University of South Carolina Libraries
BY E. B. MURRAY & CO. ANDERSON, S. C, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 1878._VOL. BE-SO. 30. - SATHS 0/P:8l7B3CIlIPT101f.-&rB. Dollax - ?aS Fvrr Cest3 per annum, In advance. Two Dollabs at end of year. 0<b Dollae for tlx months. Subscriptions in not'taian for a leu period ' hau nil monthj. RATES OF ADVKB-TISIXQ.-Ove Dollar Mr %QO*TC.Ol one Inch for tho first insertion,and Fiftj C-nta per tquare fsrsuhsoqaeItt Insertions less than three months. No adrertliemeuts co'unte less than a square. - Llboml contracts will bo malewlth those wishing 30 advertise for three, six or twelve months. Ad ?rnstneDy contract must be cenflned to the Im? mediate Daslhwsortb.enrm orlndiridaal contrao Obhaary Notices exceeding; fire lines, Tributes of Beapeci, and aQ personal communications or ?: V. jsntte-.-s of Individual interest, will he charged for ii adrirttslng rates. Announcement* of marriages sad deatb^ and notices ota reliirionn character, are _respectftt?T solicited, and *l? be Inserted gratis THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Some Very Original Views on the Educa? tional Queitfon. -The following were the remarks of ? Gen. Gary in the Senato on Monday last ? - du the bill to provide for the organization of the State University: ? K?s:&;.\ President and Gentlemen of the Sen ak: I am opposed to the passage of the bill now before the Senate. I object to that portion of the resolution that says ? ? "'thai said uui versifies or colleges shall forever enjoy precisely the same privi , legos and advantages with regard to their ?ttamlards of karntng and the amount of \ money to be appropriated by the State for ] their maintenance." I regard this reso? lution as a violation of the uniform prin? ciple of legislation adopted by all law rx'.ak.-irs, that is: to try and meet the dem inds and wants of the citizens with ?; o it regard to race, color or previous con? dition of servitude. To give to the.col , lege?, and universities intended for the colored people the same advantages .as regards their standards of learning, would v j bo to anticipate their wants, or it would lower the wants and requirement of the white race. I am in favor of the princi .pi e cf supply and demand regulating the ? appropriation made to these universities . and colleges. It is an admitted fact that ] ?early alle f the taxes paid in this State _jaie'paid by the white race, and it would I bo an Onjustr discrimination in favor of | " vthe' colored race to give them an equal - 'amount of money , for their universities and colleges "as you give to those of the [ white race. The fifteenth amendment of j the United States Constitution only ap ? plies to any denial or ?,brid;rment of the ! right of the citizens to vote oh account of j r.v'race, color or previous condition of aer ,'>*? yitude." It does, not apply to restrictions, or differences in educational advantages. I object, to the section of the bill that makes the South Carolina College and Clall|n College one Urnversity. I am in favor .of kerning the two colleges sepa? rate and distinct as the resolution advises ?aad direct* It is, in*:my judgment, for -.. the best interest of both races to keep the in apart; God has made us two races aople, ana any effort to unite us upon the, ?ame educational plane, must prove & disaster to both. The .black lino of) . sepi.ration and difference that has been . drawn by the hand of Providence cannot be changed by the puny fingers of man. As well might yon attempt to unite oil - and water.- There has never, as yet, ap? peared Siamese twins composed of a negro and a white , man, and when it doe! it will be regarded as a monstrosity in nature; so this attempt to connect the Sou th. Carolina College by legislative lig* . amenta;-" with' Clan in University must . * shock the sensibilities of the Caucasian roceewrywhere. I furth er object to the bill on the ground that there would be no legal barrier pre? venting the, negro .students of Clan in University entering the South Carolin1 College. Article 10,' section 10 of the ?CorstTv-ution of this State, reads as fol? io vt s: "Ail. the public schools, 'colleges and universities of thin State, supported in whole or in part. by the public funds, shall be free and open: to all the children anc youths of the State, without regard to ace or color." .If you will inspect the bill von will see that there has been made no distinction as .to race or color, or to who may be admitted into these colleges. Li^tion20thofthebiUitiays: "There sh?ll be admitted into each college of the . University one student from each county of the State, who shali-be entitled to tui? tion free of charges ? but it does not specify -that the one -that (inters Clafiin University must be black, and the one that is admitted to the South Carolina College must "be white; both, may be black or both- white; or they may com? promise upon a mulatto. There is no . protection from this in the bill, nor can there be'any until the 10th section of the 1C th article of the Constitution of the. Sts.te is amended. Tie necessities of the State demand the early convocation of I a Constitutional -Convention to change and modify the organic law of this land to meet the wants and necessities of the white and black people of this State. I am in favor of a broad, just, progressive .and Ubers! system of education, bat I am in favor of making haste slowly in this matter. I am opposed to the 14th and 15th sec t'otiS -of the bill, authorizing the board of trustees' to establish' such schools as 'they nee fit, and prescribing such course . of studies, as they may select. I desire to reserve this'right to the General As serabjy, and. there is no subject more worthy of the most 'minutest legislative action than that of education. It under? lie! our future welfare and greatness. The object of all education is to disci? pline the mind. This has, been univer aaJJy conceded as the grand objective point in every system of education. The next point is now to. preserve this great dedderatum and at the same time teach tin: student such branches as will disci? pline his mind and at the same time pre? pare and fit him for the .duties of a good j and successful citizen. "We must pre? serve this discipline of the mind, and still give the student a practical,, instead of an ornamental, education. Bis true that anything that is taught | in schools and colleges confers tome de? gree of benefit upon the scholars, but in an age where so.much is to be learned, we must keep abreast *?itb the progres? sive spirit of the times.' The system we shcuia inaugurate most keep pace with the advanced ideas upon education.. In England and in America the eclectic system has been adopted. If we wish a vigorous growth in our future system, we most cut away the dead limbs that im? pede its perfect development The study of Latin and Greek must be dropped from , the curriculum of our schools and colleges. They are dead languages, and. should be allowed to a'top quietly in their tombs. Whatever was valuable in their authors has long since been translated into the living languages; and why. take ten years to learn to read, them in the original, as a task,when you might read them in a day or so in a good translation ? Life is too short .to study dead