University of South Carolina Libraries
i lewis m. grist, proprietor, j Ittbtpntbtnl Jkmiljt ftapaptr: Jor \\t Ijromotion flf % $ftiitttal, jfotial, Agricultural aitb Commtrtial JJntcrcsts of \\t Soutjj. ]terms-$2.50 a year, IN ADVANCE. ' YOL. 33. YOEKVILLB, S. O.. WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1887. NO. 46. , fffl MMCJM I ' History of the Hay market Tragedy in Chicago. CAUSES OF THE TBOUBLE. Deeds of the Fateful Day?May 4, 1886. ARREST, TRIAL ARD OOffVIOTIOR. lodgment of the Illinois Courts Affirmed by tho Ration's Supreme Tribunal. Portraits and Sketches of the Police, the Judges, the Jury, the Convicted end Othe.' Interested Persons?Pictures of the Scene of the Tragedy, Court Scenes, Etc.?Closing Events of the Drama. Letters of the Condemned, In Which They State Their Case. ANARCHY IN AMERICA, i 00N after the close ' ^ y of the civil war in the United States hp J ways of no mean W creased rapidly. ArnprirAn public first began to hear much of commonism, socialism and ^yRyf&l. anarchism. In 1883 the mA-rimnm was reached when 783,993 Europeans landed in the United States. Immigration from England had declined and that from Ireland fallen to a minimum; bat from southern Germany there was an immense increase, while eastern Europe sent Poles, Bohemians, Russians, Hungarians and their congeners by tens of thousands. In many of these people hatred of government had become a hereditary sentiment Chicago became headquarters for the discontented, and The Arbeiter Zeitung (Workers' Journal) their organ. Then sprang up in that city the International Workingmen's association. The platform or declaration or principles or tins organization, OS was testified to at the tried, urged that "the present system under which property is ovv ;i by individuals should be destroyed, and that all capital which has been produced by labor should be transformed into common property." The association was divided into "groups," of which there were eighty in the United States in March, 1885, located principally in the cities of industry. 11 EE a"l*y.u IfiiiHE "i! H ? rafefflS? SCENE or THE BOMB THROWING. ' The Chicago groups were known as the North 8ide, the Northwest Side, the American, the Karl Marx, the Freiheit, the Southwest Side and Jefferson No. 1. Schwab, Neebo and Lingg belonged to the North Side "group;" Engel and Fischer to the Northwest Side, and Spies, Parsons and Fielden to the American. There was also an armed socialistic organization called the Lehr und WehrVerein, whose members seem to have also been members of the International "groups," but to have been or a higher rant. The branch of the International Workingmen's association -which existed in Chicago during 1885 and up to May 4,1886, was a compact, well disciplined organization. At the head of it was a general or central committee. Next to it came the Lehr und WehrVereiu. Then came the "armed sections" of the various "groups," and then came the unarmed members of the "groups." JUST BEFORE THE TRAGEDY. The evolution of the tragedy was curiously regular. First, as has been shown, these men taught radical Socialism. Next, they organized discontented workingmen to act more efficiently In strikes. The usual trouble arose: "scale" took the place of striking workmen, they were attacked by the strikers, the police were called on for protection and the inevitable question was presented?shall we fight? The Anarchists, in speech and in The Arbeiter Zeitung, vehemently urged destructive measures. They exhorted the strikers to fight both the "scabs" and the police^gave minute instructions how to use nitro-glvcerine and manufacture bombs, and had "armed sections" of their supporters who drilled nightly and were instructed in the use of bombs. At length it was boldly announced that the Anarchists had 5,000 armed and well drilled revolutionists in Chicago, and it was proved that they really had 3,000 at this time, as was sworn to during the trial. The Arbeiter Zeitung and The Alarm published many sAh sentiments as these: Daggers and revolvers are easily to be gotten; hand grenades are cheaply to be produced. Will the workingmen supply themselves with weapons, dynamite and prussic acid? The workingmen ought to take aim at every member of the militia. And while the writers acted with what they probably considered caution, the speakers used language ?