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AUS AW fH ItV? r! ill! ANDERSON C. H., S. C, THURSDAY MORNING-, FEBRUARY 19, 1874. VOLUME IX.--NO. 32. 3wy wmm ?an. Mr. EDm^ ^^^dMift^prosion of the <B?Ma '^disciissioiBf Witb? severe" airietare ? oaa $Wgu^iq^^ the: jndicialinvestij^twu;.eotireij exonerated the officers in charge, 'yet, 'i& fhe accident re* suited in,tlie death SPStflJRfalff faithful em ff^e^it'jk^k^Jfe]^^ ^^eV^^e^j^ the subject, and' consider the causes of such dtpiosttn^^Jjiheiir.Ve^ -McT^ireijuenl; examinations ot*-.arc^atngrat?clc.??ould '?e? made^ gi^?c&re ^e>^';|lot>^,?teflpsfd-arid sWa^n oji ami '4aft^in$iy,r,and.,rtie '.jposi: stringent rules given to runners to look more closely after from'Ayj?ct?n'&sJoimml, of Feb., 1872, which fnay'?i? attention to thfesttfijecti --- '; ? MlNhereis" ah impression among intelligent pe^d*lh*%i9tefttB explosions aredffcw^ee to mysterious if not unprev^hrtable causes/' Ah ficcbtt??SS. weekly journal of some recent ex ^|^bje^t|d|cbraA that,k fto _ of the expe>imenters," cer In tbe ifcwsfigation blew dp "under a very low -pressure of steam." The causes^f>s^^fexplo^oq3^?,.tn^?d, not gen? eral jy^fcaowa* VB?& toi reaWfr, v<bey live, in a country iwhere steam explosions are a subject of such serious importance to the public as they are w it h, iis, a ?rief and ? con eise exp 1 an a troa of ^h^sTnainf'causes of these--explosions caa b?Wly'/j?fto'be -of interest. Such an ac cbani, ^e^:'^mifecan1ba)itie8, we propose to give in the present paper. . Among other forms of explosion, we shall snow how, on the one hand; an open pan of boiling water' may ear pi ode ^tally; arid how, ba the other, a boiler i^f?totjt'-a single of water in it may be sftitteired'. fco fragments by the action of heat iTTbA.firsCa^ ain^ple^ cau of boiler ex? plosions;: fr^uent though it .is, need not long detain us. It is the gradual increase of steam ^jresswe-^as in; the case of rifting steamboats, ypfth /tl^'tir?kiitip^af' negtd s^ted upon the safetyVa^e-rrtb a .point treyond the power of I the boiler t? resist,; :Ifi' %;weU:maqe boiler such^xplosions require anL enormous, force one that ia much greater than that under which the boiler, is designed to work. Mr. Fairbairn concluded, 'from his experiments, that one of! Uie4ow-pressure boilers which he burst could not have given way at a pressure of less than three hundred and fifty pounds to the square ftica. ' Explosious of- this sort are, more than; ^ny^other, due to inexcusable carelessness, if riot 'to "wantonness' in -taking risks, as in the ? case that we have mentioned. ? 2.- ^ae^u^e.xpan6iQ?*ia:tbe borier, caused by low water, or by the accumulation of min- ; erffl scale or sediment upon-parts of its inner; stfifacej'l^'a fertile cause of explosion. Uhder j such conditions there may be a difference of j two hundred degrees or more Fahrenheit be? tween the temperature of the flue.0, and of the boiler-shell; and the unequal expansion of the "tw?taf thus caused is. enough to rupture the ^?gfeest iron. "?Ab already stated, this may ^j^n. without the pressure df-steam to aid it T^ear. f?ah?^tR?pi a boiler twenty ^fc ioag,was opened for the purpose of clean-, ing the flue8- The man in trusted with, this' duty inserted mi armful of shavings in either each of the two flues, and set them on fire* hoping to loosen the incrustations upon ] them in'^his manner. Bul^.JJrerently, by the ?xpansioa^of the flues, the whole head of the bo?er was "Wpwu'VoflJapd driven through, the ?wahYof the building Jsfo:the. adjoining field. All American engineer, Me. Wiard, claims to have devised a'methfedof keeping' every part, of a^brjrrei Ktth'e'Bam^fehjperature, and so of. ^o^iugjall explosious from .unequal expan ?onTjijoutwie must oqf^p^'b^^toj^'exa^d it. li .& Explosions caused, by the "repulsion of the ?ater#' are of ispecial interest because they ?form one class1 of the eoKailed mysterious ex-, tsionft." In-these cases no excessive pressure .^..siearn'or-heat of fires is apparent; the ?gauges -stand fa'.ifybfyMf?V aiid yet, -whiTetbere is rVo siga^frdanger,afrightfurex-,| plosion may occur, ;as;if some.new and irresist? ible, energy were: liberated within the fated! .boiler. Such is, indeed, the case, though it is .rig aewVexbfosive compound, generated by the presence^?i oft or otHer impuntresTtt the water, assdirie engineers haw argued, that does the mTscaiefi;.? part of the boiler below the water-level'.has become heated j^Q-^higher degree than the water ..above it. "Th'e^iesi^t^Vtnat the" water is' repelled from 'tbe'.metei, and. a thin film of steam intervenes between the two ^bodies. In this .condition* iwhich ? known as the "spheroidal j?t?te," the .icon may become in tensely hot, while the A7ater remains comparatively cool. But now let any ?druse--?s, a strongoiroalatioa of the water in .tbef boiler^, Vher6 ii lashes around jmder the fierce^atjapd pressure likje a tortured animal rrrfipfffg it jato;coniact with the red-hot metal. An immense volume .of steam.is instantly gen? erated; ? ifc ? ^uwra" the: water above it with the energy of bullets before an .exploding charge of powder, and ^the . force of thb tremendous steara'thammer is s^?fficient to shatter the top of ^Wstwngestb?ijCeiffin ^'.