languages, or to dream over dead .issues. We have to grapple with the present, and prepare for the future. There is still another division of edu? cation that has formerly been greatly ?neglected?the education of the body. Proper physical development is as nec? essary as that of the mind. It should take precedence over the education of I the mind. DeQuincy, the gifted writer of England, has tersely put it, that he who draws a sound mind and a sound body has received the highest prize from the lottery of life. The physique is to the mind what the gold setting of the ring is to the brilliant and sparkling diamond. They are dual units. Both are equally essential to form the complete ornament, and to make up the perfect man. To facilitate this proper physical development knowledge of physiology and anatomy are necessary, and should be taught at as early a period as possible in oar schools and colleges. I would also have the discipline of military academies applied to our schools and colleges, as ? well as a well organized gymnasium. This is not provided for in this bill, and, in my opinion, they are essential for ex erase and weif regulated physical devel? opment The universities and colleges of an?ag ricultcral people should be adapted to the wants of such a community. In or? der to meet their wants I am in favor of abolishing the study of Latin and Greek, and in their stead to pot geology ana mineralogy, which will unfold to the farmer and planter the great mysteries of the earth. For the last hundred years oar farmers and planters have been plow? ing and cultivating the soil without knowing its constituent parts. I would also huve the study of agricultural chem? istry given, a prominent place in the cur? riculum of oar public schools and colle? ges, in order that the scholars may learn how to analyze the constituent elements of the earth,' and also the component parts of their domestic and foreign fertil? izers. A -thorough; knowledge of these would save the farmers and planters thousands of dollars annually out of their crops. This kind of knowledge would enable them to know whether their lands were adapted to the growth of wheat, oats, corn, cotton, &c., and if not 30 adapted for their growth, what, fertilizers , would supply the deficiency. I remember several years ago reading D&vid Duron's great work on Agricul? ture. In describing the component parts of the fertilizer he used upon his cotton crop he stated that it consisted of Peru? vian Guano, land plaster, gypsum and salt. .it-puzzled me to understand how it was .hat salt was regarded as an essen? tial element in the food, of the cotton plant After considerable research, I found ina workon cotton, published by a gentleman in Mississippi, that salt was the- main element that entered into the formation of tho lint of the cotton,-and that it- improved the texture of the lint ?of the cotton. The popular idea was that it was intended to prevent rust in cotton, and to create moisture around the plant. If I had been taught geology and agricultural chemistry the ten years that 1 was delving among the dead form? ulas of Latin and Greek, I would in all probability have known this fact I would also have been aware of the-fact *.hat the gypsum and land plaster or limp were intended to fix the-ammonia that 'vas contained in the guano, and thereby keep it from escaping by a too rapid pro? cess of evaporation. -I would also'have known-that the .'cotton plant absorbed ammonia from the air,ana[thatammonia was the basis of all of our best 'fertilizers. Cotton is. the great staple of the South, yet nine-teaths of our people are ignor? ant of. how this plant is fed by the prop? erties of the earth and the elements of the air. Suppose our schools and colleges had taught geology, mineralogy and agricul? tural chemistry, would' the antold wealth of oar phosphates haft laid for a century under oar feet before their value was np p:-eciated ? The great mass .of our peo? ple are ignorant ot the immense quantity and the great value of these deposits of phosphate* to the State. It-is not an over-statement ' to say that under a proper,-system of development the roy? alty oou Id be' made to pay the* en tire ex-.' {tenses ofthe government. In the year 870 the royalty paid to the State*was $1,987, and-it has increased to the sum of $126,569 in seven years ander the im? perfect system that we now hare. This great industry-deserves the immediate and careful consideration of the General Assembly. I would also have mathematics go pari {?atsu with the studies-I have alluded, to. t is the basis, of almost all scientific edu? cation. It- is by mathematical science that the paralax of the son has been cal? culated, and the great laws of the polar, and planetary systems have been denned. From the application of the principles of geometry to astronomy has sprang the art of navigation, and out of navigation the foreign commerce of the world. By the application of mathematics to hydro? statics, Prot Eads by his system of jetties has made the port of New Orleans ac? cessible to the largest ships of the ocean. I would also have great prominence given to the. study of physics in oar schools and colleges. Our farmers and mechanics deal with the wedge, the lever and the pulley in their daily avocations, ar d are as a general thing ignorant of the laws that govern them in their appli? cation to the. agricultural and mechanic arts. The are also equally as ignorant of the principles of wind, heat light and electricity upon the production of-rheir crops.or the implements they manu? facture. The application of mathematics to physics has given as the steam engine, the great civilizer of the century. On the proper application of rational me? chanics, the success of all of oar. manu? factures and railroads depends,.and upon our material development rests the future of Sooth Carolina and the entire South. Second to none of .these studies is thai of political economy, which teaches the laws of individual and national wealth, the origin and object of money, the rela? tion of labor to capital, the laws that ' should regu late the renting of lands, and all the subjects that more or less come u*ler the consideration and judgment of the law-makers of the land. It has ever been tho hand-book of the statesman, and without a thorough knowledge of the great principles it teaches no one can nope to riseabove the level of the shifting policies of the demagogue and politician. I would not have you suppose, gentle? men, th'it I am opposed to ornamental education. Such I regard Latin, Greek, paiating, sculpture, music and poetry. But they are a part of aesthetic culture, that is, the natural resultant of scientific and practical education. What practical education is to ornamental education, the root and leaves of the rose are to the flower in full bloom. I am opposed to the'10th section of the bill, that "all property, real or personal, rights of property and credits belonging or appertaining to the Agricultural Col? lege, shall vest in and become the abso? lute property of the University'of South Carolina." On July 2, 1862, the Congress of the United 'States passed an act donating 180.000 acres of public lands to the sev? eral States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agri? culture and the mechanic arts. The