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Aji Essay Bead by Hon. R. P. Simpson before Slabtown Grange* i ?> ~ \ kj( t f t ] ~~""""' Worthy Master, Brothers and Sisters: You have required of me a'hard task. To do anything like justice to the various interests-included in the "benefits result? ing from the association of the Granges," would require time and talents of a pa? tient and scrutinizing order. You, how? ever, can demand no more of your miller than that he grind honestly your corn; no more of a brother than he is able to do. And I call your attention to the fact that I have lately eaten my 79th birth? day pudding, simply to apprise you not to expect much from this effort. Im? pressed, however, with the importance of tthis duty, and urged on by a strong desire tto be of some service to fellow-men, I ^cheerfully comply with your request. I think our first duty is to stir each 'other and all around us up to increased exertion, to draw out from our associa? tion all the benefits that that association is calculated to produce. When we look over the published list we find there are at least four,millions of members now in theTTnitecl States engaged in reaping the advantages afforded by the Grange asso? ciation. . This fact of itself means much. The bare fact that so many have associa? ted for mutual improvement is of itself full proof that there is some promise of great importance to result; The excited political contest we have just passed through has ? to some extent produced lukewarmness among ns. As that has happily passed we must now exert all our powers to revive the interest in our social meetings. The question here arises, How is that to be done? You hear it said that laughing is catching; so is happiness. And when others learn how genial are our social- meetings, they will soon wish to partake with us. This will be an inducement to get all our ^neighbors to join us. You have recently ?done well in reducing one-half the monthly contributions. And if the con? stitution would permit, another good step would be to reduce one-half the initiation fees. Cannot each of us draw in a neighbor by showing him the pleas? ure as well as profit arising from the frank and friendly interchange of thought between neighbor and neighbor, particu? larly the interchange of ideas connected with all our farming operations, the ad? vantages of association in buying and selling, and more than all the improve? ment in the mind that this association is calculated to produce. As a plan that would create great in? terest, as well ao largely promote im? provement, permit me to suggest the adoption of some question to be talked over, or debated, if you choose, at our meetings. Such as, What is the best method to prepare the ground for plant? ing cotton ? or the best manner of put? ting in guano? or what books or papers afford the readiest and safest information to young farmers? or what is the better plan for a farmer to arrange to. provide food for his family and stock? This question will take in its range whether we shall live on bacon, beef or mutton, what are the most profitable articles of food for stock, whether it is better for us to raise our necessaries or raise cotton to buy pork, corn or flour. May even take a larger range. And all such questions as produce thought and afford informa? tion to the members. Another mode to excite emulation. Let any four, five, or more, members agree to join in a trial who can grow the most wheat to the acre. And let the premium be a bushel of wheat from each looser to the winner. Let other compa? nies try on corn, potatoes, &c. This will require no outlay of money. Other Granges have found this practice a great benefit. Progress is the idea. Experi? ments should be the order of the day with both brothers and sisters. Let them, too, associate to see who can excel in raising poultry. And let one of the kind they choose to make the trial with be paid the winner as a premium from each of the loosers. This will have the advantage to lead to the study of the diseases and mode of cure for the disor? ders poultry of late have been addicted to. One great influence for good the Grangers have already produced is to cement brotherly feelings throughout the whole country. Already to learn that a man or woman belongs to a Grange at once they gain our confidence. For we know no unworthy person is admitted there. The great secret of power and success is co-operation. It creates governments and, I am sorry .to say, begins and car? ries on war. When men co-operate for peace and progress, it erects factories, builds ships and manufactures all farm? ing implements, drives off monopolies, affords facilities for selling all produce and buying all necessaries. Already co? operation stores in England have been brought to success, and talked of here. The Pomona Grange, I learn, is prepar? ing to introduce a portable factory for farmers' use, by which every one may spin up his own cotton without taking it to a gin. The mind runs wild, looking forward to the many and great benefits to result from this lever that the organi? zation of Granges is bringing into com? mon use. This of itself speaks volumes in favor of the organization. From this power of co-operation, agricultural schools and colleges will be introduced to teach farmers what they so much need to know. The first thing we want to know is, what does the plant we wish to grow feed on; next, what to put in the ground to give it its proper food. This is barely the A B C; much more knowledge is necessary to make farming a success. Colleges and schools will do this for us, and co-opera? tion is the power to start them Information, general and practical, is the great want among farmers. In my experience there has been at no time for many yeara more than seven farmers out of two hundred and twenty members of Congress, nor more than ten or twelve in the Legislature of South Carolina out of one hundred and twenty members during any one session. Thus you will see why it has been in all the legislating for one hundred years back no laws, especially intended for the benefit of farmers, can be found among the statutes. The only law for the special benefit of farmers, passed by the South Carolina Legisla? ture, that I can call to mind, was passed before the war, granting an appropriation of $5,000 to put the State Agricultural Society in operation. Yet, although there may not be farmers either in Con? gress or the Legislature, the co-operation of the Granges may and will have the power to so interest the law-makers as to legislate more than heretofore for the advancement of the farming interests. The voice of .four millions, honestly and boldly expressed, must be heard and at? tended to. On the subject of education, I wish to impress on your minds that it does