^^..tfOTible'ex ?jpiosions are . apt.to ocsur .at the jnonient of starting a locomotive or marine engine, when -the escape is -shut down <and the pressure is Buddehly increased. To prevent them, it is ^aedessary to niife sure that tbeJ fires aVe,of| ,uniform heat throughout their whole extent,so -as . to avoid excessive heating in any part of the .boiler, and also to avoid any too sudden io -crease-(even though it be a.slight one) of the *3rt^6^Jla:thefboiler. \>t ? kU\ 4. In the last.plass of explosions to be con Bidered thel'e is'me sanie shattering of the up? per part of the shell of the boiler as in those that-wrhaye juat descrijbed, But they are at fast sight "more' mysterious' than those, for in. j ^hem no^deace can ?e^fband thatCany part1 of the boiler has been at all overheated; and, to^hftk^ the surprise still greater, they .occur at aj^w temperature of the water, Mo a cor? responding tow pressurO of ateam, while yet Tthey are'of the most frightful violence. \:, M?,i nsider the subject,of''unequal expan? sion," we have described explosions that may fake place-without any steam, so now we have reached a class of explosions that may occur without any boiler. They may be thus ex? plained : Let an open ^pan of water be kept for-a long time-heated just to its boiling point, Mittle- by little, it loses the air which it con? tains ia solution, and its boiling poiut.rises. In ?this way Mt Donny heated water to two hun 'dred and 8?tenty^nv? degrees Fahrenheit, the attraction of the particles of water for each ' pther being app/iranfly increased; butfinallyit vaporized, withi'explosive suddenness, In the same manner,'when at last the .temperature of the water in the boiler is carried to a high point, and the water [s freed from air, vapori Etion may occur, not gradually, but instantly, ?e/open pan of water has been known to exr plode almost like a charge of gunpowder, and, according to M. Donny, with fatal results.? ^hese explosions -may, then, be said to result ? pirin'Mi?? ii-.M:"ijt."iv ttth ?'-i-n ? m from a "temperature above, that which is due |itelhepres8ilra.,, Mr. J. K. Bobinson, a com? petent engineer, says,, in a little book upon, steam-boiler explosions, that all violent explo? sions occurring - when the fire is m ode rate and the steam low may be ascribed to this cause. In these cases the water is thrown much in the samawayas in the explosions last described ; and so much of the water may be overheated, and' to such a degree, that the top of the boiler shall be shattered by the first blow. That the water is raised to. a very high .temperature; in these explosions, ia shown by the fact that.it Romet? roes flashes instantly and entirely into steam, leavingnotrace .of water near, the ex? ploded; boiler; Mr. Pendred, of Dublin, expe? rimenting upon this subject,-.erected a fence of boards about the place where the boiler was allowed to; burst; but, on going .to the spot immediately afterward, 'mo. traces of water could be seec." . . This ciass. of explosions may be prevented by the proper use of safety-pluge, and: by other means, which- we cannot now describe. We shall be content if iu this paper we have made dear the causes of the four chief -kinds of steam explosions, and so helped the great public which reads Applet's, Journal to a strength? ened conviction, that all explosions are pre? ventable. Ila ... 1' -J. .. v.r. ;? ... .jiii. Mi . . -T. M. CpA$. -. [J M m.. .) mi P .ffl-1?! ~ llie Great Northwest. The rapid strides .in wealth and prosperity of thegreat Northwest have been a subject of wond.er to all, particularly to us in' the South, a.iesideuce of three; years iu that:section has inte rne .conversant to some extent with the people and the secret of their success. With bleat, long, dreary and changeable winters, rain, hail, snow, and the cold, sweeping winds from the great Takes almost continually pre? vailing, short, hot summers, no spring or fall, a traveler gettirig off at a railroad depot asks himself the question, "Why this way station in such a desolate country?has grown in the last'few years* to the size of a large towu, bid? ding fair to even become a city." The super? ficial answer is, "The enormous immigration," and then the thought arises, what induced this ibflux?rom far distant lands to the neglect of more'favored sections, and the correct answer m?st be, "thkabsorbing passion of the people to build factories,* "to start shops," as they ex? press it, testifying the labor they had. Com? mencing the "shop" in a small way, the foun? dation was laid which now commands both labor and capital. After a year or two of com? parative prosperity and rigid economy, the cit? izens of a small village call a meeting?dry goods men, grocers, shoemakers, adjacent far? mers, butchers?all classes are represented. The result of their deliberation is the starting of a new shop or factory ; something arises; from that meeting in the dingy grocery store! W. employ men and boys to add to the popula? tion;' ? Nine out of ten of these enterprises j succeed to'.the extent of their capacity, and I then the capitalist from the East steps forward, ] the works are enlarged, more labor is required; the German, the Swede, the Dane, the Foland er and Belgian write home for their brothers, their cousins, all their poor relations, a place in the shop is waiting for the immigrant; the im migratU is not asked to come und wait for the J erection of the factory. The success of the ven? ture being assured beyond a reasonable doubt, the sensitive, nervous organization of money! x&a grasp