State accepted the provisions of the act of Congress above named, and agreed to the conditions specified in said act of Congress. See Revised Statutes, Capter XLI, Sec. 2, page 254. The South Carolina Aricultural Col? lege and Mechanics Institute was incor? porated March 12th, 1872, for the pur? pose of carrying out the objects of this donation of the General Government. In accordance with the provisions of the act above*cited in Revised Statutes, page 254, in Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6, the then Governor, Secretary of State and Attorney-General, placed the land scrip for the 180,000 acres of laDd in the hands of the State financial agent in New York. He sold the 180,000 acres of land serin at 72j ceuts per acre, which amounted to $130,500. This was invested in six per cent. bunds of this State, and purchased bonds to the amount of $186,415. These bonds were hypothecated by the finan? cial agent, without authority of law, and were sold in default of payment iu New York, and brought seventeen cents on the dollar. Some of them have been consolidated under the act of 1878. In Section 5th of the Act of Congress, viz: And be it 'further enacted, 'That the grant of land scrip hereby author? ized shall be made on the following con? ditions, to which, as well as' the provis? ions herein before contained, the previous assent of the several States shall be sig? nified by legislative nets: First, If any portion of the fund invested, as provided by the foregoining section, or any portion of the interat thereon, should by any action or contingency be diminished or lost, it shall be replaced by the State to which it belongs, so that the capital of the fund shall remain for ever nndiminished, and that the annual interest shall be regularly applied without discrimination to the purposes mentioned in the 4th section of this act,"?it would seem-that the State has the ;power to protect herself from this grand fraud, as the numbers of the bonds can be ascertained, and as she will have to pay the interest on these bonds if they are not thrown out by the Gen? eral Assembly, and she would have the right to issue a bond in the place of those that have been fraudulently disposed of or lost. ? I am opposed to gi ving this fund w the annual interest, which amounts to $11, 000, to th e Claflin Institute. One of the Ere visions of- the act of Congress pro ibits the expenditure of this fund, or the intenst arising therefrom, in the purchasing of lands and the erection of buildings thereon for the purposes indi? cated in the act. It was expected that the State? and Territories would pro? vide for the same. In Mcssiachusett8 the State has added not less iman $800,000 to the fund re? ceived from the government. In Ver? mont and New Hampshire the fund has been connected' with institutions pre? viously founded by the State. Connec? ticut added the fund to the scientific school connected with Tale College. In New York it was added to funds amountiug to two millions of dollars. Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland and Iowa have adopted a similar disposition of the mud. Michigan expends thirty five thousand dollars annually on her agricultural college. To recur to the system of education that I have been pressing upon the at? tention of the Senate, I would not have you overlook the development of the moral aiad religious principle in the J-ouths of the land in our schools and col egea. Teach them to be patriotic, hon? est and truthful; energetic, brave moral? ly and ph ysically, virtuous and good, for these are i:he great charaderietics that go to make a great people. Teach ithem the great truths of Chris? tianity ; impress upon them that true re? ligion is ? catholic sentiment that finds its home in the hearts of civilized hu? manity. That the church is but the ex? ternal-representation of the religious faith. Instead ?of teaching them to read the absurd th ;ology of Hesiod, the supersti? tious epici of Homer and the lascivious fides of Horace, teach them to read and understand the grand epic written by.the finger of God upon-the strata of the earth. ' ? % England's Attitude. An immediate interest is given to the great war drama in the East ay the atti? tude of the British government. By the utterances of the Ministry in Parliament as to the defence of the interests of Eng? land ; by its intimation that it might re? gard a treaty made betw*fcen Turkey and Russia in accordance with the outline already made public as a practical defi? ance to put itself on its defence; by its declaration that it would .only recognize this treaty if. made with the sanction of Europe, it seems to follow that England may yet be numbered with the bellige? rents ere the imminent solution of the Eastern question becomes a finality. It is true that there may bo in Ministerial fulminations a great deal of sound and fury without much gunpowder; for in the presence of a public that needs to be excited to give its latent sympathies any value, and in the,ff*38ence of an opposi? tion disposed to require some definite declarations of national danger as a rea? son for voting money, a government may commit its elf generally to a tone of ob? servation en current politics that it cer? tainly would not hold in its diplomatic communications with the foreign Powers at which it may rail in its domestic as? sembly. This is true of governments at large, and there is good reason in the history of the present British government why it should he peculiarly suspected of not having in fact any such belligerent intentions as it declares in Parliament. One of the virtues especially claimed for the tory party is that it has always been the organ of the support of English glory and greatness abroad. For many gener? ations that party certainly led the Eng? lish nation, through the mire terribly in supporting (he fiction that England was omnipotent in the earth. Upon the last accession of that party to power in Eng? land it was noted that it camo upon the stage when* that function of tory ism must be revived, and the government came Sayly forward, therefore, when, it was emanded that the insurrections in Her? zegovina should be pacified by some gen? eral action. But its dissent from Europe on that occasion was all it did to assert England's independence of spirit and greatness, and its course since has plainly shown that, while anxious to have before the country the credit of sustaining Eng? land's greatness abroad,, it is equally anxious that it may have this credit cheaply and avoid any possibility of the mishap of a great war. In the ground on which it puts its demand for supple? mentary supplies this spirit plainly ap? pears. Money, for instance, is not de? manded that England may really fight; money is not wanted to support practi? cally in the East those interests which it is feared Russia may invade; but money is demanded in order .hat England may go into a conference with a bold front, and with the appearance of having the support of the Parliament for whatever schemes or projects it may there put forth ?in fact, in order that it may impress Europe with its bellicose intentions, not that it may put them in operation. But if this role is played to a certain point it is evident that it must reach a stage from which it would be impossible for the