The Charleston daily news. (Charleston, S.C.) 1865-1873, July 21, 1866, Page 2, Image 2
The Dailv ISTews.
BATUKDAY MORNING, JULY 21, 1866.
[fOB TUB DAILY NEWS )
Cime s in-pi ii?.
HuBh I lot the baby filo p I
Mark hi r iiiiuil so ?Into oniiMlentler,
Koto her red Up? loll a?"1 tender.
And her hro.tbing bko t?>o motion
Which (lie* wave? ?>f c?lm?-t ??coin
lu (hoir peaceful lUrJublu88keep.
Hush I 1.1 thn bsliy rrRf !
Who ? ou'd wake Iro - bllMlUl olooplng,
To IhiR worhl -o filled wlili weeping.
T-io^f? ??ret ??? Uho "tar- o'eiolouded,
X?oae Bal?n oy a with ?lark frlu.o euro idea,
XhoBu croisa d lmuilB upi?n her breast ?
Hush ! lot the bnby rent!
Fe? oaeh wliiu? und taper flngor,
Whoro a r?H--tmt loves to linger,
As tlio muh ?t evoiil??B yliw,
Lu.iv. h a bliiHb all warmly lying
lu the bosom ot the West.
fee. on h>r lips o a'uile;
Tie tho Unlit of ??roam and gloaming,
Liko to morning's flrst um boiiulng;
Hush I still Bolemn silence keeping,
Watch her, watch lier In hex fueoping,
i ?lie smili'B in dreams lUo ?abile.
I wnu'd paint her a? uh? He?,
With hair waving, dampiv dinging
Tohor lorehoad. Mbatlows flinging
On Its wlntcii???8??r whuro tracings
Ot the bluo v.'lns' intorlnclnga
On ita suowy surface rise.
Qod I hoar our fervont prayer I
Through ihn whole of llf-.'s commotion.
As sin? stuuiH tho troubled ocan,
Giv-ihor calm and poucotu. .lnnbrr,
And may Burrows noteucutubor
Hur uuiolduig years ivi h care.
Ah 1 boo, her Bleep Is o'er I
Flu -hol bor choek U, sho is holding
M> stlc converso with the folding
Of iho drtpery o'or hur droopiug.?
What bi-hi>Ids sho in it- looping
Mortals uo'er beheld before?
Now from her bath of s'eep
Many a dueii'iilu dimplo ?howlng,
She hath risen fre?h and glowing.
I.lk" a flu* or Ihut rain hnth brliditoncd.
Or .1 ln-.irt that tears havo lightened?
Tears tho weary souiotiuics weop.
Herself tho Bilonco break? I
Hear bor laugh so rich and ringing.
Hoar her nua 1 volco quai tly Bulging !
She lint h won ns i?y c ?reunion",
Wo iihaust all words In blessings
When our precious baby wakes.
0. H, J.
Letter from Ex-Governor Piokans on the
Condition of the Country.
We bare been favored with the following lettor
from Ex-Governor Piokens on tho gonoral condi
tion of the country, and have much pleasure in
laying it before our readers. Tho letter was ad
dressed some timo ago to a gontloman of New
Orleans. As the Govornor is a reproaentativo
man of onr State, we aro euro hie letter will be
read with interest:
Loiter from Ki-Gnvcrnnr Flclcen?.
Edoewood, I
June 12, 18U6. j
Dear Sir?I received your letter of inquiry ?m to
tho probable amount of 'the growing crops, ?See.
I have been for months quite indisposed, too
much so to go about the couutry at all, and can
make no estimate from actual observation, ex
cept to my own crops?I shall not mako half a
common crop. In the first placo, I have only
about half my usual crop? i i?-850 aqren in cotton;
and with tho uo# ayetem of labor, I think it must
bo extremely difficult for any man to cultivate
more than half of a usual or??p in former times.
The syslem is so noy to tue negroes, and tho
change so radical, that it ia but natural for them
not to woik with tho sain? energy and order that
formerly existed. 'The largor tho number of ne
groes worked togethor now, tho moro palpable
will be this difference. Those who do not work
over eight or ten liaml?, and who go out regu
larly with them to work, w II plant and mako
nearly as much if not moro than they ever did.
Among us, aud in every Southern Stato, there
has over beeu au industrious, laboriug white pop
ulation, owning a lew hands (from eight to ton),
and at the same time owning far mor? laud than
they cultivated. This class generally made abun
dant provisions, aud tboso meu now will biro
more laborers than thoy formerly worked, and
the negroes will not be so changeable with them,
for most of these will plant on shares, and it is
from this olase that the bulk of tho growing crop
is to come. Thoy have always brought to market
more tnan half tbo cotton crop of the country,
and yet traitaient observera and factors know but
Httle of them, and their crops are seldom esti
mated. It waB from tho branches and crooks
and hills of the great interior of ovory Stato that
tho recent amouut of cotton has been so vastly
swelled, boyuud all calculation, and so it may bo
again this y?ar. Rut one thiug is certain,?the
high prices aud absolute wants of the country
havo prossed forward nearly every bag into
market from tho hi?l .en recesses of the interior,
and the country will have to depend almost eu
tiroly upon tho present growing crop, ' anr* chis
will make a greater deficiency .u tho crop .?au ia
generally supposed. Rut the grbttust uefieiency
will be from the immense fin?os of /ai', and water
on all level lauds, togethor with poor stands from
unsound seed and the dying out of the cotton,
caused by the uncommonly oool nights np to this
timo. I thiu i no year has ovor passed the 4th of
June without a single hut night as this has done.
