoy will get some linseed oil and heat it boiling hot and give the fel loes all tho oil they can take, it will fill ' them up to their usual size and tighten to keep them from shrinking, and also to keep out tho water. If you do not wish to go to tho troublo of mixing paint you canncat tho oil and tic a rag to a stick and swab them over as long as they will take oil. A brush is more conven ient to use, but a swab will answer if you do not wish to buy a brush. It is > quito a saving of timo and money to look after tho woodwork of farm ma chinery. . Alternate wettiug and drying injures and causes tho !>est wood soon to decay and lose its strength unless kept well paiuted. It nays to keep a little oil on hand to oil forlchandles, rakes, neck yokes, whifllotrccs and any of the small tools On the farm that are moro or less exposed." . I'ann and narilcn !Vo:?n. ? Choico plants should bo well watered during dry, hot weather. Consider well what varieties of fruit you wish to plant beforo you order your swe . Keop the soil c'rati and mellow about the trees of this spring's or last. autumn's planting, If a hard oruHt is allowed '^sithiu two or three feet of tho trunk ; yUloir growth will bo retarded. A - small, striped, yellowish beetlo wprks on tho leaves of water-lilies by Sy^nting out their green parts. It can be jS easily destroyed by sprinkling over tho P loaves an emulsion of five parts of sour milk to onpof kerosene oil. '? Tomato "worms are frequently Been 5 with numorous small white objects ad hering to them. Theso objects are tho eggs or pupao of parasites which prey .^upon thorn, Tomato worms thus at sked should not bo destroyed. 4' Sacramento (Cal.) Otiltivatori , says that orchardists in that State v^rho have used solutions of soap and sul phur for spraying their trees in fighting Insects havo claimed a decided diminu tion in pear scab and other fungus dis eases. y: Sheep arc good scavengers for weedy land, but you must not expect tho finest ^quality of mutton or wool if they aro fed Wtipon weeds alone. A farmet says ho onco killed somo sassafras with sheep, but . killed somo of tho sheep, too. Chango their pasturo ovory three or four weeks. If a corn stubblo is to be sown to wheat tho corn should bo removed from tho ground and tho stubble plowed under. A frequent method is to sow tho send upon tho stubblo and then i-ovor it by plowing a light furrow. Tho surfac# in tlion har rowed, or may bo left rough, which, wo believe, is best. In Ireland tho sod cut on boggy ground is piled up in heaps until dry, then burned into a species of charcom. TIus is then pulverized and mixed with well rotted stablo, hen-houHo manure in equal pro portions. Placod in drills whero turnips or carrots aro to bo planted it is 'said to mako thom attain monstrous size. A correspondent of tho Orange County says ho provonts tho whito grubs from destroying his strawborry plants by planting between tho rows a number of Iettuco plants. Tho grubs liko tho roots 6f tho latter best, and will lot the straw berries alone if fed with thenC* Put out tho Iettuco as early as possible in spring. It will nay to spend a half day going through tho Adds to see how many .va . cant spaces thero aro whore seed has failed to come or has boon destroyed by birds or insoots, and dropping into such spots a hill of beans or squashes, or a few tur nip seeds or cabbage plants. Suoh stolen crops aro often a success If properly looked aftoi-j and help to pay the interest and taxes on the land, which the lying Idle will not do. Charcoal is highly recommended as a preventive of dlseaso in Bhoep, and lit an English, pamphlet tho following recipe lonti uso appears : The charcoal should be given mixed with the food oxcept in Urgent, casos, when it may bo mixed in w*rtn or thin gruel arid glvcrt as a drench. The doso is ono pint to ovory twonty-flvo head of sheep or lambs; one-quarter pint per head for full grown cattlo, horses or pigs 'half tho quantity for young cattlo, *na two teaspoon fuls to ono dessertspoon furfor young calve*. In poultry Is caused by ft tLat bur^ws beneath the the leg. An occasional the foosta with keroseno oil wfotive, as it is also ?Ui. If the disease has Ock, then wash tho tur xture of one-half water f kerosene. Itepeat tho ap A Week if a cure is not bf S by th6 first wash. I)o not use the too strong lest it cause swelling of m or even Jwhalyxe thom. In a rate tho diseased fowl je tho solution weaker Repeat in threo da?^.r it an appetising flavor, And it adds to iti pfcutritlve qualities . ?la<fcW?t^:'; i [ Tf the carpet In a bedroom or common sitting-room looks dtwty after H haaboen thoroughly swept. you can brighten it n * good deal by taking a damp mop and fe dusting with it; ? flannel mop is best for | this purpose. ^'1 A novel substitute for a tidy is simply ft bo* of ribbon. Thin, if of handeomo ribbon, look* extremely well on the back of ft tonal} sofa, And if this is in t#?> parts put a bow on eaoh one. The rib ,Y bon should bo wide, end of good quality. If Inolinod to defcorate, a iiprfty of flow ers hand-painted or omftrofderod wdftld be Appropriate and pretty. A favorite way to oook> potatoes now It to boil them in their jAckata until they are tender, end then dry them off in a * hot oven. tfflweet potatoes dro excellent Also cooked in this wfty. 'Of couw^ caw must be taken to removo the potatoes from the boiling water as soon^A* they h.