Ministry to extricate itself without war abroad or a scandalous collapse in its swelling attitude at home, and in that case it will fight. As all -the relations of the government to the difficulty are now to become a topic of somewhat virulent party warfare in Parliament, and as the complicatious in the East seem to grow hourly deeper, the government may find itself propelled by circumstances beyond the point to which it intends to go. ?New York Herald. _? ^ _ ? "If I was a horse now," mused a big boy aa he struggled up a Detroit street, "I'd be stabled', rubbed down and fed; but I'm a boy, and I've got to go home, clean off snow, bring in wood, tote water and rock the confounded old baby for an hour or two." ? Josh Billings says, very truly, "you'd better not know no much, than to know so many things that ain't so." THE PALMETTO STATE. The First Settlement?Productions and lit sources. Notwithstanding the several early at? tempts made by the French under Ri bau.lt and Laudoniers, and the ill-fated expedition - of Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584, no permanent settlement was effect? ed in South Carolina until the arrival of William Sayle, in 1690, who landed at Port Royal a large number of emigrants, who baa sailed with him from England in two ships, will supplied with arms and munitions'of war, and all necessary utensils for build' ng and cultivation. In the midst of active arrangements for the government and welfare of the young Colony, Sayle died. He was succeeded in the government "by Sir John Yea mans, who had se me years before plant? ed a Colony which he had brought from Barbadoes, at Cupe Fear, North Caro? lina. His authority was extended so as to. include both colonies. Upon the strength of this increase of power he gathered tie planters together and re? moved with a large following of Cavalier families to he batiks of the Ashley River, "for the convenience of pasturage and tillage." This removal took place in 1671, and in the same year the founda? tion of Cbs.rlestowr* was laid "on the first highland" on th a western banks of the Ashley. This became and continued the capital of the Southern settlements until 1672. whe:a, by a formal order of the Lora proprietors, a removal was made to Oyster Point, a narrow neck of land at the confluence ol the Cooper and Ashley Rivers, where th-j foundation was kid of the present City of Charleston. The re? moval from the first .site was made in consequence of the many local disad? vantages, especially with regard to the want of commercial facilities, being in? accessible to vessels of any considerable size. By" the removal to Oyster Point, a beautiful aqd safe harbor, almost land? locked, was secured, which has developed Charleston into one of the most impor? tant ports of entry in this country. It would, ind;ed, be pleasant to the writer to dwell on some of the thrilling episodes to be found in the history of the early settlement of Carolina, but the scope of this brief introduction of early history simply ttc refresh the memory- of the reader with the important facts snow? ing by whom, und at what time, this member of the "Old Thirteen" was set? tled.- To these original settlers I must not omit to mention, that in 1674, a large number of Dutch from Nova Belgia, now New York, sought refuge in Carolina in consequence of the conquest of their colony by the English. They founded a town on the south? west bank of the, Ashley, which they called Jamestown, but they afterwards deserted it, and spread themselves through the country, where they were joined by large numbers from the ''Fatherland," whose descendants are to? day some of our.most respected and use? ful citizens. Subsequent to this, came the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and very sOon tfter a largo influx of French Protestants, called Huguenots, who have furnished some of the most il? lustrious names in the history of this ?State. Of such constituents was the early settlement of South Carolina main? ly compos cd. IXDKIO AND RICE AGRICULTURE at opce became the leading industry of the people, and with the introduction of African slavery, such rapid strides were made in its development that tobacco and indigo early became the basis of a considerable trade through the port of .Charleston with the mother country. In addition to the lucrative price obtained for-indigo, a handsome bonus was paid by government for every pound imported into England. This bonus at one time amounted to a matter of twelve pence per pound. This encouragement, so greatly promoted its production, and the shipment) became so heavy, that the bonus was withdrawn. The price also became so greatly reduced in conse? quence of its successful cultivation in other of the colonial dependencies of Great Britain, that its propagation ulti? mately ceased. What was once a staple product would to-day be considered ? curiosity if seen growing. Towards the.close of the seventeenth century a small parcel of rice was pre? sented to Landgrave Smith, by Captain Tradd, the master of a vessel trading from Madagascar .to Charleston. This he distributed among his friends, and flanted io his own garden in Charleston, rom this small beginning rice became one of the great staples of South Caro? lina. So great was the success in its cul? tivation, that, as early as 1731, forty thousand barrels of rice were exported. Previous to the war the production of this staple had assumed magnificent pro? portions, and the rice plantations of Car lina were considered models of scientific culture, while the quality of the article was unapproachable by that grown in any other part of the world. COTTON. The invention of the spinning jenny by Hargreaves, 1667, and subsequently per? fected by Arkw right, did little to in? crease the very small production of cot? ton in this country. The difficulty and expense of separating the lint or wool from the seed was so great as to limit its production almost entirely to domestic use. Bit no sooner did Eli Whitney in? vent the cotton gin than the labor of the civilized world was revolutionized by the impetus given to the growth of this hitherto insignificant product. Previous to If 90, the United States did not expor; a pound of cotton. In 1792 * the trifling quantity of 138,828 pounds (equal to about 277 bales) was exported. Whitney's invention came into operation in 1793", and ill 1794 1,601,760 pounds, and in 1795 5,276,306 pounds were ex? ported, a ad so astounding has been the growth of this stable that the crop of this country now amounts to near 5,000,000 bales annually. It w. s in the years 1795 and 171*6 that the planters of Carolina commenced to pay serious attention to this cultivation, and so great was their success that South Carolina was soon re? cognized as one of the principal cotton States of the Union. With this brief sketch of the introduction of Carolina's great staples, Pnow propose to direct the attention of the reader to several other important matters. MANUFACTURES. South Caroliua has always been em? phatically an agricultural State, paying, almost uo attention to manufactures, and very little to ar y of the small industries. Owing to the presence of a large slave population, her agriculture has been con? fined to the cultivation of great staple crops, and as long as slavery