Many of that class of small farmers alluded to
havo perished iu tho war, and their numbers have
fallen off. I think almost all the large planters
will make failures, nd it is likely that most
Northern men, who are planting cotton on a large
scale will fail, for tuov have not Uio minuto
knowledge or tho details of cultivating cotton
which is so ooooutit.1 to success. It requires judg
ment aud experience to know how to cultivate it
Sroperly. Fur instance, iu judicious plowing iu
uly will cause it to shed hundreds of pouuds por
acre a w. ok; uud they havo plenty of capital and
horsepower, and wid thiiik it oasontiaf to UBe
their home power, whereas hoeing ib what makes
a productive c.Hton crop generally; and negroes
in the lou?; hot days will be couteutud to ruu the
plows, but reluctant to use tho hoe, as it is
tedious, aud if, uuder tbo direction of Northern
men, they will nut find it out 'til too late.
Also thiuk it yet doubiful whether tho freed
men will work much after the long hot days
of June and July set iu?particularly if there
is mucu grass. They may plow, but it will bo
difficult to keep a large gang iu tho field in the
long sultry du?s when the h>e is so much needed.
I may be mistaken, bin this is my impression.
This will be especially the caso on largo planta
tions where there is every facility to oiiango their
location and pasB up and duwu rivers. From all
those causes 1 hardh think the growing crop cau
xoeed one mutton four hundred thousand bags.
I am sure this sootiuu of South Oaruhna will not
in any event excood one-third (}) ot an ordinary
crop. Far tbo largest portion uf the cotton re
gion of this State was utterly desolated by the
ravages o^war, and meu who owu the lands wi.l
find iVeveti dilHoult to raiae supplies lor the
necessaries of me. lloraos, mules, cows aud
stock of every kind was destroyed, and houses
burned. U?der thuau cii cumatauces it will require
at ?sent a year io placo the planter in a poaitiuu
to make un y crops uf importance. Another die
tnrbibg cause which revuntud early preparation
for a crop in chis s. ction, was that mon whu were
aid lo bo cniueo.od with tlio "Fro?duieii's Bu
reau," announced to the negroes bero that their
wages wore insufficient, and thoy could get them
far lusher wag o a in tbo Went, free transportation,
_ . Thin broke up arrnngi monta already made,
and oarriud imny Went, thus separating more
families than wan ever alleged to hav?? fjoen doue
under tho worst tonn of slavery. We had eu
?aged in the cultivation of cotton in I860 about
,'?0?,lHW laborers, black and while?whioh, at au
avoragouf ihre?? ba es per hand, would give- 3,1501),
000 bags. Take 400.000 halu? fr >m lUfVJ aud add
to tin-, and it givns us the 4,000,001) made or stn
tk> market. About three bams per laboring hand
i? a good general oiop?f??r while tbo i or tile ptn
tiotiM Of ?ted ltivor and Arkansas will orea -?dually
_j_t> twelve bulos per hand, yet the largest por
tion or Ihu hilly lauds of tiiu interior of almost
any Stato will not average, for lh'u years in suo
coBsion, two bags per hand. Meu generally put
down what thoy avuraito by what a good year pro
duces, and do not estimate tho bad yoara in which
tho cotton ie iujurod by too wot or too dry woa
thor, injudicious plowing, worms, rot, Ac. Aprova
lont south wind in July will mako it fruitful and
hold it? fruit; whore?? a cool nurth or west wind
for soveral days will mako tho beat of lamia shod
fruit Invariably. I think threo hags per baud hae
boon u full estimate for several succossivo yours.
1 think aleo six acres of cotton per hand was an
uvcrago of ?bout what was cultivated. This,
with tho 1,300,(100 bands in 18?0, would givo 7.200,
U00 acres, und tit half bag per ?tro, tho 3,t>OO,0U0
hags raised then. A hall hag por acto is a fair
avorano of tho wttule country, incliuling North
Carolina and ienitrosee cotton lauds. Tiiko this
calculation ami oMiniato tho load of lahorurs in
l??? Iron? war and it? desolation, with ?migration
ur chanco of location in negroes, ut 100,1)1)0, und
this alono lessens tho crop by 1,200,000; theu tho
bad stands from wind and Hoods of rain at 700,
000. the uncertain ami inferior working at ?OO.000.
This would give you ft delicienoy in tho ?rowing
crop of 2,300,000 bales. Tina, takon from 3,1100,000,
tho crop actually grown in 1800, would loavo
1,300,000. Allow lor ovor-ostiniatiug deficiencies
100,000 bales, and you will then havo 1,ton,(KM)
halos as tbo estim?t eil growing crop of 1800. How
much old cotton is on hand in the dilTurent States
I do not know, but this would have to be added.
Tho main part of tho growing crop will como
from tho small farmers to whom I havo alluded,
and that Cnlculation is somewhat uncertain, for
thoy may raiso more than their proportion, as es
timated m 1800. That class has over intluoncud
tho amount produced far. moro than generally oa
timati-d. In liko manner they woro greatly under
estimated by Is' ?rthorn men as to their influence
in bringing on tho revolution. It was generally sup
posed and assorted by all men North that tho war
was hroug?t oil by tho largo cotton planters and
slaveholders. Tuts was a profound error. I know
tho inet that tho largest ?lavolioldors woro gono
rally the conservativo mon in tho commence
ment, and woro. for moving with caution aud
prudence, whilo tho small property-holders were
lor tlio moot part tlory and uuoaleulating.
