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BT CIiMKSCALI Editob. :. .. . ; ^ Memorial Day was observed by Miss The rain pre ? .Ve?ted" the decoration of the soldiers' .'graves, but tho exercises at the school bouse were very creditable alike to pupils ^ and teachers. -Whatever Miss Hubbard -,a?emptB,.ahe does well, and every reci ^?tpra^rBp^? and essay showed the ? l^aa^f^a 'BkiUed, workman. The selec? tions made by the teachers for the pupils were in good taste and calculated to ; inipreW upoii the' minds of the children , bits of history, worthy to be~cherished by ?very Southern born citizen of the Union. ;Lbu Drake was kind enough to composition a written by the her5 school. Three of them were prepared by 'Dora Hanks, Eobert " Parker and Mary Emerson, aged respec ||||p>?:.wen,. eight, and twelve ye ^l?'eyourth";was^written by Miss Judit X;l?k?tin. We are grateful to Miss Lou ;^o)t,hot thoughtfulneas. We like to read the productions of little children, and ; lsjgjfton?-?-too.; All these compositions '"?^ma^ni?i evidences- of grade-1 Iv.t improvement. Those - written by the three little children are remarkably well gotten up for children trf their age, and Miss - Martin's is. well composed and ; ; looks like print. ^???$ar ?Teachers1 Institute will be held -this year at Greenville City. We tried hard t? get it at Willlamsion sgtiin, but fHendMAyfiald had the long end of the single-tree Und forced ins to ch?bse between; <;Greer^ Fountain^ Ihn, or Greeflvi?e City. We can get board at Gjw&vnie at fifty cents a day, just, what ; ; we'pald.at Wllliamston. The institute #U1 open Jane 25th and continue until July 6th. We would urge bur teachers to^ make: ^their arrangements, without I . V rartyr d?ayjto attendtthe institute.. It I :&&&m^^^utfp the good of the Institute, Every progressive teacher rand ev^J^ ijhows they are. | aVab^uto^^ andthat no teacher can afford to miss them, if attendance is ?rttbiin the range of possibility. Let us - y Mw i ftttl'tarhou't of Anderson teachers. % '^^h^^^^i^mi Qconee, Lau? rent and Sparenburg will unite with as ?v this time.. /If nbtt, however, Anderson an#f Greenville will go through** they .- - ;ald last year.. We hope to be able to ^ahnoon^ the Faculty next week. '?:>>r^erold .^tflet--f-v*-*- - ' ^ ? ^V*Salian ^ For. idle hands to do!" expresses a great truth. . Profitable occu? pation is a strong safeguard against evil. One chief-source of failure in school gov? ernment, comes from not knowing how to regulatefaod promote occupation. U must be agreeable. Uncongenial work is distasteful to the mature; how ? ffitich more to the young 1 Children like nothing better than their play, and they. J follow nature's laws in choosing the -kinds-they like. History tells us that - boys and girls, in all ages, have bad essentially the same plays; at least, it is certain that the games and sports in 1 Athens were almost counter-parts of 1 what we have to-day. Child nature does not change. ?~ ? Congenial work promotes healthy mental and'physical growth. This-is a law. If in education it Bbould be observed, the drudgery of the. school-room "would /_ dlsa^pe^^rFro^^'made this principle the corner-stone of his system, with what results we well know'; and the Edge worths, before Frcebel, advocated the same method. The former in 1798, ^.r'jjrrofe'-as foUows; "'You cannot be a child all your! life, child! Do go and fetch your bpok, and learn your task.' angry .apostrophe "is probably addressed to a child at the moment when he is intent upon some agreeable occupa? tion;, which "is now to. be stigmatized with ; She name of play. Why tbat word Should all at once change its meaning; why that sll?nld now be a crime which was formerly a virtue; why he, who bad so often been told to go and play, should now be reviled for his" disobedience, the young casuist is unable to discover. A paw era in his life now commences. The age of learning begins, and begins in sorrow. Spelling books, grammars, die . tionaries, rods, and masters are collected; nothing is to be heard of in the boose but tasks,nothing to be seen bat tears." -Nearly a hundred years of educational work has passed since these words were written, and some progress has been made towards better methods; but the world has yet much to learn as to how to make school work as agreeable as p lay aground work. ?ji^pAU progress in educational practice iL along the path gf{a^aptationj .th&^dapta ?' tion of work to^pacity, and? Oxet: adjust -. ment of labor to the nature of the learner. r A fetf yeara ago, a book appeared called "Learning to read without tears." It -was a revelation to thousands who had supposed tbat sorrow and science were twins. We now admit that ail healthy growth is pleasurable, and that pain and ' .sorrow 'are. certain evidences of unnatural environments. But children must not be left at liberty with no restraint, but bo guided and directed tbat what .they do will bo in accordance with their natures, and bo agreeable. Children love occupation. School boors could be much lengthened if we knew how to teach. Our limitations come from our ignorance. The time is coming when pupils will get twice as much men? tal, bodily, and ethical discipline in a "year as they do now; because the coming ^teacbors will know better how to do their work. Hard work is the best kind of work, if it is under the proper conditions, if it is done from proper incentives and prompted by proper motives.?Teachers1 t$ut?uie.: xbu? teaching. True teaching must' ba the adaptation .of the. subject taught to the learning ml?^^'ifha^iwi .iBr'i^e the mental grasp o{ the pupil only serves to-weary, and dijjgnai tbe learner and consequently dsDPQSBts valf ;healhty -vmenttl I action. 'S & L?NGSTON. knowledge, by far a greater part of all school work consists in a useless pilgrim? age through a barren desert of empty words?a fruitless Sahara. The cause of this is not far to seek,?the examinations demand more than the children can per? form. What teacher ever received a class from a lower grade fully prepared for the work fixed by the examination for grade? I have never found one. Sup? posing children have been in the school' three or four year under poor teaching and know not anything thoroughly; cannot read, write, reckon, or think. Now the teacher, who takes such poorly prepared pupils, must choose one of two courses. She must do the children under her charge the great possible good by teachings thenr thoroughly what they have failed to learn, and then have them fail entirely of. passing" the uniform examinations; or, by sheer force of ver? bal memory, the paragraphs, pages and propositions necessary for the test may be put into their minds. "Having," says Spencer, "by our method induced helplessness, :we ? straightway make help? lessness the reason for our method."