something tangible ; the lubricating oil of greenbacks is applied, outside capital is not7called' upon to create but to expand, and the child factory grows large and waxes strong. The town meeting in that corner grocery store, representing $25;000, raised an iuterest which now gives employment to five hundred men,, and within.the space often years. The idea; that so much skilled labor is required is erro-: neous: The great improvement in machinery; 'has done away with that necessity. ~Some: brain is requisite in each department, but the labor of the South is at least as intelligent as that, of"the Northwest, and can learn as readily t# manage a labor-saving machine* asT the for-j eign laber.employed there, to whom the coun-l try, the language and the machinery are all? new. We can soon have sufficient experts mi all .branches.' Another idea .entertainea gener-jl ally here is that water power is necessary to! ,the successful prosecution of manufacturing. It'has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of most of the large manufacturers that steam is: cheaper ami more certain, and many large fiw-jl ;tbries within a mile of fine water power are erected on the line of the'railroads; the saving in drayage, repairing dams, loss of timecauseuj by freshets, ice and droughts, more than paying, the cost of fuel. The people of the Northwest, hot cob tent' with furnishing that slumbering .giant, the Southwest, , with wagons, woolen goods, axes. soap, furniture;'wind mills, sewing machineSj.paper,.castings, in fact, almost every-1 thing/are now1 turning their attention to the erection of cottohTSiir^1Trict"T venture the idea that in a few years, the North-west will hold the same advantage over the Southwest as toeapi tal, populatidn, ?c, as the Northeast now holds to the Southeast, and there will be the same sickly cry of an under concentration of I capital, while the South have fritted away their savings and energies in vain efforts to legislate capital out of ^the pockets of the rich manufac? turer to a locality barren of manufacture, or to I force .immigration when they have butane in- [ duBtry at which they can employ the immi? grant, when it is well known that a large pro portioo of the immigration is from the crowded CitSeS'Of Europe, and alt do not wish to pick Cotton or hoe corn; while the South; have' been doing this, the Northwest utilized the labor and capital at their command, and that both have increased is as natural as that water will find its level. 'Theimmi'grant desires a home in, or within market reach of towns, with their fac? tories, schools and churches. These towns in the West were starte&by the resistless energies 1 of Americans, the foreigners but followed in their wake, and they will 'ioUpw here.?W-f mington Star. ?Candidates, Kissing and Measles.?We are told by a high authority that next to green I parasols for their wives, at seven-and-six-pence j apiece, there's nothing that so charms and wins hesitating voters as the kissing of their respec? tive infants by the anxious candidates for office. GUopjny and fearful as the ordeal may be, many an unselfish patriot has nobly borne it, animated by a glowing consideration of his country's interests. Mud pies could not deter Jnimj.nor molasses scare. But if we may believe an Englishman who has long been acapdidate, an element of danger has entered into this per? formance which premises to end it forever. No less than three several and distinct times has Mr. JJofseman caught the measles through his fearless and determined kissing the babies of electors. Themost resolute canvasser may well pause at.this intelligence and ask himself whether it be worth while to dare measles for the sake of office. -j ? iH.iw - -e> A prisoner in a petty court was asked by the judge if he had any counsel, "Yes," he said, "I had engaged an old bald-headed fellow to defend me, but I don't see him round, and I rather guess he's out for a drink." ?ra?ge Secrets Reveal od-rHow Initiations a .in are Conducted. On beiij^--brought.into-tbe ante-room of the lodge, (?reengrocer Temple,. No, 101,) I was told that I had been balloted for and accepted. My informant, who was securely masked by what X afterwards learned was a large burdock leaf perforated with holes for the eyes, told.me that \i41 Valued, my life it would be necessary for me*to strip. As I did consider that consid? erable worth to me, and as he italicized his wished by carelessly playing with a seven shooter, I withdrew from my garments with eagerness. My masked friena tne.n furnished nie with the regalia of the first degree, called "The Festive Ploughboy," which consisted merely of one large cabbage leaf; attached to a wais.trbani4 pf.potato vines. In this a.iry cos? tumeI was conducted to..,the door, where my companion gave three distinct raps. (I was securely blind-folded by binding a slice of ruta bags over each eye.) A sepulchral, voice from wlthhj asked: ." Who comes ?" My guide answered : "A youthful agricul? turist who desires to. become a granger." Sepulchral Voice?Have you looked him carefully over? . ; Gmd??I have, noble gate-keeper. . S. V.?Do you find any agricultural marks about his person ? Guide?I do. S. "V.?What are- they ? Guide?The candidate hascarrotty hair, red? dish whiskers and a turn -u p nose. ,. S.