not necessarily consist in the information gained at schools and colleges. A lad with good mother wit, having his thoughts started right in youth can, and often does, educate himself What is it to be edu? cated ? "To have a mind well balanced; able to draw correct conclusions from given premises; to know rightly how to gain knowledge, and understand with his own powers." A man thus taught, if he is unable to write his name, is educated, and for all the main purposes of life is well educated. To illustrate, I will quote an extract from a pamphlet published over the signature of "Civis:" "General Stonewall Jackson, in the Confederate War, had to halt his Army at a swollen stream, over which his plans demanded he should go by day break to-morrow. He at once set his engineers to plan a bridge, but knowing a man in his com? mand who had great energy and tact, he had him summoned and said to him, 'I must cross this stream by day break to? morrow; can you get me across?' After a little thought his reply was, 'General, give me three hundred men, and you shall cross.' The detail was given, and he went to work. He asked no ques? tions of engineers; his plan was in? his head. In the morning, a little before day, he called at Jackson's tent and made this verbal report: 'General, the bridge are ready.' The engineers had scarcely finished the drawing for the bridge." Now, here is an instance of a man who, it is said, could neither write his name or speak good grammar, yet who was, in the true sense, educated. And he had done it by his own energy. Now, let any of our young men start out in lifo to support himself and a loved wife, schooled or not, if he has the vim in him he will look around him with all his senses awake, and his eyes wide open. He will be keen to note and prompt to adopt any advanced process. He sees a neighbor who keeps his horses fat; he will soon find out how he does it, and adopt his plan with his. He sees another that raises fine cotton ; he will soon find out how he manages, and will adopt his plan. Another takes some agricultural journal, and raises more corn to the acre than the rest, another more wheat, an? other uses improved farm implements, another has more and finer fruit. All these he examines with a keen eye, and profits by what he observes. He sees probably a neighbor lady who parades a beautiful show of flowers; he at once persuades his wife to go and see, and do likewise. This man will soon be trying experiments, to see if he can't excel in : something. And can any of you doubt but that he will, in a few years, for all the purposes of life, be educated, and will grow up and prosper? And he will soon have everything around him for comfort, as well as the beauties of na? ture, and please his wife and adorn his home. I could fill my page with the names of heroes and statesmen whose names have been made famous by their high and noble acts, and who, during their youth, had limited schooling, and some none at all. Even our great Washington, to whom is awarded a world-wide renown, had quite a limited English education. Gen. Green, who commanded an army during the Revolution, and who was often spoken of as the man who Con? gress would appoint commander-in-chief if Washington should be killed, was reared in a blacksmith shop till he was grown, with only such schooling as va? cant hours and winter nights afforded. Schools, and particularly colleges, were scarce in that age, and many of the men who made their mark in that great strug? gle for liberty were unlearned, in the com? mon school phrase. To come nearer our own time, the uame of Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, affords the most valuable example to the young men of this day that could be selected. He never went to school a single day. At 21 he could barely read. He married, and his wife taught him to write. Poor, and his trade a tailor, yet he studied and thought, and became a learned man. Starting in office as Mayor of his village, then to the Leg? islature, then to Congress, then Governor of Tennessee, then President of the United States. After his term as Presi? dent was out, such was the confidence reposed in him that his State elected him Senator in Congress. While in that office he died. With a will and perse? verance many may make themselves learned and honored of all men, without the aid of a college or even a school. Whatever important proposition may present itself to the young mind, prove it to the bottom, and to all its ramifica? tions before you quit it. You will learn skill in this close examination of one subject that will greatly benefit you in an attack on another. The months of January, February, March, October, No vember and December gives to a student 1061 hours of night for study, after de? ducting eight hours every night for sleep ?equal to 6 weeks annually, in 5 years 7 months, in 10 years 15 months. An in? dustrious student could gather much in? formation in that time. To our sisters I have a few words I wish to say. Your simple presence here is a great addition, adds much to our social intercourse. Your presence puri? fies and curbs our language, drives away indecency and vulgarity, and is an assur? ance that unworthy persons have no part here. Much as I desire to promote the welfare of our brothers, I have an in? creased desire to elevate the character of our worthy sisters. To the mothers among us, let me say that you have the especial responsibility of forming and training your daughters. Impress early on their tender minds moral purity, and as they grow up try to fix in their minds the beauty of holiness and deformity of sin. And while you may be affording them such schooling to fit them for socie? ty and the heads of families, remember that no .education that does not mend the morals and improve the heart can prepare the possessor for the duties of this life, and particularly for the still more important duties of a mother. It has been truthfully as well as beautifully said, "There is no work of art which can do more honor to the talents and taste of a married woman, or which will comfort her more, than to polish her daughter." And while wives have to attend to the mental cultivation of their young chil? dren, husbands are generally willing to put the cultivation of the garden too to their department. And for the easy and successful management of the garden, I would earnestly recommend "Whites' Gardening for the South" as an indis? pensable help. He tells you all you need to know on this subject, both what, and when, and how to do everything that is to be done. And to arrange the gar? den for economy, he directs to have a cart way from front to rear, and a four feet walk all round and no others. Then you will see the advantage of planting in rows from front to,rear, and the plow can be used in