It was a great ground swell of tho mas e?, that
forced tlio country forward? having no guide but
devotion to tlio country, and tho indignant feel
ings of a wronged propio. As a general rulo tho
large slaveholders and cotton planters bad but
little to do with politic?, and it was the threat
masses of tho other class who have ever hold a
largo control over tho public opinion of tho bouth
oru -tatos, i his is tho samo clasB who will now
control tho amount of cotton to be produced. I
would respectfully rc>eryou to tho January iinm
bcr of the Southern Quarterly Heviow of 1848, for
tho article headed '"Tue growth and consumption
ol Cotton." You can procuro it from any library
in New Orleans. I wrote the articlo, and you
will there seo tho basis of my ostimates then
without any of tho supposed present prejudices,
aud tho tables from whu-h I drew them. I wrote
another article eovon years after, with much larger
calculations, but I cannot ilnd it to scud to you.
It was afterwards translated into French and Ger
man and repuulished in DnBow's Review, about
1857, I think. I hog you will got tho Southern
Keviow, and as I know you aro a man of largo re
flection and talent, you will see at a glance tho
boaring of the speculations and reasonings, there
laid down. I would be'gl d to havo you road it.
The negro race will now run out, for they needed
tho strong arm of tho white man to protect thorn.
It is now withdrawn, and thoy will perish as tho
Indians did. Being connected, aa we are, with a
great continent teeming witn the energetic white
man, this race will press down tho great Alio
ghany backbone from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and
North Carolina, aud gradually, in time, settlo all
along the ridges ana spurs that mako down the
mountain range toward the soacoast, and proas
upon the loss vigorous race until they are driven
down to the alluvial bottoms of our rivers, and
thence do'tfl???^ tho scacoaet and warmer sections,
where thoy will Anally live on shrimps, oysters,
and fish, and whatever th< y can gather of the
spontaneous productions of tho wildest regions,
aud ilually perish out as a race. This is inevita
ble, as it has ever boeu where a strong race has
como into direct competition with oue weaker and
loss enterprising. Nothing could save them but
beiue, the ascendant raco on some insular posi
tion in a burning climate. This result will bo
deeply interesting to all identified in tho perma
nent production of cotton, Tho two racos are
entirely distinct aud separate creations. The
contents of a nouro's skull of tho same sizo as a
whito man's weighs many ounces les-?, showing
moro apocitic gravity in tho latter. The brain of
a uogro man is not so condensod or solidified as
that of tho whito man. The brain of a white hoy
of thirteen is more condensed, more solidified
than that of a negro man of twenty-sis years old.
Tho hair of a negro is a shaft with outside scales
oontaiuing the coloring matter, and is, in fact,
wool, whereas the hair of tho white man is a cy
lindrical tube, and tho coloring matter is in tho
fluid of this tube. No mixturo of the races cau
ever amalgamate tho formation of the hair. Tho
mulatto has tho cylindrical tube alone or tho shaft
without change. Tho atlas of tho v. rtehral col
umn in a negro man enters the head one inch
further back than itdooa in a whito man, making
tho bead of tho latter work more on a balance
and erect, while the head of tho former has
a tendenoy to droop or hang down. Tne
nasal anglo in the negro is far more acute
than in tho whito man, showing it ap
??roaches to the shapo of tho nasal angle
n the brute creation. The bone from the
knee joint to the ankle joint in a negro of the
samo height with a white man, is ono inch and a
quarter shorter than in tho white man, showing his
power to rise with weights. The arm also, from
the shoulder to the olbow, is shorter in tho negro
than in the white man. The toe of the negro is long
er, and more of bis heel behind his anklo. Ha also
secretes moro through the glands of the skin and
the white man moro through the kidneys. There
are far more glands near the skin in the negro,
and hence bis capacity to throw off heat; and its
diffusion is greater, and hence the geueral odor of
his body; whereas tho white man secretes more
through the kidneys and does not throw off beat
bo readily, ut is more easily depressed from con
gestion. The races never amalgamate perma
nently, for after the fifth generation the bybred
mixture runs out and is lost. Quadroons aro
mostly barren, or havo hut few children, and they
are generally weakly. Tuoir po ?er for reproduc
tion with a wbito man soon loses itself, but if in
termingled with the black man, or oven a mulatto,
the raco grows moro vigorous aud numerous, and
will come back to the black race in a few genera
tions, but for this, tuero would have ueen more
amalgamation iu our cities and villages than there
bus been in two hundred years. The races in
tho rural districts are far more repugnant because
th.ro is there a higher tone of morality. North
ecu meu aud foreigners settle in tho cities aud
towns, who aro not acquainted with tho distinct
characteristics of the races, and havo no instinc
tive prejudice against licentious amalgamation.
The truth is, the two races woro created at differ
ent poned* and for different purposes, as is dis
tinctly declared in the first and second chapters of
Genesis. Iu the tirst chapter, after a particular
account.is ejveo of the different creations made
on the five Urs t days, or periods of time, thou ou
thOMxtli. in the 26th verse i' is declared "And Qod
said let in male- man, so God created man in his
own image, malo and female created he thtm "
27th vorse: "Aud God blessed them and said ho
fruitful aud multiply. Aud God said, bohold I
have givon you oven hern-bearing seed, and every
tree in tho which is the huit of a tree yielding
seed ; to you it shall be for meat." 29th verse:
"And to every beast of tho earth I havo given
every green herb for meat " 30th verso: "And
God saw every thing he h ?d made, and bob ?Id it
was very good, and tho evening aud tho morning
wvro too ?ix h lay." 31st verso: This closed tho
work of six dav'e creation, hut it is not to be in
ferred inat these d*ya woro only tho length of nur
present days because it says "the .evening and
morning woro too tirst day^'Ao. It was no meas
ured by the risiug and fetrnig of our sun, for the
?tin itself w??a not created until thu fourth day.
