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^ ' i m orist'8 80H8, Pibiuhm.} % 4I"?il8 JNw: 40r th? gromotion i>|f tfa< golitiqat, gonial, ^rieulfnral and (Communal Interests of th< geopl<. { ?^*** ESTABLISHED 1855. YORKVILLE, S. C., FRIDAY, AXJOXJ8T SO, 19~L-2. ISTO. 7Q. TERRIBLE OF J By EUNICE The dismal howling of a dog fell upon John Norrls's dulled ears. Whose was it? Could it be his own faithful Jerry, his companion upon this seemingly God-forsaken Island! A stinging pain In his right knee aroused him still further. His fluttering lids opened to the glare of snow, and he feebly thrust out his numbed hand, encountering the shaggy coat of his howling dog. The animal ceased his cries, and with a glad yelp began licking his master's hands and face. Norris moved painfully and gradually sat up. Remembrance of everything came over him with a rush. He groaned aloud. "Jerry, old boy," he said harshly. "I was a fool to have come to this cursed island. They trapped me?trapped me like a wild beast They said there was very little snow all the) year round, a fine place for hunting strayed seals, and plenty of game to be picked up for food. That was In September, Jerry, boy, and here it is May. Tou know, old fellow, what a freezing winter we have had and what small success in seal hunting; but June will soon be here, and they prom Ised they would return for me in June." The Injured man raised himself, desperately trying to use his hurt leg. With a groan he fell upon all-fours, and after a moment's rest began crawling back toward his cabin some distance away, supporting the full bucket by slipping the bale over his head. The one-roomed cabin being reached, the exhausted man threw himself upon his couch. "Must have been lying there some time after falling," he thought aloud. "I've wrenched my knee badly." He lulled his rough medicine chest toward him and feebly attempted to doctor the sprained knee. Then, comV>A foil QQlAPn his pieieiy CAiiauoicu, i.v faithful dog: by his side. It was far into the morning: of the next day that John Norris awoke. His injured knee was throbbing: painfully, his throat felt dry, and his lips burned feverishly. Outside, Jerry was barking: furiously. John knew from experience that he was hunting a fox or ptarmigan, but the man felt no excitement nor desire to join in the hunt. The lonely months had taught him to talk aloud to himself, or Jerry, as to another human being. Now his eyes glittered feverishly. "Ole Olson apd Tim Brown," he cried fiercely, "if I had you here. I would crack your two thick skulls together till you yelled for mercy! Curse your Curse you! Why did you tell me all those lies about this devilish place? Mild climate, little snow, many strayed seals, an ideal spot for a hunter anxious to do well and be able ' * ? TTIr, to marry me woman ne iuvra: ma voice broke, trailing off Into groans of anguish, as the hurt knee twinged. "Why, there's no worse snow-covered Island In all the Aleutians than this one," he muttered, "none mote dreary In midwinter; but I've weathered the worst. The schooner is coming In June, and this Robinson Crusoe existence will be over. Then, ho! for Annie and home. The island Unga will be like heaven and Annie with her soft gentle ways, will be an angel of comfort and sympathy." Norris covered his face with his arm and lay silent. Somewhere without, Jerry was still yelping and worrying the trapped animal. A sudden fierce revolt seized John. "Why had he had this misfortune so close upon the re """ 9 Annthor mftnth at furtherest would have seen him safe at Unga. Provisions were getting lcrw. He must portion them out more carefully. "Sic 'em! Sic 'em!" he yelled fiercely, and throwing himself from his couch, he seized his gun and crawled to the cabin door. Oh, If he could but aid In bringing down fresh meat! It might mean life prolonged a little longer against probable postponement of the schooner's return. But Jerry come whining back, disappointment written in drooped ears and tall, and crouched on the threshold. Silently the man crept back to his couch. Day followed day, and June arrived. John had ascertained that although the snow had been severe, the Ice had not closed up all around the Island, and from day to day he watched for the schooner. With his meager remedies and the necessity of waiting upon himself, the injured knee had failed to heal properly and had grown stlif. One day as he watched at his cabin door, he saw the masts of a schooner oV>Atrn tha onH nrlnnlo/1 thniich he wag. he sprang up with a Joyful cry that echoed weirdly In the snow' wrapped silenceg. "Thank God, they are coming at last! They've kept their promise! God forgive me my bitter curses!" Suddenly he paused in his half-incoherent mutterings?paused and rubbed his eyes wildly, then looked again. It could not be possible? Yes, the masts were slowly disappearing instead of coming nearer! "Stop!" he shrieked wildly, and started running, falling, rising, crawling. down toward the shore. At every rise he saw the masts farther away. The last time he arose upon tortured knee, the schooner had slipped completely from sight. One minute he cursed these friends and their false promises, the next the steamer, the Ice, the snow, the island; and in the same breath prayed to God for pardon. "Let me have no regrets!" he moaned. Once more he arose and searched the Icebound horizon, but no schooner met his gaze. With a bitter moan he sank down. Then a strange thing happened. He thought he stood upon the schooner's deck, and there before him stood Annie, the Aleut half-breed. By her side was Ole Olson, the giant Swede. Norrls went up to them and asked them sternly where they were LTE IOHN NORRIS. i HODGSON. bound and why they were retreating from his Island. Tears stood in Annie's dark eyes, the dusky red of her cheek turned to a ghastly pallor; but neither seemed to hear his question. Annie only looked at Olson with beseeching eyes. "I am sure this must be the island," ? onft hrnlrpn sne muiiiiuiru un ? ?? English. "Why did I ask to come along If my heart was not to tell me where