existed, tnis was profitable end her population pros? perous. ?ji3ut among the most important of the results of the late war between the States, bos been the emancipation of the slaves. The sliLvc population was the representa? tive of a cash money value of many hun? dreds of millions of dollars, and as a money producing agent it wasche repre? sentative of a prospective value of untold billions of money. With the abolition of slavery this first value was utterly , and forever destroyed and lost to the South era planter, and the second value, which represents the annual product of the labor of this oioce servile population, so seriously impaired that the commercial world at large is as much the sufferer as ttie planter. So seriously has the utility of this class of labor depreciated, that the cultivation of rice on most of the finest river .lands has entirely ceased, and where its culti? vation is still persisted in, it is only a snare and delusion, leading on to bank? ruptcy and ruin. With regard to cotton, the case is different in some respects, for while as much of the staple is produced as formerly, the expense for fertilizers and inefficient labor is so great, that it is a rare thing to find a planter who does not belong, body and soul, to his factor. The demands of this plant in the process of cultivation are in the highest degree imperious, the expenses enormous, the risks from stealage, fire, and other con? tingencies, increasing from the time it is I picked to the time it leaves the factor's hands, at ten or eleven cents per pound, and tue amount is credited to the poor planter, against a long debt on the fac? tor's books. THE EVILS OF TO-DAY. The old plantation hands arc generally dying out and the generation that is tak? ing their place are vastly inferior whether considered as to habits, skill, or docility. The negro of the present day regards himself as a superior order of be? ing, who should leave hard work for his pale faced brother, while he in the majesty of his sovereignty as an Ameri? can citizen should not be fatigued by any further demands upon his time or his muscle than what is necessary for a vehe? ment discussion- of the politics 'of the hour, in his daily lounge around the streets of the tillages and towns. But if he does not work by day, he is certainly busy at night, and so dexterous and in? discriminate is he in the indulgence of his inveterate propensities of klepto? mania, that the chicken roost and the pig pen, the store and the private dwelling, and even the Church of God itself all fare alike. While these short comings of the negro have operated very injuriously - upon his own welfare and future pros? pects, and been seriously detrimental to agricultural interests, they have not beeu without a beneficial effect upon the white people, in this, that it has been the cause of sending many a scion of Cavalier and Huguenot ancestry whose fathers count? ed their slaves by the hundred to the plough handles, the work shop and many other avenues of honorable labor not hitherto adopted by this class. In other words, the necessities of the situation have been the means of dignifying and elevating labor. \ ?? ' I IMMIGRATION. It has been owing mainly to the fact that the white emigrant is indisposed to work alongside of the negro laborer, that the South has been shunned by the tide of emigration, but the day is not far dis? tant when the people of the Northern States will no longer turn their faces Westward, but induced by the new as? pects of the labor question, by bur mild and healthy climate, and productive lands, will come to South Carolina, and work side by side with their Southern brethren, lo such bona fide settlers we say in God's name come and participate in our natural advantages, and help to diversify our agricultural system, and establish factories and foundries. A hearty welcome and a helping hand awaits you in whatever part of the State you may settle. It matters not what may be your politics or religion, Carolinians are tolerant enough, and brave and gen? erous enough. to open the floodgates of their hospitality to any man who comes to assume bona fide citizenship and live by some legitimate business, however small may be his beginnings. It is only the political tramp, who comes carpet bag in hand, scorning honest toil, but bent only Upon making politics a trade, who has nothing friendly to expect from us. Cur plundered and harasssed people have had a bitter experience with this genus homo; for after stealing from us all that they can, we generally have to ] feed and clothe them for a time in the penitentiary. In spite of all the trouble and annoy? ances incident to the culture, we canuot afford to renounce cotton entirely. The I cotton crop of the South is a matter in round numbers of two hunderd millions I I of dollars, and neither the people of the North or the South can well afford to do without it. DIVERSITY OF PRODUCTION. But the high cost of production and ! the low price obtained for the staple, renders it imperative, that Carolina and every other cotton State should not only curtail the cultivation, but that they should strain every nerve and bend every energy to raise every article of prime ne? cessity. We must diversify our products, .encourage grain culture, Ibee culture, sheep farming and cattle raising. In '. other words, our people must learn to : five on the farms, with all the comforts of life around them, and not be depen? dent on other people for bread and meat. For several years past the bitter lessons of adversity have been forcing them by slow but steady steps towards this desi? rable and sensible way of conducting the farm. More grain and more meat are raised, and the white man works harder, and the negro less, than.ever before in the history of the State. THE SPLENDID WATER POWER to be found in various portions of the State is being utilized by the erection of cotton factories, which affords employ? ment to thousands of our population, and which will enable us to retain within our borders immense sums of money, which has hitherto gone to enrich Eastern mill owners. All of these factories, whether located in the middle or up-country, pay good divideuds. The goods are of fine 3uality, and many of the mills have or era months ahead of their production, and they always were on full time. It would open the eyes of some of those who think that every one down this way is asleep, to walk through the Graniteville or Langley mills, of Aiken county, and see the beautiful system and order that prevails, and examine the quality of the material produced. The Graniteville Company is building at the present i;ime another factory on the sits of the old Vaucluse mills. When this is com? pleted, Aiken county will" number three largo cotton factories, besides a paper min,- ''balk beds and pottery works. At Greenville, Spartanburg and other places the same spirit is manifested. These mills are run mainly by home capital, and consume a great deal of cot? ton direct from the hands of the pro? ducer, and are a matter of pride and profit to the State. The day is not far distant when the Eastern mill owner will find he cannot pay freight on the raw material to Boston, and then successfully compete with Carolina or Georgia goods in price. When he realizes this fact he will need no