? From an address delivered in 1883 by Col. Parier. A TALK TO FUPXL8. "I rOBGOT." Some children say "I forgot"" so often that I almost think that they believe that they have not any memory, but only ' a "forgettery.". ^ Do you know what makes you forget ? It is want of atten? tion. A mother gives her little boy an errand to 3o at the store. He is at his play when she calls him off, and he is so busy with his play that he only half | attends to what she is saying; and so before he has got to the store he has quite forgotten what it was she told him to do, or. he only remembers half of the errand. And when he comes back without the spool of thread, or the loaf of bread, or the pound of coffee, he says, aa though that was just as good as the thing he was Bent for?"Oh I forgot." I wonder what he would say if some morn? ing he should come down and not find anything to eat on-the breakfast-table, and he should say to his mother, "Aren't we going to have any breakfast this morning?" and she should say, "Oh I I forgot" I know one man who was very busy with his work, and when he went out in the morning and his wife gave him an errand for the house to attend to, he often forgot it. He resolved to break himself of that habit; and so, whenever he forgot any such errand, he would walk-all the way back to the house to do the thing forgotten or get the thing for? gotten. He soon cured himself of his J "forgottery," and put a memory in its place. Suppose you try that experiment; 't didn't think." But there-is one habit which is worse than not to remember?that is, not^o | think. Did you ever hear a little boy or girl say, as though that was a a perfectly good excuse, "Ohl I didn't think"? That Beems to me as though a boy should stand still in the middle of. the street nntil be was run over by a carriage, and then should say "Oh! I didn't run." His legs were given to him to run with, and his mind was given 4o him to think, with. Did you ever see a gorilla? I saw one, once, dead and stuffed, in the British Museum. It was standing at the head of the stairs, leaning on a stick, and looked exactly as though it was ready to spring out upon any one who was going up the stairs. It bad legs like a man, and a body like a man, and a neck like a man, and arms like a man, and a head like a man, but it was very different from a man. Do you know what is the differ? ence between a gorilla and a man ? The man can think, and the gorilla cannot. And since that day, whenever I have heard a boy say, "I do not think," I have thought of the gorilla, and wondered what is the difference between a gorilla and a boy who does not think. I wish you would tell me.?Lyman Abbott, LL. D>. in the Teachers' Institute. Keeping Eggs Fresh. "'Many have been the plans suggested for keeping eggs. The true, secret is to put entirely fresh eggs in a cool place in auy sort of packing that will exclude the air. .An egg may be cooked and eaten or used in the preparation of cakes, &c, and be pronounced fresh and good. Yet another egg' laid.in the same nest the same day, and kept in the same place ?will, if put up by any known process, decay before another packed away on the day the hen left it in her nest, because the process of decay had already begun? thongh imperceptible in the one of the same age and treatment that was con? sumed. We once put a fresh but cracV ed egg in a glass tumbler and covered it with dust from the road. A month later we took it out and it was fresh. It was returned and kept fresh another month, its freshness being indicated by its clear? ness when held between the eye and the light. We have kept eggs packed in dust for months. Some were fresh, others were decayed. Evidently the de? cayed ones were some days old when in hot weather of June, they were packed away. The others were strictly fresh and kept bo. . The cooler the place of storage, the longer eggs will keep. Some contend there is virtue in turning eggs over every few days.. This is commended by the Poultry Keeper. We were once told by an eld lady that she was successful in keeping real fresh eggs for months by putting them in a stocking or long nar? row sack, with a hang loop at each end, and every few days carefully turning them over and suspending them from the loop at the opposite end. If the manufacturers obtain strictly fresh eggs in summer, they could make it pay by freezing them in blocks of ice, unless the freezing process should be detrimental to the eggs. Bed snapper fish, caught in the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, in hot weather, are enclosed in blocks of artificial ice and shipped to the moat distant markets of the North, and kept as loDg as desired in that con? dition in ice-cold houseB. Why not eggs ? The high prices in the winter would com perisate fox the trouble and expense. / MOEMONISM. Its Doctrines and Beliefs?How They Live. From the Atlanta Comtitution. Salt Lake City, Utah, April 26.? "Georgia and Tennessee furnish us more converts than any other two States in the Union," said a prominent Mormon elder to-day, "and Alabama, the two Carolinas and Mississippi come next, in the order named. How do we get them ? Why, we proselyte them, of course. We ! have a large number of missionaries now at work in the Sonth, and we are reaping a great harvest of souls. We are called "Mormons/ but this is an erroneous title, as we are a purely religious, worshipping community, whose collective title is the 'Ohurch'of Jesus Christ.'" lattee dat saints. "Our mission and onr teachings are greatly misun - rstood by those who live in the East. In the South we find greater receptiveness of mind; the people are of simple faith and the seeds of our great and glorious gospel take root quickly. We have met with great success, though with some- repulses and misfortunes; scoffers have offered indignities to our missionaries, but we still work on undaunted. We look npon Georgia as the most promising State in the Union; we believe the propagation of onr doc? trines there?and in Tennessee?will be rapid, and will, in time, result in the establishment of our worship in the larger'or more populous cities. Of the other Southern States it is difficult to speak at this time. A bitter feeling seems to have sprung up against us in Alabama, and this is perpetrated by the sectarian.press; in fact we find bigots the hardest people to fight. As to the num? ber of converta made by. onr missiona? ries, it would be impossible to get statis? tics unless through the railway officials, as the chiefs of our order