to find him? Let us land." Ole Olson gave a loud, strained laugh which only accentuated the fierce gaze he turned upon her. "It is not here, I tell you. It is yon. And If we don't find him there, you've given me your promise that you'll be my wife. We'll go to Unalaska and get a home. So forget this fellow Norrls?" The Swede broke sharply off, for Annie flashed upon him a look so deadly that all her ancestral savagery seemed concentrated within her eyes. "If Tim Brown had stayed at Unga, he would have brought me to this island. John is there, and he's still alive. You've deceived me. Take me there and prove you are right or I will never be your wife." Again the loud laugh of the Swede smote John Norris's ears. He tried to crv out to the girl, to advance upon the Swede, but heavy weights seemed to chain him where he stood. Neither seemed to see him, and bitterly he realized that he looked upon them only in spirit. He saw Annie stretch out yearning arms toward his island, saw the Swede guiding the schooner carefully through treacherous channels, farther and farther away from the longed for landing. Norris gave a terrible despairing cry, which brought him to a consciousness of his sur roundings. He was lying in a crushed I heap in the snow. Jerry crouched some I feet away, looking at him with enstranged eyes, and howling fearfully. He thought of the schooner and his strange vision with a dull apathy, and gradually crawled back to his cabin. Some time after, Norris began a systematic examination of his scant stores. June was almost ended, and 1? ?ooll?o that either his "r ucgau bvr ?v?n?v v?? companions had deserted him or some ( untoward accident had prevented their return as early as promised. He had been left only sufficient provisions to ( last until June, but had hunted so ( persistently that he had been able to ; use. them sparingly, and with care could make them last much longer. ^ Jerry, however, was his greatest care. It was difficult to find food for the ^ poor beast, and he often whined pit- ( eously with hunger. ( After the schooner's disappearance, , a sickness fell upon the deserted man. Hope left him, only to return at delirious intervals. A great weakness as- i sailed his limbs, and often he fainted < when crawling to the spring for water. At these times he would be guard- j ed by the faithful dog, who always made the slow and painful trip to the f spring wun nis master. Another month slipped by and meltj?;d Into August. Bach day, the falling master portioned out food to his starving companion. Poor Jerry, grown so thin and weak he could hunt no more, would crawl to his master's side, whining and licking his hand, and there fell fitfully asleep. Day by day Norrls wrote painfully In his diary, which he kept on an upturned box at his bedside. Sometimes he cursed, sometimes he prayed. Sometimes, in his delirium, he talked to Annie and of their home in Unga; but in his saner moments hope deserted him, and he prayed no more for succor, but only for release, from pain. He lost all count of time, so many times had he been unconscious, unknowing how long he remained so. At one of these times his watch had stopped, and so he could only guess at the passing hours. ( One day, ne awone to tne iaci mm , Jerry's last meal lay In his weakened hand. His eyes roamed to the starved ( animal lying on the threshold. "Poor Jerry." he said softly, "there you lie dying of hunger, my good comrade. Your bloodshot eyes and swol- , len tongue warn me of your danger and tell me of your suffering. Not once ( have you reproached me for your , pangs. Lord give me strength to end your misery before you go mad!" The sick man's hand fell upon the medicine chest close at hand. With thoughtful care he portioned out a large dose of poison and placed It upon the food. "Good Jerry," he called gently, and ( as the dog responded to his master's call, he patted him lovingly. "Dear Jerry, forgive me, old fellow. In this last extremity. I wish to save you the fate that awaits your master. To die by my loving hand will be as nothing to dying yourself in the madness of starvation and loneliness. Good-by, good Jerry," he murmured chokingly, while the animal alternately fawned upon him and glanced longingly at the bit of food. "Man never had better friend than you, Jerry boy. A more than human heart beats beneath your shaggy coat." Again he fell to petting the poor beast, but as he suddenly set up a dismal, broken howl, Norris hastily held out the poison and the starved creature greedly ate it. With one sharp yelp, the dog ran dizzily about the room and out the open door, and fell prone a few yards away. The master had done his work well, and Jerry's sufferings were over. Crying like a child, John Norris buried his face in the pillow. After Jerry's death, increasing weakness and delirium held* Norris chained *o his bed. His only occupation was writing In his diary. Sometimes he still called down curses and reproaches upon the men who had de-' serted him, but mostly it was a continued prayer for relief or a release from suffering by speedy death. But never for one moment had he doubted the facts of his vision the day the strange schooner appeared. At times he felt comforted to feel that his spirit had been strong enough to leap forth and see what was forbidden to his material vision; and Annie, the poor Ignorant Aleut maid, had felt his presence and defied the Swede, though helpless and In his power. So, one day, he wrote his will In his diary, leaving to her all his earthly possessions at Unga, 11 Tnof In noon Annlo mv cr\rl " V?n whispered, "just in case you outwitted Ole Olson at last and got back safely to Unga, and then when they find my bleached bones here, you'll know that I thought of you and believed in your love to the last." It was some two years later that an adventurous trapper arrived upon the little Island of the Aleutians. Being temporarily driven in there from a storm, he sought shelter and found It in the deserted little cabin. As he advanced, he noted with surprise the open door, and the air of occupancy which the