The Anderson intelligencer. (Anderson Court House, S.C.) 1860-1914, May 08, 1879, Image 1
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PHOSPHATES OF THE WOULD.
Interesting Lecture by Prof. Charles V.
Sherpard, Jr.?The Spanish Phosphates
the Most Formidable Competitor that
the Carolina Product has to Encounter.
The lecture of Professor Charles. U.
Shepard, Jr., on the phosphates of com?
merce, before the Y. M. C. Association
last evening, filled the lecture room of
the Medical College to its utmost capac?
ity, hundreds being unable to gain ad?
mission into the ball. The lecturer
spoke with great clearness and was lis?
tened to with earnest attention. He
said:
At a time when the production of the
various Carolina mines has reached two
hundred thousand tons per annum, caus?
ing the disbursement of over one million
dollars in this neighborhood, and thereby
bringing a comfortable support to many
thousand individuals, beside: returning
a large income to the State; when many
men are considering the question whether
they, too, will embark in the mining in?
dustry, a:id thus yet swell the yearly
product, it is obviously a wise course to
consider what are the sources, other than
our own, to which the civilized world
looks for its phosphate supply, and how
formidable they are or may become as
competitors iu its markets.
In estimating the value of any phos?
phate, we may inquire, as our basis of
comparison, with bow large a content of
soluble phosphoric acid can a merchanta?
ble superphosphate be prepared from it?
For the sake of convenience we will con?
sider the various commercial phosphates
in the following order:
Guano, Altered Guano, Fossil Bones
Coprolites?Pbosphatic materials whose
near origin is clearly animal.
Phosphorite, Apatite? Pbosphatic Me
terials whose near origin is mineral. .
GUANO.
It is. well for us to include guano in
the above list, not' only because of its
very considerable ' phosphatio coutent
(say twenty to tairty per cent of phos?
phates,) but also because of the serious
competition which it must exert in the
agricultural' world so long as its supply
holds out. ..With regard to the quantity
of.gnano still remaining at the dispo?
sal of the-Peruviau Government (and al?
most all real guano is, or rather was,
Peru vian,) the statements are most con?
tradictory. On the other hand, we have
the assertion of thai igif^oraeut that
they possess some >rtjr-fise Irr?
ealities, containing more or-ieaetoxteDsive
deposits of merchantabiegaauAV ,On-the
other hand, the British xansul i\t Callao
reported, in 1873, thai PtK?fi&n?t pos?
sess three million ton* of exportable
guano. This would last'at the "present
rate of. shipment only a year or so longer.
The complete exhaustion of the Chincha
guano?the best of the Peruvian?and
the. probable early consumption of the
G'laoape?judging from the fact that
cargoes of inferior guanos are being ex?
ported from yet other Peruvian localities
?lead the public which has invested in
Peruvian bonds, secured on the guano
returns of the government, and those
who depend on this article/or agricultural
purposes, to infer that the enormous ex?
cavation of these beds has almost exhaus?
ted what at first sight appeared to be a
boundless supply. Such at least is the
belief among the English holders of Pe?
ru viau bonds, and the manufacturers
of commercial manure at home and
abroad. Even the most hopeful look for?
ward to the complete exhaustion of the
Peruvian, and all similar beds, before
the eud of this century. At the present
time, it is doubtful if the annual impor?
tations of nitrogenous guano into Europe
and the United States exceeds ona hun?
dred to one hundred and fifty thousand
tons?r. mere oagtells when we remem?
ber that it has almost; reached six hun?
dred thousand tons for one year. The
decline in quantity and quality of unal?
tered (especially Peruvian) guano,
steadily augments the demand for those
manufactured manures which are de
sigued to supply its place..
KOCK-GUANOS.
Under rock-guanos we understand
those rock formations consisting essenti?
ally of phosphate of lime (or in a few in?
stances of phosphates of magnesia and
alumina and the oxide of irons) which
are derived from original deposits of
guanos, and owe their present form to
various physical and chemical causes.
Since the application of Liebig's method
(of rendering boties soluble by the addi?
tion of sulphuric: acid) to mineral phos?
phates, the rock-guanos, have been sought
after on account of their generally high
percentage or phosphoric acid and the
excellence of the super-phosphates manu?
factured from them. In consequence of
this demand the West India Islunds and
other localities where such deposits are
likely to be found have been carefully
uiiu repeatedly searched. New beds of
pbosphatic guanos have been discovered
from time to time, but owing to the
small quantities of available material
that they usually contained, they have
generally been soon exhausted, and thus
have cea*ed to influence the market. At
this day we seldom hear of any fresh and
important discovery in the West Indies;
and while it is not impossible that virgin
deposits may yet be found and worked,
such nevertheless.becomes yearly more
improbable, as prospecting parties have
hunted-through all the many islands,
reefs and oasts of these unquestionably
ancient guano regions. Whole islands
have been, as it were, transported in
?Iiips across the seas, and the amount of
pbosphatic guanos annually thrown on
the European market was enormous so
long as the deposits held out. With the
exception of the New Curacoa there is at
present no large pbosphatic deposits in
the West Indies white quality trill permit
of Us shipment across the ocean.
COPROLITKS.
Tho total annual yield of the various
English coprolitic deposits is about
twenty-five thousand tons. According to
Prof. Albert Hunt's mineral statistics,
thirty-five luousand tons of alt grades
were ralicd in 1872; their value being
fifty thousand pounds, or about s-sven
dollars per ton. While the difficulty of
excavating these deposits has been in?
creased by the previous exhaustion of
the more accessible beds and the higher
cost of labor, foreign phosphates have
been introduced in great quantity, and of
nttich superior quality, so that the Eng?
lish coprolites have long since lost the
importance which (hey acquiied soon
after first utilization. Of coprolites
(using the term in its commercial signi
iV.-ition) there are three important de
p uits in Francp, viz: the BologneofCa
\\*, the Ardennes and the Bellegarde
Phosphatid modules have been found on
the Northeastern coast of France, from
Havre, to the Flemish border. They
contain a large amount of sand and fre?
quently of oxide of iron and alumina, so
that they can be employed only in the
manufacture of low-grade nrticies. Nev?
ertheless they have been extensively i n
ported into England. The so called Ar?
dennes phosphates possess creater im?
portance, us they tire largely ami sue
cpssfully used in French agriculture, in
the simple, finely ground powder. The
actual cost of the ground phosphate is
nbout ten dollars per ton, which leaves a
very small margin for profit, as it is prin?
cipally sold in Brittany at iourteen dol?
lars. The annual production of these
beds was estimated in 1872 at twenty
five thousand tons, and has increased
siuce theu very materially. The Belle
garde phosphates may possibly exercise
considerable local influence, but the low
contentof phosphoric acid in the material
found on the spot would prevent its
wide shipment.