- y.?'Tis well. Why do you desire to become a granger ? .. ? Guide (answering for candidate)?That I may be thereby the better enabled to harrow up the feelings of the rascally politicians. S. V.?You will, bring in the candidate. My worthy stripling, as you canPQt see, I. will cause you to feel that you are received at the door on the three points of a pitchfork, pierc? ing the region of the stomach, which is to teach you.the three great virtues?faith, hope and charity, . Faith jn yourself, hope for cheaper farm machinery, and charity for the lightning-rod peddler. You will now;be har? nessed, and in representation of the horse Pegasus, will be tested as to endurance and wind. The candidate is here attached to a small imitation plow by means of a hempen harness. A dried pumpkin vine is put in his mouth for a bit and bridle; he is made to get down upon all-fours, the guide seizes the bridle, and urged on by a granger armed with a Canada thistle, the candidate is gallopped three times around the room. While making the circuit, the members arise and sing: * Got np and dust, you bully boy? Who won Id n't. be a granger 7 If the thistle's prick don't cadso you joy, To feeling you must be estranged, eh I After this violent exercise,.he is rubbed dry with corn-cobs, bees-waxed where thistled, and. brought standing up before the great chief? the -Most Worshipful Pumpkin Head, M. W. P. B.?Why do you desire to be a granger? Candidate, (answering for himself)?That I may learn to extinguish sewing-machine agents. M. W. P. H.?Have your hands been har? dened with toil.? Candidate?Not extensively, but then I am; not'running for office. M. W. P. H.?'Tis well, for our lodges con? tain several who are supposed to be ready to sac? rifice themselves for tjie good'of their constitu? ents. M; W. P. H. (?avagely)? Give me a chaw of tobacco! Candidate, searching himself thoroughly,; but as there is no place about him to stick a pocket, tries to explain, but the Most Worship? ful Pumpkin Head interrupts him with? "Never mind, my dear young friend. I am well aware that in"y?u1^pre5ent condition you: can no more furnish your friends with the weed, than Adam could be comfortpble in a plug-bat. and tight boots. It.is merely-to teach you the! great lesson!jof economy?doing to others as you'd like to have them do to you. You will pow be conducted to the Most Eminent Squash Producer, who will teach you the grand harl-1 ing sign of distress. The sign, my worthy; brother, will insure you against most of the! ills of the agriculturist?amongst others, against1 droughts and being bit by the ferocious grass-'] hopper." The candidate is now conducted to the Most :Eminenl Squash Producer, who thus afeys:; VMy. JBorthy brother, I will now invest you with the order of the Festive Ploughboy, which ?you have well won by your heroic achieve? ment while- harnessed; may you ever wear it with pleasure to yourself, and may it be a means of terror to your,enemies." ,(The M. JE. S. P. .then.proceeds to invest the candidate with the regalia of the Festive Plow boy, which consists of a long tomato neck? lace-). "The grand hailing sign of distress is made by gently closing the left eye, laying the right fo're-fmger alongside the nose, and violently wagging the ears. It requires practice, but the advantages are intense. It also has an impor? tant signification, which you will do well to heed. The closing of the eye signifies that in all your dealings with, man kind, you are bound to have an eye to business. Laying the finger alongside^ the nose is emblematical of wisdom, and places you at :once among the 'knowing ones.' .This is extremely handy in prognosti? cating new weather, and saves the wear and tear of almanacs. .Wagging the ears signifies sublimity of purpose, and is thought to be emblematical of childhood's happy hours. It is also supposed by some-profound scholars to have a distinct reference to apple-dumplings, but this'/act is somewhat obscure oy the dust of ages. In token t^at you are one of us, you. will now, be .branded. When one granger de? sires to ascertain 'for sure' if there is'another ef the order in the room, he raises himself gently by the slack of his unmentionables, spratches his off thigh with his near hoof, and remarks, iu a vpice of thunder: 'Are there any grangers about?' The answer is: 'Jeese wax;'" I was here interrupted, Mr. Editor, by a vol? ley fired into the open window, evidently in? tended for me. Fortunately I escaped without a scratch, and, which is of more consequence, succeeded in fetching off my precious manu? script. This is about all there is in the cere? mony of any importance. I must leave the country at once?armed men are at my heels. They know that I am writiug to expose them. You may hear from me again, if I.sbould deem it best to expose the other degrees. Until then, adieu. From your sacred friend, B. POLE. iNotice.?This ceremony of initiation is used during the absence of the lady members. Their initiatory ceremonies are entirely differ? ent, being much simplified, as they should be. -m* ? .? ? An inebriated Irishman, on being kiudly questioned in a very narrow lane, across which he; was reeling, as to the length or the road he bail traveled, replied: "Faith, it's not so much the length or it as the breadth of it that tired me." Catching Cold. Catching cold is "as easy as lying," but to explain the pathology thereof is by no means so readily done. In fact, until the recent re? searches of Dr. Rosenthal, whose work on