place wore. At this moment his eyes fell upon the skeleton of a man lying upon the tattered, weatherworn couch. The head seeftied to be turned in a listening attitude, the hands were folded as if in prayer. By his side was the pathetic chronicle of his existence on the island and the delirious ravines of his last hours. Out Jlde, in the snow, the trapper found the skeleton of poor Jerry as chronicled; but the secret of the deserted man's vision was buried forever in the 3ead man's breast, and no one knew the fate of Ole Olson, the Swede, and \nnle, the Aleut half-breed. WORST DESERT IN ASIA. First Man Crosses Takla-Makan Sand in Thirty Years. Tho Rev. Zuicho Tachlbana, a priest ot the great West Hongwanji temple at Kyoto, returned to that place recently after five years spent in exploration in the virgin parts of Central Asia. His journey was undertaken for purposes >f research under the instruction of Count Otani, the Lord Abbot of the Hongwanji temple, and an enthusiastic geographer. Mr. Tachlbana is a young man of twenty-three years of age, and of such delicate physique that the natives said he must be a woman disguised as a man. Mr. Tachlbana proceeded from Lon3on to Omsk, and thence by stage :oach to Semlpalatinsk; thence to Turfan in Sin-Kiang ("the new territory") passable roads were found. During his exploration Mr. Tachl bana travelled" across the Takla-Makan desert, which he decribes as the worst jf all deserts of Central Asia. Neither birds nor even Insects are to be found there. The desert Is a sea of sand where there Is only the wind to hear and the moon to see. The party constantly met sand mountains over 12,000 feet high, ind the men began to grumble, fearing that they.would be burled by the constamt sand storms. On arriving at Goma, on the right bank of the River Tarim, he caused considerable fright among the shepherds, as his was the first party from the south for thirty years. At first the shepherds fled, but were brought back, rhe feat of crossing the desert caused greatest reverence by the shepherds. At this point he left the camel caravan to follow on slowly, while he proceeded on horseback to Kuchar, which place he reached after three days. This Is a large town, though not to be compared with civilized cities. "Nevertheless," said Mr .Tachibanna, "I felt on entering it as though I had suddenly been put down in Piccadilly." Some time was spent in the neighborhod of Kashagar investigating the buried cities, and afterwards the explorer proceeded through the valley to the east of Tzunling to IChotan, the districts previously explored by Dr. Stein (now Sir Marc Aurel Stelh.) Thence the party proceeded to Tibet for the purpose of geological investigation. Several districts were visited by Mr. Tachlbana, which had been omitted by Dr. Sven Hedin. These regions are absolutely blank on the maps, and have never been visited before. Among the relics brought back are a uantity of writings of the Wigol tribes, by whom the Buddhist religion was _^irst introduced into Sin-Klang and propagated throughout China, This tribe was entirely wi|>ed out by Mohammedan invaders. The writings of the Wigols is from right to left horizontally, and appears to have been produced by reed pens. The writings are on stones, papyrus and paper. As soon as the records of the journey have been collated the Hongwanji temple will issue a report on Mr. Tachibanna's exploration, which will without doubt be eagerly anticipated in ca as well as in Asia.?Toklo Correspondence London Chronicle. Saloons In Ireland.?The hard, monotous life the people have had to enuure perhaps accounts in some measure for the frequent resort to drink, but the poor peasant has paid the price for temporary exhilaration in steadily increasing poverty, degeneracy and hopelessness. One is struck with the number of pawnshops which thrive side by side with the saloons, and no less struck with the number of human sign posts alongside the saloon doors?dirty, ragged, stunted, rednosed drunkards who spend their last penny with the saloon-keeper and heg the wayfarer for more to go the same way. Near Castlecomer I passed a dirty hovel of three rooms?a donkey in one end, cattle in the other, while in the middle room the pigs sleep in straw alongside the human occupants. "The man drinks all he earns," said my driver in explanation; and there are dozens of cases where slavery to drink has brought the peasant to a plight no better. Of course, we hear it frequently said in the south that "prohibition does not prohibit," and the evils of "blind tigers" are not inappropriately denounced, but there Is certainly twenty times as much chance for a boy to become a drunkard under conditions such as exist in Ireland?where a saloon is flaunted in his face at almost every street corner, as there is in any southern town where one must hunt up an illegal seller, outside the pale of the law in order to get a drink. In one case, you must hunt the liquor, deviously and secretly, in the other case, the liquor is hunting you, aggressively and openly.?Clarence Poe in the Progressive Farmer. Great thoughts come from the heart. (Vauvenargues.) ittiscctliinrous grading. COMMON WEDDING CU8TOM8. Giving of Presents, Came from Making of Loans. The origin of wedding customs i? an appropriate subject of inquiry in this month of June. Why do people make wedding gifts? Why do they throw rice and the old shoe? Why do they use a ring, and why place it on the third finger of the left hand? Why does the bride dress as she does? Why are certain seasons and days more favored than others? The custom of giving wedding presents runs back in England at least to the Norman Conquest. The money or articles then bestowed by one peasant upon another were understood to be but loans to be returned when the couple were established. But as the feudal lord grew In power he i came to expect gifts for his children's marriages from all persons dependent | upon him, and indeed had laws passed compelling a present in value up { to one-twentieth of the tenant's yearly ( rent. Among the higher classes this giving became