additional inducement to bring his mill to the cotton fields, and thus involuntarily assist in the work that we ourselves have comrrenced. But aside from the facilities afforded by our splendid water power for the erection of factories, various other fields of labor] present themselves to the enterprising I capitalist. The whole region round about Charleston for many miles is one vast deposit of phospbatic rock, which, under the cunning manipulations of the workman and the scientific treatment of the chemist, yields the most valuable of commercial fertilizers. The mining of this rock affords employment to thou? sands of laborers. Ii is shipped in the crude state to all. parts of Europe and the Northern States, besides being manufac? tured on the spot by a number of differ? ent companies with a large capital into the highest grades of super-phosphates. Among the favorite brands are the Eti wan, Stono, Wando, Atlantic and Pa? cific. This industry is yearly on the. in? crease, and, directly and indirectly, is worth millions to the State. the upper s ection of the state is rich in mineral deposits, comprising even gold, and as fine an article of gran? ite as can be produced in this country is found in the vicinity of Columbia, the capital of the State. It is of this same material that the costly and elegant State' House (commenced before the war, but still incomplete,) is 'constructed. All that is needed is the capital and enter? prise to quarry it, and it would take a front rank in the line of buildiug mate? rials. 6ign8 of prosperity. It will thus be seen that notwithstand? ing the direful results of war which swept away the bulk of our property, and the malignant cupidity of a corrupt car? pet-bag government,- which, until the present year, hs.ve ground our people to the dust by unparalleled robbery and op? pressive taxation; notwithstanding the strenuous efforts under the guise of re? construction to invert the social pyramid by placing the Caucasian under the domination of a recently enfranchised negro race. Still the people of South Carolina have marched boldly and in? dustriously forward in the race of pro? gress, until at last they have an honest, economical and ?bt rat Slate government, inaugurated under the leadership of the noble and high minded Hampton, and if our beloved Carolina does not blossom as the rose, her sons are at least hopeful and manfully struggling to place her in the front rank of commercial and agricultu? ral advancement. Our State contains an area of about 30,213 square miles or 19, 435,680 acres, and averages in length 189 and in breadth 160 miles. With such a territory we could accommodate many times our present population, which bare? ly exceeds 800,000. With such a variety of agricultural products as she is capable of producing, with such a treasure house of mineral wealth, and with such climatic advantages as she possesses, where can the emigrant, whether from Europe or from our own sister States of the North, select a more inviting home. Land is cheap, and the people ready to sell. We say then to those who are honest,and in? dustrious, come and you will find a hos? pitable reception. In Aiken County a considerable number of Northerners, representing Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Michigan, have located, and are so well satisfied! that since the establishmeut of the Hampton government many of them have increased their investments.?C. B. R. Drayton, Esq., in Charleston Journal of Commerce. , * Bill Chandler In Deep Water. Washington, Jan. 30. The following dispatch has been made public: New Orleans, La., Jan. 29. Hon. W. E. Chandler, Washington, J). C.: Before considering the subject mat? ter of a telegram received this day, per forting to be signed by W. E. Chandler, desire to ask if the author is the Chan? dler who, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, traveling through the South in 1865, corruptly participated in the spoil gathered by supervising' treasury agents, engaged in robbing their government and in defrauding the distressed people of this and adjacent States? Is tins the Chandler, who, as Secretary of tho Re? publican National Committee, with cer? tain Republicans from Louisiana, at a conference or conferences at the Fifth Avenue Hotel? New York, concerning Louisiana affairs, about October, 1872, secretly and corruptly conspired to take advantage of the absence from Louisiana of the Governor thereof to assemble se? cretly the Legislature, impeach the Gov? ernor, seize the government and all its machinery to carry the election of 1872? Is it the Chandler who earned and-re ceived a fee from Kellogg of $3,000 in 1873, and the encomium "You have done more for him than any one, except Attor? ney General Williams," in maintaining his foul and infamous usurpation of the office of Governor of this State? Is it the Chandler who encouraged, abetted and conspired with infamous allies in this city to rob 12,000 citizens of New Orleans of the franchise and drag them before the Federal- courts on or about the day of the late election?who, in Novem: ber, 1876, by telegraph guaranteed KeP logg that the whole power of the govern? ment would sustain the returning board in counting the vote of Louisiana for the Republican candidates, and then has? tened to Florida to manipulate the frauds of that State's count? Ia it the Chandler who has of late been vainly seeking to stir up tBe hell brrtth of sectional hate and befoul hi.' political nest to the dis fust'of decent citizens, North and South? f yea* permit me to say, in reference to the inquisitorial powers of the political tramps to the South in March last, that such persons are subjects of inquisition. If nay, the impertinent telegram shall have such consideration as it deserves. (Signed) E. A. Burke. Washington, Jan. 30. Maj. E. A. Burke, New Orleans: Your violent language and false charges against me leave no doubt about your identity, and I therefore repeat my inquiry about the Wormley Hotel conference. Were you present ? Was there a memorandum made, and will you make it public? (Signed) W. E. Chandler. What the Microscope Reveals.? Mold is a forest of beautiful trees, with the branches, leaves and fruit. Butterflies are fully feathered. Hairs are hcllow tubes. Tho surface of our bodies is covered -with scale) like a fish ; a single grain of sand would cover or e hundred aud fifty of these scales, and yet a scale covers five hundred pores. Through these narrow openings the perspiration forces itself like water through a sieve. Each drop cf stagnant water contains a world of lining creatures, swimming with as much liberty as whales in the sea. Each leaf has a colony of insects gra? zing it, like a cow in a meadow. ? Ten thousand laboring men are begging the Baston authorities for work. Municipal governments are not elee? mosynary institutions, but in such- ex? ceptional timei as these, they can afford to strain a point to relieve the distress of the working classes, who are eager to earn their daily bread, and lack only the opportunity. j SOMETHING ABOUT TUE T?RKS. Progress from Victory to Disaster. From, the New York Times. It is just about five hundred years since the first terrible Turkish invasion poured into Europe in the very districts where the war is now carried on. In eleven years it will