the subject is attracting much notice in Europe, almost nothing was known about it except the mere fact that thp ailments popularly ascribed to "cold" are liable to occur after the body, or some; part of it, has been suddenly chilled? that is, cooled below the normal temperature. There are two factors concerned in this chilling process; the nature of the external medium such as air or water?in contact with the' body; and the condition of the bloody vessels. Dry air has very little power to abstract heat, if it be still; but a slight wind from the constant contact of fresh particles of cold air on the surface of the body, soon carries off its heat. If there is much moisture in the air it greatly increases its power of abstracting heat, and when wind and moisture are comfciued, the chilling effect reaches its maximum. Experi? ence has shown that it is not so much the abso? lute lowness of the temperature which gives rise to colds, as sudden changes from a higher to a lower. The reason of this was not under? stood until Dr. Rosenthal explained it. When the surface of ? healthy animal is exposed to cold the cutaneous vessels contract, ana by thus confining the blood to the interior of the body, prevent its cooling, and preserve the tempera? ture of the vital organs unless the application of cold be continued for a considerable time. This is not the case, however, when the animal has been previously exposed to warmth. The cutaneous vessels become paralyzed by the heat, and remain dilated even after the cold has been applied. The blood is thus exposed over a large surface, and becomes rapidly cooled, even though the temperature of the surrounding medium is not very low. In Ro senthal's experiments, animals were kept at a temperature from about 97 deg. F. The tem? perature of the animals themselves quickly rose during their confinement to 111 deg. or 1,13.deg. After their removal it not only sank to the normal temperature, but even below, so that an animal which was from 110 deg. to 111 deg. in the warming apparatus, fell to 96.8 deg., and remained at that for several days, although the room in which it was kept was moderately w?rm.' Confinement in a close office, hot the? atre, or crowded ball-room will have a similar effect on man. From such places people pass out into the cool, open air, or sometimes even purposely station themselves in a draught. The blood, which is coursing through the dila? ted vessels of every part of the surface, is rap? idly cooled, and on its return to the internal organs, cools them much more quickly than it could have done had the .person simply been exposed to cold without dilation of the vessels by previous warmth. ' Rosen thai lays much stress on the great effect of sudden cooling in bringing on a cold, the sudden change in the atmosphere of the blood producing an irritat? ing effect inducing inflammation in any weak organ in a way that a gradual alteration that would not do. It would seem, however, that the alteration must be from a temperature above to one below the normal temperature of the blood, and not a mere reduction from one considerably above the normal to one at or near it. When much heated we may stand for a short time in a cool atmosphere with impu? nity; but if we staod long enough to produce a shiver, we run a great risk of catching cold. The fact that it is more dangerous to sit for a long than a short time in wet clothes,: appears to indicate that a considerable and more gradual i cooling, such as may then occur, will produce similar effects to a slight cooling suddenly effected by exposure to a cold draught, after beiBg in a warm room. The effect of a chill in causing inflammations may be partly due to the effect of cold ou the tissues themselves, and partly to the congestion which will occur in some parts when the blood is driven out of others by the contraction of their vessels. Rosentbal is inclined to ascribe the chief power to;,the former cause. Everybody knows the Beneficial effect of cold baths, cold sponging, etc., in "hardening" persons, as it is termed, so that they are able to face almost any weath? er, and to endure sudden changes of tempera? ture without injury. Rosentbal considers that the frequent application of cold water or cool J afrmcreaies the tone of the cutaneous vessels, so that they do not become so much relaxed by heat as to be unable to contract with suffi? cient force when uecessary. , The power, of regulating the temperature is. thus preserved, and the person prevented from catching cold. ?Boston Journal of Chemistry. Reasoning in a Hare.?The following circumstance was related by a respectable I farmer as happening within his owu observa ' tion, and in illustration of its truth it may be ?roper to remark that in the country where it appened?in Cornwall?the hills, which are steep, rise so abruptly and near to each other, that whatever passes on the side of one may be. easily discerned on the other. His attention; was first drawn to a hare, which he perceived running down a slope, close to the hedge in a field of turnips, and soon afterwards he per? ceived that in pursuit of her were a couple of dogs. As these dogs entered the field he saw that the hare Stopped for a moment and lifted her ears. The pursuers pressed on, but when . they had come within little more than gunshot oftyieir hope for prey, the hare stopped and then ran back for some distance