^uv iruiii.iK niiw. ns wkid fw tender. There is no vegotable " more by being prepared with due 1 - A,bnn the potato, and the dlf. een a doggy, water-soaked that U properly cooked ii woman mm to know '* ? tW MMBWrTI VACTS FOB THE CUBIO^R. It raina modi oftener in Colorado than it did yeara ago. . , ? > A pine floor laid in a gold- worker's shop become# in ten ye%r? worth $100 a Borne land in the oit y of London was lately sold at the rate of $8,800,000 an acre. Until, within about eighty years it waa customary to put tumps of charcoal in the graves under English churches, and recent exhumations have revealed tho fact. The secretary of the Indiana State board of agriculture has trained a pptato plant by cutting off all but one stem at the top, until that single stem is now as thick as one's wrist and rises to a height of nine feet and five inches. The fashion of clipped hair prev&ilod for a short time during the reign of Fran cis I., whoee long hair was accidentally burned off during a sham fight, reducing him to a condition to which his courtiers promptly brought themselves by artificial means. A walnut log was recently brought from France to Now York which was twelve feet long and nino feet in diameter and weighed nearly twenty-two tons. There was only one derrick 1h the harbor with which it could bo handled. As it stands the log is said to be worth $12,' 000. Anna Frances Arkwriglit, an English lady of position, recently died, at her residence in Essex, within half an hour after being stung by a wasp on tho littlo finger of her right mind. Her physician sain that the cause of her death was syn cope produced by excessive pain, and the coroner's jury rendered a verdict to that effcct. Richard III. was so cautious and sus picious that lie usually carried a quantity of treasure about with him in all his campaigns, concealing it in a bedstead, which, no said, was the only couch upoH'l which lie could sleep. After BOsworth Field the bed came into possession of u man who quietly appropriated the treas ure, bought land, und, after a timo, be came Mayor Leicester. The secret of his wealth did not become known until after bis dentil, when his wife was assassinated b a servant privy to the affair, and every thing was revealed. Among the Resin hills, in the eastern part of llengal, tho men are said to to the inferiors, oven in the eye of tho law. Property descends only through women. The latter havo tho supremo command, and everywhere assort themselves as the superiors of their husbands, who aro rep resented bv travelers as littlo better than domestic drudges, who mind tho baby and go the errands and perform other little duties of tho kind, wnilo tho wives attend to tho mo.re serious affairs of daily life. The girls of h family aro held in high esteem, the boys being "nobodies." POPULAR SCIENCE. Tho emperor of llrnzii has given Pro fessor Laccrda f 20, 000 for his (liscovcry of permanganate of pottassium, hypodor micallv injected, as an antidote for tho bito or the cobra. Sulphurous acid generated in cellars by the combustion of sulphur will deBlroy tho germs which -injure the flavor of cream and milk kept in collars or out houscp. In damp cellars tho butter Eroduct is seriously decreased, besido eing injured in quality. A telegraph weather service has been established in Japan by tho Imperial Meteorological observatory, and receives reports from twenty-two well distributed stations. It issues maps and bulletins three times a day, but will not attempt forecasts until tho oxporicnco of the ser vice has given u bettor knowledge of tho conditions governing Japanese weather. From English statistics extending ovor thirty-six years, a writer in a German scientific journal concludes that tho wheat-crop is mainly determined bj? tho state of the weather in July and August ? the higher tho temperature and tho smaller the rainfall in those two monthn tho better tho harvest. Tho best harvest was that of 1808, with n temperature foi tho two months of 4.1 Fahrenheit degrees above the average, and n rainfall of 3.71 inches below the average, while tho poor est yield was that of 1800, with a defi ciency of t.emporaturo of 4.0 dogreos and an excess of 2.0 inches of rain.. With tho aid of a powerful steam Bircn, M. E. Panchon lias shown that tho highest notes audiblo to tho human car havo 72,000 vibrations per minuto . After tho limit of hearing is past, tho vi brations still agitato tho sensitivo fianu of a gas jot. To obtain notes far above tho upper limit of human hearing, Mr. Francis Galton has devised a whistle blown by hydrogen gftB, and ho has mado such an instrument which gives a sound of 812,000 vibrations por second. Mr. Galton's whistlo was constructed with tho objoot of toBting the hoaring of in* sects, which, as Is well known, havevory acute oars. Characteristics of ft Cyclone. ?AH storms of any magnitude that visit tho United States, oxcopt tho tropical hurricanes which somotimos touch tho southern coasts, havo a common origin in Or near tho Rocky mountains. Horo tho first baromotric dopression is felt, pre ceded by a rising temperature, caused by tho warm winds moving northward over tho sun-heated sands of Arizona, Now Moxico and% Wcstorn Texas. Those warm, rareflod currents of air aro mot by cooler currents passing over tho Bnow clod peaks of tho North; a cyclonic Btorm is formed, 'usually fttnftll at first, which begins its journoy eastward, gradually developing in onorgy and area as It goes. After leavjng tho mountain ranges thero is but little precipitation for tho first few hundred miles; as it ad vances, it usually widens from north to south, but tho lino of travel of tho storm centor can l>e Readily predicted by tho sign id service observers, and its location at any timo fixed by the lowest reported reading of tho barometer. During the journey of tho storm east ward or southeastward, tho wind in adVatico of it will be easterly, blowing off an area of high barometer Into tho low ; and tho barometer will continue to fall. Toward the north of tho storm, tho wind will bo north ; and to tho south of it tho wind will blow from tho south, frequently causing what aro known on the Wcstorn plains as "sand-storms;" while, if the storm occurs during the winter season, tho wind and snow In the northorn portion ia called a u bllMard." In the fear of tho storm the wind will bo westerly, shifting to northweGt, fre quently blowing A galo ; thef barometer will rtae and the tomporaturo will fall, ftomotlmes rapidly, and clearing weathor will follow. Thus it will bo observed that the true axis is tho 41 storm-center," and that tho storm revolves on this axis as it moves forward in an easterly, northeasterly or southeasterly direction. This is the tnio cyclone. It may be only a few hundred miles in diameter, or Its influence may be felt from Rritlsh America to the Gulf of Me*loo.