more and more an < open commercial transaction. James J I. received at the wedding of his ( daughter Elizabeth the sum of ?21,000. .. . , The Pound Party. . j The common people, seized with | the same greed, originated the "bid- 1 .11.,0" ,,y o? I uiug ui ncuuiiig, ok ninvu light refreshments were served, and a plate was passed around for cash gratuities. As much as ?100 (fully equal to $1,000 In modern money) was sometimes collected by this means. The custom survives in a slightly changed form in the "pound party" often given the newly married in this country. The present at length became so important a part of the institution of marriage that many churches kept a register for the accurate listing of such tokens and the terms of their presentation. Frequently, to increase this source of matrimonial income, the bridesmaids collected the gifts during the wedding at the church porch. A successful way of increasing the gifts was to prepare an entertainment called an "ale," stick up a green bush in front of the house, and bid everybody, neighbor and stranger, priest and scamp welcome. These entertainments were highly profitable enterprises, but finally became so riotous that many shires passed laws allowing only thirty-two at any one "ale." In the old days, as now, the bride generally dressed in white. From early Saxon times down to the eighteenth century a bride of the poorer classes came to the wedding arrayed in a plain white robe as a public warning that since she brought nothing to the marriage her husband was not responsioie ror ner debts. i^naes soon began to add some little touch of color. Blue was for constancy and green for youth, but In some places these might not be used because of feuds between families using these tints in their liveries. Yellow might not be worn, as it stood for Jealousy; golden might not, as It meant avarice. . The Anglo-Saxon bride went to the wedding with her hair hanging loose as a sign of freedom, but upon reaching her new house immediately bound it up as a sign of submission. In the days of Shakespeare the veil began to take the place of the flowing tresses, but this, however, was not original with the British, for centuries earlier the Roman and Hebrew brides had worn yellow veils, while the early Christians of southern Europe had enveloped both man and wife in one large cloth. Sprig of Rosemary. Whatever was lacking, however, in gorgeousness of dress was compensated among all nations by the pro- . fusion of flowers chosen for their significance. There was long a custom for pflch enpst to din a snrlir of rosemary into his cup of wine before drinking to the couple's health. Then too, the bride (if she were not a widow) and the bridegroom wore garlands of wheat as a symbol of plentifulness and increase, and at the present time the bridal wreath of orange blossoms possesses the same meaning. Garlands, garlands everywhere?so many that often men had to be hired to carry them in the procession. Even the rejected suitor sometimes wore the garland of gray willow. Besides the flowers there was the true love knot worn by both bride and bridegroom, an ornament introduced by the Danes in the ninth century and called by them the "trulofa," the troth. Three ornaments there were that only a bride was supposed to wear?a ring for a pledge, a brooch for Innocence and a garland as a crown of victory for temptations resisted. If there was trouble in the actual ? marrying there was perhaps more in gaining the right to marry. The church of the ninth century forbade the marriage of first cousins; by the year 1100 second cousins were denied the right, and later unions of third cousins were illegal. A widow might not wed her husband's brother, cousin or other near relative; a person might not marry his or her godfather or godmother; parents might not marry either godparent, a man and a woman having the same godparents might not unite; the godfather and the godmother of the same child might not wed, and persons who had touched the babe at the christening became splritualy relatives and might never choose one another. And then there were the bans. The bride might not go to the church to defend herself,, for if a maid heard her own bans read all her children would be ^}af and dumb. Best Time to Marry. What is the best time to marry? It all depends, according to one tradition. May 14. even if it be a Wednesday, brings ill luck all the rest of the year, while Christmas Day, the anniversary of Herod's massacre of the innocents, is an absolute guarantee of misfortune. Then again evil times result if you have your bans read at the end of one quarter and you marry on the first Sunday in the next. On the other hand a wedding on the last day of the year is exceedingly fortunate, while a wedding on a day when the moon is growing is believed even yet by the northern British to bring all happiness. And what month Is best? The an- s eient Romans held that May and February were particularly unlucky, while before the Reformation the 1 Church forbade unions between the first Sunday of Advent and Hilary Day. between Septuagesima Sunday J and low Sunday and between Roga- ' tion Sunday and Trinity Sunday leav- 1 ing only thirty-two weeks In the j year for marrying. To this day the old law and superstition are heard 1 in the rhyme: ' Marry in Lent and you'll live to repent Marry in May and you'll rue the day. j As for the wedding ring, for ages it has been a token of binding author- ( ity. As connected with marriage the c gold symbolizes purity of effectlon; the ? endlessness of love: the price takes the place of the ancient purchase money. If the ring be lost it is a ' warning that the husband's love will \ soon pass away, If broken, that he ? will soon die. How long it has been considered a f necessity for weddings cannot be told. 1 Tradition says that the first ring was made of iron and adamant by Tubal Cain for a man named Prometheus: the iron, thought Cain, signified last- t ingness and the adamant perfect concord. The early Romans commonly used a plain Iron ring while the poorer English, even In the