be precisely five hun? dred years since Amurath I. overthrew, on the borders of Servia, the whole pow? er of the then mighty Kingdom of Ser? via, in one-of the "world-battles"?that of Kossova?a bloody struggle which so impressed itself on the imaginations of men, and was followed by such immense consequence to that portion of Europe, that the Servian and Bulgarian peasauts still refer to it as an event which affects even now their destinies. And they do not exaggerate its consequences. After Amurath followed Bajazet, surnamed the "Lightning," and in his track was deso? lation and hills of human heads. The Turk was then no "sick man," but a bar? barian of unsurpassed vigor and valor, with, it must be allowed, a certain talent, for command. He swept over all East-' ern Europe, and but for the long and heroic defense of Hungary, would no doubt have conquered and held Southern Germany, as he afterward conquered and held Thrace and the Dan ubian countries. It was more than half a century from the battle of Kossova before the Turk wrested from the decayed Greek Empire the city of the Golden Horn, which. be has held ever since. In the long empire of lust and blood by the Turk, whether in Europe or Asia, it will be difficult for the most .ardent admirer of the race to find a single blessing or benefit which it has conferred on humanity. In Thrace, Epirus, Macedonia, the Bosnian Provin? ces, Bulgaria, Servia, and the Wallacho Moldavian districts, the rule of the Otto? mans has been nothing but repression or plunder and violence. Liberty, of course, has never flourished under them, nor science, nor agriculture, nor commerce, nor trade. Where they have been, there has been the slightest progress in all ma? terial things. Generation after genera? tion of misery and submission to grind? ing tyranny has passed away. The Christians have been pressed to the earth, while the Mohammedans have not ad? vanced. One of the fairest portions of Eastern Europe has been rendered poor and half barbarous by this long enduring tyranny. In fact, even in the neighbor? ing districts now under. Christian sway, the scars and relics of the former Turk? ish domination may be seen, in barren fields, poor roads, miserable villages, a degraded peasantry, and a want of all the best appliances of civilization. Turkey itself, in Asia, seems outside of all modern progress, and unnatural vices, such as consumed the pagan Empire of Rome, have eaten away the vigor of the people. Nor does this corruption and' degradation seem an effect of religion alone, though that, no doubt, has had much influence in causing it; it belongs alone to the race. For one Mohamme? dan people, the Arabs, encamped for some one hundred years in Europe?as the Turks have done?but when they were driven forth, they left schools, col? leges and places of learning, palaces, and an architecture which still aelights the eye, and permanent traces on the arts, science, and learning of Europe. When the Turk departs from Eastern Europe, as soon he must, there will bo no monu? ment of his five hundred years of resi? dence, bnt smoking villages,' piles* of human bones, a peasantry imbruted by his government, and a fair country made almost a desert. < The latest telegram from the seat of war was that the Turks were. bu/ning JPhilippopolis and other Christian towns in their retreat The exodus is'charac? teristic and consistent The great an? cestor of the Sultan's family entered Europe over burning towns, and marked bis way with pyramids of human heads. The degenerate descendant departs amid the smoke of peaceful hamlets, and with his line of retreat covered with the maimed and defaced corpses of prisoners and of the unfortunate peasantry. No sentimental sympathy will follow the Ottoman, as has attended the Moor in his defeat. Even England will soon for? get him. The historical scholar will re? joice at the just retribution; the legisla? tor will look for new advances in that miserable region; and the curses and hate of populations whom the Turk has for centuries plundered and oppressed will go with the last battalion as it car? ries the Crescent back from the hills of the Balkan peninsula to the Sea of Mar? mora and the Golden Horn." From the Saturday Review. On the mother's side the rich Turk is lost in painful confusion, yet be would be marked "b. b." in any calendar that took account of human thoroughbreds. In spite of this little blot on his es? cutcheon the Turk answers very well to the current idjsa of a gentleman. He is brave, he detests trade, he is in different to comfort or luxury, he can be temper? ate and even abstemious, he has repose of manner, he does not lose his temper with things inevitable, aud rail in the calm presence of actual facts. General Cesnola, who was lately American Con? sul in Cyprus, has many illustrations of the gentlemanly Turkish character in his interesting account of Cyprian re? searches. A Turkish Governor of the old school arrived on one occasion just too late to prevent the General from re? moving a sarcophagus which he had dis? covered. Finding that the time to inter? fere was passed, the old Turk did not fly into a passion, as a European might have done, but apologized for the late? ness of his visit, smoked the friendly cigarette, and retired with many compli? ments, but without a single allusion to the.sarcophagus. This calm sort- of re ? gnatiou, this yielding to the inev'table, this superiority to annoyances, is cer? tainly one of the best sides of the gen? tlemanly character. It is the trait of a dominant race which cultivates a lofty disregard of petty affairs, and perhaps it is aided by the fatalism of Islam. Even after stripping the gentlemanly character of its moral and ideal attributes does not disappear. Most aristocracies - come of conquering races, or are descended, if we trace them far enough back, from the ancient clans, and those again lose them? selves in the mists of prehistoric times. From Judge Booth's Lecture. Touching upon the cruelties practiced by the Turkish people in warfare, the speaker said he did not intend to apolo? gize for any outrages practiced by them ; but he would venture to say that in the four centuries or upward that have elapsed since the Crescent first flashed above the Bosphorus, the course of Tur? key toward her Christian suljects would compare favorably with the course pur? sued by the Christian nations of Europe, dominant, toward their Chistian subjects. No chapter in history was as black with crime and horror as that which records the rule of Russia in Poland as late as 1831, or 1846,1848, or 1863. The people of Turkey often broke out i n rebellion against Christians, but no such atrocity as that of burning people at the stake for their faith could be rerouted against them. Commenting upon the, physical supe LEGAL ADVERTISING.-We are compelled te> require cash payments for ad vertislr.(r ordered by Executors, Administrators and other fiduciaries and herewith unpend the rates for the ordinary Dotlces, which *wlll only be inserted when the money comes with the order: Citations, two insertions, - - - - 83.00 Estate Notices, three insertions, ? ? 2.00 Final Settlements, fire insertions - ? 