~- Popular Science Monthly, ? I,ouMm boys tako yotina mocking birds just beforo they can fly and Mil thorn to Now Ork-an* croolos for ton 01 fifteen cent* spiet*. Tho creolea Mil them to Gorman of Italian Wtail dealer* for fifty cents, and th* dealers, m?i?>ty tyeddler*, receive three and four dollar* fpr^hem in tho Notth. The peddlers say thai rich people do not fitly Writs', fH) V! ?' ' ? v-'w#- ?V ? ? m' v'y, Jem Mace *sys that In tho course of his pugilietlA career ho has wen at much M $100,000 SS3H ii 1 : PBANTT& ' lat*?ittai labnMtiM JAmbc tkto tot Kjmwb ?( rrmto. A repreeentatire of a New York house which aenls cxtemirely in peanuts gives the following information about thh? toothsome dainty: , ? ? The nut comes from three sections in the South. One is in Virginia, one in Tennessee, end tho third in North Caro lina. The nuts are grown more or less ?U over the, South, but not in quantities of commercial importance. Kansaa raises some very good ones, which are disposed of in Kansas City market. Some are grow a in Mississippi, which go to N6w Orleans. They are dirty, rough looking and almost unsalable up here. Tho Virginia grown arv tho most valuablo now. Formerly < hose ^hich came from Wilmington wcro so, but tho method of handling has Vktcriorated. This high rank thoy owed to a man named Nixon, who took great pains in pickiug, grud ing and packing. Ho prepared four brands. , Tho sumo process is now adopted in Virginia with gratifying re sults. By tho best handlers (lark or dis colored nuts are thrown out ; they nro nearly uniform in size, and caro is taken to prevent dirt from getting in. The districts which produce them in that Btato is Norfolk and east of Petersburg, and is chiefly comprised in tho coun ties of Prince George, Sur roy, Isle of W ight and South ampton. Tho production depends upon the soil, and tnc limits of growth in these and adjoining counties can be traced with definiteness on a geological map. When a certain soil ceases the growth of the peanut Btops. Until. 1870 there was a very small quantity of this nut in the mnrket, nor did it? sales be gin to increase much until 1874. Ten nessee has a region of about half way be tween the nortn and south lines of the State, lying on tho Tennessee river, where a great deal is grown. It includes much of Perrv, Humphreys and Ilick Tnan coffiftie8,"W8ilftr8t>irny in-other coun ties. They are nearly all shipped from four landings on the river ? Dennison, Dritt's, Mouse Tail and Cuba. I have seen brought down to one of these land ings in one night 8,000 bags, each hold ing flvo bushels. The crop is chiefly grown there in tho valleys of tho small creeks which run into tho Tennessee. Every season they aro inundated by the backwater, which deposits its solid par ticles on the soil, thus acting as manure, and on these bottom lands tho plant is grown. It requires a soft soil and a good egreo of moisture, but not too much, othcrwiso the nuts becomc pulTy. These farms are perhaps 1(50 yards wide by three-quarters of a mile long. The floods como with much regularity. In Noitli Carolina the crop is grown in the neigh borhood of Wilmington, lyim* along the sounds or inlets there, in New Hanover, Pender and Brunswick counties. The crop ii very impoverishing to the soil. Tl^e system of husbandry down there requires improvement. In Ten nessee tho plants aro placed so that they can bo artificially cultivated, but this is not the case in Virginia and North Caro lina. Hoeing is dono by hand and nt n great expense. Tho crops are large t\nd Cnng the fanner more than ho can get trom anything else. They raise in Ten nessee f"om twenty-five to 135 bushels an sere, and seventy-five is a frequent crop. In Virginia many produce 100 bushels. At from Bcventy-fivc cents to $1.25 -per bushel you will aeo that this is a very pre* 'able crop. It is three times the q.iautitv you can obtain of wheat, and at tMrn thing near the samo price. Ono cx" penso of t.ic farmer in Virginia is hand pi king. This costs him ten cents a bushel, end is necessary in order to get tho best price, but it is likely to be su perseded by other processes. Ho puts tho nuts up in four-ovuhcl bags instead of using fivc-bu?hel oats, liko the Ten nessee planter. Tin: crop is first touched the COtli of September, and down to that time ncarlv the product can be injured by frost. They are plowed iip and eliil drcu afterward stack them. They stand five or six weeks, when they arc picked. Some come into the market about the middle of October or tho 1st of Novj^ ber. When first picked they arc very oily, but gradually dry up, and tho pro cess of desiccation keeps on as long as the nuts last. In the South they are gen erally eaten raw, but ia the North they aro commonly roasted. Tho former w..y ls certainly the most wholesome. No injury will result to the stomach after eating a large quantity of the unroastcd, whilo taoso win Ji have been submitted to tho fi'^o are indigestible. Their uso is rapidly extending. A few years ago tl ere was but little of this commodity eaten except in tho cities, but now it is devoured evc?y whore. Circuses need a great many, and confectioners mako much peanut candy. The small towns and cities of tho South aro beginning to con sumo then.. They aro known as ground . uts and ground peas in North Carolina; in Georgia and Alabama thoy aro called pin iors, and in Tennessee goobers. Tho plant waa importod originally from A trlcn, and Tonnesseo obtained them from emigrants from tho Old North State. No other products aro made from the plant oxcopt oil, and oven that lias not been oxtractcd for tho Inst four or flvo years. Cottonseed oil has entirely driven It out: it was used nB a substitute for olivo oil, to which it did not bear much resomblance. During tho lato war it was In goly used as a lubricant by tho Con federate States. Their supply of othor oils was cut off, and they wore forced to tako peanut oil, which was manufactured by one porson in North Carolina. There aro flvo kinds of peanuts known U> tl?o ?trade*? tho Virginia, whito Tennossoe, North Carolina, red Tennessee and Span ish. Tho latter is grown in Virginia, and lias nothing Spanish about it but its name. Its fruit is small, regular and pretty. Tho whito Tennesseo nnd tho Virginia aro almost exactly the same. These aro further varied in prico by tho fact whothor they are hand-picked or not. The difference between. Virginia and Tennosseo peanuts is that the latter are worth a cent to a cent and a half loss per pound than "the former.