PHOSPHORITES.
The Russian phosphorite occurs gen- ?
erally in the strata of the cretaceous for?
mation ; it is also, however, found in
those of the Jurassic, Tertiary, and even
the Silurian. M. Yermoloff," who assis?
ted Prof. Engelhardt in the recent geo?
logical and economic survey of Russia,
has stated: "We do not think that we
exaggerate when we say that Central
Russia reposes on phosphate of lime,
with which she is able to pave the half
of Europe." An examination into the
commercial value of these deposits led to
the conclusion that where the phosphate
rock is accessible its quality is too poor
to admit of its more than local utilization;
while the richer nodules occurring, as
they do, disseminated through a compact
formation, cannot be mined profitably.
Only one local attempt had been made
to agriculturally utilize these vast de?
posits, and that had proved a failure:
The Bordeaux phosphates?as tho
phosphorite obtained from the Depart?
ments of Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne and
Aveyron is commercially called?on the
other hand, have played an important
Sart in the English, markets. No new
eposits have been discovered in these
reg.0113 during the past six years not?
withstanding continued and careful pros?
pecting; and the general impression pre?
vails that the better part, both in quality
and quantity has already been sent to
market. The production has reached 20,
000 tons per annum.
The German phosphate, which occurs
along the Lahn, is attributed to the con?
centration in limited beds and pockets of
the small content of phospate of lime
found in the limestone of that region.
The best average price paid for Lahn
phosphate, on the spot, rarely exceed
eight dollars per ton. The better quali?
ties are shipped to England for the man?
ufacture of superphosphates; the medi?
um qualities are similarly used in Eng?
land, and the poorest sorts are reduced
to powder for direct application to the
boil.
SPANISH PHOSPHATES.
The existence of beds of phosphate of
lime in Spain has been long known, al?
though it is only since a comparatively
recent date that their true composition
aud .value have been appreciated, and
yet later that active mining.operations
have been carried on at the different lo?
cal! ties. Logrosan ' and] Caceres are the
two principal localities for phosphates
in Spain. There are several distinct
veins of phosphorite at Logrosan. Tho
rock is blasted; the larger pieces
are cleaned by hand and hammer, and
then assorted into high and low grades.
The pieces of trimmed rock average three
to four inches in diameter,
v The shipment of this phosphate neces?
sitates great trouble and expense. It is
transported in heavy wagons, drawn by
mules or oxen, and carrying two to two
and a half tons to the load, to the railway
at Vielanueva de la Serena. The carts
make two trips a week and receive about
twenty cents per hundred weight. The
cost of transportation and handling until
the phosphates is put on shipboard at
Lisbon, amounts to almost ten dollars a
ton, and the expenses reach fifteen dol?
lars by the time the rock has been lan?
ded in England. It is claimed that it
brings twenty-five dollars per ton in the
English market. A railway to Villan
ueva would reduce the freight expenses
materially, but would itself cost one
million two hundred thousand dollars.
This line, once constructed, would permit
of the delivery of simply enormous
quantities of this high-grade rock to the
exclusion of a corresponding amount of
the Carolina and other rocks of lower
value. The officers at the mine stated
their readiness to guarantee their pro?
duct st seventy-five to eighty-five per
cent, bone phosphate of lime, also their
ability to raise and lay down their phos?
phate beside the mine at less than three
dollars per ton. This mine is apparently
the only great competitor in the future
which threatens seriously our local indus?
try. Of the quantity and quality of the Lo?
grosan phosphate, there can be no doubt;
happily, however, such is the tardiness of.
Spanish Courts, it may be long locked
to commerce; and even then, so great is
the disinclination of the capitalists to
investments in the interior of Spain, it
may be equally long before rail connec?
tion with the coast is made.
The Caceres Mines, on the other hand,
are our present competitors in the En?
glish market, and, as such, deserve spe?
cial notice. From 1866, when mining
operations began, to October. 1872, the
principal company at Caceres had fur?
nished about one hundred and twenty
five thousand tons. They received
from'$2 to $8.50, according to the
quality, for the rock at the mines.
The cost of transportation to Lisbon
amounts to about eight dollars per ton.
Chemical analysis of the rock gives from
Sfty-three to eighty-six per cent, of
bone phosphate of lime, with an average
of about sixty to sixty-five per cent. The
total recent production has been about
twenty-five thousand tons annually.
Most of the Spanish phosphate goes to
England, whither thirty-three thousand
tons were shipped in 1874. France also
consumes a few thousand tons. The
Spaniards moke no home use of their
rock although their lands stand in sore
need of such enrichment. The Spanish
phosphates are very difficult to grind,
out neverthele?? make good superphos?
phates, which dry readily, and do not
lose in soluble phosphoric acid, as they
contain very little oxide of iron and
alumina.
DEPOSITS OF APATITE.
Of the Canadian apatitic deposits little
is known beyond the fact that they con?
sist of pockets (or bunches) of high grade
phosphate of lime, of crystalline struct?
ure, imbedded in granite, gneiss and
mica-slate. It is claimed that very con?
siderable quantities of apatite exist in
Canada; but possibly owing to their
occurrence in widely separated pockets
the cast of excavation and band-trim?
ming from the accompanying rock and
the great expense of transportation, not
much of it is met with in the phnsphatic
trade. The production heretofore has
not certainly exceeded ten thousand tons
annually, and possibly not much over
five thousand. It is almost entirely
consumed in New England and Great
Britain. Last autumn very startling
reports were spread as to the discovery of
a true vein of apatite in Canadr-., and
much nnxiety was entertained as to the
effect on the price of South Carolina
rock, bnt since then no corroboration
has followed. Canadian appatite is
difficult to grind, and in spite of its very
hieb content (eighty per cent.) of phos?
phate of lime, its conversion into su?
perphosphates is attended with diflicul
ty.
A few years since a vein of apatite
was discovered on the Southern coast of
Norway, which has since then been
worked by the Barr.ble Phosphate Com?
pany and others on a considerable scale.