17th verso, 1st chapter. And there had been threo
?lays of cr?ation un for o the sun and moon woro
made at all, even tho solid land aud the water
wero made before thero was auy sun. Thoro oor
tainly then was some other measure of day, and
tho nUiti conclusion is that it was au era, a pe
liod for gradual formation, rather lha what is
commonly stioposod to bo only tho ordinary day
as measured now hv the sun. After this six
days' work was finished, it is distinoty stated
i hat "God rosied on the seventh da< from all bis
works which he liad mndo"--2.l verso. 2d chapter.
After the seventh day, the Sabbath of rest, it
U said in the 5: h verse of tho 2d chapter,
"The L?rd God bad nob, caused it to
rain up n the earth, and there was not a
man to till tba ground. But thero wont op a
mist from tho earth and watered tho wholo faco
of the ground. And tbo Lord God formed man
of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his
nostrils tho breath of life, and niau became a
Hviug soul." And tho Lord God planted a gardon
eastward in Edou, aud thero ho put tho mau
whom ho had lornicd. Tho sacred narrativo goes
on to describe tbo location of this Karden, aud its
growth, iiml tho rivers that ran through it, and
that thev penetrated zoldhdclliutn and tho onyx
stout?, afl tempting industry aud enterprise in ibis
lilltr of the ground. After describir)}; these de
tails, it i* declared: "And tho Lord G.-d took lira
man ami put him into Mm Garden of Edou, to
dress aud to keep it"? 15ih verse. Altor allowing
him tho trees and commanding him not I o cat
fruit of tho forbidden breo, mid tolling him the
penalty of tho act, tho narrativo say?: "Ami the?
Lord God said it is nut good that lbs man should
bo alono. I will mako him it holp-meut f?ir him"
?verso Mill. Thou is duscribod how ho caused
Adam to naiiio all tho be.i-.tn of tho earth, and
fowls of tho air, and conclud? s by saying: "Hut
for Adam thero was not) buiud a help-moot fur
him." And ho caused a deep ?leap tu fall upun
Adam, aud took a rib from his sido, and formed a
womau, "and brought her unto tho man." It
will bo soon from the above, that thero woro two
sopurato and distinct creatioua of mon. Th*t
mado on Gth day or period, was a siinultaneuus
creation uf men and wumon, for it distinctly do?
.clarea male aud female created Ho thorn. Where
as in tho last creation iu tho 2.1 chapter, it dis
tinctly says, Adam teas alone, and tor some timo
aluno, "aud God saw it was not tit for man to bo
aluno," and then created a woman from his rib
and gavo h r to mau aa hie help-meet, with tho
object uf tilling tho earth. Tho first race .-as
created without defining its pursuits or objects,
and tho "seed" and "herb?*," and fruit of trees
yielding seed "woro givon him fur moat." Whoro
as, in tho second creation it is directly said "there
waB not a man to till tho ground," and ono was
created with that view, aud the Garden of Eden
waB sprea i out to exhibit and illustrait! his occu
pation, and tempt his industry. Altor Adam bad
oaten tho forbidden fruit, bis Maker banished him
from tho gardon, aud said: "Cursed ia tho ground
for thy sake; in aorrow shalt thou oat of it ull the
d.iys uf thy life-in tho sweat of thy faco shalt
thou eat bread till thou return unto the ground"?
31 chapter, 17th and l'Jtli verses.' Ho went forth
and was a "tiller of tho ground," as he was order
ed to bo, and bis raco have been tiller? of the
ground with its different branches of occupation
and civilization over since, fur 5025 years; whilo
Iho othor, tho first created race, havo been feed
ein upon spontaneous productions?nuts and
fruit-bearing trec-3, and whatever could bo pro
cur? d without being * tillers uf tho ground," save
(there they bars boon brought, by tho higher race,
into civilization aud regular work, Nuthiug proves
tho divine inspiration of Moats muro clearly than
his having at this early period of tho world, in a
fow graphic verses, delineated thodistiuctcliarac
teriatics of tho two races, and tho object lor which
tho last created race was made. And these
characteristics havo marked reich raco for five
thousand years without variation. How could
this bo doue without tho divinity that shaped
their nature in tho first days of their croation ?
Tho efforts of tbo missionaries, with all their
zeal, for one hundred years, have produced but
little impression on the mixed race, oven iu di
verting thorn from their instinct to wander and
food upon the nuts and fruits of the wild forest.