- Twenty two pounds mako a bushel. Peddlers find that they can get more quarts to tho bushel from Virginia goods than from North Carolina. There is a peculiarity of tho peanut shell which is worthy of Tcmark. There is so much woody matter to it, of so permanent a naturo, ^that it is almost impossible to incorporate it in the soil within a few years, and it is conse quently valueless as manure. It is used for a mechanical separator of tho earth with good success. Hard Work to Get Hpllced. It is Mid that a younger (ton of the Duke of Argyll wished to marry an un titled lady, and asked his father's con front. Tho duke replied that personally ho had no objection to tho match, but. In viow of the fact that his eldest son ha? espoused n daughter of tho queen, he thought it right to take her majesty's pleasure oA the subject before expressing nls formal approval; Her majesty, thus appealed to, observed that siuco tho death of tho prince consort sho had been in the habit of consulting the Duke of Saxc-Coburg on all family affairs. The matter w?u, therefore^ roiorrcd to Duke Brnest, who replied tliat since the unifi cation of Germany ho had made it a rule to aek for tho emperor's opinion on nl} impo rtant questions. Tho ease now came before the kaiser, who decided that, as h constitutional sovereign, ho ws" bound to aaoertain the vlow? of the primo minister. Happily for tho now anxious Mir of lovors, the "Iron Chancellor" nadiio w!?h to consult anybody, and de cided that tho marHago might take ->la?o. .Paris is stocked with moro than 200, O^O dogs. Wilms of Celebrate* Ka gome ?mii^ng features from the livea of celebrated men have been brought to gether by a German write*. Auber wrote on horseback ; it wu not possible for him to write in any other place than in Paris, however beautiful another residence might be, and however many attractions it might offer. Adam composed best when ne lay, with his clothes on,- in bed, and showed aa great antipathy to all landscape beauty as love to his cata. The same antipathy to all natural beauty is charged to Doniretti, who always slept when upon a journey, when he should have given his attention to the romantio scenery of Switzerland and Italy. Cima roea could not write without having a lot of friends around him, with whom ho kept up an active conversation about art matters. Sacchini's train of thought was interrupted when his cats did not play their antics upon his writing-desk. Sartl could only become inspired in a room without furniture, and which was dimly lighted. Spoutini could only compose in the dark, and Meyerbeer composod best during violent thunderstorms, under tho roof o? his house. Balieri tamed his inspiration while ho walked ouickly I through the streets filled with a human throng, meantime eating a great quantity of confections. Haydn, iu order to com pose, sat in a soft arm-chair, with ins gaze directed to heaven. Gluck composed in tho open air best, in tho glaring sunshine, lie liked champagne by his work, ftnd gesticulated very vio lently, as if ho wero an actor on the boards. Handel wandered in the church yard, and when he wished to become in spired he sat himself down in one corner of it which was shaded by weeping wil lows. Mozart gained his inspiration from reading Homer, Dante and Pe trarch; Verdi must read passages* from Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller, Ossiau and Victor Hugo. Schiller inspired his muse by the smell of rotten apples, which he kept constantly in his desk ; beside^ this, ho liked to live amid surroundiugs corres]>onding to tho subject on which lie. worked. When. he wrote tho last act to " Mary Stuart," lie had his servants clothed in black ; and so long as he worked on "W alien stein " he neglected no rovicw or other military spectacle, and at homo his wife must sing battle pieces to him. Goethe loved to have plastic works of art before him as ho wrote. Jean Paul replenished his ideas while taking a walk, and drank ft glass of beer now and then on the way. In writing he liked the strong smell of flowers. Herr von Kleist worked with groat difficulty, and when ho made poetry it was as if he had a conflict with an invisible fiend. Just the opposite was-tlic case with father Wieland. fn making his poems he trilled a lively song, and sometimes would spring away from his work, and cut a caper in 'the Kir. Burger, the immortal noet of Lconore, is said to have whistled street songs as ho wrote his verses on paper. His conversation in bucIi moments is said to have been obscene. Iloldcrlin was ofton found crying when he composed poems. Similar things are said of tho French romance writer, Lafontftino. llis wiTo oncc fouivl t iin before his writing desk swimming in tears. " Oh, it is too sad," he sighed. "It don't goat all," ho sobbed ; "1 am still in the first volume." Mntthison wrote his poems by moonlight, while standing at the window. Lamartino wrote his best things in the morning, before breakfast, while sitting bofoie the (ire. A contemporary of Dumas wrote thus: " Tho writing-desk of Alexander Dumas presents a picture of classical disorder. The study floor is covered with books and papers, behind which he is seated, formally barricaded. Also a quantity of dogs, cats, poultry, pigeons and singing birds are to be seen around, and these 110 feeds, strokes^ and keeps out of mischief while he is writing. In tho background stand ft number of printer's devils waiting for copy, and booksellers and such people, who have business with him. lie writes very rapidly, and carries on, very often, a oonversation at the same time. He is vcrv negligent in his dress." ? Phrenologi tf0&3o\irnal. Great Jlclls of tlio World. Tho !