along its former track, when by a ?udden spring it threw itself on one side into the midst of the turnips, and there remained crouched .and still. The dogs passed onward in their course at a rapid rate ; and as soon as they had passed forward on its track with another bound the hare sprang back to the place ic had quitted, and ran along the course by which it had come down, with the evident intention of confound? ing together its upward and downward course. By this time the dogs had come to the lower extent to which the hare proceeded, and there they stopped, as not knowing what further course to take. It was thus the persecuted creature secured its own safety ; and my infor? mant^vas too generous to help them out of the difficulty.?Cor. of Land and Water. Tender Footed Horses.?An old man who has had much experience in handling and dealing in horses for more than half a century, said to me recently that he had never known a horse to get "tender footed" that was kept loose in a shed and yard, or in n box stall. That turning round and tending with their forward feet in the manure they kept them constantly moist and soft. His theory appeared reasona? ble to mo. I have no box stalls, but I use shavings for bedding, and every morning with a large shovel I more the wet shavings under the horse forward, in front of, and under his forward feet, and then the last thing at night cover these with dry shavings for him to lie on. He also remarked that he had never known.a "ilat footed" horee but what was a great work? er.?Journal of the Farm. ? Fourteen Quincy fathers have signed an agreement not to permit their daughters to take music lessons until the said daughters know how to bake bread. r-?- ?rn-:-' ?? ?; 1 Typographical Errors. Men who form their words in writing after the fashion of gridirons struck by. lightning fare badly with the printer. We have been often tortured this way ourselves, and can beat describe the feelings on snch an occasion by quoting from the Danbury News, as follows : The sensation of an editor on first glancing over his paper and detecting errors in it are somewhat different from those experienced by the reader on making like discoveries. The latter is either amused at the blunder or in? censed at the carelessness which causes it, and in both cases arrives at the conclusion that the trouble is avoidable, and that the editor is to blame for not avoiding it. He never saw an editor take his first ghmccover a copy of the edition. Perhaps the edition, is. forked off when this opportunity is afforded the weary man. He has either trusted the proofs to some one else, or read them himself, but the feeling of dread is just as great in the latter as in the former case. The proof reader' may not con? sult the copy and so perpetuate the blunder of the compositor, and perhaps the compositor may neglect to undo the wrong he has done, although his attention is plainly called to it on the proof. When about to make this prepara? tory survey, the editor does not take his cigar in his mouth and elevate his heels to the desk, as is the popular tradition. Dying men don't do that way, you know, aod we have come to the conclusion that an editor examining his paper feels very much like a man who is about to pass into eternity. He reads along carefully and slowly like a man feeling his way across a piece of doubtful ice. Suddenly his . face be? comes distorted with an awful pair. He doesn't cry out, he doesn't rant. The anguish within him is so broad", and deep, and intense, that he dares not trust it to words. He just simply reaches up aL.d takes a handful of his own hair, and tugs at it until the tears come in his eyes. Then he picks up the paper, which he has taken the precaution to kick across the room on discovering the error, and resumes the torturing search ? for after all i{ is but a search for errors and agony, imd not an agreeable and instructive perusal. Suddenly he groans?not an expectant groan like from one who hopes for help to reach him through it, but the groan of one who is beyond the1 reach of hope, who feels that the warm sun? shine, the kind glance of friendship, the beau? tiful flowers and the song of the birds are gone forever and forever from him. It is a smoth? ered groan, accompanied by a kick out of the leg, as if the party had in that moment taken an eternal leave of all things earthly. There is still another search with aching eyes and throbbing brain, and then the paper is smashed down on the floor, and the infuriated man bounds up from his chair, and catches both hands into hisiiair, and dances around like a madman. He doesn't call upon heaven and earth to witness.what he is goiug to do, and to I blight him if he should not do if. He doesn't dash into the composing room and scorch the men with his wrath,. Even this slight relief is 1 denied him. The paper is worked off, and the scrutiny that would cheerfully attack a needle in a hay stack, would fall paralyzed before a search for the author of the great wrong. He doesn't say anything at all?not a single in? telligible word escapes h\% ashen lips, as he holds his hair, and prances about in the dingy solitude and his room. And when he is done, he sits down again and groans, and afterwards puts on his hat and rushes forth into the street ?rushes anywhere to get away from the face of man, to get away from himself and every? thing belonging to himself. The States and Railroads.?Suit has. been instituted, underthe Illinois Railroad law, < against the Chicago'and Alton Railroad Com-; pany, for charging more than a fair and reason"-' able compensation for carrying passengers and freight. This is the first case of the kind, and its course will be watched with great interest! Really the question to be determined is whether a public company, which is not, by its charter, limited to certain rates of charge, can be com? pelled to do business at rates fixed by commis? sioners under a State law. The money invested j in railroads is as much the property of the! stockholders as money invested in any other; description of business, and we cannot see that' a Legislature has any more right to .decide how much a mile or a ton shall be charged by raij.