cultivating the vegetables. There is skill and thought to be exercised in managing the planting to reap the greatest benefit. Here you must get out of the ruts heretofore followed. For you may make every part of the garden bring you two crops, at least, every year. The plan has two advantages?a double crop and the destruction of the seed of the grass and weeds for next year. To show you what you may do, I will tell you what I have done this year. On one part I planted Irish potatoes in March, in April corn in the rows of po? tatoes, and when these came off sowed the same ground in turnips, and made fair crops of each. On another part I planted early corn and beans the last of March, peas between the corn rows in June, and when these came off set the bed in cabbages. My wife has practiced for years to plant cabbages among onions and English peas. All the vegetables in general use are taken off by July, except beets, turnips and carrots. Cabbages and turnips may be made a second crop on all the ground where the first crop is taken off by July. To make this plan a success plenty of manure must be ap? plied. And by way of caution remem? ber that to Eve the first garden was given, and in that she was tempted. Now, when the worms and bugs are dis troying your plants, take care that you neither say or think "cross words." I have finished what I have to say, except on one point, which I consider equal in importance to most others. In the formula of our institution, much stress is laid in recommending to every member to plant fruit trees. Let me urge you all to learn your children to graft and bud, and encourage them as they grow np to plant trees of some use? ful kind. A taste for planting, taught in early life, will grow into a'great pleas? ure. To eat the fruit from a tree you have planted is a double gratification.* I say to all, plant, plant! Besides apples, peaches, plums and pears, plant pecans, walnuts, chesnuts and scaley-bark hicko? ry nuts. The nuts of these four last are valuable for food or sale. And all you have to do is to plant them, they will take care of themselves. To conclude, I hope this hasty sketch may benefit some, improve others, and encourage all of us to renewed energy in carrying on the great work which has such high promise to mend the hearts and improve the minds of our whole people. The Use or Balloons in Warfare. ?It appears, from the report of the re? sult of a series of experiments to deter? mine the utility of balloons for recon noitering purposes, recently carried on in Germany, and extending over a con? siderable length of time, that after re? peated trials a balloon was constructed that could be packed in a comparatively small space, and carried about without being damaged or rendered in any way unfit for immediate use. A second diffi? culty arose in providing a portable appa? ratus capable of supplying a sufficient quantity of gas for the inflation of the balloon whenever and wherever it might be required to use this latter. But this impediment was likewise overcome, and an apparatus was designed which could generate, in from two to two and a half hours, enough hydrogen to raise a bal? loon carrying three persons. Unfortu? nately, however, there has been found to be yet another obstacle in the way of using balloons for reconnoitering pur? poses for which no remedy can as yet be devised. From the height to which the balloons must ascend useful observations can only be made by the aid of tele? scopes. The balloons must, however, necessarily be "captive," that is, they must be confined by a rope and prevent? ed from drifting away, perhaps only to fall into the hands of the enemy; and it is found that when thero is the slightest current of air such a captive balloon be? gins to rotate about its vertical axis, aud this so rapidly as to prevent observations being made with the necessary accuracy and detail. Consequently the conclusion has been arrived at that captive balloons cannot at present be used for reconnoit? ering purposes, and that, therefore, the employment of balloons in war must be limited to carrying dispatches and infor? mation.? Pall Mall (Jazetit. RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION. ' An Essay Read Before the Summer Meeting of the State Grange at Anderson, S. C, on the 9th of August 1877, by W. W. Russell, Master Pomona Grange of An? derson County. Having been designated by the order to which I belong to deliver an essay on cheap and rapid railroad transportation, I approach the subject with sincere def? erence and with many misgivings. Al? ways a subject of the greatest importance, yet recent events have given it a promi? nence not soon to be forgetten or ignored. 11 do not propose in this.essay to do more than briefly advert to the origin and in? tended use of railways in the United States, and to show some of the abuses which have grown up in their manage? ment, and now call loudly for redress, with some suggestions as to their remedy. It cannot now be questioned that wher? ever a railway charter was granted in any of the States of this Union, in considera j tion of the privilege conferred on the cor , poration, there was also an innate and corresponding obligation that said rail i road was not to be conducted or managed in such way as to injure and damage the people or property along the line of such road. In other words, whilst it was in some sense a public corporation, yet it was and should be regulated by that great law of right?"That no one should use their property or privilege to the loss of another." Railroads are intended and do develop the resources of the country through which they pass. Great and in? estimable have been the advantage de? rived from the railways established in our State. New enterprises have sprung up, new industries been started, and an al? most endless variety of machinery to aid manual labor introduced since the old time transportation was abandoned. And not only a blessing in this way, but has : united our people. In fact, it has done ! much toward civilizing and Christianizing our country. It has given us colleges, schools and churches in every section of the country; it has caused us to manu? facture our cotton at home, and to-day, within one day's journey, there are prob? ably not less than ten cotton factories, that are of great value and do much for I the country at large, particularly in the immediate vicinity; it has brought us in contact with the world; it brightens our ideas, and has taught us to study our bus? iness closely to keep up with the truly great and wonderful improvements of the day. But while all of this is even so, it is like other great enterprises intended for the public good. Certain safeguards and restrictions were not thrown around them at the proper time. Officers that control them in