8.00 ? TO CORRESPONDENTS.?I n order to receive attention, communications must be accompanied by the true name and addresa of the writer. Re? jected manuscripts will-not be returned, unless ths necessary stamps are furnished to repay the postage thereon. 4Gr We arc not responsible for the rlows and opinions of our correspondents. ? All communications should be addressed to "Ed? itors Intelligencer," and all checks, drafts, money orders, Ac, should be mode payable to the order of E. B. MURRAY A CO., Anderson, S.C. riority of the Turk, he attributed this condition to the fact that they never drunk wine. There could be no-ques? tion that the Turk could not be beaten by an equal number of Russians. The speaker dwelt upon the tone of the American press regarding the cause of the present war, and said he was aston? ished at the almost universal sympathy with Russia, The American press claim? ed that the Turk, although 500 years in Europe, has neither a country nor a home. He would have bad both had the intrigues of Russia, prompted by her insatiate ambition, left him to institute reforms in his o*n way. The Turk nev? er excluded any mau from his service because of his race or religion. On the contrary, every adventurous spirit, whether Christian, infidel or Mohamme? dan, who was skilled in war or in politics, in art or in science, found refuge beneath the flag of the Sultan. The causes which led to the present war, which are familiar to all readers, were taken up, and be referred to the present attitude of. Turkey as that of a plucky little fellow beset by a ring form? ed by bullies, and the lecturer predicted that Russia, if not thwarted, would in? sist on the dismemberment of Turkey, as in the case of Poland, and then, the en? tering wedge secured, the Muscovite would soon find a pretext for finishing his conquest, and the slow, horrible work of subjugating a haughty and gallant race to a hated yoke would be- begun, and-carried to its brutal and disgusting termination. THE FESUTE OYSTER. A Natural History of the Popular Bivalve. Rev. Dr. J. G. Morris lectured on "The Natural History of the Oyster" at the Second English Lutheran Church on Thursday night, before a large audience. The subject had been chosen for him, but there could, not be a more luscious and juicy one, nor one more fall of in? terest A great deal has been said, writ? ten and practiced about it?there was indeed a vast oyster practice in Balti? more every day?but most people know little of the life and habits of the oyster. It was outof the way of ordinary lecture subjects of the present day, most of which are as dry as "punk." There were curious and laughable things about an oyster, but there was much more than that in the subject. There was its im? mense financial importance in a mercan? tile view. Thousands of men, women and children were given employment here in the oyster trade, who would oth? erwise have no work iif the winter sea? son. There were $4,000,000 invested in ii; in New York City, and probably a great deal more than that in the city of Baltimore and Maryland. The oyster was well known to the an? cients thousands of years ago, though it is not mentioned in the Bible, unless un? der the general class'of shell fish and molusks, but the profane writers are loud in their praises. No dinner could be complete without oysters. Here in Ma? r/land there is full evidence of their an-, tiquity. . Vast beds of shells ten feet thick are found at great distances from 'the shores of the bay, showing that the inhabitants in old times bad carried the bivalves away to feast on them. The heaps were npw covered with other soil. It is not known who was the first man to eat an oyster, but he wob a very brave man to put such a looking animal in bis mouth.and swallow it, without knowing whether it was good to eat or not. Tra? dition bus it, that long and long ago, a man walking by the bay shore, saw a curious, ugly object, half covered in the weeds. He gave it a kick, when the oyster opened its mouth, and he-saw the white pearly object within. The man pried curiously at it, and put a finger in the shell, which was instantly clamped down. Jerking out his finger, he placed it in his mouth to cease the pain.. Get? ting a taste of the juice, be found it good, and, breaking open the shell he ate the whole oyster.. This discoverer told his friends, and oysters quickly be? came known as delicacies. .Everybody eats oysters. To a few the taste is not natural, but the appetite is soon trained, and these become the great? est eaters of them. Men of old days ate oysters all day long, and it was true now that men could eat just as many raw ones as they could find room for the capacity of?well, call it what you choose. Cook? ed oysters would surfeit. The raw oyster was bo easily digestible, because it was firstly composed of seven-eighths water, slightly gelatinized, and a small quantity of nutritive matter; secondly, its liver, the black part of the oyster, was larger in proportion in man, ana secreted a great deal of bile. This, with the fluids cf the stomach, nake two factors of di? gestion, and the oyster partly digests it? self. ? * The oyster is one of the few animals eaten alive, for it is not exactly dead when swallowed, unless you cut it in pieces first. Its natural history commen? ces with the shell, which is no part of the animal at all, but only a house. It v. is composed of carbonate of lime. The two black marks on the inside are where the adstrictor muscle adhered to it. This muscle is called the heart, but is not the heart at all. It keeps the shell shut, and when it relaxes the shell opens of itself from the pressure of the animal inside. The oyster batches its egg inside the i hell, and there is no male or female sex', every oyster being capable of producing voung. One oyster will produce about 13,000,000 young at a time. They aie about the size of a pin-head, and float around until a small tentacle, with which they are provided, adheres to some sub? stance under the water. There the oys ter lives and dies, for it has no power of locomotion at all.?Baltimore Sun. ? In Northern China people of all ages are dying of actual starvation by thousands. The famine extends over a district which includes at least 5,000 villages, and it is said that at least 500 die daily. Houses are pulled down in every village to sell tue timber and thatch in order to get food. Those who can get husks and dry leaves, ordinarily used for fuel, are considered well off. Most of the poor young girls have been sold; old men, middle-aged men qpd young men, and children die daily of sheer starvation and others freeze. The dead can not get burial; they are too many, and none can afford the expense; so they are cast daily into large pits. The people at Shansi are said to be liv? ing on the corpB of their fellow-beings who die of starvation. And the strong are killing the weak for the sake of obtain? ing their flesh for food. ? A newspaper is a window through which men look out on what is going on in the world. Without a newspaper a man is shut up in* a small room, and knows little or nothing of what is hap? pening outside of himself. In our day, the newspaper will keep a sensible man in sympathy with the world's current history. It is an unfolding encyclopedia and unbound book, forever issuing and never finished, Always bear this in mind, and never fail to take, and mors paticularly, pay for'your home paper. *