-j roads'than it has to fix the selling price of bread; or shoe leather. Discrimination must be I guarded against and oppressive monopolies re? quire checking, but a stop will be put to. every new railroad enterprise in the country if. it be: decided that the public, and not the corpora? tion, shall regulate the tariff of transportation, i The wonderful increase in the wealth of the West is due to the extension of the railroad system. Without railroads the country would be next to nothing. Very few railroads pay; any dividend to their stockholders, and we are satisfied that any arbitrary restraiut placed upon them, any virtual confiscation of their property, will recoil with terrible force upon the very communities who are now advocating such laws as that under which proceedings against the Chicago and Alton Railroad have been instituted.?News and Courier. Whiskey vs. Bread.?The Baltimore! Sun'. says that if there was as much profit charged upon bread as there is upon whiskey the result would be a bread riot No doubt of it Men can pay a big price .for whisky, because they look upon it as a luxury, while bread is a ne? cessity, and must be had. Still it does seem curious to the reflective mind that no matter what the price of whisky may be its consumers never complain about it, but always find some means to get the fluid; and yet they willgrum ble to an amazing extent when flour goes up a dollar a barrel and don't know how to get the solid. We cannot explain the reason for; this, we only know that it is so,- but we some? times question whether it would be any better for the people generally if it were otherwise. Legislative prohibition and heavy taxation have failed to accomplish any extensive or last? ing good. Bread still goes up, and whisky goes down, men still drink and get drnnk, still curse the baker and bless the whisky distiller; arid there is no change for the better. It is only by moral suasion, by the example of the good and the strict enforcement of such laws as have been found to be of some good effect that the evil of intemperance can be mitigated; that the whisky consumers be reduced in number and the bread consumers increased. Let the whis? ky profits continue, we say, and there will not likely be any bread riots'.?Chronicle & Senti? nel. Getting to S*,eep.?We have tried many experiments to induce sleep. The best method we have yet discovered is that of counting. Breathe deeply and slowly (withoutany strain ning effort), and with every respiration count one, two, three, etc., up to a hundred. Some persons will be asleep before they count fifty in this manner. Others will count ten, twenty, or thirty f> and then forget themselves and cease counting. Very few persons can count a huudred and find themselves awake; but should this happen, repeat the dose until cured.?Science of Health. An Agricultural Education. We hold that farming is both a science and a trade. It is V science, inasmuch as every? thing produced on the farm comes into being, grows, and matures upon scientific principles, or in accordance with the fixed laws of nature. It is a trade, inasmuch, as its successful opera? tion requires the hand of experience. It is more than a science and more than a trade?it is both. Hence an agricultural education is more than a collegiate education; more than can be obtained from books, laboratories, lec? tures, and study. Even though one has been through all these thoroughly and understand ingly, he is not an educated 'farmer. He may be a scientific farmer, but he will lack the practice. Though he may have, learned the use of farming, tools and all the handiwork practiced in farming, yet he will not be a pr?c? tical farmer, but if ne lacks the science of his profession he will not be an educated' farmer, A truly educated farmer is~one who combines an educated head with an educated band. It is too often the case that farmers and trades? men have only educated hands. Their heads are not educated. How much more successful and useful they would be if they possessed educated heads. To cultivate both the head and the hand requires two kinds of education ?one for study and JJie,j)ther for practice. The more they can be combined the better. But as agricultural colleges are not plenty, scientific, practical farmers could in a measure supply thetr places by taking young men and giving them a good practical education based upon scientific principles. Two or three years with a "scientific and practical farmer, wittf books, papers, and instructions, would be ft permanent benefit to a young man ambitious to be a true mrmer. We have a few truly scientific farmers in our country. Let them offer to take young men upon fair terms ana give them a course of instruction both scien? tific and practical,^ and fet it be long enough and thorough enough to make them good farm? ers, and it seems to us they would soon have pupils. Our citieaand towns are full of young men who should, embrace such opportunities, and scores of farmers have sons who sadly need such tutelage. Such a practice could :not"faft to elevate agriculture and place tho farmer in a position above that of a mere "hewer of wood, and drawer of water."