The expense of preparing the rock for
market by hand-trimming is great. The
present annual production barely reaches
a few tons. The extent of the deposit
was estimated at seventy five thousand
tons. The first quality of apatite con?
tains eighty-five to ninety per cent,
bone phosphate of lime, selling for thirty
dollars per ton; the pointof shipment
is some three and one half-miles distant,
whither it is transported in small moun?
tain wagons.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
You will observe appended to the
analysis of the various foreign phosphates
on the table to which your attention has
been called from time to time this even?
ing, some results obtained on the rock
from different localities in this State. If
we confine our attention exclusive to th'e
grade of the superphosphates manu?
factured from this suite of samples ex?
amined in this laboratory, you will note
the following average:
SUPERPHOSPHATES MANUFACTURED.
Contain of Soluble
From, Phosphoric Acid.
Cambridge Coprolitcs.10 per cent.
French Coprolitcs. 74
Bordeaux Phosphate. 5 to 15
German Phosphate.8 to 16
Spanish Phosphate.0 to 20
Navassa Phosphate.Ill
South Carolina.10 to 151
Rio Grande Bone-Ash..14
While I have not hesitated to employ
this criterion as the basis of ourpractical
survey this evening, it would be certainly
amiss to ignore another mode of com?
parison which possesses a like interest
and profit. You are aware that consid?
erable use is made of phosphate rock
simply ground to a fine powder, and ap?
plied to the soil by itself, or in conjunc?
tion with potash salts, burnt marl, stable
manure or other fertilizing materials.
Without entering upon a discussion of
the merits of this procedure, I would
call your attention to the following table,
which gives the average results of a long
series of examinations as to the solubili?
ty of the different ground phosphates in
a solvent which is supposed to approxi?
mate in its effect to the action of the
waters occurring in soils.
Amount of phosphoric acid dissolved
on treatment of the finely ground phos?
phates from the following localities, with
an nniform quantity of neutral-citrate-of
ammonia solution, (spec grav. 1.09 :)
Cambridge coprolites. 0.85 per cent.
French coprolites. 0.G3 to 1.77
Bordeaux phosphate. 3.35
German phosphate.2.00 to 2.40
Mexillones guano. 4.0*9
Baza Island.-15.83
Eio Grande bone-ash.4.98
South Carolinaphospbate rock 2.21 to C.30
While it must bo admitted that this
method of investigation as to the com?
parative assimilability of the various
phosphates leaves much to be desired,
yet there is a co.isidci-able value to be
attached to the wsults, conducted as
they were in an uniform manner. At?
tention is called to the fact that the
South Carolina phosphates are, on the
average, as readily attacked as the Mex?
illones guano and the Rio Grande bone
ash, and much more so thau the French
and German phosphates, -which have
been used for a long time? and, as
is claimed by some successfully?in the
simple pulverized condition as a means
of supplying the requisite phosphatic
pabulum to plants.
The lateness of the hour precludes
anything more than a brief summary
of the commercial situation. Assuming
that of the two hundred thousand tons of
phosphate rock now raised from the va?
rious South Carolina mines, one-third is
consumed at home, and two-thirds are
exported, chiefly to England, we see at
once how seriously the price of our com?
modity must be affected by any new or
increased competition in the English
market.
At this moment the stagnation and
auxiety in commercial operations on the
other side of the Atlantic have unques?
tionably depressed the price of phos?
phates in general. It is to be expected
that a reaction must come some time, and
that the demand will once more become
active. When that day shall, happily,
have arrived, will there be room for a
yet larger consumption of South Caroli?
na rock ? My remarks this evening have
been designed to put you in a position to
answer this important question.
The old beds?on which the English
market relied?have either failed entirely
or show evidence of early exhaustion,
with the exception of the Spanish, more
especially that of Logrosan, which looms
up like a spectre. Is there any proba?
bility of the discovery of a new deposit ?
Lu-answer to this question, it must be
remarked that the great variety of occur?
rence, form and color, which mark phos
Ehatic substances, are favorable to their
aving been overlooked or neglected
even in regions where considerable at?
tention has been bestowed on the develop?
ment of mineral wealth.
For the sake of the State, of the com?
munity, of us all who are here assembled,
it is to be hoped that with an increasing
demand for phosphates, no other bed may
be discovered or give unexpected in?
crease of yield, so that we may reap a
long and rich harvest from our Bonanza.
COMMERCIAL PHOSPHATES.
The following is the comparative
statement referred to by Professor Shep
ard in his lecture:
A?Percentage of phosphoric acid in
the natural phosphate.
B?Percentage of phosphoric acid in
the superphosphates made from them.
Localities. A. B.
Rio Grand?Bone ash.39.84 13.08
"Mexillones?Guano.33.23 18.58
Phconix Islands?Rock guano...39.0S 17.18
8ombrero?Rock guano.37.51 16.90
Curacoa?Rock guano.32.52 15.80
Swan Island?Rock guano.- 13.83
Navassa?Rock guano.33.18 11.42
Elrogue?Rock guano.32.00 wet.
Redonda?Rock guano.40.19 wet.
Cambridgeshire?Coprolites.26.47 10.09
Cambridgeshire?Coprolites.25.95 10.02
Ardennes?Coprolites.20.71 7.60
Grand-pre?Coprolites.17.13 5.34
Varen nes?Coprolites.21.91 5.14
Bel legarde?Coprol i tes.23.37 8.36
Bordeaux?Phosphate..'W.(J4 14.98
Bordeaux?Phosphate.21.46 5.04
German?Phosphate (best).34.SS 16.61
German?Phosphat (inferior).17.56 8.08
Peine? Coprolites.14.33 5.82
Horde?Black band (phosphate) 19.48 1.40
Russia ? Government of Orel
(phosphate).13.35 wet.
Odcgaruen?Apatite.37.06 15.41
Spain?Phosphorite (best).38.05 11.04
Spain?Phosphorite (inferior)....20.15 0.30
Logrosan?Phosphorite (yellow)37.55 16.20
Logrosan?Phosphorite ("rosy)...42.17 18.1?)
Zuriada flavor?Phosphorite.36.26 15.49
Caccres, Ab?ndanein Mine.27.00 13.62
Cucercs, Estrellu Mine (white)...29.09 14.72
Cacercs, Esnicraldo (rosy).37.38 15.94
Canada?Apatite.39.80 19.59
Carolina Phosphates. B.