Whereas, tho other race havo over been
"tillers of the ground," and immediately
went from tho Garden of Eden to raise flockB ami
herds, and to develop the productions of the
earth, and to follow tho teraptati<*rns of Provi
denco in declaring to thorn that their great rivers
flowed through tlio land of gold and bedellium
and onyx stono. This has been the race for the
cizilization of tho earth, tho architects of cities
and towns and temples, who have spread the
silken wings of commerce to 'lie four quarters uf
the world, snuffing in its lofty beak the gale and
tho breeze of ov?ry ocoan and every Boa, and
bearing back upon its expanded and exuberant
bosom tho aromati > treasures of every clime to
blcaa and gladden tho heart of man. This is the
raco that God Almighty hitnsolf created especially
to illnatrato tho dispensations ot his Providence,
tho history of which ia dovnloped in. the inspired
pages of His Holy Dook. Wo cannot ask why or
wherefore. To say it cannot be ao, becauso it
does not tally with nur limited uotiuns of philan
thropy and universal equality, is to arraign the
God of Oro tiou beforo a Puritanical board of
commissioners, self-constituted and solf-appoint
ed, to bo tho suprern ? censors of tbo morals and
humanity uf tho world. i'hia ia tlio assuming ar
rogance of Lucifer himself, and finally the samo
fate awaits them that befell him, although thoy
may be wrappod in a more sanctimonious garb of
aelr-i'ightcousiioas. Hay thoso people, all meu arc
equal, and why should God create different orders
iu tho tacos or mon? Why should Ue have differ
ent orders in H.-avon itaeliV aud yet wo are told
there aro angels aud arch-angels there, oven to
tho tallest around the throne itaclf. Why should
lie, iu His chosou people, illustrate a government
fur mankind, divide them into twolvo tribes,
and appoint orders and rolen, and expressly cou
atituto Moaoa to be lawgiver, and Aaron and his
sous to no priests, ana Gideon and Joshua to
bear tho sword and command tho armies ? Why
did ho mako tbo lion tho master boast of tho
earth and tho eagle tbo prince of birds ? Order ia
the first law of oroation. It goes up from the
mouae to tbo elephant, and from the lowest
order of mammalia up to the noblest Caucasian that
over turned his eye upward to God from the
sacred mountains of Syria. To declare univoraal
equality, and to enforce it, is to declare universal
profligacy, and inaugurate universal revolution,
jilundor and murder. Thia nniv. raal oquality and
levelling of tbo human race sprang from the
dreamy doctrines of Rousseau and Voltair*, over
spread Europe and culminated in the great French
revolution. The French Chambers made a corol
lary to the declaration that all men woro equal,
by actually announcing "that there was no God
aud tho Bible was a lie." Tucae two declarations
aro essential props of each other. Franklin and
Jefferson, both sent to France by our Govern
ment, became imbued with the philosophy of
Voltaire and the French, and cams back and
through their great inlluouco in orporated it into
tho belief and institutions of our own country. This
idea baa been a canker worm, proying upon tho
vitals of our aociety ever since. Wo have been
educated in this belief from earliest infancy,
and even struggling through manhood, each one
always aspiring to sorao man higher in position,
hoping to realizo tho Utopian dream of uni
voraal equality which has been tho fundamen
tal doctrino of American law. This it .is
which bas set every man's hand aguiuit every
other man, and filiod all society with rtvalalnps,
envy, hatred and bitterness, instead of contenu d
quiot, order, harmony and benevolence. They
havo now forced upon the country emancipation
of tho black race, though carnage and fire such
as has been seldom known iu tho bloodiest days
tif the world, all to enforce universal equality, and
under an idoa that they havo abolished slavery.
But this has only changed tho lurm of slavery
It will now tako another form?will bo wider
spread, and more cruel and crushing in tho pro
gresa of lime. There aro two kinds of slavery iu
tho world?tho ono Asiatic iu its form, and ia
what ia known as Patriarchal, where ? tho indi
vidual capitalist owns the individual laborer, and
they become individually identified with each
othor in all tho sympathies aud objects of lite;
tho other form is a relic of tho old feudal system,
introduced into Euroi o by the military invasion
of tbo Scaudiuaviaus, Goths and Vmidala, in their
conquest of the southern aud muro wealthy re
gions. But of this grow tho custom or military
men dividing off the lauds uf wholo connu ins, and
granting them upou ho condition of military
services to be rendered. From thia, iu progress
of timo, grew tbo sjs om uf money commutation
for military services. Where tho capliulis's of a
nation finally own the laborers uf a nation iu
masses, aud through a moro refined system than
the mi re military exaction of service, they t iok
taxes m lieu thereof. This was tho formation of
regular revenues, and Kurke has philosophically
observed, "The revenue is tho state." It in
through taxation and revenue tho capitalista
of a nation rule the > nation. Taxation is,
as t oy say, essential to support an oner
get to/ government, aud tlio dlshUI ?Oliumt-i of
revenue arising from taxation gives capitalista
all they want fron, tho labor of a coun
try?for tho same combination of interests
that impose taxes will always disburse them
Hence it is thoy ascertain what is nuees-ury to
support the laL r of a nation, and ail over and
above that thoy take and divide amung thorn
solves. In the form of disbursements to support
government, the/ givo it to kings, lords and
nobles, established cnurch, array and navy. Iu
this country we have no established church, king
or nobles; but there are atupondous expenditures
for army, navy and taxation, for tho hem lit of
capitalists in manufacturing and princely corpo
rations, aud also for the benefit of the mighty
lords who hold tho bonds and stocks uf govern
ment, and for tho benefit of tlio long array of
ofllcors iu every dopartmout of a vast ami mightv
government full of glory and honor. And then
to support tho paraphernalia of a limonu corps for
tho eluomoBynary benefit of all who pretend to
live by alms, to the amount of $12,000,0? 0. You
may say, in certain Northern States ?til so-ioty is
organized under corporations iu sumo form or
Other, from a villano MotiOol up to banks and rail
roads with untold millions, wboreby associated
wealth may he brought, to act with tuoro vigor an I
unity, and through vvutch it may tuoro effectually
own tbo labor id' the country. Too paitriureh.il
s\slem, or tho system m win h individual capitai
lts owned individual labor, was tho only real check
to the power of it.-suci.ilcd wealth in the sh ipo of
corporation?. And now that system is broken
down, tho whole lab ?r of a consolidated nation
will bo owned by the capitalists of tho nation,
through tho power Of government, aided by the
unity of associated wealth in the shape of corpo
rations. And thus tho whole labor of the south;
will bo owned, through the nower of government,
as'well as the labor of tin' North, and tt is but a
chango of ouo system of slavery for another. Tho
European system is far more ouergctic and
cheaper, but it is more heartless and selfish, and
inoro gihiding to tho lace of tho poor. The one
system in moro truthful and professes less; the
other is full of professions ol humanity; hut under
it all aro educated to hypocrisy, to llattery, to
deceit and selfishness. The ouo is an open sys
tem ot undisguised torco; the other is a system of
disguised fraud. The black race has novor, as a
race, bgon subjugated to tho European system of
slavery; und in fact tho black man, on any largo
scale, was never known to slavery until after tho
tliscovery of America. Tho Spaniards hud every
where iu tbiB country reduced tho Indians to
slavery, aud worked them in their mines with
great severity, and under that system they were
fast perishing out, when tho "good Las Cases
petitioned thu King of Spain to import Africans,
as they could endure tho heat and confined work
better than the Indians. Such is tho account of
Herrera? Negroes were theneo forwarded, im
ported by tho Spaniards,Portuguese, French, Eng
lish, aud afterwards by New England, iuto ?ill
purls of America as slave?. E-rypt hud hceu pre
viously supplied with negro slaves by dealers from
the interior of Africa,hut til at only on a small scale.