#? ?est bell in tho world is in Kyoto, n, nnd said to bo perfect in tono. B., measurement it cxceeds tho great bells of Pokin and Moscow. No body knows when or by whom it was cast, and, thongh its Biirface is covered with characters, no scholar has yet boon ablo to translato them. Tho bell is twenty-four feet high and "sixteen inches thick at tho rim. It is sounded by a suspended piece of wood, like a battering ram, which strikes it on tho outside, and its booming can be heard for miles. Tho bells of Russia are among tho most famous in the world. In Moscow alone, before the great fire, there wero no loss than 1,700 largo bells; in a single tower there were thirty-seven. Ono called " Molshoi " (the great), cast in tho six teenth century, broken by falling from its support. and recast in 1054, was so largo that it required twenty-four men to ring it, and this was done by simplv pulling tho clappcr. Its weight was esti mated at 288,000 pounds. It waa sus pended from an immense l>eam at tho foot of tho boll tower, but it again foil during aflro on June 19, 1700, and wad this timo brokon into fraginonts. These woro used, With, additional materials, in 1788, in casting tho Tsar Kolokol (king of tolls), still to bo seen at Moscow. Borne falling timbors, during a flro in 1787, broko a piece from its side, . .which has never been replaced. This bell is estimated to weigh 448,772 pounds. It is nineteen feet, nino inches high. Tho vfllno of tho metal . alono which it ^con tains 1h estimated at ovor |800~?00. Whether this bell wftS ever hung or not, authorities appear to differ. Tho numberless bells of Moscow con tinue to ring during tho whole of Easter week, tinkling and tolling without har mony or ordor. ' Tho largo bell near the cathedral is only used upon important occasions, and yields the finest ana most solemn tone imaginable. When it sounds a deep, hollow murmur vibrates all over Moscow, liko tho fullost tones of a vast organ or tho rolling of distant thundor. This bell is suspended in a tower, called tho belfry of fit. Ivan, beneath others, which, though of less sifco, aro enormous. It is forty feet nino inches iu circumference, sixteen and a half inches thick, and woighs moro than flfty-aoveh tons. The Groat Bell of Moscow was in a deep pit in tho midst of tho Kremlin for yoars. This bell is truly a mountain of metal; it is supposed to contain a largo proportion of gold and silver ? whilo it was in fusion tho nobles and pcoplo cast in as a votivo offering their plato and money. Tho bolls of China rank noxt in size to those of Hussia. In Pekin there aro seven bolls, ? each weighing 120,000 pounds. In a suburb of the city fs one of the largest suspendod bells in tho world. It is hung near the ground, and to sound it a largo l>oam is swung against its side. Nankin was an ciently famous for tho largcnosa and number of Its l?ells. A bell taken .from tho Dagon pngeda atltangoon was valued nt. $80,000. Tho groat bell of Notre Dame, in Paris, was east three times in nbout six years boforo a satisfactory re suit was obtained. Among the bells re cently east for tho houses of parliament tho largest woighs 14,000 pounds. ? Ccltk Mugatint. Tho Largest Cuttle Ranch. Charles Goodnight has tho largest cat tle ranch in the world at the head of Bed Biver, Texas. Ho began buying land four years ago, getting 270,000 acres at thlrty-flve conts an aero. The price has risen to $2 an acre. He is still buying, fie controls 700,000 acres. To incloHo BUBCTUO fishes. **?!? VWrtlai UlM Kwriwr-latw. Tha electric apparatus of the torpedo is its defense, and certiinly a good one. The electric organs may be compared, to some extent, to tlje voltaic pile, and con art of two aeries of layers of hexagonal cells, the intervening spaces between the plates beinsf filled vwlth a trembling, 3elly-Hko substance, so that each cell can Kbe oooapared to a Leyden jar. Each tor do carries about 480 of these batteries, o whole being equal in power to about llfteen Leyden jaw, making 8,500 squaro .Inches charged to the highest degree. The upper side of the fish is positive and the lower negative, the shocks seemingly being entirely at the will of the strange electrician. * A naturalist recently made some inter esting experiments, one of which was tho application of tho telephono to a tori>cdo to see if tho shock gave an audible sound Hueh proved to bo tho case? a short, low croak accompanying moderate cxcito ment, tho discharge lasting about one fifteenth of a second. When the fish 'vas greatly excited tho croak became a groan sounding, it was said, like the tonality of mi and occupying four or five seconds. hen the attention of scientific men was first called to tho torpedo, I)r. Walsh, *. K. 8., amused himself and scientific London with ono of these fishes, after a series of experiments at tho Isle of Ke. Tho performances took the form of piscatorial seances. and it became the rage to take a fish shock. Wondrous medicinal virtue was ascribed to it, and tho demand for torpedoes brought a rich harvest to the fisherman. Their use in medicine, how ever, was not new, as DiscoridcB, tho physician of Antony and Cleopatra, is said to have used it. Dr. Walsh's method was to place a living torpedo upon a wet towel; from a plate he suspended two pieces of brass wiro by means of silken cord which served to insulate them. Hound tho torpedo were eight persons standing on insulating substances. One tiln ? * ,niH.8 wire wn? support ed'bv tho wet towc , the other end being placed n basin full of water. The first per son had a finger of one hand in this basin, and a finger of the other hand in a second basin, also full of water. The second person placed a finger of one hand in this second basin, and a finger of the other hand in a third basin. The third person did the same, and naf0i?r'i r/1 ft complete chain was established between tho eight persona and nino basins Into the ninth basin tho ^10 8ccond brass wire was plunged while Dr. Walsh applied the other end to the back of the torpedo, thus estab lishing a complete conducting circle. At he moment when the experimenter touched tho torpedo the eight actors in the experiment felt a sudden shock, siini i!lr*\n ! re^Pet?t *? *'lot communicated by the shock of a Leyden jar, only less intense The torpedo was then placed on an insulated bu; porter and communicated fV::?xrr\on\ 8i.mi,ari>' i???c?i from ?