* a veiT inflammatory character. I ^OULU, muugu one ui the Chicago papers *jr ' had predicted seriJB ? ous trouble, the yl * meetings were not m /w.JL | suppressed. But \ Frederick Ebersold, superintendent, find John Bonf^Snr^:'' inspector of police, were well v - ..aware of the extent MlCfoR J ^ortfl'2<rf the discontent * and made the most elaborate preparations to meet the outbreak when it should come. Capt. John Bonfleld, who assumed the responsibility on the night of the tragedy, as on the day of the previous riot, was born in 1636 in New Brunswick, his father being a County Clare Irishman lately a-rived in that province. In 1844 th? \ family moved to Chicago, where John learned the trade of a machinist and afterward became a locomotive engineer. In 1617 he became a policeman and rose rapidly in rank. Superintendent of Police Frederick J. Ebereold was born in Bavaria in 1841, emigrated to Illinois in 1857, enlisted in s*" the Twelfth Illinois vi\ at tbo outbreak of JB3 the war, and served Baa iSj till the last Confederatehad laid down jy \ jU fs 111a urnis. iKMreuiiu [ {p as a corp'. ::1 and A.IV ifif/SSJ j&&/, came out a captain. ///MA July 9. 18G7, be was first enrolled as a poJ&r liceman, and in Oc- | jr tober, 1885, he was at /{ A /^\^A the head of the force. In the army ho was vJOPr* hBS?S?lP 120 days under fire * ** <? in battle or skirmish. The agitation growing out of the attempt to enforce the eight hour law led directly to the tragedy. As early as May, 18S1, the organized workingmen of Chicago gave notice that on the 1st of May, 1886, they would insist upon the general observance of the law. It is not necessary to detail the numerous strikes and occasional riots of the following two years in vari ous sections of the country; suffice it, that each one was eagerly seized upon by the anarchists as fresh proof that capital was crushing labor. On April 25,1885, the new board of trade j building was formally opened; there was o j somewhat riotous popular demonstration , against it, and Fielden and Parsons addressed ; the assemblage in language more inflammatory than ever before. In July, 18S5, thero | was a general strike of street car employes, i One riot was excited which was only | h \TS\ <. *' i " ^ ^ j ^J/f^ KXPIXJMON OF BOMB, suppressed by the police with great difficulty. In February, 18S6, the workmen at the McConmick factory struck, and Pinkerton's men were employed to defend the property, and there was a riot. On May 1,1886, the workingmon of Chicago, with few exceptions, carried out their plan of a general strike for an eight hour day. The strike was well managed and partialis successful. On May 3 August Spies delivered a fierce philippic against the non-union men still employed at the McCormick works, and there was an encounter between the "scabs" and police on ono sido and the strikers on the other. A short and terrible fight occurred; several men were killed and many more wounded in various degrees. From the battle ground August Spies hurried to the office of The Arbeiter Zeitung, wrote and had printed and distributed the noted revenge circular. On May 4 there was rioting nearly all day on Blue Island avenue, near the McCormick works. The First regiment was ordered to be in readiness at its armory and the entire police force was kept in instant readiness. The Arbeiter Zeitung of that morning urged destructive action, and the Anarchists were busy among the strikers all day. Thousands of copies of the following notice were scattered through the city: attention, workwomen! Great mass meeting to-night at 7:30 o'clock at the Haymarket, Randolph street, between Desplaines and Halstead. Good speakers will be present to denounce the latest atrocious acts of the police?the shooting of our fellow workmen yesterday afternoon. Working-men, arm your- ' selves and appear In full force! The Executive Committee. DESPLAINES STREET STATION?BRINGING IN THE WOUNDED. The word "Ruho" (German for "Peace'7! alleged to havo been agreed upon as the signal for immediate resolution, also appeared in that number of the paper. THE FATEFUL NIGHT. On the evening of May 4 about 2,000 people : assembled. The managers placed the wagon ' on which tho speakers were to stand a littlo way up Dosplaincs street from tho Haymarket, by tho mouth of a couvenient alloy, and at a point where they could have a full j view of the police as the latter advanced \ from their Desplaines Street station. Mayor ' Carter Harrison was in the crowd and ex- j wrtooo'vsl orvmn wimriea nf fmilrlnr>cc tViA I first speakers, Spies and Parsons. The crowd | was disappointed, too, and was fast melting j away, when Fielden took his stand in the j wagon. His most intimate English friends j could not havo recognized the mild Metho- j dist cxhorter and laborer of other days. His ; frenzied declamation excited what remained of the crowd, and their applause reacted on him It was testified at tho trial that ho called for immediate action in these words: Arm! Arm!! Tnrottle and kill the law 1 Then Inspector