All tho slavery of the world, previous to 1511, was
chiefly of tbo whito raco. Tlio slavery of tho
patriarchs of tho Old Testament w.is whito, and it
is a mistake often made to suppose the black man
a descendant of Ham, because his descendants
were cursed by Noah to bo tho slaves of slaves.
They wore slaves, but there is not tho slightest
ovideuco that thoy ?vero black. Tho only allu
sion made in the Old Testament to the black
man is where it dec?an d that "the leopard cannot
chango his spots nor the Ethiopian his skin."
Abraham had three hundred and eighteen slaves
or aorvauts, bom in his own house, who followed
him implicitly, and ?vero counted as bis posses
sions, and iu tho Valley of Jchnsophal fought
with him aud gained a battle. Tho tirst fugitive
slave we read of being returned to her mistress
was llagar and child at tho well, where tho
Angel of the Lord expressly tells her to return to
her mistress and obey bor, ?tec. Slaves were then
made from prisoners taken in war, or "bought with
money." They, with their offspring, were the
property of their masters, who could sell them,
inflict corporal punishment, and even put them to
death. They were expressly authorized to bore
their ears so as to know them. Muses says:
"They shall bny tlioir servants of the heathen,
and of tho children of strangers that do sojourn
among yon; of them shall yo buy, aud of their
families that are with you, which they begot in
their land; and thoy shall ho your possession, and
you shall take thorn aa an inheritance fur you and
?Tor your children afer you, to inherit them as
possessions; they sha 1 bo your bondmen for
ever." Slavery afterwards existed throughout
Greece. Aristotlo considered uo house furnished
without elives, considering them as "working
tools aud poases-ions." Ko Groek philospher de
claimed against slavery. Among thorn there wcro
two kinds of slaves?those obtained by conquest,
and those, purchased with money. Ihoso bought
were from the traders from tho Greek colonies of
Asia Minor and from Thrace, where parents sold
their own children In Athena, at the height of
her renown, thero woro far moro slaves than
-masters, and thero was a regular market opened
every day for slaves, called EukhiH, became
thu slaves stood round in a circlo to be examine?!.
I he father of Demosthenes' bequeathed slaws,
who wore makers of chairs, mid others to his sou,
as tho friend of liberty. .Slavery existed in Homo
from tho earliest days, and in immeus i bodies,
some owning many thousands. In Gr< cce it was
held to rest upon an original difference in races;
butin Romo this was not held. In Uomo it was
said that iu the luxurious days of iheir profligate
existence largo slaveholders would actu-illy pro
pare for great feasts by fattening their fish on
slaves; and yet many of their s aves were scholars
and writers. Erasmus, the groat am hoi-, was a
slave. But in all these Countries there is no re
cord made of any slaves being negroes or blacks.
It was iu America where the negro from tho inte
rior uf Africa was first introduced iuto slavery on
a largo acule. Tbo conscience of the world was
first excited against tho slavery of the black man;
but there was never any troubled conscience
about the slavery of tho white man, although it
had existed in every ago and country. Evi a in
modern ages, one of the groat exporters of slaves
was Britain, who sent numbers to be sold on tho
continent. The Anglo-Saxons sold their female
servants, and oven their children, to strangers,
particularly to tho-Irish. This custom existed
even after the Norman conquest. At a Council
of the Church hold iu London iu 1102 a canon was
adopt d : "Let no one from honcetorth presume
to cai ry on that trafilo by which men in England
havo hitherto been sold like brute beasts." But
still tho owning of slaves was universal. The
HritaitiH supplied tho market of the Haracous
with slaves purchased from Slavonic tribes bor
dering the Adriatic aud tho Mussulman continued
the traffic of slaves taken from Christian nations
even down to our day. All commercial naii ma
iu modern times engaged in tho trafilo of Afri
cans, and Old and Now England especially made
some of their inrgost fortunes from it. Tbo black
man was then introduced iuto slavery iu America
alter the your 1511, after the white man had been in
elavory for thousands of years, without any holy
horrur being excited against his oppressors. Tue
ulack man was thus brought I ruin his original
forests and nativo habits, whero he bad been
doomed, from tho tirst dav of his creation, to livo
upon the epoittansticnus productions around him,
and reduced to tho ans and occupations of civi
lized life under tho proUcting care of tho raco
originally created expressly as "tillers of the
ground.' Under this caro and guidance tho
habits uf the negro havo been moditied. Iu the
care of tbo stronger raco ho has improved and
grown in ro rapidly iu population than be has
tver done before, tlo has been elevated iu tue
scale of existence and beeu blessed with the com
forts of Christianity, such as ho has novor known
before iu the history of tho world. Nuw, that the
strong arm uf bis intorcst? d protector is tauen
from hitu, bis ?! om is inevitable. Ho will sink
iuto his original state of existoncf, aud livo the
wandering, migratory lite fur which ho was
created, just as the Indian does, ami as tho white
man encroaches <>n him ho will perish out?for no
place can savo bim but the burning c innate and
vast intcri oT toresta of Africa. Contact with civi
lization and the moro vigorous race, without
ownorship ur interest in his moividu.il weltare,
will ho death to bim. A national army cannot
protect him any more than it protected tue exter
mination uf the Indians front tho encroachments
of the whito raco. If tbo weaker race should col
lect together and accumula to pi opertv, too very
army iiself will bu i bur plunderers. To attempt
to guard them permanently b? soldi-.-rs or Oy bu
reaus, ?ill bo to put wolves to guard the sheep
fold. Individual slavery or individual ownership
of individual laborers has been changed in other
countries, and they passed under thu yoke ol that
slavery which comes from capitalists owning them
iu thu mass through the p iwor of guvor-.mutit.