*/ ^ocks in a minute and a naif. Each effort made by the animal was accompanied by a depression of the fhS! t 8light,y projecting in their natural state, and seemed to bo drawn within their orbits, while the other parts of tho body remained itnmov H only ono of the two organs were touched, in nlaco of a strong an I sudden shock, only a slight sensation was experienced ? a numbness rather than a shock. The same result followed with ovoryexperiment tried. The animal was tried with a non-conducting rod, and no shock followed ; glass or a rod cov ered with wax produced no effect; touched with a metallic wire, a violent shock followed. Dr. Atwood, of Boston, in making ex periments with a powerful fish, was sev eral times completely floored, and when a k tll.?{fincc of twelve feet he struck n fish with a harpoon tho shock was so fiohl llC C0Ultl not relon8C his Quite a number of electric fishes are known of which the South American gymnotus is undoubtedly the most now crful. It is said that they are caught by driving wild mustangs into tho water, ho fish exhausting their powers upon t lem, often fatally. The torjjedoes are then captured by the natives. In all nino different species arc known, three of the curious electricians belonging to the ray family. One is a sword fish, another a catfish called in the Nile coun ? *!"> tl}und?r ?nd the third is rrl V?L ?n ^loctricus, from Comoro. i / glVeS, 8hock' b,lt 8t?on? enough to j.rohably form a protection from various animals. The Festlvo Crocodile. With its short legs out of sight in tho oozo, its murderous snout sunk to tho upper jaw, ft tangle of river drift caught upon its shoulders, nnd tho tail perhaps lying in a pool of water, tho bulky reptile looks bo harmless that birds sit twitter ing upon its armor, and hunt among tho crovices of tho fungoid-grown nnd slimy scales for insects. Its very sizo disarms suspicion ; tho outlines bccomo indistinct, the complete monster indistinguishable. And a crocodile's paticnco for mischief is prodigious. Hour after hour, and all day long, tho abomlnablo fraud lies in its (ilace without a sign of life. Natives going o their work in tho morning look down from tho bank and see tho birds flitting about tho dark object at tho water line in pursuit of the swarming mud-flies that aro attracted., to tho brute by their keen senso of Bmoli; but, familiar ns they aro with, tho wilos of muggur and gharal (as they call tho blunt and the sharp nosed crQCodilpfljccspcqtivel^^lJtoy are deceived to tho last, ana go on their way to tho field or shop thinking it was only driftwood that thoyhavo seen. If it had boon a dead body, bullock or tattoo, washed up by tho river, tho vulturos would havo boon closo by, patiently wait ing for tho carrion to ripen In the festering heat, and the crows would havo boon thoro too, hopping on and off it impatiently, trying tho tough hido hero and thoro with their beaks, and cawing and croaking in dis content with their bafflod appetites. But by-and-bye, if tho crocodllo will only hold out, or Unless somo ono passing halloos to it at a venture ? "just to seo if it is a muggur or not " ? thoro will como along tho water's edgo a hungry, pariah dog. trotting in an aimless, shuffling way, and sniffing ns it passes at everything in tho line of drift, with its head turned toward tho river, and away from the crocodllo. And so, trottlngalong, think ing onlv of chAnce offal, It comes up to tho waiting bru to. A sandpiper, startlod by tho splashing of tho dog's feet, tum bles up with a sharp cry from under tho shado of tho roptlms side, and tho pariah stons dead, startlod as tho bird, watches It flit along tho shoro and resettlo a few vftrdA further on, and then resumes its log-trot, or rather, it has just mado up its mind to go on, when suddenly tho oozo all around it seems to hoavo up, and in a shower of mud tlicro Is an Instant's vision of a huge pair of jaws, glistening with white teeth, and then a crimsoned ripplo on the river, nnd tho tragedy is complete. The native thinks ho heard a dog yolp and turns his head. There Is only a scared AAnd^iper wheeling in the air. ? T/mdon Telegraph . A Raee of GUnta. A party Of Italian scientists have re turned from an expedition to the Houth Pacific, having proved to their own satis faction that a race of giants once existed in Patagonia. In wandering over Torra del Fuego they fflund human bones of | marvelously largo size. A factory at Fairfield, Me., turns out | ready-made houaM. vK: ' , : /' - ' .? Cooperative Distribution. A renewed activity in cooperative dis ' tribution marks the current decade. Store? are reported as starting up in many sections of the country; four in New Jersey, four in Pennsylvania, seven in Michigan, etc. Even distant Montana is stirring itself. Some of these new societies start off vigorously. The Dor-' Chester store (organised 1880) reported sales for 1881 of f 80, 000. Tho Lansing (Mich.) store began in a small way with a paid-up cavftal of only $800, and is now doing a business of upward of $82, 000 per annum. Troy (N. Y.) has lately opened a store with a fine spirit of deter mination on tho part of one or two mem bers ? young men who havo been several times disappointed already, but are re solved to make a success of this venture by shouldering the chief labor of it. An other instanco of tho same determined spirit ? to which co-opcration has always owed its successes ? is found in Spring field, Ohio, where, after repeated fail- j urcs, a now store is about to be started through the agency of a few sturdy souls, i As already indicated, the Patrons of II us- j bandry seem to be reviving, and in the j now impetus of thiq order co-operation is sharing. Tho late secretary of the National Grange writes, "Hundreds of co-operative J stores upon tho Rochdale plan are in sue- ! cessful operation all over the country, | while a number of large wholesale or sup ply houses are running at various centers." rhat this is no empty boast is evidenced by the official reports from one State, and that a frontier State. The Texas Co-op- j erativc association, Patrons of Hus bandry, in its third annual report (July, 1881), gives seventy-five co-operative granges as connected with it. The general manager reports (May, 1882) 103 distribu tive associations. He writes, "Our f growth has astonished all alike. We lave not had a single failure where the true Rochdale principles have been ad hered to." The secretary writes (April, 1882), "The business is a wonderful suc cess, thus far." Two new labor organizations have come to the front with the present decade, each of which emphasizes co-opcration. The Central Labor union, a fedcyative body of tho trade associations of New York city, in its first .emi-annual report (Julv, 1882) presents co-operation as one of its cliicf aims. The Knights of Labor, the newest national order, seeks, accord ing to the fourth plank in its declaration of principles, "the establishment of co operative institutions, productive and distributive." The claim this order makes as to membership warrants tho hope that if it seriously essays to embody this principle something substantial may result to the cause of co-operation. ? Xortn American llceiew. Tho Crater of Mount Trtcomn. Mount Ranicr, otherwise known as Mt. Tacoma, in Washington Territory, lrns been asccndcd hut twice ? the first time, six years ago, by Hazard Stevens and J. II. Van Trump, and the second time, only last week, by Messrs. Langmirc, Van Trump, Bailey and Ewing. They camped over night in the crater, amid fleecy clouds of smoke and steam. The rocks in the crater were so hot that they could not be touched without burning their hands. Of all the peaks in the northwest, Mount Tacoma is considered the most difficult of ascent. A "Wash ington Territory correspondent, in a recent letter to the San Francisco Chronicle , speaking on this point, says : Two persons claim to have sealed the mountain to the very summit. Notwith standing their assertions, the story is very generally discredited. It is thought no human foot has ever pressed those lofty regions of everlasting arctic rigor. Tho ascent is considered beyond the power of human achievement. Indians who have lived a great many yours near the peak, and who ought to be personally conversant with the difficulties and perils of the ascent, affirm that it is impossible for any one to reach the top. The distance is bo long, the obstacles so great, and the cold is so intense, that no person, however inured to toil, hardship and exposure, could accomplish the trip and return in ono day. ? Virginia City {Nov.) Kn ter print. Novel Remedy for Consumption. A musician writes to the Chicago Time#: Women are daily acquiring busi ness qualifications long considered beyond their reach, and I do not doubt that their scope will soon include pl'iying in bands. A day or two ago I read an account of some experiments with brass instruments in Germany. Some doctor there, the name of whom I forget, said blowing horns woidd cure consumption if prac ticed before tho disease had taken firm hold. They got some ladies to try tho plan, and nearly half the number recov ered. I attribute tho good health of my wifo to the same practice. When I mar ried her she was very delicate, but now plxo tips the beam at 187, tho gain being tho result of her efforts with a cornet. She has been playing for thirteen years, but can't make good music, simply be cauBO Alio lias 110 musical talent. It is amusing to see a woman learning. How she draws long breaths and puffs out her cheeks, and blows and blows as if she wore a bellows in a blacksmith shop and tho fate of tho world depended on her getting tho fire glowing. They'll tako a cornet, for instance ? an instrument diffi cult to handle properly ? and exhaust all their breath at a spurt, then gradually rise to tho tips of their toes while elevat ing the cornet above their heads, looking for all tho world as if they were trying to forco wind from their shoe-tops. Coldnel Fosbery cheated *a sensation at a locturo ho recently gave to an assembly of officers, small-arm inventors and other experts, at the Royal United Service in stitution, by suddenly drawing from its filftco of hiding under the table a wonder ul now gun which ho had just brought from Liege. Ho callod it a "baby elec tric gun. It looked like a pretty car bine, but it had no mechanism, and could not possibly go off until connected up to the sourco of electric forco. This done, it could bo fired with amazing rapidity, 104 rounds having a few days before been fired from it by its inventor, M. Picper, of Liege, in two minutes. Colonel Fos bory fired two rounds with inflnitessimal powder charges. He had prepared him solf by secreting under his vest a small circuit of wiro and putting on a bande role, supporting what looked like a two ounco vial, but wafl in fact an electric accu mulator, with sufficient stored up energy to discharge two thousand round#. The cartridges were innocent-looking mites, And contained no detonating substances, nothing in fact but simple powder and a wad. The opinion was expressed by various speakers that the electric gun must onco more revolutionize the manu facture of small arms within a brief period. ? Klcctrieal Journal. Varieties of Starch. The starch of every plant differs from its neighbors both in size and shape, and this has a considerable influence on the character of the vegetablo organ in which it is stored uj> ; tho hardness of rlco, for instance, lieing due to tho fact that rice-granules ore extremely minute, with angular corners which fit closely and firmly together ; wht-roas potato starch is largo and round, with consider able interspaces filled with water, and so forms a comparatively soft mass. Hut, notwithstanding their outward point of difference, in chemical composition the starches are all identical, consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ? exactly the same ma.tcnals as sugar is composed of, and better known as the con element* of coal and water. ? An Eloctjrio (Jun, Kmthly. NEW ARRIVALS A* W. C. GERALD'S OLD CORNER STORE. I bare Just returned from market, wh?r? I puroha?