Cooper River?Land deposit.10.70
Ashley River?Land deposit.12.30
Ashley River?Land deposit. 0.08
Between Ashley and Rantowles?Land
\ deposit.15.53
: Between Ashley and Rantowles?Land
I deposit.11.17
I Wando River?River deposit.10.30
I Stono River?River deposit.12.54
1 Edisto River?Land deposit.11.70
Edisto River?Land deposit. 0.00
Ediato River?Land deposit.10.4.'5
Ashepoo River?Land deposit.12.51
Ashepoo River?Land deposit.14.55
Ashepoo River?Land deposit.11.67
Rull River?River deposit.12.73
CooSuW River?River deposit.14.10
Beaufort River?River deposit.10.14
THE COLORED EXODUS.
Agitation or the Subject in tho Country.
The mass meeting at the Cooper Union,
New York City, on Wednesday, to ex?
press sympathy with the colored people
who are leaving Louisiana and Missis?
sippi, to seek new homes in the West was
large in numbers, the audience consist?
ing almost entirely of colored people of
both sexes. The featuies of the affair
were the bitterness of what was said and
the insignificance of what was done?
only $234 having been collected. The
following liberally savage resolutions
were, however, adopted :
"Whereas the colorhd people are leav?
ing the South by thousands and are seek?
ing new haunts in the West; whereas
their innocent fathers, mothers, brothers,
sisters, wives and other relatives and
friends have been stricken down in cold
blood and their lifeless flesh been left as
food for tho Southern turkey buzzard;
whereas a tree has been made by brutal
men a perpendicular delivery bed for an
innocent pregnant wife and a mother to
die on ; whereas the colored people have
toiled without being compensated, and
have been mercilessly robbed ; whereas
extreme extortion has been the policy of
those who have furnished them with the
needs of life; whereas education has
been denied them; whereas they have
not been permitted to worship God in
peace; whereas they have relied on the
Federal arm at Washington, and it under
the control of professed friends, and
found no protection and have been made
to live a life of peril; and, whereas, the
colored refugees have horror stricken
fears as to the state of things which will
be true of the South, should the Federal
army after 1880 be under the control of
those who have afniliated with their op-?
pressors;
"We approve of their movement to
such a new home in the West, and re?
solve to do all iu our power to assist
them, and do call upon every man, wo?
man and child to extend to them a help?
ing hand."
Thurlow Weed and others of less note,
black and white, spoke. Wendel Phil?
lips and William Lioyd Garrison sent
letters, the reading of which called out
the most enthusiastic applause. Wen?
dell Phillips wrote: "I am exceedingly
sorry that I cannot be with you. My
health is not such as to allow of it. I
have no words to describe what I consider
the importance of your meeting. Only
two paths are open to the colored men of
tho South : one is to resist, atid protect
themselves against intolerable oppression
by arms; the other is to leave, one-half
of them, their homes, and teach their op?
pressors justice by the severe lesson of
suffering. Leave the tyrants and bullies
to till their own soil or starve, while they
do nothing but wrong and rob their
laborers. Without laborers the Southern
acres are worth nothing. Even a South?
erner will come to his senses, or if he
never had any senses, obtain some, when
he is starved. I trust the North will, as
in Kansas days, organize and help to
open channels and contribute means for
a large emigration from States ruled by
thieves and cut-throats, who know no
means of getting their bread except by
robbing their neighbors."
After regrets-at his inability to be
present, William Lloyd Garrison wrote:
"The spectacle of thousands of half
naked, empty-handed, despairing men,
women and children fleeing as for their
lives from one part of the country to an?
other, preferring to risk starvation and
death by the way rather than remain
where they naturally belong, is one cal?
culated to move pitying Heaven and to
awaken all that is sympathetic and gen?
erous in the human breast. Their claims
for immediate charitable relief are equal?
ly just and imperative. In these South?
ern States conspiracy and usurpation suc?
cessfully bear sway. In all the late
Rebel States there scarely exists a single
legitimate State administration; for no
election has been permitted without be?
ing controlled more or less by fraud, in?
timidation and lawlessness. It is clear
that the battle of liberty and equal rights
is to be fought over again, not in a party
sense in the ordinary use of that term,
but by the uprising and consolidating of
a loyal, freedom-loving North, over?
whelming in numbers, determined in
purpose, invincible in action, and su?
preme in patriotism, based upon impar?
tial justice and an all-embracing citizen?
ship. While therefore grave, exciting
and relatively important as the present
exodus of a few thousands of colored
refugees from Mississippi and Louisiana
may be, it is only an incident of the hour,
demanding succor and aid in various
forms, until they have time to seiett
their dwelling-places. But what of the
four million of colored people in the en?
tire South? Their exilement is a ques?
tion not to be seriously entertained for a
moment, either as a desirable or possible
event. The American government is but
a mockery and deserves to be over?
thrown, if they are to be left without
protection as sheep in the midst of
wolves. Let the edict go forth, trumpet
tongued, that there shall be a speedy end
put to all this bloody misrule ; and let
the rallying cry be heard from the At?
lantic to the Pacific coast: "Liberty and
equal rights for each, for all, and forever,
wherever the lot of man is cast, within
our broad domains."
The Last Armed Soldier.?A man
who had the appearance of having just
awakened from a sleep of twelve or fif?
teen years, arrived in the city last week,
on his way South. He claims to be a na?
tive of Georgia, to have been a Confed
, crate soldier in the late war, and since
the close of hostilities to have lived in
Massachusetts. His clothes were ragged
in the extreme, and looked as though the
pieces had hardly strength to hold to?
gether. The stranger carried with him
the musket that he had borne through
the war, rusty and time worn, and on his
back and side were strapped his knapsack
and cartridge-box. He says he is the last
armed soldier "of the Confederacy, and
that he is now tramping from .Massachu?
setts to his old home in Georgia, which
he has not seen for many a year. Though
his naked skin could be seen in many
places through his ragged clothing, and
his soiled beard reached down to his
waist, the man?by his conversation?
exhibits great intelligence He walked
yesterday from Richmond to Petersburg,
and left in the afternoon, after having re?
ceived pecuniary assistance from several
citizens, on his walk to Weldon.?Pctcn
burg Inder.
Of Any Value.?If the testimony of
eminent chemists, and sagacious medical
men, is of any value, Dr. Price's Cream
Baking Powder is the most perfect made.