nineteenth century, used the ring for the church keys. 8oma With Rant Rings. Even yet the poverty stricken Irishman who cannot buy one rents a ring, and tradesmen in the smaller towns make no mean Income by keeping three Or four in stock. I^nnar after the Norman conquest peasants used circles of rushes or sedges, and eighteenth Century Fleet Street parsons, ready for any emergency, constantly carried brass curtain rings in their pockets. The Puritans forbade the use of any ring, as savoring of paganism. In the days when the espousal was in vogue the girl invariably received a ring if her lover had the money to buy it, and this band she wore on the right hand until at the wedding it was transferred to her left. If the future husband was too poor to buy or rent a ring, he gave her a kisa? bo binding a token that the law allowed the woman, if Jilted, to retain half of his presents. The common people even considered it sacred, named it the mystic kiss, and declared that it made the two lives one. After tl giving of the ring or the kiss, win., was generally drunk by the bride and the bridegroom, and this ceremony, known as a wet bargain, made the contract even more binding. Oftentimes, too at the espousal a silver coih was blessed and broken and a piece given each partner to be hung uvfer the heart; and this also took unto Itself a sacredness and a power to drive awav trnilhlo nnrl nira HJo. ease. Among the wealthy a French invention called a gammal, gimmal, or Seminal ring, constructed with a clasp 90 as to become one band or two, took the place of the broken coin, and when brought together at the wedaing by the couple and the witnesses, who each took a portion at the espousal,' was found to be engraved with a rhyme Incomplete without evsry small golden band. Today people Invariably put the ring on the third finger of the left hand. Why this choice? It has not ilways been customary; old pictures if the Virgin Mary, such as Raphael's 'Espousal," show the band on the right. There is a definite reason for ;he modern convention, feesides beng less used and therefore less exposed to dangers, and being the weaker finger and therfore symbolizing :he wife's dependence, the third digit >f the left hand has been supposed, 'rom the days of the Egyptians until ihls hour, to be connected directly with the heart by a vein called the 'vena amoris." The Finger of Life. This finger, thought the ancients, eslsted disease longest; gout ne/er ittacked it until the heart had be :ome affected, and then the pain in :he finger was the death sign; -he ilchemists believed It the quickesc to jlven warning of poison, and they labltually stirred their potions with t It was indeed the finger of life. The symbolism of the shoe is loubtless older than any existing naion. Ruth's kinsman pulled off his >hoe to Indicate that he had resigned ill command over her. Among the Assyrians and Jews, when a bargain lad been made, a man' sometimes rave his sandal as a token of good 'aith. But the wedding shoe is thought o be a relic of the ancient times vhen the pursuing father hurled misilles at the robber bridegroom. Among the Anglo-Saxon it was cusomary to throw a sandal after the >ridal chariot to show that authority lad been transferred to the husband, fnd at the wedding itself the father >ften handed the shoe to the bridegroom, who, by way of reminder, tap>ed his wife's head with it. It was hen hung over the bridegroom's Jillow in the bridal bed, but someimes, when the bride was known to lave a will of her own practical Jokers slipped into the chamber and ransferred it to the wife's pillow! rhe mediaeval Germans always threw he bride's slipper from the bedroom o the guests, and then indeed there vas scrambling, for the person capnrtnc If iirnn 1 rl Ka (Via novt f r\ mnrrrr rhen would the gallants carry It to he dining room, All it with wine and Irlnk to the bride's eternal prosperity. ?Uncle Remus Magazine. None Saw Him Laugh.?When the ;onquering Napoleon sacked the city >f Rome, he took many valuable and indent manuscripts from among the vritlngs of the early fathers of the :hurch. _ , One was an epistle, or literally speakng a letter, which was written by the itoman governor of Judea to his su>erlor about the time of Christ's mlnstry. This man's name was Publius Lientulus, and his description of the son >f Joseph and Mary is as follows: , "In these, our days, appeared a man lamed Jesus Christ, who Is yet living imong us; of the Gentiles, he is ac:epted as a prophet of great truth, but lis own disciples called him the 'Son >f God.' "Ho hntVi raised the dead nnd cured ill manner of diseases; he is a man of itature; somewhat tall and comely, with a ruddy countenance; such as the jeholder may both love and fear. His lair Is the color of a filbert when fully ipe, plain to his ear, whence downward It is of more orient color, curling ind waving on his shoulders. In the niddle of his head is a seam of long lair, after the manner of the Naza ene's. His forehead is plain and delicate ; his face without spot or wrinkle, jeautlful with a comely red; his nose md mouth are exactly formed; his >eard Is the color of his hair, and hick; not of any length, but forked. "In reproving, he Is terrible; admonshing, courteous; In speaking, very nodest and wise; In proportion, well of nen. "None have seen film laugh; many lave seen him weep. A man of sur>assing beauty, excelling the children )f men."?By Mrs. George B. Wlnthrop n Augusta Chronicle. Make Ivory From Milk.?One of the atest discoveries of the synthetic chemists is how to make Ivory out of lothlng more wonderful than cow's nilk?and very good Ivory at that, ac :ordlng to all accounts. The original dea was to use the new "ivory" for Jlano and organ keys because it pre(erves its original color indefinitely vhereas the genuine article turns yelow after a time. But It has been found that the new jsoduct is not only an efficient substi;ute for ivory, but can easily be pre>ared so as to take the place of amber, torn, coral, celluloid and such like >roducts, and it is claimed can hardly >e distinguished from them. It is in its position as a substitute "or ivory that the new material has aused most surprise, however, be ause it has the appearance of being mother instance of improving upon lature. The new ivory takes a very ligh and lasting polish, and probably vill not lack a commercial field for itlelf as natural ivory continues to grow (career and dearer year by year.?Alla abad Pioneer. 