are not inclined to make, public the strength of our denomination. In 1 ^80 there were, in Utah, 120,283 so-called 'Mormons,' 6,988 Apostate Mormons, 820 Josepbite Mor? mons, 1,716 doubtful and 14,156 Gentiles. Since then our ranks have increased rapidly until it is almost impossible to give correct figures. In Salt Lake City there are 28,200 Latter-day Saints, and less than 5,000 Gentiles." Mr. J. H. Bennett, general passenger agent of the Denver and Bio Grande railway, was interviewed on .the subject of Southern converts, to Mormonism. "They bring in a great many," said he, "principally from Georgia and the Caro? linas. One party came in our line, only the other day, from that section, number? ing over 250. Several parties of 40 to 50 have been sent by the missionaries, and a large party from the Carolinas arrived here early in April. It would be impos? sible to get any exact figures." The Utah Central railroad is owned by the Mormons, and many of their South? ern converts are sent via Kansas City and Denver to Ogden and then brought down to Salt Lake* via the Saints' own line. This is done to prevent the railway officials from gathering accurate statis? tics as to the proselyting now going on. Of course the missionaries are at work in other States besides the South. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa are furnishing a few converts, and Pennsylvania, Massachu? setts and the New England States an occasional one. the mormon religion, or doctrine, is very generally misunder? stood. Joseph Smith, the founder of the church, was born in Vermont, in 1805, and when about fourteen be began to see visions, after the fashion of Joan of Arc. On the 21st of September, 1823, an angel appeared to him and blessed him, and in 1827, the "records of the Lord" were delivered in his hands. These records were engraved on plates of gold, six inches wide and eight inches long, bound together, as the leaves of a book, with golden rings. The writing was in Egyp? tian characters, and these Smith transla? ted, as he says, "by the gift and power of God." This Mormon bible purports to give a history of America and says the aborigines are decendants of Joseph and came here 600 years before Christ's birth. The most remarkable statement of this Bible is that Christ made His appear? ance upon this continent and planted the gospel here; that He had apostles, prophets, pastors and teachers as in the east; that the people were cut off in con? sequence of their trangressfons-; .that the last of the prophets' wrote the abridge? ment of the prophecies, history and career of this people on the plates of gold and buried them in the earth, where they lay concealed until their hiding place was revealed to Smith. In 1830 the first church of the Mormons was founded in Fayette, N. Y. The doctrine spread, persecution followed, and finally in 1847 Brigham Young and a company of 142 pioneers came to Salt Lake and founded this city. Things prospered until in 1857 alfred cuming, of georgia, was appointed Governor to succeed Brigham Young, and an army was sent here to subdue what was bejieved to be a rebellion against the Federal Govern? ment. The campaign was a brief one, as it was proved the Mormons were not in rebellion. The favorable Bide of the Mormon question should in justice be given. There are among the 200,000 Latter Day Saints in Utah no poorhouses and not a single pauper. Nine-tenths of them own the houses they live in, and there is not a State in the Union whose citizens have done so much, unaided, for the education of their children. The Mormon population of Utah, in 1883, was 83 per cent, of the whole; the Gen? tile-population 17 percent. Out of 51 convicts in the penitentiary 46 were from the 17 per cent, class, and but 5 of the 83 per cent, class. Prohibition is enforced wherever Mormonism prevails, and in those cases where the law cannot reach a rumseller the church does, and he is excommunicated if he does not shut up bis shop. Houses of ill fame are not tolerated in any purely Mormon settle? ment, and gambling in every form is forbidden. Industry is everywhere appa? rent, and the co-operative institutions are all prospering. Of suicides, homi? cides and infanticides, over 85 per cent, are committed by the anti-Mormons. Women $re allowed to vote?this meas ANDERSON, S. C. are was adopted because the anti Mormons said that if the women had equal rights with the men polygamy would cease at once, and in order to demonstrate the fallacy of this reasoning the women were immediately enfran? chised. So much for the good side of Mormon ism, but it has a bad Elide, and a very bad one, too?polygamy. The Edmunds bill is breaking up the perpetuation of the practice, but there are, even yet, many polygamists living in Utah. The divinity of polygamy is one of the beliefs of the Latter Day Saints, and several "revelations" on the subject have been made to the apostles of the church, the most famous of these being the "inspired revelation" made to "Joseph, the Seer," in Nauvoo, 111., July 12th, 1843, in answer to his prayers for enlightenment on the subject of mar? riage and the relation of woman to man. Marriage, the Mormons hold, is not merely a civil contract, but a sacrament. "The Handbook of Reference," one of i the most sacred of books to the Latter Day Saints, contains these words (copied by consent): "The first marriage was sol? emnized by the Deity in person. Mar? riage Involves not only the free choice of the partners in the union but the seal and consent of the Almighty, and if this is not secured the marriage is not acknowledged in heaven. Secular mar? riages are not acceptable to God. Celes? tial ms.rriage is eternal; that is, it is binding after death and through all eternity. * * * A man with three or more wives would have plural family relations in the kingdom of heaven and be suitable . company for Abraham, Isaac . and Jacob and other ancient worthies, who obtained the favor of God and held communion with Him while in the flesh. *? * * If a man raised from the dead may have more than one wife through successive marriages in this world there can be nothing unholy in that extended family connection. If it is right in that holy estate why not in this?" ! These are fair samples of the logic used and the scriptures, the Mormon bible and the revelations alluded to are the foun? dations upon which the horrible super? structure of polygamy has been reared in Utah. The' Gentiles of Salt Lake City claim that polygamy is not the feature most feared by those who understand the scope of the plans and the assumptions of the managers of th Mormon is ts. Here it is boldly asserted that "the