These men of standing in their profes?
sions, not only recommend its use, hut
endorse it by using it in their own fami?
lies.
BUTLER ANSWERS BLAINE.
The 'Judge Ragger-Hugger1 Under Dinctw*
?d<ui.?One Instance ?hon the Senator
from Maine met ills Match.
Thurtdaift D&nte from "the Iiecortl."
Mr. Butler: Mr. President, I will make
but one single remark in reply to the
senator from Maine. South Carolina is
quite able to take care of herself without
any suggestions or reflections of that sen?
ator ; and fortunately for us there is
nothing to sustain the charge which he
makes, except his own statements, and if
they are not more correct than a great
many others that he has made in this
Chamber they will not go for very much.
Now, Sir, I said that so far as Smalls and
Cardozo were concerned, his friends, it
was determined weeks ago, I think, that
they should be pardoned.
Mr. Blaine: Did the public know any?
thing about it?
Mr. Butlers I do not know that the
public knew anything of it.
Mr. Blaine: Docs the senator state
that the public in any way knew any?
thing about it?
Mr. Butler: I do not know whether the
public knew anything about it, and I do
not care.
Mr. Blaine: That is the very point of
the whole thing.
Mr. Butler: And I undertake to say
that the cases against Mr. Chamberlain
and against the others have not been dis?
continued. Therefore the statement
made by the senator is not true.
Mr. Blaine: I only stated what was in
the public prints. That was all.
Mr. Butler: Precisely; but the senator
gets up and makes these statements with?
out regard to whether they are true or
not, but so far as he is concerned he
stands sponsor for them. As I said,
fortunately for South Carolina, there is
nothing to sustain the charge which he
makes against her except his own un?
supported statement. There has been
no discontinuance of the prosecutions
against those persons. I hope the time
will come when they will all be discon?
tinued, in the interest of peace. I have
advised it for the last twelve months, and
I shall continue to advise it; and if the
senator denounces it as a bargain, let
him denounce it. I think, Mr. Presi?
dent, the people of South Carolina can
take care of her interests and her honor
just as well without the dictation of the
honorable senator as with it; and yet he
has been hurling again and again his
anathemas against her, which, I submit,
if he will pardon me for ss.ying so, is not
becoming an American Senator. I un?
derstand that Cardozo and Smalls have
been pardoned, and I am glad they have
been pardoned, but the cases against the
others have not been discontinued. I
think they all ought to be, and, if I am
not very much misinformed, the honor?
able senator had the same opinion twelve
months ago.
Mr. Blaine: They never ought to have
been commenced. That is the opinion of
"the honorable senator", if you want to
hear it.
Mr. Butler: Ah, Mr. President, they
ought never to have been commenced,
nor ought many of the prosecutions in
the United States Courts ever to have
been commenced. When the senator
talks about a bargain having been made
in regard to the Ellenton prisoners, and
some dispatches sent from Washington
by the Executive, does the honorable
senator know that the Chief Justice of
the United States was presiding at those
trials? Would he make, a bargain? Does
the honorable senator charge that upon
him?
Mr. Blaine: Does the honorable sena?
tor from South Carolina know that the
Chief Justice said it was impossible to
procure a conviction ?
Mr. Butler: No, sir.
Mr. Blaine: He did say so, sir.
Mr. Butler: I know nothing of the
kind, Mr. President, but I do know this
that there were trials of thirteen of those
prisoners and a mistrial; and if any bar?
gain was made, upon the head of the
Chief Justice must the charge of the sen?
ator fall, because he was there presiding
in that court, and I know that twelve
men tried aud a mistrial was the result
of it. What may have been the opinion
of the Chief Justice upon that subject I
do not know, but perhaps the senator
does.
Mr. Blaine: This is a question of fact:
it is a question of debate upon evidence
gathered before a committee of the Sen?
ate ; and I am not to be deterred from
discussing that by the geutleman trying
to arraign me for abusing South Caroli?
na. I have said not one word about
South Carolina nor about any officer of
South Carolina other than that which is
contained in the report of a special com?
mittee of the Senate, and I do not propose
to be dragged unnecessarily into any per?
sonal iusues outside of that. I hold the
senator to the record, I hold him to the
testimony of a man for whose veracity he
stands sponsor and voucher, aud I ask
him not to answer me by stating any?
thing in the shape of menace ; I ask him
to answer a reputable citizen of his own
State at the bar of the Senate.
Mr. Butler: Mr. President, it certain?
ly is not my habit, it never has been my
habit to utter a meuace against anybody,
much less against a senator ou this floor.
I have uttered no menace against the
honorable senator from Maine. If there
has been any menacing in this debate, it
has come from him. I understand the
honorable senator to refer to certain dis?
graceful transactions by the authorities
of South Carolina, and now he rises and
says that he has never arraigned that
State. If that ia not an arraignment, I
submit to the honorable senator he him?
self does not understand the English lan?
guage.
Mr. Blaine: If the senator will permit
me at that point, I stated to the honora?
ble senator from Indiana that if the ar?
rangement made between the two courts,
State and Federal, was as he referred to
and was as telegraphed to the papers, it
was disgraceful alike to the Federal au?
thorities and to the State. I do not limit
my criticism to the State. I put what
has been transmitted by telegraph to the
public press, and on that the case is
against both parties.
Mr. Butler: But, Mr. President, the
senator, without any qualification, until
I called his attention to it, arraigned
the State, and he has never until now ar?
raigned the Federal authorities as hav?
ing been guilty of disgraceful conduct. I
am very glad that the senator has quali?
fied his remark. If the had done that in
the first instance this colloquy would not
have been necessary.
Mr. Blaine: I spoke of the judicial
hugger-mugger, a word the honorable sen?
ator from Indiana did not seem ever to
have heard before, which meant a cover?
ing up on both sides. I have made no
remark which I have qualified; I have
made none which I desire to qualify. If
the honorable senator has misunderstood
me that is his misfortune; it is certainly
not my fault.
Mr. Butler: That is true, sir. Now, in
rcferenco to one other subject to which
the honorable senator has referred, he
says that he produced the testimony ol
Mr. James 15. Campbell, for whose ve?
racity and character I vouched. Docs
the honorable senator not know, or docs
lie know, that that gentleman was a de?
feated candidate, nominated by the Re?
publican Convention in the County of
Charleston, running independent; and
smarting, I have no doubt, under the de?
feat which he received overwhelmingly,
he lashed himself into a fury and went
before that committee, and I do not be?
lieve, in his cooler moments, he would
repeat what he there stated.