'W Women are naturally tender heart;d. No woman ever wilfully steps on i mouse. ORIGIN OF THE GANG8TER. Gunman ia No Novalty Nor Hava Hia Methods Changed Much. Where did the gangster originate? Is he a new genus of the human family. unique and distinct, the outgrowth of some condition peculiar to the locality where he has his being? Is he a product, an excrescence, as It were, of modern civilization, developed by reason of the vicious crowding: together of individuals in the modern metropolis? Or, again, is the gangster merely the logical result of the combining of the criminal types of many countries and races into one homogeneous whole? All these are questions which the criminologists have been asking ever since it became apparent, even to the since it became apparent, even to the defiant gunmen of New Tork constitute a menace to the fair name of that city which could no longer be Ignored, or their acts explained away on the theory that each was but the individual daring of a desperate and determined criminal. Instead, the country has awakened to the fact that in the nation's metropolis exists an organization, or rather a number of more or less allied organizations, infinitely complex in their details, yet banded together with the single object of exploiting the public. The members of these organizations often battle among themselves. With them murder is little more than a pastime. In place of the decalogue, which they have necessarily rejected as interfering with their scheme of life, they have substituted a single commandment, "Thou shalt not squeal!" And this they live up to rigidly, in letter and spirit. Outlaws all, they hold themselves subject only to the rule of the game as they play it. With the laws of the state they have nothing to do. Being outside the protection of the law themselves, they have recourse to their own code?resistance of' the law and revenge?re-en forced by the revolver, black-jack and knife. But let the authorities seek to visit retribution upon one of their number for a criminal act and at once there is a rallying of the forces of the underworld! Bribery, intimidation, subnm o a# ^ ??* u? iiHiiuu Vi pci jut jr <U1U VYUCU UCt'CS" sary, even murder?all these are weapons which the gangster uses when one of his brethren is in the tolls. And in most cases the law is rendered powerless and Ineffective. It Is much like a man fighting In the dark who persists in adhering to Marquis of Queensberry rules when he Is opposed by a shrewd aryl cunning homicidal maniac armed with pistol and dirk. The evolution of the gang fighter has been a phase of urban life which has long been a puzzle to many, though his affiliation with certain brands of police officiate; gamblers and politicians has gradually become apparent to all. How else could the gangs and their leaders?many of whom appear to be absolutely immune from police interference?go around the city boldly striking- or shooting down innocent persons in the street? ? It has been said?and there is ample evidence to bear out the statement?that for $500 a man, who has even a slight acquaintance among the gangs, may purchase the commission of a murder. ; And yet only a score or so years ago th'ere was but one class of gangster in New York. He was generally merely a tough young man, wno wouia ramer loai arouna street, corners and drink beer from a "growler" than work. Rarely, Indeed, was he capable of crime greater than petty thieving or assault. The gangs of which he was a member committed few depredations outside of their own localities. Of them all perhaps the most notorious was the Whygo gang, whose leader, Drlscoll, many years ago was hanged In the Tombs prison yard. But these organizations were a menace to the people of their own neighborhoods. Each was powerful only In Its own section. They correspond to the criminal bands which have existed in every large city from time immemorial. The New York gangster of today, on the contrary, has probably no completely analogous counterpart In any other community in the world. He Is essentially a product of the crowding together of conglomerate races, and more especially the result of the peculiar social and political conditions that exist in the city where he has his habitat. Yet he differs from the desperado of other communities and other lands only in degree. While necessarily an outgrowth of urban life, the gangster is neither peculiar to any country nor any period of time. His prototypes may be found in every land and every race under the sun since the beginning of history. In the Paris of today there is the Apache, a criminal who, perhaps, most nearly approximates the "gunman" of our own metropolis. In certain sections of the French capital the Apaches rule supreme. For a policeman or detective to enter the purlius of their haunts undisguised or without a strong escort, is to invite sudden death. A few eentnrien nen. in the neriod following: the battle of Agincourt, it was the "caboches" who ruled Paris. And the "caboches" were neither more nor less than a lawless association formed by the butchers of the French metropolis for the purpose of levying blackmail and the like on their wealthier neighbors. Other large cities in every part of the world always have had their gangsters, varying in number, organ ization and power, of course, according to the conditions that surrounded them, but not differing from the criminal bands of New York in any essential characteristics. In San Francisco may still be found the organized crimps and cutthroats of the "Barbary Coast," forever waging war with the police authorities. Chicago, too, has its criminal federations, along the water front and stock yard sections of that city, which