Bonfield decided to disperse 1 the meeting. Seven companies of policemen, ' 175 men, in platoons reaching from curb to curb, marched from their station of Desplaines street north to the wagon. As they ; drew near, Fielden is sworn to have shouted: ! "Here come the bloodhounds; you do your duty and I'll do mine!" Capt. Ward, of the police, called out: "In the name of the people of the state of Illinois I command you to peaceably dis- | perse!" Fielden stepped down from the wagon exclaiming: "We are peaceable!" It was claimed by the prosecution that tho word "peaceable" was the signal agreed on. There was dead silence for perhaps ten seconds, tho crowd slowly moving oif and the police standing firm, when a strango sound was heard near the mouth of the alley and thence a little ball rose in curve over tho wagon and fell between tho second and third companies of polico. There was a blinding flash, an explosion that was heard JEEGAN,i POLICE VICTIMS, two miles and a deep prolonged roar, echoing from the buildings?then appalling screams and a volley of pistol shots. The smoke lifted, and the ground appeared covered with slain?but only for an instant. Two wholo companies of polico had been thrown to the ground, of whom one, Matthias J. Degan, was instantly lulled, six mortally wounded and sixty others hurt in various degrees. But tho polico rallied at once and with the firmness and steadiness of veterans, they [ sprang forward, emptying iheir revolvel-s into tho flying crowd as they went, and following their skot3 with their clubs they J cleared tho street in less than threo minutes of nil cnm rim r?nr?fl ?nrl wounded. From alley, gutter and hallway came deep groans | and curses. Is is estimated that twenty of the crowd | were killed and about 150 wounded. An Anarchist named Kistler was killed by tho bomb. Besides Officer Degan, killed outright, tho policemen who died of their wounds were J. J. Barrett, George Miller, Timothy Flanihan, Michael Shechan, Thomas Reddin and Neil Hansen. After tho dispersion of tho mob came the saddest scenes of tho occasion. The dead and wounded policemen wcro rapidly conveyed to the station, the latter mado as comfortable as possible and surgeons called; but not before their wives and near relatives hurried there, for bad news flies fast. The tears of some, tho sobs and loud cries of others, tho groans, tho gashes, tho blood and mangled bodies?all these formed a sccno to wring tho hearts of tho pitiful. Within a few weeks Chicago had contributed $70,000 for the care of the wounded polico and tho relief of their families and those of tho dead. The bomb used is said to have been of tho samo pattern used to kill tho czar of Russia, and is very well shown in tho initial letter cut of this account It was mado of composition metal cups fastened together nearly in tho form of a sphere with a bolt and nut'. ARREST-TRIAL-CONVICTION. On tho day after the tragedy the police descended on every known Anarchist resort in Chicago and arrested every suspected man; beforo morning many had been dragged from their beds. Ever}" ono in Tho Arbeiter Zeitung office was arrested: August Spies, editor in chiof; Christ Spies, his brother; Michael Schwab, associate editor; Mrs. Elizabeth May Holmes, editorial contributor; eighteen printers, two reporters and two messengers. Rudolph Schnaubelt, who, it was afterward claimed, threw tho bomb, was among thoso arrested, but JU \ tho evidence f| _ against him was w| ^S?V TOgyj l not deemed sufB- ?/* Jj cient to hold him \si , J and he was re- Nk leased. Ho immediatoly left Ameri- /( ytyfiji, ca and is now sup-^<^ A \ posed to bo in Ger- % many. Adolph yl Fischer was ono of tho printers, and on v J his person when ar- m]KOiv>ii rested wcro found V Pf1 ^C"' P a 44-calibcr revolver and a peculiar knife mado from a flat file. All were released after tho inquest except Schwab, Fischer and August Spies. Tho condemned and some othera wero held without bail. May 17, tho grand jury mot and listened to a charge by the lato Judge Rogers; on the 27th they handed in indictments against the men since condemned and Anton Hirschburger and John Apel besides. On making up his case the prosecutor nollied tho indictments against the last TWo, tho evidence being insufficient. On tho 21st of Juno the trial began before Judge Gary. Threo woclcs and three days wero consumed in making up a jury; 1,281 talesmen wero examined, both sides exhausting every power the law gavo them. Tho names of the jury were as follows: Frank S. Osborne, foreman; James II. Cole, Scott G. Randall, Theodoro E. Denker, Clmrlcs D. Todd, Andrew Hamilton, Charles A. Ludwig, James IL Brayton, Alanson H. Reed, John B. Grenier, George