l'ois has been done gradually und without a
shock ; but it has ulway., been done wnero the
races were tho samo au t auiafgation was iuseii-i
blo. But here, whero the race is black and totally
di tinct in its vory orgauizttinn and all its animal
instincts, its doom is inevitable. Created by an
?U-wiau God for some groat, inscrutable provi
dence, in hin government uf tlio world, he will
show, in ttis own timo, Uo?v weak i-i hum ?u vision,
aud huw vain aud preanmptu ms is poor empty
man. The rise and fall of nations is ouo of the
m.mt startling wonders of G id's providence.
I'm y seem to have seed thu germinate and
spread their roots far and near, aud spring up
?
into rank veRotation, and when their fall and win
ter come thoir loaves fall, and finally they perish
ami sink into tho dust of t lui earth, scarcely no
ticed or remembered by tho busy, surviving world,
save by sumo lush-nun or searching nntitpjai mu.
Thoy seem to risu from theeuiti? UK? the caterpil
lar, pursue their oourao, devouring ?ill vegotatiou,
no matter how green ami lovely, in their progress,
until lln-y reach Humo ravine i r walci-i dgt?, whon
they suddenly sink into, .1.7 they rose from the earth,
luuinuti fbrgottou, Hare only in bo remumbvrod an
h moving mass of rabid corruption, devouring all
thai was lovely und tl.ar t?? the heart of man.
Thu dill'renco is, tie- c itorpillar runs ita raco
sooner, and wo can all see its lurmioaUou* but a
nation lakes agis tn fulfill its do-dmy, and no
single man or generati??ii liven through ita wholo
course, rise und decay, and tln-r? f n? tlio situilnr
iiy in nature and prop? i.-i.i? h is not so much
noticed. But it ia plai ? that man, however much
llO may feel accountable and ruspuiittihla ns tin in
dividual, loses that responsibility when .10 is
merged in th<? mass, a nation, ?u-* mans of peo
ple, will do what no civilized ..r moral being would
do in his imiivuliiil capiuity. l\-r tho great
crimes conimiltetl by mumm no single or Indi
vidual citizen bangs bin bead with sh.tmo under
the withering ex? craUta.11 ?if a moral ur Christi ir
world, llu lei In himself to be but ti singlo cog iri
the great machinery lit hovii-ty, ?uni (ills bin place
in tur? ing thu wheel, even tfn.u.h it should bo
thu wheel of Juggernaut crushing and crashing
the bones of human victim? thrown before it by
scores, to feed tho vorucioua maw of tho nation's
idol, under the wild an I l.imitical cry of National
Destiny. No man cun see more, than to know
and feel that it is Cud'?? iirm that builds up a ua
tiou, and it is Goil's arm ulone that u.tu pull down
a nation. They spring up, wiMn-r, aud perish ae
does the grass and the her tie of thu earth, only
that the timo is longer with tin 111, hikI that is all
we know. This groat helpless negro race wae
brought among us by those professing tho strict
est Christianity, ami alter being protected and
elevated in thu sedo ol civili/. it ion for two hun
dred years, thoy are now viuluutly turned loose by
tho samo sectarian Chriiti ill??orphans and
minors to bo wanderers and v..grants, and to
perish, or save themselves by oeetping to those
wil I swamps and foro-?ts Irom iriio.ioe thoy ori
ginally canie, and to sink ?I ?wn to the food they
Were doomed to eat aa "/?<"?/,'* ?u thu Olli day of
creation. One of the great dilli uliiea heretofore
in the civilization of man pccuietl '. be tho diffi
culty of cbiihiug linn 011 a eiie.ip suilo. Civilized
nations had otton conquered barbarian uatiuiie,
hut those who governed them uttuu sunk down to
tbe eamo level of tbo verv people thoy had con
quered, for they were without tho me ins of cloth
ing them on a large scale. A naked man is neces
sarily a aavago man; eloih him, and you tempt
him to trade and deaivo the com tort 3 of life, and
this begets a desire for industry, to acquire thuso
comforts, and that begets a desire for prosperity,
und the desiru of prosperity begets a desire fur
law to prutect it, and law is cicilization. Iu this
point of view, the cheap cotton produced by the
enlightened regulation of what was called slave
labor, has been a great civiliser among modern?
nations. It was tho wortierfm production of cheap
cotton in tho Southern States, combined with'
the wnnde? ful machinery of Old ami Now Eng
land (where slavery exista in a not hur form), that
gave to the world cheap cluthoB for iho poor and
naked, such as was novcr known before among
civilized mon. Give them clothing and you raise
and elevate them. Givo them the necessaries of
life and you raise their comforts, and with their
comforts you raise their virtues. Give man ob
jects around him, dear and worth living for, and
you necessarily make him a creature of
society and civilization. Ilevereo it, and
send him forth naked and hungry, and you
render him wild, with nothing to live for. In this
view, to tho great niassi-a of mankind, the?
comforts of life become, iu fact, the vir
tues of lifo. Lord Brougham, iu ono of
hia fiiio flourishes on universal education, once
declared he hoped to seo tho day when every,
man in Englaud would bo ablu to read Bacon..