organiza? tion is more political than religious and that it boasts that its mission is to overthrow the government of the United States and place America under Jhe rule of its own priests." The practice of polygamy has had its day, no doubt, and there are scores of Mormons who have never married more than one wife. In fact, it is intimated that some of these have found even one too many. The Edmunds bill provides for the pun? ishment of any person wb** has more than one wife, the penalty being six months in tbe penitentiary and $300 fine. The courts keep busy trying cases, many of which are unsuccessful, and most.of the elders are too wary to be caught. Abuses still exist, but their days are numbered, and it is only a question of time when polygamy will cease to exist in Utah. Kate Field, the eminent lecturer and writer, spent some months here, and will soon give the wc M her views on Mormon life, which she . j ves tigated. She will mention among others, probably, the case of an elder here who married a young woman and subsequent? ly became enamored of her sister whom he married. He then fell in love with the mother of tbe two girls and married her I He was tried recently but escaped through some technicality in the pro? ceedings. This is but one of the scores of remarkable proceedings that might be narrated if space permitted. Of Salt Lake City too much cannot be said in praise. Its location is superb, its climate is delightful and its attractions to the tourists are many. There are 120 miles of streets each 132 feet wide, bor? dered with shade trees and a running stream of clear water on either side of the roadway?one of the most unique effects imaginable. the mormon's tabernacle seats 12,000 people and is a marvel of architecture. The new temple, now approaching completion, will have cost $10,000,000 when finished. The Mor? mons no longer control the city politics absolutely, and life, is therefore, bearable here?which was not the case under the old Mormon regime. One of the promi? nent business men of the city said t-day: "Tbe Mormons are making many con? verts in the South and East, but they are losing their grip politically; the Gen? tiles are gradually becoming a power. Polygamy must go and this they realize. If tba people who are proselyted knew the true state of affairs they would not be induced to come here. Tbe light of truth will some day shine into this pest hole of Mormonism and purify it. We hope the day is not far distant." Chas. H. Wells. An Elegant Substitute For Oils, Salts, Pills, and all kinds of bitter, nauseous Liver Medicines and Cathartics is the very agreeable liquid fruit remedy, Syrup of Figs. Its advan? tages are evident?it is more easily taken, more acceptable to the stomach more pleasantly effective, and more truly beneficial to the system than any other remedy. Recommended by leading phy? sicians. For sale by Simpson, Reid & Co. ? The Biuger Sewing machine was a money making arrangement. A daugh? ter of tbe original Singer has an income of $120,000 a year. A young French Duke has just married her. Her bridal drees only cost $6,000. ? There is no danger to human life more to be dreaded than that which arises from vitiated blood. Dyspepsia, rheumatism, headache, and general debility, all result from it, and are cured by the use of Ayer's Sarsaparilla. Take it this month. Six bottles, $5. ? The sultan of Morocco now has 6,000 wives. At this season of the year he never passes a millinery Bhop without shuddering and feeling sick at heart. THURSDAY MOKK What Makes It Rain 1 How often on sh?nery days little folks here asked themselves or their elders, "What makes it rain?" and how very seldom they have been able to get a sat? isfactory reply I Sometimes those who know have no time to tell, and oftener those who have plenty of time do not find it quite convenient to explain. Let us sit down and talk it over, and see if we can discover, first, why it rains at all; and then, when it does rain, why it does not rain in the same way over the whole earth. Did you ever stop to think, when you I looked ont of the window and saw dull, gray clouds from which the rain was steadily pouring, and which seemed to shut in the world all around, that, in reality, they extend over a very small part of the country; that somewhere else, perhaps only twenty or thirty or a bun miles away, the sun was shining, and all was bright and beautiful ? This is really the case. For storms, however long and dreary, do not extend over many miles, and though it always is raining at some place in the world, yet always and at the same time it is pleasant somewhere else. Now let us see why this is. Suppose that on a warm Summer afternoon we were to bring a pitcher of clear, cool water, fresh from the well, and to place it on tb'' table in the dining room. Now, no mat--' ter how carefully we may have dried the pitcher before bringing it iu, we shall discover, if we watch closely, that the_ outside soon becomes wet or misty; and that the mist grows heavier, and then gathers into drops, and perhaps even runs down the pitcher to the table. Now where does this water come from ? Not through the sides of the pitcher, that is imposaiple ; but from the air. We can? not see it, perhaps, but still it is there, in the 8t?te of vapor. How came it there ? Did you ever notice, after a rain, bow in a short time the puddles became dry, and bow the moisture disappeared from the grass and leaves, as soon as the sun shone out and the wind blew ? Or did you ever notice that if you left a pan of water out of doors the water each day grew less and less, until all was gone and the pan was dry ? All the water that was in the puddles, on the grass and leaves (except that which soaked into the ground) and in the pan, was taken up as vapor into the air ?has "evaporated," as we say. The same thing happens when water boils, only it then evaporates more rapidly, and we can see the vapor arising as steam. If you live near a river, or in a country where there are brooks, perhaps you can see this evaporation actually taking place. Get up early some morning, before the sun rises, and look out toward the river. You may see a long line of mist or fog, like a big, white cloud, hanging over the water. Now this mist is only the water evaporated from the river, and is just now visiple as fog because the air is cool. After the sun has shone, the air becomes warmed and the fog disappears, but the evaporation goes on nevertheless. In? deed, it is going on continually, and all over the earth : bo that if the water were not returned to us as rain, snow and dew, all the oceans, lakes and rivers would in time dry up and disappear. All