Mr. Blaine: It is very novel that a de- J
fcated candidate for the senatorial office
In a State cannot tell the truth under
oath.
Mr. Butler: I did not say that he
could not tell the truth, and the senator
shall not put words into my mouth; I
said no such thing. I simply mentioned
that fact by way of illustrating the ani?
mus which actuated Mr. Campbell. As to
these charges of bargaining by the State
and Federal authorities, and as to the fact
that Governor Simpson did not see fit to
announce beforehand that he intended to
pardon Cardozo and Smalls, I know
nothing. I know nothing about the rea?
son why the Governor did it; I suppose
he had good and sufficient.reason. But
as I said a while ago, I am'glad he did it;
The cases in Charleston have been
continued, and there is no court sit?
ting in Columbia to continue the cases
against the Republicans who were charg?
ed; therefore the statement falls to the
ground.
Reported Exchange of Prisoners.
It was recently intimated by Senator
Blaine that there had been an agreement
entered into between the Government
of South Carolina and the Government
of the United States for an exchange of
prisoners. The party of the first part
was to pardon Cardozo and Smalls and
not press the prosecution of other noted
Radicals, and the party of the second
part was to discontinue proceedings
against the Democrats for alleged politi?
cal offenses. This view of the case was
also taken by the Charleston correspon?
dent of the New York Tribune, who tele?
graphed that journal a few days ago that
"in consequence of a satisfactory under?
standing the vexatious prosecutions in
State Courts of the Republicans, inclu?
ding ex-Governor Chamberlain, would
be Dually dropped, the District Attorney
agreed to postpone further consideration
of the election cases.'' The Washington
Republican, however, indignantly denies
that any such arrangement was made by
the consent or connivance of the Attorney
General. The truth of the Republican's
denial may be admitted without affecting
the accuracy of the intimation made by
Senator Blaine and of the statement
given to the [Tribune by its Charleston
correspondent. Though the matter was
one that came properly within the juris?
diction of the Department of Justice, it
is probable that Mr. Devens was not con?
sulted. It has been rumored that the
negotiations on the part of the National
Administration were conducted by Mr.
Evarts, the Secretary of State. If such
a treaty was made we do not see how the
authorities of South Carolina can be cen?
sured for their share in the transaction.
It is true that Smalls, Cardozo, Chamber?
lain & Co. were not charged with politi?
cal offenses but with a crime involving
moral turpitude?parsonal dishonesty?
and it is equally true that they richly de?
served to be punished as common felons.
But on the other hand a large number of
the good citizens of the State had been
arrested charged with the commission of
political offenses. That they were
wholly innocent would avail them little.
They were to be tried by a Court organ?
ized to convict. By applying the test
oath to jurors the jury was to Be packed
and a partisan Judge was to preside and
by his rulings close every avenue of
escape to the accused. Indeed, the test
oath was applied, the jury was packed,
the partisan rulings were made and two
or three of the defendants were convicted
before the time at which it is said the
Judge and the District Attorney received
light from Washington. But suddenly
the Court discovered the defects of the
indictments, the insufficiency of the evi?
dence ; the District Attorney became
loth to put the Government to the ex?
pense of pushing the prosecutions, and,
after four of the defendants had been ac?
quitted, asked to have the cases against
the others continued until November.
There is good reason to believe that they
never will be brought to trial again. It
is better to have all the thieves of the
Radical regime escape the punishment of
their crimes than to have one innocent
citizen sent to a Northern dungeon. It
is bad that guilty men should go un
whipped of justice, but is far worse for
the innocent to suffer.?Augusta Chron?
icle and Constitutionalist.
Governments Last About Five
Hundred Years.?The following is an
extract from a late scrmou of the Rev.
David Swing, of Chicago:
As nations do not rise in a day, so in
a day they cannot be overthrown. There
are some singular records in history. It
seems that a great nation cannot turn on
its axis more than once in 400 or 500
years. Some of the old States lie outside
the bounds of history ; but those inside
these bounds show great uniformity in
making the time of radical changes in
dynasty. Egypt was under shepherd
kings about 500 years. Her golden age,
when she so flourished in art, spread
over 300 years. The Hebrew republic
ran from Moses to King David?500
years; and then came the empire to en?
ter upon 500 or 900 years of success.
The glory of Greek liberty covered about
500 years. Rome enjoyed all the splen?
dor of a republic for the same strange pe?
riod? 4S2 years. Thus, between Cincin
natus, the farmer President, and the
?srthrow of the republic by Ciesar and
Antony, there intervened the magical
five centuries. Spain and France and
Germany, formed out of new countries
which followed the breaking up of the
western empire, are now living well and
happily in the 400th year of theirseparate
lives. These statements arc sufficiently
truthful at least to assure us that those
great stars which we call "nations" can
neither be placed ill the sky in a day nor
in a day be blotted from the galaxy.
Behold through what turmoils France
has come ! The atheist and communist
assailed her. Napoleon drained her of
men and money by wars of ambition.
Other revolutions came. Then came the
usurpation of Napoleon, then the German
war with defeat and a fine of $1,000,000,
000; and yet to to-day France comes
out of those commotions a wiso and
powerful republic.
A Failure.?Any attempt to produce
a perfume in this or any country that
can surpass Dr. Price's Unique Perfumes,
will prove a failure, for Dr. Price's per?
fumes arc as fresh and sweet as the flow?
ers from which they are made, and can?
not be improved.
Advantages Decided.?The advan?
tages in the use of Dr. Price's Special
Flavoring Extracts arc decided, as they
are put up in bottles of full measure;
made from the true fruits and aromatics,
without poisonous oils or ethers, pure
and true.
? The wickedest city in the world?
Sinsiunali,
QUICKENED CONSCIENCES.
A .Scene in a Georgia Court Tlooin.
A correspondent of the Nashville
American repeats the following story
which was told him by a Georgian who
witnessed the scene described:
Georgia has a stringent pistol law.