Cobbett, in hia cool utilitarian btylo, replied he
hoped to seo tho day when every man iu England
would be able to enf oncot?. There ia m?rophiloso
?hy than surcasmin this remark. The maxims of
ift Franklin, enlarged and systematized by Jero
ni.v Bontham and his scholars, however short they
may fall of embodying high mural truths and the
philosophy of sentiment, have done much to ad
vance tho condition of tue largo masses of men.
Under the burning sun of the ?South, congenial to
the negro, guided by tin? intelligence of the white
race, there haB boon developed the production ufa
cheap material for clothing Hie poor of the highor
latitudes, and they, iu their turn, bare been able
to exchange the production of thtdr artisan and
mechanic ?kill and labor for ihts very cotton for
clothing their children. Thus, with their skill in
a higher latitude, thoy aro enabled to enjoy the
comforts and even luxuries of a more tropical 10
giou. Tho exchangeable values of tho two sec
tions have thus advanced the comforts and cvili
zation of both. It has been the organized alxvc
labor of the South that has given a cbuap article
for clothing tho poor, and that has pent comfort
and contentment to tho laboring sections of every
country in Christendom. All this 'has suddenly
beeu destroyed, and tho old a \ stem at patriarchal
slavery lias hcon changed, and thu now system,
of modern slavery has been instituted, whereby
tho whites and blacks shall b >th he owned by
capitalists and associated wealth in tho shape of
corporations, through tho power of government.
The negroes will make moro cotton this year
than ?hey will next, and whether white labor can
be permanently i< troduced to rely ou for large
crops of cotton is a grave proposition which I
think extremely doubt Mil. Tuey may increase tbe
crop in the hilly and muro lio-.liht'ul regions, but
this will not be doue where a provision crop,
which is so much shorter in its growth and loas
tedious, can be raised to any profit. Thero is one
thing clear,?that no crop of any kind can be per
manently produced in the Southern States unless
a free and equal goverument'be extended towards
them. No men, or set of men, will over work long
under a govorument without law and without con
stitutional protection. Montesquieu lias remarked,
with profound wisdom, that no republic can af
ford to conquer or keep Biihjngited another peo
ple, for it will requit c m ?re arbitrary power iu the
government than what is compatible With the na
ture of tho government, and must of necessity
cli.ngo it. Whether this is not done already, time
alone can prove. If two million five hundred
thousand bags of cotton uro not raised
thia year, aud in a siiuatim to be relied
on by the 16th <f October next, for tho
coming crops, then the thirty,?bixty, and ninety
day foreign bills draiwi in the* fall wil have tobo
met by tho shipment of specie. Tho cotton cannot
be got. Wu aro all standing on a groat ice bridge,
?in?, ?s tho heat of summer pr-igro-isea, tho
thawing will progress, aud wo will theii soo the
fissures and tho crick-1 that havo boon made by
the convulsions hroii-'h which we havo passed.
F??r Hi'iuu groat and wise purposu Providence
Buffered the Indians, who posseased tho-o vast
aud fertile fields, to bo driven back with groat -
cruelty, and finally to perish; and now tho negro
race beoms destined to bo forced to give way to a
mure vigorous mid higher race, and thu blaok
man is doomed to perish her- as d d hia pi educes
aor, tho red man. No doubt it is ad f r some
wiao and groat purpose in the providenco of Him
whoso ways are not aa our ways, aud whose.
policy ia unknown to mort il man.*
I havo th? honor to bo,
Very respectfully, virara truly,
F. Vf. I'loKENS:
8TEALIXO '-Palpitati.xo Bosoms."?A nice look
ing muatached man, by the name ?if Alilu M. Mor
gan, was arraigned for stealing from tho faucy
storu of Emil H irner, No. i'?4 Main-street, sundry
articles, chief mining which wei 0 certain aiysto
rious lookiug "plumpers," supposed to bo
"For man's lllii.-ion given,"
in artificially rounding out and reii'lnring "palpi
tating" thu fomaie bust. Tuest? mysterious ap
pliances aro, perhaps, more accurately described
m thu beuch warrant, as inflow?:
"That on the 15th diy o? Juno, A. D. I860," Ac,,
Ac , Ac, this said Morgan "did, aith torce and
arma, lelou'Oti-ly t?ko one fa.,, tinto skeins of
yarn, ono palpitating bosom, one pair of scissors,'*
Ac, Ac.
Tho pnrloiner of Indies' pilnititing bosoms
(duos ho steal thoir h-tans ?a well?) was fined %7
?ndeoste, making til 80. Hu ?an^ivoi timo to
snll bis watch, Ac, iu nr I? . tu raise tho need
ful.?Hartford (tkmn.i Titurs.
Gbkxbai. Shbuman i? showi ,<> hiiusolf around
in tho .Nor? hem eiti.s, and much 1 dort seems to
ho making to lionize him. But his spo??oheB and
shorter responses aro general.y very lnelieiton?*
and coafao, aud show him to bu muoh more of _
bear than liun.