have fpr years taken their toll of plunder and human life. In Europe, perhaps, no better example of criminal organization can be found than In Italy, where the dreaded Camorra have lately been brought to book for their numberless crlpies , against society. London, St. Peters- | burg and Berlin also have their gangs, each typical of the conditions that are to be found in the city wherein they live and differing from the American fraternity only In minor particulars. Yet, as has already been said, none of these is completely analogous to the gangs and their leaders now holding sway in the nation's metropolis. Their organizations are much fewer in numbers, infinitely less powerful, and lack the cohesiveness of Manhattan's criminal associations when problems of offensA and defense are nre sented. They do not stand together so firmly. perhaps because they are not so strongly entrenched against the attacks of the lawful authorities. But while the New York knight of the pistol and blackjack may not have his exact counterpart in the world today, history is able to furnish one. He is the famed "Asiatian bully" of Elizabethan times. Moreover, this seventeenth century prototype of the twentieth century gangster frequently outrivaled the latter In coldly criminal audacity and in immunity from arrest. Much fact and more fiction has been written about "Alsatia," that section of London just outside of Temple Bar, where 300 years ago thieves and cutthroats of all descriptions were wont to seek "sanrtuarv" from tha mlnlnnk of the law. Originally the district consisted of the monastery and gardens of a community of Carmelite monks (or White Friars) founded in the reign of EM ward II. Under Henry VIII the monastery was confiscated, and in the reign of Edward VI houses for persons of rank and wealth were erected. The old monastery had possessed the right of "sanctuary," and this privilege of affording immunity from arrest, so far as debtors were concerned, was continued in the district by James I in royal charter. ' i The ju*eclnct was Just outside of the city llmta, as defined at that time, and it Jealously preserved its immunity from the Jurisdiction of the city of- 1 fleers. For a bailiff or constable to : venture within the forbidden district 1 in search of an offender during the 1 heyday of its existence was a guaran- < tv that ho a/niiM rotnrn smntv hanri_ < ed, and at best get oft with only a bad 1 beating. At first the wealthy folk who originally made up the population of Alsatla were loth to leave it But the result of the peculiar conditions that applied, to the district might have readily been forseen. The prospect of Immunity from arrest attracted so many evil characters that persons of respectability were speedily driven out and their ' houses became the tenement of every variety of male and female criminal. Even the warrant of the lord chief Justice of England could not be executed during this lawless reign without J the aid of a company of musketeers. 1 If any bailiff or officer of the law attempted an arrest In the district, at a ' cry of "Rescue!" hundreds of ruffians of both sexes would pour into the streets armed with pistol, rapier and bludgeon, and the unfortunate minion 1 of the law, after being beaten and stripped of his clothing, was usually glad to get off with his life. If worst ' befell him the river ran near by and ' i doubtless effectually covered many a dark tragedy of this "City of Refuge." ' In the picturesque but accurate lan- ' guage of Macaulay, Alsatla Is best de- 1 scribed: * "Insolvent debtors were to be found In every house from cellar to garret," ' he wrote. "The rest were attorneys ' struck off the rolls, witnesses who car- 1 ried straw in their shoes as a sign to j Inform the public where a false oath might be procured for half a crown, the receivers of stolen goods, clippers of coin, forgers of banknotes and taw- , dry women." Ruler of all the rabble was the Alsation "bully," the true prototype of . the gangster of today. Instead of a . 41- ?l-?~t /,,11,. ' Diue sieei auiomuuu pisiui taiciuu/ concealed he wore a rusty sword blatantly strapped on his thigh, and this, with his happing hat pinned on one side, his weather-beaten wig and his swaggering gait, made him a far more picturesque figure, at least to modern eyes, than the thug of the slum and back alley of the twentieth century. The true Alsatian bully was & desperate and daring as any gang leader of today. Nor did he confine his criminal operations within any prescribed limits any more than does the gangster of New York at the present time. Whitefriars, as that section of London where Alsatla was located has long been known, was simply the habitat of the desperate of the Elizabethan Derlod. a safe retreat when too closely pursued by the authorities. Here one J could hire bravos to commit any kind of crime. A famous Incident In the history of the precinct was the murder of James Turner, a fencing: master, in 1612, by two, ruffians hired by Lord Sanquhar, who desired to be revengred because Turner in a fencing: bout years before had put out one of his eyes. There was a great hue and cry, and Lord Sanquhar was convicted of murder and hanged, but the two bullies who had performed his mission escaped, protected by their fellow Alsatians. In the year 1649 twenty-four Alsatians disguised as soldiers appeared at the house of Sir Edward Hales, who lived at some distance from Temple Bar, and called upon a constable to assist them in apprehending some cavalier conspirators. When they entered the house they bound Sir Ed- , ward and his servants, robbed the ] house of several hundreds of pounds * ? J <\l? oalmlv in casa anu jewcio auu va-iuu; ?v parted by water from the Whltefriars stairs. The life of Whltefriars in these days was well depicted in Scott's "Fortunes of Nigel," in which Duke Hildebrod, the unofficial ruler of the precinct at one period of its career, is thus described: "A monstrously fat old man, with only one eye, and a nose which bore evidence to the frequency, strength and depth of his potations. He wore a murrey