The penalty is forfeiture of the pistol,
and a fine of fifty dollars and, at the dis?
cretion of the court, imprisonment for
thirty days. A short time after this law
went into efTect, Judge Lester was hold?
ing court in one of the mountain coun?
ties of North Georgia, and, right in the
midst of the trial of a cause, he asked
the attorneys to suspend a few moments,
and told the Sheriff to lock the court
house door and let no man pass out with?
out permission from him. Then said the
Judge in his firm, decided way: "Gen?
tlemen, I saw a pistol on a man in this
room a few moments ago, and I cannot
reconcile it to my sense of duty as a
peace officer to let such a violation of the
law pass unnoticed. It may be that it is
my duty to go before the grand jury and
indict him, but if that man will walk up
to this stand and lay his pistol and a fine
of one dollar down here, I will let him
off this time, otherwise I will go before
the grand jury and testify against him."
The Judge paused, and an attorney
who was sitting down just before the
stand got up, slipped his hand in his hip
pocket, drew out a neat ivory-handled
Smith & Wesson six-shooter, and laid SI
down before the Judge.
"This is all right," remarked the
Judge, "but you are not the man that I
saw with the pistol."
At this another attorney sitting imme?
diately in front of the Judge, got up and,
drawing out a small Colt's revolver, laid
it and a SI bill upon the stand.
"This is right again," said the Judge,
"but you are not the man I speak of."
Thereupon a large man just outside of
the bar walked around, ran his hand into
his bosom, and, drawing out a huge old
army pistol, laid it and $1 on the stand.
"I declare," exclaimed the Judge, "if
this don't beat all. You have done right,
my friend, but you are not the man I
saw with the pistol."
This process went on until nineteen
pistols and S19 were lying on the Judge's
stand. Then there was a pause, and it
appeared as if the crowd were pretty well
disarmed; at least, if there were any
more pistols in the house their owners
did not seem disposed to give them up.
"Gentlemen," resumed the Judge,
"here are nineteen persons who have
acted like men in this business, but the
man that I saw with the pistol has not
come up yet; and now," continued he,
pulling out his watch and looking toward
the far side of the court house, "I will
give him one minute to accept my prop?
osition, and if he does not do it in that
time, I will point him out to the Sheriff
and order him to take him into custody."
Immediately two men from the back
part of the house began to move toward
the Judge's stand. Once they stopped
f;nd looked at each other, and'then, com?
ing slowly forward, laid down their pis?
tols and their dollars. As they turned
to leave, the Judge said: "This man
with tho black whiskers is the one that I
saw with the pistol."
Then Judge Lester gave a short lecture
upon the cowardly, foolish and wicked
habit of carrying concealed weapons,
and assured his audience that in the
future the law would be strictly enforced.
The court proceeded with its regular
business, and it is needless to add that in
that county the habit of carrying pistols
was broken up.
How and When African Slaves Were
Imparted into tfcn United States.
From the Boston Commonwealth.
A friend of ours, in making some in?
vestigations, was desirous of learning the
best opiniou as to the number of African
slaves imported into the United States,
from whom our present colored popula?
tion haye mostly descended, and wrote to
Mr. Garrison for his judgment in the
matter. He received in reply the fol?
lowing letter:
ROYBUBY, March 10,1879.
Dear Sir?I should have answered
your Jetter at an earlier date but for va?
rious engagements. In regard to the
number of slaves brought from Africa to
this country I have never seen any re?
cord, and it is not probable that any was
ever made. At the time of the procla?
mation of American Independence it was
computed that 300,000 had been im?
ported ; but during the Revolutionary
struggle the traffic must have been very
limited. On the adoption of the United
States Constitution that traffic was legal?
ized for a term of 20 years, and thence?
forth was as regularly pursued as any
other branch of commerce, and almost
exclusively by New England ship-owners
(Bristol and Newport, R. L, taking the
lead,) the South furnishing a ready mar?
ket for the victims.
The invention of Whitney's cotton gin,
in 1793, made the cultivation of cotton
(up to that period of no account) the ab?
sorbing interest of the planters, and gave
a powerful impetus to the African slave
trade, which continued to be actively
prosecuted until the year 1808. when it
was prohibited by an act of Congress,
under specified penalties. The act, how?
ever, was not enforced. In 1820 Con?
gress made the trade piracy, and, thus
branded, it was pursued with less daring,
and a good deal curtailed, though but
one ship-master was ever convicted and
executed, I believe. But, up to the time
of the Southern rebellion, African slave
traders continued to smuggle their vic?
tims into the extreme Southern ports;
but the demand of the planter for fresh
stock was largely met by Maryland and
Virtrinia as slave-breeding States, and
against the domestic traffic there was no
law of the land.
Doubtless, from the commencement to
the end of the dreadful traffic, more than
a million of kidnapped Africans were
brought to these shores, to be followed by
the most terrible judgments upon this
guilty nation. Very truly yours,
William Lloyd Garrison.
As Orchard.?The man who plants
an apple orchard does not expect to get
any return of cousequence until it is ten
or twelve years old ; but he plants for all.
He knows that if he wants to sell his
land before the trees bear fruit, the state?
ment on the sale bills that the farm con?
tains "an orchard of fruit trees just com?
ing into bearing" will help the bidding
wonderfully; and it will be the same
with trees when once the exact position
of the timber question is understood. A
piece of woodland properly planted and
well located will come into use before an
apple orchard will; and a farm of a hun?
dred acres which could advertise that it
had live acres of young forest ten years
old would bring far more than interest
on cost. _
? The man who walks twenty-four
hours on a stretch is considered a hero,
but no one seems to have a kind word
for the baby that yells straight ahead for
seventeen hours.
It is one of those rare, good remedies
which used once will be always kept in
the house. Dr. Bull's Baltimore Pill?
we refer to. Price 25 cents,
LEGAL ADVERTISING.?Vit are compelled to
requlro cash payments for advertising ordered by
Executors, Administrators and other fiduciaries
and herewith append the rates for the ordinary
notices, which will only be inserted when the
money comes with the order:
Citations, two Insertions, - $3.0*
Estate Notices, three insertions, - - 2.0?
Final Settlements, five insertions - - 3.00
TO CORRESPONDENTS.?In order to receive
attention, communications must be accompanied
by the true name and address of the writer. Re?
jected manuscripts will not be returned, unless the
necessary stamps are furnished to repay the postage
thereon.
*9~ We are not responsible for the views and
opinions of our correspondents.
All communications should be addressed to "Ed?
itors Intelligencer," and all checks, drafts, money
orders, &c, should be made parable to the order
of E. B. MURRAY A CO.,
Anderson, S. C.
Andy Johnson at Lexington.