the trees, grass and plants would then wither, and our beatiful land would become as dry aud parched aa the great desert of Sahara. Having now learned how the water is drawn into the air, let us see how and why it comes down again as rain or snow or dew. There is a singular thing about this moisture, which is this: the air will hold only a certain quantity of it, and that quantity depends upon the tempera? ture of the air. But warm air always holds more than cold ; so, however warm the air may be, or however much mois? ture it may contain as invisible vapor, we have only to cool it enough and the vapor condenses, as we say ; that is, it becomes visible, first aa fog or mist, and then as drops of water, such as we see on the pitcher. And the reason we see a white fog rising at night after the sun goes down is only because the water, which has been evaporating all day and going up into the air as invisible vapor, becomes condensed to fog by the cooling of the air when the sun's heat 1b with? drawn. When the sun rises the fog dis? appears, but the vapor still ascends, and when it reaches the altitudes where the air is always cool, it becomes condensed again as fog, only- it is then called "clouds." :rf And if it becomes condensed enough to form in drops of water, they fall, and it "rains," or perhaps it snows, for boow is but frozen rain. Thus we have learned that rain is caused by the cooling and condensation of the moisture in the air. Bearing this in mind, let us study the surface of our country and see why the rain does not fall equally on all parts of it, instead of falling very abundantly in some places, as in New England and many of the Gulf States, and very sparingly in many parts of the West, as in New Mexico and Ari? zona. The winds which blow to this country from the South and the East, being warm tropical winds, can hold much moisture and are full of this in? visible vapor of water which they have taken up from the Gulf of Mexico and the ocean. Coming to the cooler land, they gradually become cooled. Their moisture, therefore, falls as rain while they pass over the land, till, by the time they reach Western Kansas and Colorado, the moisture being gone, no more rain can fall. But the winds which come to this country from the North and West are colder than the land, and, as they Bweep over it, toward the South and East, they gradually become warmer; so that, instead of giving up their moisture in the form of rain, they are constantly taking up moisture from earth. It is for this reason that our North and West winds are dry winds, and mean fair weather, while the South and East winds bring rain. For this reazon, also, the Eastern and Southern States have an abundance of rain, while the Central and Western Slates are often very dry. And there is still another point to be consid? ered. We already have noted the fad that at great heights the air is cooler Hence, when a warm wind full of mois lure comes blowing across the countrj and strikes a mountain range, it bendi ENG, MAY 17, 1888. upward and rises high iu the air to pass over. In so* doing it becomes cooled, giving up its moisture, and passeB over to the other side a dry wind. It is for this reason that some islands like the Hawai? ian Islands in the Pacific Ocean, where the winds blow almost always from the same direction, are subject to almost continuous rain on one side, while on the other rain is exceedingly rare. This also shows why Calfornia, West of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, receives suffi? cient rain to make the soil fit for cultiva? tion, while Nevada, on the East, is nearly rainless and barren. The moisture com? ing from the South and East is all condensed by the Alleghany, the Eocky and the Wahsatch ranges, while that from the West is cut off by the Sierras. Hence the great extent of country known to geologists as the Great Basin?which reaches from Oregon on the North to Mexico on the South, and from Colorado on the East to the Sierras on the West, comprising an area of not less than 200, 600 square miles, which is nearly equal to the whole of France?receives over a great part of its surface an annual rain? fall of not over four inches, and is there? fore a desert. There are many other interesting facts about this vapor. Let us consider a .few. After the Bun goes down at night, the earth cooling rapidly soon cools the air near it, which consequently gives up a part of its moisture. This moisture forms iu drops on the grass and leaves, just as it does on the cold pitcher in the warm room, and we call this "dew." If it becomes cold enough the dew freezes, and we then have a "frost." On cloudy nights a frost is very rare, simply because the clouds act as a tent or blanket, and prevent the earth from becoming cooled so rapidly. Professor Tyndall has calcu? lated that of all the heat daily received by the earth from the sun and given off again into space, one-tenth is intercepted and absorbed by the vapor of water within ten feet of the earth's surface. Hence, the vapor forming the clouds above, and extending in its invisible form down to the earth, absorbs the heat given off, and, like the glass screen in a hot house, prevents the earth becoming so cool as to freeze the dew.' This fact will enable us to understand, in part, why it is that deserts and all dry regions are subject to such sudden extremes of tem? perature, being very hot when the sun is shining, but becoming chilly as soon as the sun goes down. Moreover, water, and consequently anything wet with water, takes up and parts with heat much more slowly than dry land ; and water and other liquids, when evaporating, take away a great amount of heat with the vapor. The more rapid the evaporation, the greater the amonnt of heat taken up iu a given time. This is the reason a drop of ether feels cold when placed on tho hand. It evaporates so rapidly as to take away the heat from the skin quicker than it is restored, and produces the same feeling as would a piece of ice. Now we are ready to understand why it is that a bot day in dry climates is much lesB oppressive than in moist cli? mates. People who live in the East and South, where the air is full of moisture, read that the temperature on a hot day in the West rises as high as 100 or 110 degrees, and they think the West must, therefore, bo a very uncomfortable place in which to live. But in reality it is not so, and for these reasons: In the dry Western air the persipiration from the body evaporates bo rapidly as to keep the skin cool, and none of the heat given off is held in by a screen of moist air; so the body is kept cooler than it would be in a moist climate. But in