many instances are wholly unfit for the position. Neither the stockholders or the legislative bodies have looked into their management, until they have for? gotten their legitimate business, the pur? pose for which they are created, and at last it seems a disease, prevalent all over the country. They have been formed into monopolies, rings and cliques, and I regret to say, under the present manage? ment, that many of them are run in the interest of the officers of the company I alone, not even the stock or bondholder ever reaping much benefit therefrom. Much of the profits of the road are, in many instances squandered in large sala? ries to head officials. In some cases that I know of, where roads are not even pay? ing running expenses promptly, the Pres-" ident receives an. annual salary of $10, 000, General. Superintendent $7,000 and one or two of them with a score of sub Superintendents, all of whom receive good pay and do very little work. All of this would not be complained of if the company could even pay running expenses. And again, our railways are (particularly) presided over by old men ?perhaps not in years, but in ideas? whose time has passed. They are not equal to the task; have neither the ener? gy or the will to work as younger men would. They live in another age that has passed, and sooner the companies learn this important truth the better. We all have due respect for old people. We know that our fathers, twenty years ago, were living, active men; kept up with the times. But in the South especi? ally is it true thpt men over middle age since the late war are not really compe petent to manage public affairs. It has taken the country fifteen years to learn this lesson, but all are now convinced of the truth of this statement. Many in? stances besides railroads have the public interest of the country suffered by having men too old to keep pace with similar enterprises managed by younger men with maiden ideas. In fact, there are but two companies in the United States, as far as I can learn, that pay a dividend at fill. Of the many evils complained of by railway managers, and of which we, as a people, feel most, is the system of railway management in South Carolina, and probably Anderson County has suffered most in this respect. It really seems that our railway authorities are under the impression, as a people we have no claims upon the road, although we built them and since their completion. sup? ported them and their army of employees. They have gone on in this wild career until they find, after it is almost too late, that they have not only injured the peo? ple of the upper country, but our great and much-beloved city by the sea. This: course has actually driven away from her aunually, for a year or two back, large amounts of freight which would proper? ly belong to this road. What is the re? sult of such suicidal railway manage? ment ? First it has caused our merchants in Anderson and other upper country towns to seek other markets than Charles? ton, and to-day we find goods coming from the Western markets to points along the Air Line Road and being transported by wagons here cheaper than either the Blue Ridge or Greenville and Columbia will carry them. We find our city by the sea, that we have great cause to be proud of, sinking slowly but surely. We see her best business men suspending. Men, if facilities were offered, who would keep up her reputation as one of the greatest cities in the United States. We come home, we find our business men at a per? fect stand still, our weaker merchants going under. We see the people who prefer to trade at home leave in solid col? umn with 10,000 bales of cotton for Green? ville and other points along the Air Line Road. We see even more than this.? Our railway, built with our own hands and by our hard earnings, unable to pay expenses. We see, again, her rolling stock after the most ancient fashion, standing idle for want of work. We see them actually decaying in the yards. Yet with all of these facts and still more, they deny the charge of mismanagement. These roads run through a country that is prosperous?that each year will import more, export more, and yet we see her going down, down, down. There must be some mismanagement somewhere, and strange that all the people of the State, of whatever profession or avocation they may be, believe they see the wrong, and have repeatedly said so, still they persist in such management. Can we but say that they are notonly blind to individual inter? est, but public also? Even the army of em? ployees, as a rule, are disposed to be self isb and very unaccomodating, and while they might do a great deal toward reme? dying these evils, they are afraid to speak lest they lose their position. Nor does these evils only exist in South Carolina, it extends all over the United States, everywhere all over the United States.? We hear the voices of the lawyer, doctor, merchant, mechanic and farmer, saying oppression, and yet until recently have any of the States through its legislature passedjany act regulating railway manage? ment. The Legislature of Illinois was the first to .move off in this line. Tom Scott, (the Railroad King,) said it should not be so, and appealed to the highest tribunal in the land for redress, but the Supreme Court sustained the decision of the courts of Illinois, and for the first time in the history of railroads in this country has there ever been a single road placed under legal restrictions. Hence the railroad managers have gone on from time to time, taking one liberty and then another, until recently in some instances they have controlled the politics of differ? ent States, but, by dishonest measures, they have managed to elect to office men of either political party, (so they have railroad men,) and in this way get appro Enations of large sums of money only to e squandered. Our State has suffered from some of these large appropriations, and to-day our Legislature is looking around to see if some plan can be devised to evade payment. The railroad man? agers are a shrewd set of men, and you will always find them lurking around the Legislatures while in session, watching every movement, ready to improve any and all opportunities that may offer. They proceed in this way. First, they distribute to all the members of the Gen? eral Assembly, that will accept them, free passes over their roads. Yes, they don't even stop there, the Governors and all the judiciary from the highest to the low? est. The editors of all newspapers and their agents are numbered among the "deadheads," and some instances it even extends to county officials. While all of this is a right they have no one pretends to deny, yet it is done for a purpose, and has its effect too. We don't pretend to say for a moment, that any person, whether