W. Adams, Howard T. Sanford. Tho trial lasted from July 15 to Aug. 20 in elusive and attracted the attention of the civilized world?scarcely more by the importance of tho issues than by tho abilities of the counsel. On behalf of tho state appeared States Attorney Julius S. Grinnell, assisted by Messrs. Frank Walker, Edmund Furthmart and George C. Ingham; for the accused, Capt. W. P. Black, Moses Salomon, W. A. Foster and Sigmund Zeisler. ^ The jury THE TRIAL. ^ ^ ^ retired at 3:80 p. m., and at 10 a. m. next day, Aug. 20, returned a verdict of guilty " < ! r\ Pnn/1 nnfn Vm'fVk O COn+onrtft CLgtUllDU Uil CUD UCiCliucuiiO) "iwi c* owuiwuvaj ut fifteen years in the penitentiary for Oscar Neebe, and death for the other seven. The trial began and ended with sensations. On the first day A. R. Parsons, who had escaped and been in hiding, walked into tha courtroom, announced his voluntary surrender and took his place in the dock with his friends. At the close, when asked by the court if they had aught to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced, they all mado long addresses, those of Parsons and Fielden being the best. That of Spies consisted of pleading and defiance, reasoning on liberty and quotations from Scripture. In the course of his remarks he spoke of Christ as a Socialist. Schwab and Neebe gave arguments against tho regularity of the trial. Fielden excited some astonishment by saying: "The great Socialist, Jesus Christ, said 1,900 years ago: 'Bettor that ninety-nine guilty men should go unpunished than that* one innocent man should suffer.'" Judge Gary then sentenced tho seven men to bo hanged. APPEALS TO HIGHER COURTS. The usual application for a ne v trial was filed and the entire method of tho trial reargued for several days. The application being refused, an appeal was taken to tho supreme court of Illinois, and once more tho whole caso was thoroughly argued. It is needless to detail the legal steps; sufUco it that so much time was consumed that tho caso did-not reach tho supremo court till March 17, 1SS7. Then Messrs. Grir.ncll, Walker, Ingham and Attorney General Hunt, for tho state, and Messrs. Black, Salomon, Zcisler and Leonard Swett, for the defense, discussed tho issues es to whether tho court below had erred, whether tho Anarchists had been legally condemned to death for mere conspiracy, whether tho jury was properly constituted and many others. Tho weight of argument before tho supremo court turned upon tho proper con ifisntecR*'0SUPREME COURT ILLINOIS, struction of tho two sections in tho revised statutes of Illinois (chapter 38, div. 2, sections 2 and 3), which abolish tho previous distinction between principal and accessory, and provide that any ono who, "not being prossent, hath advised, encouraged, aided or abetted, * * * shall be considered us principal anil * * * may bo punislic<l as i such, whether tho principal is convicted or not." On tho 1-lth of September tho court rendered an opinion, which fills twenty-ono closely printed columns, and is an exhaustive exposition of tho law, fully confirming tho decision of tho court below. And so the prisoners wcro sentenced *to bo hanged on the 11th of November, 1S87. Another hopo remained. Gen. Roger A. Pryor, Gen. Benjamin F.Butler arid Hon. Randolph Tucker wero employed as experts in constitutional law, and an nppeal made to tho supromo court of tho United States, the chief allegation being that tho accused had not been trial by an "impartial jury," as required by tho national constitution. Tho revised statutes of Illinois permit the choice of a juryman who has formed an opinion from reading newspaper accounts of the case, provided ho makes oath that his opinion is not such cm could not bo overthrow!, by evidence, 'i question of the taking of a letter without arrant from Spies' desk was also brought up. Tho supremo court of the United States rendered its decision on tho 2d of November, holding, in briof, that the jury law of Illinois does not contravene any provision of tho national constitution, and that tho question as to whether the stato constitution and laws had been strictly observed was one for the stato courts alone. Tho court confined itself very strictly to the case before it, entering into tho general questions raised only so far as absolutely necessary. But two points, therefore, were passed upon in regard to the amendments. Tho court held that tho first ten amendments limit the powers of the Federal government, not tho powers of a state over its citizens; and that the Fourteenth amendment has not changed the rulo in -that respect. In all other matters the court holds PROSECUTING ATTORNET3. that it lias no jurisdiction, as tho questions as to violating tho national constitution were not raised or argued in the Illinois court. Therefore, a writ of error could not issue. Of the various appeals and petitions and meetings protesting against tho execution of tho Anarchists we have not room to speak at length. Spies and ^ Parsons havo writ- ^ ten autobiog- /&$? >*?