colored plush Jerkin stained with the overflowing of the tankard and much the worse for wear, and unbuttoned at the bottom for ease of his enormous paunch. Behind him lay a favorite bulldog, whose round head and single black eye, as well as the creature's great corpulence, gave it a burlesque resemblance to its master." Duke Hildebrod's income was com- < posed of fees he received from persons who desired to take refuge in the precinct, which funds were chiefly spent by himself and his counselors In strong liquor. The proximity of Alsatla to Temple Bar, where the legal fraternity of London still have their headquarters, often led to encounters between the students of law and the desperadoes who were their neighbors. In 1695 the nuisance of Alsatla had become so great that the Templars bricked up their eastern gateway, through which the bullies were wont to lead their nencnmen on tnelr frequent raids Into the city of London. The Alsatians collected, killed one of the workmen, pulled down the wall and when the sheriff of the city arrived they carried off his fold chain, which speedily went to the melting pot Two years later a Captain Wynter was brought to the gallows for leading this riot, and an act of parliament finally suppressed the privileges of sanctuary in Whltefrlars and similar spots in London. Warning was given out that after a certain date the military would hunt out all the old rookeries in the district and there was a hasty flight of bravoa and bullies to France, Ireland and elsewhere. So passed the power of the seventeenth century gangster. He could not exist once the full strength of the law was called into requisition, nor can his prototype today.?New York Telegraph. WATER B0TTLE8. Makeshifts of Different People for Holding and Carrying Liquids. We in this country have so many kinds of cheap pails, cans, boxes and receptacles of all sorts ready to our hand that It is hard to realise what straits the people in cruder lands are put to for such things, says the Pathfinder. In a large part of the Orient wine and water are still carried and stored In bags made of skin, usually goatskin, with the hair side inside, Just as In Bible days. Even now the same rule applies against "putting new wine into old bottles," for the dampness soon rots the leather and makes it weak. In Asia and Africa bamboo Joints are utilised for making receptacles in great variety. The bamboo in favored places grows to a diameter of six Inchea or more, and a "joint" from a Toot to two feet or more long makes in Ideal bottle or jug, for nature provides it with a partition at each joint, which makes it watertight Bamboo is very light and very strong, and it is ei strange thing that it is not imported Into the United States, for it would be used in Immense quantities for u thousand purposes. A book of African travel by A. W. Hod son, just published in England, rives an interesting account of the way the natives in the Kalahari desert provide for their thirst Though there Is no water found on the surface in this arid region, there are places where veins are struck several feet underground. A bamboo tube is run down to the water supply and when any one comes for water the well tender, who is usually a woman, puts her mouth over the bamboo and by a vigorous Intake uf breath sucks up a quantity of water. This she then dexterously squirts from her mouth into the shell of an )8trlch egg. "ntiM. ahalli whan fnrnlilinl with zorks of pith will make very good water bottles and they will stand considerable rough handling. They are often burled In the ground in order to teep the water cool. 8AVAGE8 OF ECUADOR. rht Jibaroe Gave One 8panish Governor His Fill of Gold. If you are looking for a real wild [ndlan seek the Jlbaro. Perhaps you never heard of him, but you should, for he's the wildest, most savage and uncultured type of redskin who thrives today. War and the Jlbaro are synonymous. No other Indian tribe in history has so determinedly and successfully resisted efforts to conauer It as this tribe of the Jlbaro. Today the Jibaro, 15,000 strong, rule lupreme over the vaat forest regions of Ecuador between the Santiago and Pataso rivers and southward to the Amazon. It is one of the most picturesque and primitive of all surviving tribes of redskins. Once when partly subjugated to Spanish rule they were goaded to rebellion by enforced labor In the mines of their* taskmasters and marched 20,000 strong into the strongIsold of their enemy and in one night completely annlhlllated the 12,000 inhabitants. As an example of their lavagery they killed the governor by pouring molten gold lown his throat in crder that he "might have his fill of told." Like tactics are still pursued, and the Jlbaro is little molested. War is their normal condition, their favorite weapons being the lance, the javelin and the blow gun with poisoned arrows, which have served them with leadly efficiency. Little is known of their religions or mythological beliefs. There are obout 1,400 JIbaros who are Christians, but few of these are of the full blooded type and are scorned by the majority }f the tribe. Missionaries say the Jlbaros will never break from ancient customs.?Catholic Encyclopedia. Cotton Duck for Motor Tirss.?One million yards of high-grade duck, to be made from Sea Island and Egyptian cotton, has recently been sold by a Gleorgia cotton mill to a manufacturer of automobile tires. The quality of this material is of the highest grade, used only in the larger tires, the lower grade of goods being available for the smaller tires. One million yards of cotton duck, one yard wide, is a pretty big order to go from ane mill to one tire manufacturer. It Illustrates, however, the everbroadening market for cotton and the reason why a big cotton crop has been so promptly absorbed. Every year sees new uses for the south's cotton. Mot only is It being used in the manufacture of tires, it is likewise used in f the manufacture of automobile tops, and the wider the use of automobiles the greater will be the demand for :otton. XT The deserving poor do not always leeerve to be.