the moister atmosphere of the East evaporation is slower, and the heat of the body does not radiate so rapidly into space. Hence the perspiration gathers in great drops and saturates the clothes, while pulses throb and heads ache, till relief is sought by fanning. And this fanning cools the skin only because it increases evaporation by blowing air across its surface. This also explains why a warm, overcast, muggy day is so oppressive. I have rid? den horseback all- day over the dry prairies of Montana, with the tempera? ture above 100 degrees in the shade, and have not suffered the slightest inconven? ience from the heat; while with the temperature at 90 degrees iu the humid air of Washington, I have sat in my office so overcome as to be scarcely able to work at all.?April St. Nicholas Soaking Feed Corn. It will be found upon trial that the soaking of corn to be fed to working stock, especially old horses or mules, will be attended with good results. Indeed it is not unwiee to soak corn for all work stock after hot weather has set in. At this time corn, especially flinty varieties, becomes very hard, and in, therefore, not easy of mastication. By soaking the corn in water, even for the space of six hours, it becomes softer and easy of digestion. Or a day's supply can be put into the soaking tub every night, and a handful of salt thrown into the water with it does good. When horses or mules are kept constantly at work it is wise as well as kindly to consult their comfort and health. Whole corn, or corn imperfectly masticated, swallowed into a horses stomach, not only does not digest readily and supply the needed nourishment and strength but in very many cases pioduces colic, nervousness and fretfulness on the part of the animal. When the horse's digestion is good he is sure to work with greater comfort and with satisfac? tion to the plowman. The soaking does not extract any of the nutriment of the corn. Try it and you will discover a difference in favor of the soaking of corn for ycur plow animals. ? Whether on land or at sea, on the prairie or in the crowded city, Ayer'e Pills are the best cathartic, being con? venient, efficacious, and safe. For tor? pid liver, indigestion, and sick headache they never fail. ? Six Bmall boyB played "cowboy" at Burgettstown, Pa., the other day, and on< was lassoed bo vigorously and effectively that when bis captors took the rope fron his neck he was as dead as Julius Ctcsar He had been choked to death. THE CLEJttSON CONTEST. Some New Facts That Shed New Lieht On Mr. Lee. Greenville News. A variety of misleading reports bave been set in circulation recently about the Will and the estate of the late Col. Tbos. G. Clemson. Many of these originated from the published letters of Mr. Gideon Lee, Col. Clemson's son-in-law, and their general tenor has been the belittling of the bequest made to the State on the one hand, and the representation on the other, that by that bequest Miss Floride ' Lee, Col. Clemson's granddaughter, was being cut off with a pittance, the State in case it accepted the bequest being placed in the light of an usurper. Certainly no man living could be ! found better prepared to furnish the facts I about Col. Clemson's will than Col R. W Simpson, the'sole executor of the will and the friend and adviser of the testator. A representative of the Greenville Newa bad an opportunity for a brief I interview with Col. Simpson a few days ago and quickly seized on the moment to ask Colonel Simpson abont the report that Miss Lee wonld get only a small share in the property left by the Clemson will. Col. Simpson said that the reports were erroneous altogether, and needed but a plain statement of plain facts to contra? dict the whole batch of them. Miss Floride Lee gets, he said, $15,000 in cash under the will, and her share of the Fort Hill place, valued at $5,000. Besides this, she receives an amount deeded by way of settlement by Mr. Clemson, to the descendants of Mr. Clemson, which amonnt is outside of, and has nothing to do with Mr. Clemson's estate. This.sum, [ $5,000, is in the hands of Col. Simpson in State bonds, and is subject to the order I of her guardian. She gets also Col. Clemson's handsome and costly family I silver, valued by the appraisers at $1,800, I in addition to the Calbouu silver, which she already has ,* also the family pictures and any one article she may select from Col. Clemson's house, and certainly one third, and most probably one-half of the tract of land owned by Col. Clemson in Maryland, which was bargained for just before Col. Clemson's death, for $10,000. Further, she already has $1,800 in her father's hands, given her by Col. Clem? son, and on which eight or ten years' interest has accumulated. Col. Simpson did not think these amounts inconsidera? bly by any means. Asked if Col. Clemson had seen his grand-daughter during the later years of his life, Col. Simpson said he had not. Col. Clemson bad time and again begged Mr. Lee to allow his daughter to come down and visit him at Fort Hill, and Col. Simpson himself had written to Mr. Lee directly before Col. Clemson's death, repeating the same request and emphasiz? ing the wishes of the old gentleman. But. Mr. Lee had in every case refused, and it had been eleven years since Col. Clemson hadjseen his grand-daughter. Col. Clem? son was deeply fond of her, and earnestly wished to see her before he died, and Mr. Lee's continual refusal to allow her to come grieved him sorely. In answer to a question whether Mr, Lee knew the extent of his father-in-law's wealth before he died, Col. Simpson said that Mr. Lee did not know that Col. Clemson had any property outside of Fort Hill. As an evidence of the impression Mr, Lee was under about Col. Clemson's cir? cumstances, Col. Simpson said that a short while before the death of Col. Clemson, a merchant in Fendleton bad received a letter from Mr. Lee telling him to let Col. Clemson have $100 worth of supplies and be wonld see the bill paid. He evidently believed Col. Clemson very near to, if not in actual poverty. Referring to the published statement of Mr. Lee's that Col. Simpson bad told him the whole estate would be $60,000, Col. Simpson said that be did not tell Mr. Lee that. What he did tell him was what he had told the representative of the Greenville News before, that the j investments in his hands would at a very low estimate amount to $60,000 outside of all other property. Continuing, Col. Simpson said that he had informed the representative of the News who visited Fort Hill, and it had been published in the News two days before the time that Mr. Lee alleged Col. Simpson told him $27,000, that Col. Clemson's