State official or otherwise are particularly influenced by these passes. Yet, we all know that under such circum? stances, any of us would feel somewhat under obligations to parties favoring us in that line, and therefore, would not hes? itate to take decided action, only in ex? treme measures. This is one of the chief causes among many, why railways have never been subjected to legal restric? tions. LOCAL AND THROUGH FREIGHTS. In the list of wrongs under this head may be mentioned the uncertainty of the time of delivery. When reshipments are to be made, small lots of goods are often switched off at way stations and de? layed without justification. There is no redress unless at an expense greater than the cost of goods. To illustrate, one of my friends ordered a small package from a stone manufactory, the money accom? panied the order, and he held in his pos? session a bill of lading which was correct. The goods did not come for some time. After weeks of delay, it was found switched off at a back station. Another instance a C. 0. D. package to myself cost $1.70; charges $1.50; and I hold here in my hand a bill of goods trans? ported from Louisville to Greenville, 700 miles, at a cost of $22.15; from Green? ville to Anderson, thirty miles, the cost is $19.60. But to illustrate this point fully and show the inequality between local and through rates, I will give you an instance of oppression and wrong, which happened in the State of New York a year or two since. Several far? mers, living in the Chenney Valley, near Elmira, were engaged in feeding steers for the New York market. They hought Western steers at the stock yards, in Buffalo, 140 miles distant. After feed? ing them six months, they were fitted for sale in New York, 260 miles further on. This valley being on the direct route from New York to Buffalo. The freight rates were raised from time to time on the local shipments, so that it actually cost them as much to bring the steers from Buffalo to Elmira, 140 miles, as it would to transport them to New York, 260 further. To obtain transportation with less risk of -robbery, these farmers learned the trick of shipping to New York, with permission to take the cattle off at Elmira to recruit, but paying clear through to New York. Of course, when they took off these cattle, they aid not put them on again. When the railway managers found out the fact, (these per? sons actually paid through raets merely to get cheaper local rates,) they refused to allow the cattle to be taken off at El? mira, although they were paid clear through. As the result, these farmers were forced to abandon their special bus? iness and devote their land to grain, dairying or sheep husbandry. This is not all. These same steers, when trans? ported from Elmira to New York, were subjected to additional charges, more than it would cost to carry them from Chicago to New York, 900 miles. With such burdens imposed it is easy to see that these farmers could not compete suc? cessfully with others two or three times as far from market. Similar burdens are placed upon man? ufacturing industries. Not far from .Elmira is a glass factory, which distrib? utes its goods* chiefly in Chicago, distant a little over 600 miles, by a direct line. It is compelled to ship its brittle wares to New York, paving local rates, in order to get the benefit from New York of through freights. So the goods actually take 600 miles more of transportation, returning by the same line by which they were first shipped and right by the factory from which they were first start? ed, having already been carried almost the full distance that direct shipment would make, and the trip from the fac? tory to Chicago yet to make. Therefore, we see plainly that the companies have been forced to make exorbitant short rates to repay loss on through freights. In fact, nearly all through freights are carried at actual loss, less than any com? pany can live at, and hence they take this advantage of the least suspicious and watchful shipper and tax him to make up this loss. This evil must be corrected. Although the companies have all agreed upon rates, yet all the roads give to shrewd shippers special rates. A shrewd and not over scrupulous shipper will ob? tain rates by special and private contract that give him the great advantage of less shrewd dealers, and besides the lower rates obtained he will get permission to load his car with from 25,000 to 30,000 pounds, in some cases paying by the car load, which is rated at 16,000 pounds. By such means the railway managers en? courage trickery, double dealing and damaging dishonesty. Public interest becomes demoralized, and hence the stealing and misappropriation of receipts which render railway stocks among the most doubtful of securities, and threaten the tenure by which the vested rights of the road are held. The question now is, how may these evils be corrected without doing other violence instead. There are two ways? first, by wise management on the part of the roads giving equal privileges and fair I rates to all, without concession to favor ? ites or reduction to shippers who have the present advantage of sharp strife by competing lines; in other words, by a tariff so adjusted that all regular traffic shall give fair profits to the road and nothing more. The second way is to put the management of the road under legal restrictions?"Thus far and no further shalt thou go." We shudder at the ter? rible outgrowth of mismanagement of four of the great trunk lines leading east to west. They are now reaping the whirlwind of bad seed sown, and for a time the strike looked as if it might spread into this country. The strikes have convulsed the whole country, and the State governments have proven pow? erless to suppress the rioters, and were compelled to call on the United States for assistance. The destruction of mil? lions of property, the demoralization of the country through which they pass, the animosity engendered between employer and employees, will take some time to obliterate. The whole country suffered and will suffer yet. Business, especially in some of our larger cities, both East and West, has be? come partially paralyzed. If all of these roads had been under legal restriction, I have no idea that such an outbreak would have ever occurred. Very many of our best men have anticipated something of the kind, and the citizens of New York have insisted for years that the Legisla? ture should regulate railway manage? ment. quick and rapid transit. ' In this particular South Carolina is far behind other sections. The only thing there can be said is, we can ride longer in point of time for a stated sum of money than on any road in the United States, and yet the first and longest rail? road at that time in the world was the South Carolina Railroad, from