* A raphies, and the \ condemned men, IrV> their families and KF(y rA Miss Nina Van LpA Zandt, who mar- IwbJ ried Spies by ""si \ proxy, have been 'y&daSMJ/Jr since the tragedy. sons, who has/r worked so hard MNuJF i for her husband's 5Wrtj,rv- I" 15Op life, has become " of fook foil/ifr personally known ' in many cities by reason of her speeches in his behalf. Mrs. Schnaubelt, mother of tho alleged bomb thrower, and Mrs. Schwab, her daughter, were recently brought into special prominence by reason of the elder lady's visit to America and the rumor that she had brought with her a full statement of tho facts in the case from her son. Spies, Fielden and Schwab finally Bigned petitions for commutation. All these things can only bo alluded to here. Among other cuts wo give a portrait of Sheriff Matson, of Cook county, Ills., who, by virtue of his office, has charge of all executions in Chicago. THE CONDEMNED MEN. Brief biographical sketches of tho condemned are here given: August Theodore Vincent Spies (pronounced Spees) is credited with being the brains of tho movement. He has given his experience in an autobiography which is regarded as the work of a genius by his friends, and as "eloquent insanity in print" by those who are opposed to him. He was born Dec. 10, 1855. in the "old robbers' castle fl COUNSEL FOIt DEFENSE. of Landeck," central Germany; one of his early playthings was an old torture rack with which the nobles used to extort money from Jews or "regulate" the peasants, and his favorite haunt in childhood was on the edge of a deep Chasm *?a. ? ' -t- *!.? mWaw UnHAna /-? th H/lttT I lUtO WfllUIl LiiU lUUUCi UtWUUO UOVU vw miu? mu pretty girls of the village" whom they had kidnaped and of whom they had tired. There he grew up, and thence he came to America to teach the Anarchistic doctrine, reaching the new world in 2872 and Chicago a year later. There he worked as an upholsterer for a number of years. He first showed an interest in the theories of Socialism in 1875, and in 1877 joined himself to the Lehr und Wehr-Verein. He was attached to The Arbeiter Zeitung in 1880 and succeeded Paul Grottkau as editor in chief in 1881. Everybody remembers the attachment that sprung up between him and Miss Nina Van Zandt during the trial, and which resulted.in their marriage "by proxy." Samuel Fielden was born in Todmorden, Lancashire, England, in 1847. Ho grew up to be a laborer and a Methodist field preacher. In 1808 he came to America, and soon located in Chicago, where fie joined the Liberal league in 1880; there he met Spies and Parsons, and thereafter grew rapidly into anarchial views. Save him and ParBons, all the condemned are Germans. Albert R. Parsons is the only native American among the condemned men. Born in Alabama in 1848 and early left an orphan, he was reared by his brother, who was afterwards the noted Confederate general, W. II. Parsons. He served in the Confederate artillery when but 14 years old; but after the war he became a Republican, and in 1872 married a woman "suspected of having negro blood in her veins," for which his brother disowned him. Before this he had been first a printer on The Galveston (Tex.) News and late editor of The Waco (Tex.) Spectator. Because of this marriage he was obliged to leave Texas, and locating in Chicago he worked in various printing offices, but after a time became a professional labor agitator; was at one time master workman of District Assembly 34, Knights of Labor, and was president of the trades assembly for three years. lie was nominated for the presidency by the Socialistic party in 1880, but declined, as he was not then 85 years of age. In 1888, at Pittsburg, he helped frame the platform of the International Working People's association. He was named for city clerk of Chicago by tho Socialists In 18SS, and became editor of The Alarm, the organ of the "American Group," a year later. PARSONS. F|Stv^R' SPIE9ENGEL. SCHWAB. FIELDEN' Louis Lingg, who Is convicted of having made the bombs, is but 22 years old and cannot speak English. Ho is said to have been expelled from Germany, where ho was born, for conspiracy. Michael Schwab is a native of Manheim, Germany, was born in 1653 and was educated in a convent. Coming to America in 1879, he worked for a time at tho book binders' trade. He becamo connected with Tho Arbeiter Zeitung at the same tijno as