investments would probably realize "between $50,000 and $60,000." This statement was in print and widely circulated before the time when Mr. Lee charges that Col. Simpson informed him they would amount to about $27,000. In response to an inquiry whether or not Mr. Lee was acting solely on his own account in making the contest over the Clemson will, Col. Simpson said that he had positive information that he was not. "In fact," Col. Simpson said, "I am Iii possession of the fact that Mr. Lee is receiving money from outsiders to aid in contesting the will with the intention of speculating on the place if be succeeds." Pressed with the inquiry who those "outside parties" were, Col. Simpson said: "I have seen a letter from J. C. Calhoun, of New York, saying he and Pat Calhoun were backing up Mr. Lee iu his contest and if the will was set aside they were to get Fort Hill." Iu connection with these facts', which in themselves throw much new light on the subject, it may be stated that the representative of the News Sad a conver? sation with a gentleman who knows Pat Calhoun, now of New York, and who stated'incidentally that Mr. Calhoun had told him that it was one of the ambitions of his life to get possession of Fort Hill, the old Calboun homestead, and make of it a place worthy of the memories asso? ciated with it. ? Will you suffer with dyspepsia and Liver Complaint ? Shiloh's Vitalizer is guaranteed to cure you. For sale by Hill Bros. ? Railways are said to consume more than half the world's production of iron, the car wheels required in the United States alone taking more than 2,000,000 tons. ? Catarrh cured, health and sweet breath secured, by Shiloh's Cajarrh rem? edy. Price 50 cents. Na' .. * Injector free. For sale by Hill Bros. 1 _? VOLUM Canning Factories, It is not best for a community to carry all its eggs In one basket. While cotton factories are now paying well and every one feels like investing in one, it would be wise if the smaller manufacturing en? terprises received some attention. It is better to have five hundred hands engag? ed in twenty small factories rather than for all the capital and hands to be em? ployed i?T one concern. Just now can? ning factories are attracting attention and they are springing up very rapidly. While there is not millions in them there is a fair profit and the fruits and vegeta? bles usually wasted are turned into mon? ey. Peaches could not be depended on here every year but they could be used when the crop , was good. Every one knows that our Southern peaches, when selected with care, are much better than the average canned peaches bought in the markets. The canned goods in great? est demand are tomatoes, okra, corn and peaches. The first three can be raised in greatest abundance here, and a canning factory could be kept running three months or more. Successive plantings of corn would give work from the first of July to the middle of October. Toma? toes and okra can be raised up to a kill? ing frost. The building will cost but little as all the work is done in warm weather. A few hundred dollars would Kiy the necessary outfit. The 3-ponnd tin can may be manufactured at a cost of 3 cents. Cheap labor can do much of the work. A tinner, a person to manage the boiler and one to assort the fruits and examine the cans before packing are about all the skilled persons needed. Women and children will soon become experts at the general work. A few small factories would open up a market for all the fruits and vegetables suitable for canning. The Manufacturer's Record of Baltimore, says: x "Some time ago we told of the devel? opment of the fruit canning' ffbsiness in Botetourt county, Va., which, commen? cing with one farmer canning his own fruits in his kitchen, had developed until there are now 12 to 15 factories in suc? cessful operation in that county, and as many more preparing to commence work there this spring. Another county in the same State is making rapid progress in the same direction. Rockbridge county will have six new factories this spring, in which $75,000 to $100,000 will be in? vested. Tomatoes, peas, fruit, etc., will be canned, creating a profitable home market for all these products. Not only does the building up of the cauning in? terests keep at home much money that has heretofore gone elsewhere, but it creates a new industry for the farmers. It enables them to diversify their crops ; it helps to make the South self sustaining in all its food requirements and broadens and deepens the foundations on which its prosperity is being built."?Spartanburg Spartan. How 1o Act in Emergencies. If an individual is endowed with com? mon sense and can exercise self control when necessary, a slight knowledge of physiology will enable him to act in emergency. A boy is brought home with a severe cut on his arm. The blood spurts out of the wound, showing plainly .that an ar? tery has been servered. It is fortunate if a member of the family can come forward and bind two pieces of cloth lightly aronnd the limb directly above and below the wound; the blood will cease to now, and even if there should be unavoidable delay in the arrival of the doctor, he will be able to save a life that would certainly have been sacrificed if the prompt treat? ment mentioned had not been resorted to. A whole family were thrown into a state of excitement by the youngest child rushing into the house and declaring that a big black snake had "bited" him, The mother swooned, the father paced the floor frantically, while the rest of the family embraced the child and cried over him until, between the wound and the excitement, the little fellow came near being thrown into convulsions. A sensible neighbor hearing the excitement came into the room, and taking the child iu her arms murmured words of encour? agement ; then, turning toward a mem? ber of the family, she asked for carbonate of soda. Moistening a small portion of the soda with water, she applied it to the wound ; when tho soda became dry she moistened it again, and at the expiration of an hour was overjoyed to see upon the white surface of the application unmis? takable evidence of snake virus. Rusty nails make ugly wounds, which if not attended to at once may cause great suffering?perhaps death. Smoke the wound with wool or woolen cloth; fifteen minutes in the smoke will remove the worst case of inflammation. The terrible pain caused by being severely burned may be almost instantly relieved by applying a mixture of strong, fresh, clean lime water mixed with as much linseed oil as it will cut. Before applying wrap the burn in cotton wad? ding, geaturated with the lotion. Wet as often as it appears