Charles? ton to Hamburg, and, strange'to say, the persons inaugurating and proposing to construct this road did not know that a railroad could be built on the ground, but actually constructed the .entire line on trestlework, starting from Charleston about three feet above the ground. Mr. Black, the first President, must have been a most sanguine person, for in his report he states that he has every reason to be? lieve that the trip from Charleston to Hamburg could and would be made in two days, and to assure his passengers he promises a good and comfortable inn about midway, and he confidently asserts that the passengers will amount to at least ten each way. Well, the time has been shortened, and sometimes a very large increase of passengers over the ten predicted, but how is it now ? I ask the question: How far above ten paying pas? sengers pass over that road each and every day and night ? She was in the "van" then, but we find her receding. Yet it is claimed that at all times has the road been presided over by able and com? petent men. With all this we find our railways from the upper country to Charleston in a bad condition, with old and time-honored relics, as passenger coaches, in some instances, run upon the old flange iron, the first ever used in the construction of the road. Until very re? cently our railroad authorities seemed to know nothing of offering excursion trains at very reduced rates, and the lesson had to be taught by a colored man of Colum? bia, who chartered a train and run them the round trip for five dollars, which proved a success and paid the party something handsome, ana hence a lesson, if practiced, not only in passage fare, but in all things, would increase shipping, start new enterprises, &c. To illustrate : There are now some poultry, some but? ter, tallow, beeswax, rags, &c., shipped. Now, reverse the thing. Let the railroad managers reduce the tariff on these small articles to the lowest point, put their trains through to market in shorter time, and you will see that there are men in our midst who will begin at once to buy up all these things, our country mer? chants will take them in exchange for goods, there will be men who will buy up all the refuse of the farm, pieces of old iron, rope, &c, and begin to ship them; others will dress poultry and snip. In fact there will be many little enterprises started which will give life to trade and furnish work for the road. Who will be benefitted by this change? First, the producer, then the local dealer and last, though not least, it will greatly benefit the railroad. Under such management as we now have, one thousand years hence will find us in the same condition. The farmer will still rely entirely upon the corn crib and cotton patch for a sup? port. The change is demanded. The country demand it, the people demand it. The railways themselves demand it. Then let us have new life infused into every branch of industry, build up our country, our people, our railroads, keep pace with this fast age, and not let it be said of old South Carolina, as has been said, one hundred years behind. What we need to both benefit the companies and the patrons of the road, is to give us reasonable passage fare and a great re? duction in local rates. This will not only benefit the road by an increase of busi? ness, but it will build up new enterprises all. over the country. Charleston will take her stand again, Anderson will vie successfully with Greenville or other villages, and very soon with fair dealings, wise management and a just considera? tion for those who feed the road, the company will soon be able to supply first class coaches and substitute new rails for the old flange, and last, but not least, this constant, quick and cheap transportation will lead to the people, the seaboard and the mountains becoming more acquainted with each other, and it might happen that the hearty, beautiful, buxom girl of the mountain, would entice the graceful and polished beaux of the city into mat? rimony, thereby certainly improving the coming generation in physique and come? liness, and if anything can accomplish it, allaying and softening any hard feelings which have been or may be engendered hereafter. Meaning of Amen.?A correspond? ent, writing from Lacon, 111., sends the following anecdote of a boy's attempt at defining: During the last winter there was a re? ligious interest at Varna, III. The pastor of the Methodist church, the Rev. Mr. Deming, was in the habit of holding daily a children's meeting, at which the boys and girls stopped for a few moments on their way from school. In order to interest and instruct the children, the pastor presented a variety of topics. One day he asked the meaning of "Amen." No one answered. "You have often," said the clergyman, "heard the brethren say 'Amen 1 Amen V while some one was praying. What did they mean ? If any one knows let him hola up his hand." Up jumped a little fellow, so eager to answer as not to wait for recognition. "I know!" he called out. "It means hurry up and get through /" There was an audible smile, and many of the elders, we have no doubt, felt that the definition would be very useful if it could be generally accepted, and "Amen" used to shorten long prayers. ? Why is "naming the day" like a naval battle ? Because it's a marry-time engagement. THE LEE MOJTCJMENT. I The Ball at White Sulphur Springs to Secure Funds for the Bronze Statue ?Brilliant Assemblages. As has already been announced, the ball at the Greenbrier White Sulphur Springs on Wednesday evening, for the benefit of the fund now being raised for the erection of a bronze statue of the late Gen. Robert E. Lee, in Capitol Square, Richmond, Va., was a complete success. The railroads having issued excursion tickets at half rates for this ball, Rich? mond, Baltimore and Washington poured in a crowd of pleasure-seekers until there was no room for an additional stranger. Not only all available room in the hotel and cottages was occupied, but the church and all the halls were filled with cots, where the unlocated visitor found a place to sleep. The New York Herald's correspondent telegraphed the following account of the! brilliant affair during its progress: To-night will long be remembered by the habitues of the White Sulphur Springs. Everywhere was presented a scene of bustling animation and spark-1 ling gayety. The large ball room was found inadequate to accommodate the throng of dancers, and the dining room is being used in addition for the purposes of the ball. The dining room is 300 feet in length and 140 feet in width, and yet this immense hall is crowded, while three bands from Baltimore, Richmond and Wheeling, respectively, inspired the gal? lant beaux and merry belles to go on with the dance, while joy is wholly un* confined. At the ends