Andrew Johnson, then a refugee at
Camp Dick Robinson, near Danville,
Ky., came to Lexington, Ky., in the sum?
mer of 1861, to make a speech against
the evils of secession. It had been an?
nounced for days preceding that the
speech would be made at the Opera
House. The city was filled with tho cul?
tivated and elite citizens of that unsur?
passed country. John Morgan, the
famous raider, was then organizing his
regiment at Lexington. The secession
spirit was wild with anticipated success
of its cause. At the appointed time the
Opera House was crowded almost to
suffocation with ladies and gentlemen,
with those clinging to the Union with
unshaken affection, with those undecided
where to cast their lot, with those filled
with the idea of a new government and a
new order of things. Mr. Johnson en?
tered the hall from the front, accom?
panied by a few friends, looking every
inch a man. He was then in the prime
of life and beauty of a well-developed
manhood, like Paul of old, stood ready to
offer up his life in defence of the faith
and hope that posssessed him. As he
entered the house a shout went up from
friend and foe, for all saw at ouce in the
man the wonderful power and magnetism
which made him the pride of Tennessee
and the acknowledged friend of the peo?
ple. Threats had been ? made on the
streets of the city that day by young rebel
spirits that Mr. Johnson should not de?
liver a Union speech on that occasion,
others declared that he should?both
sides were armed more or less. There
was a dread in the minds of the more
prudent on both sides that a "bloody
drama" was imminent. Mr. Johnson
saw at once the danger surrounding the
situation, and with a masterly stroke,
quickly quieted the surging, excited
throng of people, with the following hap?
py introduction: "I stand to-day a refu?
gee from home, from my adopted State,
in whose councils I bave stood as a tri?
bune of the people, from my loved-wife
and children, and have sought a tempo?
rary home in the grand old State of Ken?
tucky, in the historic city of Lexington,
under the shadow of .that monument
which stands in memoriam of the grand?
est man the world ever saw! Kentucky
was the fit home of a Clay, and Clay was
the true representative of such a State.
Monuments of marble are not necessary
to perpetuate their glory. They are a
part of the history of our common coun?
try, arid will only be forgotten when we
?fellow-citizens?shall forget the glory
of that country. I am here to speak in be?
half of that country?one and insepara?
ble?just as our forefathers made it?just
as our Clay preserved it in the compro?
mise measure of 1850, when he said : 'I
may be asked, as I have been asked,
when I am for the dissolution of this
Union, I answer, never! never!!
never!!!' So say I, my countrymen !
May I, Kentuckians, the friends, neigh?
bors and constituents of such a man, give
my reasons to-day why this Union should
be preserved, why war, the last alterna?
tive of civilization, should be avoided ?
Shall I be heard for my cause, even by
the brave and gallant men who are to?
day putting on the harness of war under
an excitement that it will yet make many
homes desolate, make many hearts weep
over stricken loved ones! Brave men
are brave on 'all occasions; no more
afraid of free speech than of free combat.
Cowards suppress the one and flee from
the other! Shall I be heard?" At this
point Col. Tom Buford (who has just as?
sassinated Judge Elliott at Frankfort,
Ky.,) moved from his seat to the aisle
facing the speaker, and said: "Go on
Mr. Johnson; you shall be heard to-day
in behalf of the Union. Kentuckians
love a brave man, wherever found and
under all circumstances."' Suffice it to
say that the eloquence of the orator and
the response of the auditor abated all
uneasiness in the minds of the fair wo?
men and brave men, ard the crowd lis?
tened with eagerness to the plea of the
great natural orator for more than two
hours. Few such speeches have ever
been made. It was enough Within him?
self to have immortalized him. It was a
grand plea for peace, harmony, home
and country. Subsequent history has
fully verified his brave words. '?? When
he said: "lam done. God bles* Kafir
tucky ! God bless our whole land,!"-?
wild burst of applause was heard from
that great mixed crowd of. Union men
and secessionists. Andrew Johnson en?
tered that hall a stranger and left it a
hero.?T. T. Crittendcn, of Warrcnsburg,
Mo. '_
A Question of Honor.?The Wash?
ington (D. C.) Star published on the
29th ult. a card from Col. Wm. M. Lowe,
representative from Alabama, contain?
ing copies of three letters written by him
that week to Senator Logan asking an
explanation of the letters communicated
to the Washington Republican of Mon?
day, 21st ult. In that communication
Gen. Logan said that certain statements
alleged to bave been made by Col.
Lowe with regard to Logan's raising
troops in Illinois for the Confederate ser?
vice were "false and slanderous." Col.
Lowe substantially repeated what a cor?
respondent of the Pittsburg Post under?
stood him to say on the subject, and then
asked Gen. Logan whether the words
"false and slanderous" were meant to refer
to him. Failing, he says, to elicit a reply
to his first two letters he wrote him yes?
terday as follows: "I have twice ad?
dressed you a note calling your attention
to this language, you have failed and re?
fused to answer either of them, and you
thereby force me to the last alternative.
I therefore demand that you name some
time and place out of this district where
another communication will presently
reach you. My friend Chas. Pelham,
Esq., is authorized to act for me in the
premises."
Col. Lowe concludes his card as follows:
"Thus ended this one-sided correspon?
dence, which explains itself. It needs
little or no comment from me. I will not
brand John A. Logan as a liar, for he
is a senator of the United States. I will
not post him as a scoundrel and poltroon
forthat would be in violation of the lo?
cal statutes, but I do publish him as one
who knows how to insult, but not bow to
satisfy a gentleman, and I invoke upon
him the judgment of the honorable men
of the community."
How to Smoke a Pipe.?To those
who are attached to the pipe, it may be
a matter of interest to know how their
last puff or draueht may be as fresh as
the first. Tt is well known that smokimr
in the usual manner, the last portion o\
the tobacco becomes damp from the
presence of oil or nicotine drawn from
the heated tobacco above, which causes
a sickening and nauseating effect, bitter
to taste, and unpleasant and unhealthy
as compared with the first half of a well
filled pipe. A contemporary has found
the following to be effectual in giving a
good, fresh smoke from first to last.
1'lace a small quantity of tobacco in the
bottom of the bowl, light it. and when
well afire, fill the pipe, and before each
draught, give a light puff outward
i through the stem, which causes the to?
bacco to burn upward, all below being
I consumed. This is a sensible way of
smoking the tirue-hoi|ored pipe.