dry, without remov? ing cotton from burn for nine days, when a new slin will probably have formed. Bleeding at the nose frequently causes extreme prostration. If the nose bleeda from the right nostril, pass the finger along the edge of the right jaw until the beating of the artery is felt Press hard upon it for five minutes and the bleeding will stop. A child who has a morbid propensity to force buttons, beans, ect., into his nos? trils keeps his whole family in a state bordering upon terror, for they never know at what precise moments they may be called upon to perform an operation upon Master Harry's nasal appendage. Pressure against the empty nostril and quick, strong breathing into the open mouth will dislodge the foreign substance and send the Buffering youngster upon his way rejoicing.?Good Housekeeping, ? Sleepless nights, made miserable by that terrible cough. Shiloh's Cure is the remedy for you. For sale by Hill Bros. ? About 100 different kinds of insects are now known to attack corn. ? That hacking cough can be sc quickly cured by Shiloh's Cure. W( guarantee it. For sale by Hill Bros. E XXIII.- -NO. 45. All Sorts of Paragraphs. ? When a man is wrong and won't, admit it, he always gets angry. ? Michigan and Canada supply New' York weekly with 10,000,000 eggs. ? Stone bullets were used in 1514;. those of iron are first mentioned in 1550. ? Dr: Hammond, the New York specialist, is strongly opposed to the sob-' stitntion of electricity for banging, argu? ing that death by strangulation with a silk or cotton rope is painless and altogether a rather agreeable sensation. ? A Georgia man has just patanted a "family ice machine," in which that glistening luxury can be made in [ess than ten minutes and at a cost of one-fifth of a cent per pound?bo there is reason to fear that Jack Frost will be driven out of business. ? Deer have been so plentiful in the woods of Northern Wisconsin the past winter that many of them have been captured by the men in the lumber camps, the snow rendering, ^difficult;for them to escape when pursued. ? A servant girl was arrested last week for carrying off her mistress' goods in her bustle. When searched it was' found to contain thirteen pairs of stock? ings, a dozen hankerchiefs and a pair of boots. Her employer thinks it about time the bustle should go?and the girl also.?Phila. Times. ? Fifteen years ago the Methodists bad but one conference in the State of Kansas, with only 18,000 members. To? day they have four, conferences and 70,000 church memoirs, and ?3,000 scholars in their Sunday schools. This is a growth that certainly partakes of the marvelous. f. ? It has been figured out by a, cal official that there are uS criminals to every thousand bachelors, and only eleven criminals to every thou? sand married men. From this showing he argues that matrimony restrains men from crime, and ought, therefore, to be encouraged by legislation and otherwise.. ? W. W. Wilmot, an old man who appeared on the streets of Montgomery, Ala., a few days ago begging for enough money to bay a railroad ticket to Mobile, has bad a romantic history. Many years ago he invented a machine for crimping;, shoes, and soon acquired a fortune. In 1876 he lost a wager of $75,000 that he bad staked on Tilden's election to the Presidency, and since then one ? misfor"-"" tune has crowded closely on the heels of . another until be has lost his entire for? tune and his health as well.?New Yori:\ Stor. ? Early on the morning of the 7th inst. a cloud burst near Maize, fifteen miles west of Wichita, Kan. Bain had been falling all night, and when the. ^ cloud broke there was an awful roar^v which frightened the people out of their A houses. Many buildings were demol ished. The house of a family named , Rockby was swept into the Arkansas river where it sank. Bockby, his wife and two children were drowned. Many horses and cows were lost in the Hood. ? Eliza Maxwell, an old colored woman, who has been sheltered at the expense of the county, at the poor house, .hree months past, died in that institu- ' tion a day or two ago. After her death her dress was picked up by a attendant who remarked that it felt like if was loaded with rocks. An investigation was made and the cause of the heaviness was developed, when a pocket book, contain- - ing $40 in gold, was drawn from a pocket in the drew. Mr. Alexander, the super? intendent, turned the money over to the ] county treasurer and it has been applied^ to the general fund of the con Charlotte Chronicle. ? Dynamite is a vexy dangerous thing to carry around loose on a railroad car. J A car load of this article formed a part J of a freight train in Pennsylvanii a few nights ago was blown to atoms by? the dynamite exploding. The car which held the dynamite was suddenly checke and jarred against another car, and, result was that six people were killc train was demolished -and over t wen t one houses in the little village in wbic the disaster occurred were seriously i^ jured by the explosion. ? Bunning a saw mill sometimes pa It certainly paid Peter Beauchamp, New Hope, Md. While he was sawing a large' cypress log, the other day, the* saw Strock something that broke it. In? vestigation bronght forth an old tin 3x8 inches filled with $20 gold pit The box bad been placed in a cavity the log and over it a sap fibre 4 inc thick had grown. It is supposed Levi Spencer, a miser, who lived il neighborhood before the war, had hid it in the tree cavity. Mr^Beauchamj. can well afford to buy a new i ? A Jerusalem correspondent wr that the Holy City is fast becot again the city of the Jews. In - there were not more than 5,000 Je there; now theie are more than 30,C Becent Russian persecution have thousands to make their homes and although the Turkish Gover forbids all Jews who are not residents Jerusalem to remain longer than days, yet ajudicious application of brit enables them to stay there as long as t please without molestation. We" Jews have built hospitals and lount homes, and many of the refugees whoi poor live from the charity of their i ren. ? A smart farmer in Missouri, wt he recently learned that the grand jqjj was about to indict him for working o: Sunday, didn't trySto evade the On the contrary, he had his four summoned as a witness against! was fined $1 and cocts, a total of $5. as the mileage and witness fees of' sons amounted to $10.40, the cleared $5 on the transaction. Eucklen'B Arnica Salve. The Best Salve in the world; Bruises, Sores, Ulcers, Salt ; Fever Sores, Tetter, Chapped: Chilblains, Corns, and all Ski tions, and positively cures PileL pay required. It is guaranteed/ ?erfect satisfaction, or money xi ri>4l5 cents per box. For H?TBros. ?