of the room are large reflectors, something after the order I of locomotive headlights, and the "bril? liant reflections of the lights, together with the sparkling of gems as they pale in dimness in contrast with the more brilliant lustre of love-speaking eyes, im? press the beholder with the fancy that he is reveling in some ideal dream of that distant Aiden whither our lost Lenores have all flown. There is nothing vulgar or shoddy-like in all this immense crowd, but everything wears an air of refined fentility. Here are Senators, Governors, udges, Congressmen, Generals, Colonels and Majors and Captains without num? ber. Here are brokers, bankers, mer? chants, planters and representatives of all classes of the best society to be found in the North, East, South and West. Here are staid and handsome matrons, the wives and widows of those who stand or have stood high in the social world, joining in the promenade on the long piazza, while in the ball room are the unaffected daughters, seemingly uncon? scious of the magnetism of Aeir charms. Just at this point, as the ever-changing scenes of this fairy-like panorama are presented, is seen passing an elderly gen? tleman whose snowy locks, in contrast with the rosy hue of the maiden leaning upon his arm, suggest the sobriquet of winter and summer. A little to one side, as she stands surrounded by half a score of attentive listeners and ardent ad? mirers, is observed the face of a lady which would attract attention and chal? lenge admiration in any crowd. The finely chisseled features, the bright com? plexion, the sparkling eyes and the luxu I riant dark hair gracefully combed back ! in gentle waves, reveal the face of Mrs. Governor Pickens, of South Carolina. Her maiden name was Holcome, a fa? mous Virginia family, but she is a native of Texas, and her husband was much her I senior in years. It is said that when Governor Pickens made proposals of marriage to the Texas belle she accepted [on condition that he should secure a [ foreign mission. Soon after this he was I appointed Minister to Russia, and, true I to her promise, she married him, and the I bridal trip was taken to St. Petersburg, j where a few years' honeymoon was en? joyed at the court of the Czar. She is dressed in black moire, square corsage, court train, overdress of point de Bruxelles lace and diamond jewelry, and looks as radiantly beautiful as in tue day J when she gave her youthful love to Car? olina's famous Governor. Her daughter, Miss Douschka Pickens, a charming young lady of 18, was born at St. Peters I burg during her parents' sojourn there, and her Russian name signifies "My j Darling." She is dressed in a lovely white silk, trimmed with white faille, number of small flounces, lemon-colored point de soie reaching the corsage, loop I ings of black velvet and crimson roses, J pearl jewels. I Mrs. Judge Bacon, a daughter of Gov. I Pickens by his first marriage, has. a hand? some toilette of mink-colpred gros grain silk, elaborately garnished with Point I d'Alencon lace and black velvet, jewels, rubies and stone cameos. I Here is another matron, a former belle of the West some twenty years ago, Mrs. j T. T. Shreve, of Louisville, whose maiden j name was Belle Sheridan, and travelers I on the Mississippi River will remem I ber an elegant steamer of that name, the j namesake of Kentucky's belle, who had the reputation of being the handsomest woman in the world. Her toilette is a dress of black Brussels lace over white silk and diamond ornaments. Her daughter, Miss Mattie Belle Shreve, wears a princess robe of pale green silk, I trimmed with white lace and garlands of snowballs and roses. j Mrs. D. P. Faulds, a sister of Mrs. Shreve, wears a costume of rich black lace, over black satin, and diamond jew? elry. Mrs. James Thayer, the wife of j Congressman Thayer, of New York, is dressed ?in lilac silk, trimmed elaborately with point lace and diamond ornaments. Mrs. Gov. G. C. Walker, one of the most popular ladies at the springs, is dressed in a rose-colored silk, trimmed with I plaitings of the materials, garniture of white pond lilies and lilac, diamond or? naments and powdered hair. Mrs. Major Dreury, of Charles City, Va., in her maiden days a popular belle at the White Sulphur, is dressed in pink silk, richly trimmed with fringe and point lace; dia? mond ornaments and hair puffed. Mrs. Col. Delaplaine, of Wheeling, the wife of the officer who quelled the riot along the Baltimore and Ohio Road, was dressed in a light blue embroidered silk, trimmed with lace fringe and flowers, and diamond jewelry. Miss Minnie Johnson, of Philadelphia, one of the most distinguished looking beauties at the springs, is richly attired in cream colored silk, with tabier and corsage of gage d'Orient and Venetian point garine, with jessamine and moss rose buds a la duchesse. Miss Harrison, of James River, a lineal descendant of an ex-President, with her rosy face and laughing blue eyes, bears the palm for beauty, while the winning manners of Miss Lou Ford, of Kentucky, have for three successive seasons retained her popular hold upon the beaux. Shortly after the death of Gen. Lee, the General Assembly of Virginia incor? porated the Lee Monument Association, which was authorized to make collections and receive subscriptions for the erection of a monument in memory of iliis Con? federate General, with power to ? nivhase and hold lands in the city oi II liaiond or contiguous thereto, to bcuiiily the same, on which to erect a m<> ;i iient ro Gen. Lee and other Southern soldiers uf distinction. The board of managers, composed of the Governor, the Auditor I and Treasurer of the State, have the mat LEGAL ADVERtlBINQ.?Vfe are compelled to require cash, payments for advertising ordered by Executors, Administrators and other fiduciaries and herewith append the rates for the ordinary notices, which will'only be inserted whon the money comes with the order: Citations, two insertions, .... $3.00 Estate Notices, three insertions, ? - 2.00 Final Settlements, five insertions ? - 3.00 TO CORRESPOXDEXIS.