? Colman's Rural. Sensation of Starring. For the first two days through which a strong and healthy man is doomed to exist upon noth? ing, his sufferings are perhaps more acute than in the remaining states?he feels an inordinate) unspeakable craving at the stomach, night ana day. The mind runs: upon beef, bread and other substantial*, but still, in a great measure, the body, retains its strength. On "the "third and fourth days, but especialfy on 'the fourtfi, this incessant craving gives place to a sinking and weakness of the stomach, accompanied by a nausea. The unfortunate sufferer still desires food, but with loss of strength he loses that eager craving which is fell in the earlier stage?. Should he chance to obtain a taorsel or two of food, he swallows vt with a wolfish avidity; but five minutes afterward his sufferings are more intense than ever. He feels as if he Lad swallowed a living lobster,. which is clawing and 'feeding upon the very foundation of* his existence. On the fifth day hiB CheekstSudden ly appear hollow alid'sunEeTT,"his body attenu? ated, his color is ashy pale, and hiseyeT?ild, glassy, canibalish. The- different parts of the system now war with each- other. 1 he stomach calls upon the legs to go with it in quest'of food; the legs, from- very weakness,;refuse; The sixth day brings with it increased suffer? ing, although the pangs of hunger are lost in an overpowering languor and sickness. The head becomes giddy?the" ghosts of well-re^ membered dinners pass in hideous processions through the mind. The seventh day comes, bringing increased lassitude and further pros? tration/of'Strength. The arms hang lifelessly, the legs drag heavily. The desire for food is still left, to a degree,.but it must' be brought, not sought. The miserable remnant of life which- still hangs to the sufferer is a burden almost too grievous to be borne ; yet his inhe? rent love of existence induces a desire still to preserve it, if it can be saved Without a tax upon bodily exertion. ' 'the'"mind wanders. At one moment he thinks hie weary limbs can? not sustain him a mile, the next he is endowed with unuatural strength, and if there be {^cer? tainty of relief beiete^iiny-dashes-bravely and strougly forward, wondering whence proceeds his new and sudden impulse. Social Changs1 and Eugs. After all, the poor twins were no such mon? sters that we need go clucking and shuddering for weeks about their coffins. ' - We'''are" ail Changs and Engs at heart. Every man, says the old superstition, hath his double in Africa or in his own household ; and every' man of us knows it to be true. Wnat*else do out perpet? ual schoolboy friendships, our gropiag love "af? fairs, our marriages, mean but the search for this "fetch," this Chang, toward whom an un? seen tormenting hand draws, us ? Is a strip of skin more inexplicable than the power which impels Victor to choose a plain, ill-tempered, silly woman out from hosts 'of fair and noble maidens as his wife, and to exalt her {hereafter, as anointed by some mysterious chrism, a queen among women? Apd consider, beyond, that nine of ten commonplace womeu are thus cho? sen arid crowned by their mates.; that the bond between them, irrational, ridiculous, esrit may seem to others, is powerful enough to enable them to bear all hardships, pains, incongruity of temper withdrawing'unity; to eat thou? sands of meals together without jarring, while their ideas are diverse as the poles, to rear children, to.go down unlike, antagonistic body and mind, yet one, to a common grave. What can the twins, going about with their abnormal girdle, furnish of wonder like that? Every? body shuddered, too, at thehorribllity that one of these poor creatures should die, and . the other, still living be hampered by a corpse. It was of this horror, some reports state, the .sur? vivor died. But did we ever consider the;spec tacle of a woman carrying through lrfe the drunken, bloated body of a husband or ? son out of whom the soul has died long ago, and left only the brutalized mass of matter, incapa? ble of feeling for hef, or of any feeling or fife but the mechanical appetite of a beast ? With what zeal, what tenderness, she drudges for the body of this death 1 Tends it, battles , for it, totters under it down to the grave. What binds her to it? Here is a mystery before which Chang and Eng's band of unj?n may well pass but of sight and be entirely forgot? ten. m t m _ ??* ? ? A little boy living near Kankakee, IU., was amusing his brother and sisters by twist? ing a towel around his neck in imitation of hanging, when in turning around his feet slipped. He fell the -length of the towel, which was firmly attached to a roller. His neck was instantly broken. ? If you intend to do a mean thing, wait till to-morrow. If you are to do a noble thing, do it now.