*df? heary^atock of *11 Kinds of Oootis, At the yrj lowest prloM, Mid I Intend to rtvo my customer* the benefit of mT low pi iced purchase*. My stock oonslsts of Fall arid Winter Dry Goods. Notions, Hosiery, &o. The best make and latest style* of Boots and Shoes. Clothinz, Hats, &c, 1 groceries t In Groceries I hare as fine a itock a* can be Heidi in town. HARDWARE! For Plantation, Oai d?u and Household ilso. Full lino ol BiulJIciy and Harness. In lact, ] bnvo got almost any thing you can call tor, t u J am determined to sell CHEAP FOR CASH. Call before you bay elsewhere. Bacging aud Ties always on band, Hirhext prioe* paid lor Cotton In cash. W. 0. OEllALD, At lb* OUl^Iprnor HU>ro. Remodeled and Newly FnniisM, LATHAM IIOUSK, OAMDEN, S. C. Transient Board $2.00 Per Day. Ample aooommodations. Tables snpplie with tno best tho market a(T>idi?. Every ad tent'.on paid to the comfort of nuent?. Connected with the Honuo is a firnt-clane BAR, which is ordnrlr ket t. Hack to and from tho depot. Fare 25 cents eaoK way. Food and Llrorv StaMo on r>r<-mtaps. B. 11. LATHAM, riinrmicTOR. W. CLYBIJRN, General Insurance Agent And Cotton Buyer. Removed to his old stand at CI vburn's Block Will pay the hiphekt prioo for Cotton and bu. more freely than oyer before. tfr My oountry fri?uds will pleaae ?no a of J.'. srs;l7-t?. PRICE8 REDUCED. ROBERT D~ WHITE, MARBLE i GRANITE WUKKS. PLANS FURNISHED. Meeting Btroe', cor. Horlbeck'a Alloy ttiigl8-yl. CHARLESTON, A. r. A- R. THOMLINSON Manufacturer of j HARNESS, of Every Description, SADDLES, BRIDLES, Eta | MoC. SADDLES, NEW AND OLD. Importer of English f-Jaddloo, Steel Bito, Spurs, Stirrups, Etc. Factory and Bftlesroom 137 Meeting St., Sept. 1-ly. CHARLESTON, 8. C. AJETAIA IRON, RAGS, ROPE, COTTON HIDES, 8KIN8, W00I,, WAX, FUR& AID KINDS OF PAPER STOCK, &o. KW Wo aro paying tho Highest Ca*h Tricot;, M0SE8 GOLDSMITH & SON'",, AUglS-l*. I'. O. Box 1 "? r J O. EOtLHTOa, auxxt ro* v , * r-v*V.U Stationary an! Portable Steam Engines. Drown Cotton G-inn ' Wlnnshlp Cotton CI n WitfcFeeders and Condensers Talbot St Bona Uokabcu E.noinm, Bxihnkb A Wood Bkoinw. Bona Oorro* Pim, Bcuon*u> Cottom Pim, Fisulkt Cottoh Phes% Corn and Wheat Mill*, Baw Mills, 8nArrixo and Pcllkh*, And *11 kinds of machinery. l)j sure to c.iil and see my prices l>oloro puroit ising any kind ?>f nmcbttiory. J. C. JUM'.LING^, Oamjikn. H. (\ Wagons tnid 1 5uji;<> icN HARWSSS, jETC. Tho undersigned respectfully calls atten tion to tho large stock oi 1, 2, 3 and 4 horso wagons, single and double boggles, open and top buggies, wagon anil buggy harness, etc., which lie now hus on hand, and which ho is selling at living prices? so low as to ensure Urge sales. Uan<Uiiig tho hoary stock I do, 1 c.?u afford to sell at a small profit. ItEPAXRING In all it* branches promptly and eatMactorilj executed by competent workmon. MORSE SHOEING A speoialty. Glvo mo a call. M. A. MKTT8. ?ep7-ly r OLD (1053) mTABLIDHED Charleston Ece-House, ALVA, GAGE & CO., Market, cor. Chut ch St., Charloston, S.C. Importers and Shippers, Wluilewvlo and Rotail Meniere in I O E . Ice packed for tho country a i^>eoi<y, loo bj* tho car-load at Bpecial ratog. Waverly House, CnARLKSTOS, 8. O., GEORGE T. ALPOUD, .... MansftT II ?boa $2 and *2.50 per Day. Thia favorito Family ITouho, undor its new management, is recommended for tho excel lonce of itscuisino and homo-like comfort*. Iuj al ry and well ventilated rooms havo Jnnt hoon newly carpotod and elegantly furnished. W. *. OH AT* S . *. ?. O-MJ**. OHAFEE & O'BRIEN, "Wholesale Orooer* 205 East Bay 8t, Charletton, S- C. if?nv for Ext om'i Prom) una Trtnttwi O'aelr or*. ?n? II 1 1 DR. T. liERWICK LEGARE, DENTIST, Graduate of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. o f v 5 <"b: ? r? r.u a i .? is vi:h k. Entr.i.'K-1 on !>io.\d ?>itr>i;L. WULBERN & PIEPER, Wholesale Grocers And Doalera In Provisions, Liquors, Tobacco &c. 197 and iOO EAST BA r, ang 19- ly OIIARLE8TON, B. O. FOUNDRY, 60x214 Feeu MACHINE SHOP, 50x250 Foct. BOILER 8IIOP, 40x120 Foot. GEORGE H. LOMBARD & CO. Foundry, Machine and Boiler Works, BUILDERS OF Engines and Bolloru, Haw Mills, Grint Mills, and all kinds of Mill maohi* nory of tho lato.t impiovod stylos. Bhaftinff, lltngcrs, PuiIovm, Goarlng and Journal Boxos, Wo liavo a larso assortment of Patterns, 8ii)?ur Roflors and Gin Gearing. DEALER!) IN Engiuo and Mill 8u|>i>litn, Clronlar Sawn, Files, Gammers, Svragos, Glob? Cbeok and Safoty VhIyoo, Whistles, Oivtinoa, H eim Pip" and Fittings. Babbot metal from 10 to 40 oonUt. Bolting, Lao'.ng, Rubber, Ilomp, boipetone and Aabostos Packing, Oil , and Oil Gups, Wronf.lio*, Emuxy Wheels, oto. AGENTS FOR Kel'.fma Double Turbine Whrd, K u ting's Unlrorsal Tnjootors, (ho best tnado. Br ad foul Mill Co>. Porlablo Mills. Nord.vk" fc Marrnon Oo.'s Plantatiou Cor n and Feed Mills. Allan Engine Works and Krio City Iron Works, Portable and HUtlonory EuginM, Kunklo's Pop Hafoty Vttlvos. Oiond Crook Mill Rooks. 4V Iron and Brass Castings, and all kinds of Ropars promptly dono. Wo oa^t ?v?rjr day, and are working about ono liuudrod hands CONG A REE B R 0 fj tf it 0 K S, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA. i At i ? iv i > v i ; I > CIRCULAR SAW KILLS. .JflMPLE, CHEAP AND DU1UHLE. We bm the celebrated Friotlon F??ed oa ?i I onr 8 iw M lla. We an? the Yerj heat material in their oonatrrioMon, and cp iro neither labor nor ?Tnonne to ren der them m nee* perfect rh poftHible. Wo v;un?nl nil our work to be well mad* end of good material. We would like if yon would oomptiro the following figures with thoee of other mannfaoturer* and nee if wo do uot null jon a better and larger law Millet same figured: PBIOHB, Wo, I Mill, with 88 Inohea.Baw, Ifl feet ferriage ?175.01 ?? 1 " " 88 " 18 ?? 285 00 "a ?? " 40 20 ?? 800 00 ? a ? ?? 84 " 20 '? "8 " ?? 40 " 20 " ?? 8 " ?? 48 " 24 ?? ??4 " " 60 " 24 ?? ?? 4 " ?? 52 " 24 M Extra Carringe, 83.00 per fcot. '!'!?? nbf.T" ;i\?. c - I- tc I > rvt. > .ol t. Deel l v .lOHM M,KX VNDF.fl f? '.f.ri,->to WILSON, CHILDS ft CO., PHILAD E LPTI I A WAGON WORK T ? n: r T j . ? T3 . t ? i " r t " v . 826 00 850.00 87500 400 00 425 00 a H W S 5 o ?-? GO & ? ? Q cq H a MAHOVACmatltR 09 ATJj KINDS OV Plantation, Oity, Freight, Bniinesa, BaprMi and SPIN Mi WAGONS, niuuKH. iiraih t aii I.), , ... kj. auiikj.* ani> wniCFXKABitowa