-ln order to receive attention, communications must be accompanied by the true name and address of the writer. Re? jected manuscripts will not be returned, unless the necessary stamps are furnished to repay the postage thereon. Kf Wo are not responsible for the views and opinions of our correspondents. All communications should be addressed to "Ed? itors Intelligencer" and all checks, drafts, money orders, Ac., should be made payable to the order of E. B. MURRAY & CO., Anderson, S. C. ter in charge, and have advertised for proposals for an equestrian'statue of Lee, to be located in the Capitol Square at Bichmond. The models, &c, will be opened on the first Monday in Septem? ber for inspection, and on the third Mon? day the proposals will be opened and considered, and three days thereafter the award will be made, unless, in accord with the privilege reserved, each and all shall be rejected. I am informed by Col. S. Bassett French, the Secretai of the Board of Managers, that he has al? ready received advice that several models are now ready to be shipped to his order. Every precaution will be taken to se? cure perfect and absolute impartiality, and the artists' names will not be made known to the public or arbitrators until their conclusion shall have been reached and confirmed or rejected by the board of managers. Over one thousand persons are on the floor, and the dresses and jewelry of the ladies are superb, and surpass anything of the sort ever witnessed here, not even excepting the great Peabody ball in 1869. It is estimated that the managers of the ball will realize about $5,000 as the pro ceeds of the ball, which will be turned over to the board. Among the gentlemen and ladies par? ticipating in the festivities are many of fame and reputation both North and South. Soldiers and civilians, mer? chants, planters, bankers and profession? al men are here in great numbers. Col. Wilson, of the Pittsburg round house fame, represents the volunteers of the North, while men of every profession, in? dustry and commerce attest by their presence that this is no sectional affair. It is needless to say that the South is largely in the ascendancy where a tribute ? is to be paid to Lee. General News Summary. ? The long struggle over the question whether the Permanent exhibibition at Philadelphia shall be opened on Sunday is finally ended by a decision in the af? firmative. ? The strikes in the coal-mining re? gions of Pennsylvania are being compro? mised, and a majority of the mines are now working. A portion of the federal soldiers are still stationed at disputed points among the mines and on the rail? roads, but the rule is that order is re? established and peace reigns. ? So far from being dangerously sick with cancer in the stomach, Senator David Davis protests that he was never better in his life. Nobody seems to know how the report of his illness got started, but has given the Judge a chance to find out what people thins: of him, most of the papers having concluded that his re? ported disease presaged his early death, and expressed their opinion of him as of a man whose career was over. He will find the comments generally quite agree? able reading. ?: ? The Canadians are a good deal dis? turbed and somewhat surprised at their prospects of getting little or nothing from the arbitration on the fisheries question between them and the United States, now hearing the case at Halifax. They make very great claims, indeed, bat the United States say the Canadians have really got the best of the bargain, and give good evidence of it, too, and as the arbiters must be unanimous in giving damages to Canada, the chance for a heavy award is not very cheering. ? Whiskey-Thief Joyce at last gets oat of jail, the United States district court having decided against the legality of the "cumulative sentences" passed upon him, and decreed his release, be? cause he has already served out his sen? tence on the single judgment which could be. legally inflicted. His discharge was conditioned upon his giving bail to an? swer an appeal which the district-attorney took to the United States circuit court, but there is no likelihood that he will ever be sent back to jail again. ? We infer that Secretary Schurz is not helping Donn Piatt oat on the quick? silver mine controversy from California, for which he is an attorney. It pains Donn to discover, at last that Schurz has "no more principles than Artemas Ward's showman." There seems to be a general agreement just now among the parlia? mentary attorneys, which is the elegant syuonym for lobbyists, the displaced office-holders, the waiting office-seekers, and the old political war-horses who find themselves, to their great astonishment, on the outside of the government stables, that Carl is a bad man, and that he most be put out of President Hayes' adminis? tration, if it is going to be "a popular success." ? The action of the constitutional convention in Georgia on the question of the debt is liable to misconstruction. The convention simply ratifies and con? firms previous acts of the Legislature and of the people at the polls in repudi? ating the so-called Bullock bonds, amounting to some $6,000,000, which were tainted from the first, and which were undoubtedly fraudulently issued and misspent. The remaining debt of the State, amounting to some $10,000,000. was insured in behalf of railroads, and is not an entirely unproductive invest? ment, though largely so. The railroads are being foreclosed- upon and sold to meet this debt, and it-will undoubtedly be paid in full from this and other sources. The bonds of the recognized debt are quoted at from 99 to 108, accord? ing as they pay 6, or 7 per cent ? Senator Morton has returned home from his California and Oregon trip, and the public is for the first time informed that he suffered a stroke of paralysis in San Francisco Sunday week, which threatened his life during the journey back. It appears to be a case of motor paralysis, the left arm only being thus far affected, but even this renders him helpless, as he has only been able to walk by the use of canes, while there is, of, course, the constant danger of further ana more serious attacks. Even with the indominable pluck of the Indiana Sena? tor, it is hard to see how he can triumph over this added disability, and it is prob? ably safe to regard his political career as practically ended. It is the most fortu? nate time for such an event, both to him and the country; he could hardly expect to secure a re-election, and the new era upon which we are entering is one which he has proved himself unable to even comprehend. ? Mr. Blaine certainly managed his State Convention in Maine with great shrewdness. It was a success so far as the immediate object he had in view was concerned. He condemned and insulted the administration under a thin pretense of neutrality and harmony, and denied its friends and defenders either an oppor? tunity for getting a vote or a chance for bolting. It is something, however, to see a voice raised against his leadership in a Maine Convention?even1! if the chief result was only another exhibition of his clever capacity for perverting and suppressing it. But outside of Maine, at least, there will be no miptiqdte the plat? form of the convention. The thin guise ? of phrase only makes its opposition to ?' Hayes and his policies^ the more signifi? cant and insulting; and Got. Connor will not be able to make his fellow-re Eublicans of the nation understand that e is running as anything but an anti administration (^dictate.