Spies. George Engel was born in Cassel, Germany, in IM*, receiveu a common scuooi euucuuon,iesmeu the printers' trade and came to America in 1873. A year later he located in Chicago, where he soon embraced Socialism and became' an Anarchist. He established the "Northwest Group" in 1883. Adolph Fischer is about 80 years of age and is a German. He came to America when a lad and learned the printers' trado with his brother, who published a German weekly at Nashville, Tenn. later Adolph edited and published The Little Rock (Ark.) Staats Zeitung, which he sold in 1881. Then ho worked at his trade In St. Louis and Chicago. He sometimes accused Spies and Schwab of being too mild, and at one time established Der Anarchist, a paper intended to supplant The ArbelMr Zeitung. Oscar Neebe, who received a sentenco of fifteen years In the state prison, is also a middle aged German. THE ANARCHISTS' SIDE. Perhaps the best possible summary of tho Anarchists' defense of their action and their belief is found in tho letters addressed by the condemned to Governor Oglesby, of Illinois, extracts from which are given: FISCHER'S LETTER. Cooz County Jail, Chicago, Nov. 1,1887. To Mr. R. J. Oglesby, Governor of the State of Illinois: Dear Sib?i am aware that petitions are being circulated and signed by the general public askInv ran fa tba aanfnnpo nf rlnnth was Inflicted upon me by a criminal court of this State. Ahent this action of a sympathizing and well meaning portion of the people, I solemnly declare that It has not my sanction. As a man of honor, as a man of conscience and as a man of principle, I cannot accept mercy. I am not guilty of the charge in the indictment?of murder. I am no murderer, and cannot apologize for an action of which I know I am innocent. And should I ask "mercy" on account of my principles, which X honestly believe to bo true and noble? No. I am no hypocrite, and have, therefore, no excuses -jtaseffer with regard to being an Anarchist, befh$ ginprience? ?f the past eighteen months SwreraSly^etMngthened my convictions. The question is, Am I responsible for the death of the policemen at the Haymarket? and I say no, unless you assert that every Abolitionist could have been held responsible for the deeds of John Brown. ? History repeats itself. As the powers that be have at all times thought that they could stem the progressive tide by exterminating a few "kickers," so do the ruling class o" today imagine that they can put a stop to the movement of labor emancipation by hanging a few of its advocates. Progress in its victorious march has had to overcome many obstacles which seemed invincible, and many of its apostles have died the death of martyrs. The obstacles which bar the road of progress today seem to be invincible, too, but they will be overcome nevertheless. At all times when the condition of society has become such tba. a large portion of the people complained of the existing injustice, the ruling classes have denied the truth of these complaints, but have said that the discontent of the portion of the people in question was due only to the "pernicious influence" of "malicious agitators." Today, again, some people assert that the "d?<J afjltators" are the cause'of the inmtense dtesattefaction among the working people. Oh, you people who speak thus, can you not, ot will you not read the signs of the times? Do you not see that the clouds on the social Armament are thickening? Are you not, for instance, aware that the control of Industry and of the means of transportation, etc., is constantly concentrating in fewer hands; that the monopolists, i. e., the sharps among the capitalists, swallow the little ones among them; that "trusts," "pools," and other combinations are l>eing formed in order to more thoroughly and systematically fleece the people; that under the present system the development of technic and machineiy is from year to year throwing more workmen on the wayside; that in some parts of this great and fertile land a majority of the farmers are obliged to mortgage their homes in order to satisfy the greed of monstrous corporations; that, in short, the rich are constantly growing richer and the poor poorer. Yes, and do you not comprehend that all these evils And their origin in the present institution of society which allows one portion of the human race to build fortunes upon the misfortunes of others?to enslave their fellow men? Instead of trying to remedy these evils, and instead of ascertaining just what the cause of the widening dissatisfaction is, the ruling classes, through their mouthpieces?press, pulpit, etc.? dSfamfe and misrepresent the character, teachings and motives or the advocates of social reconstruction, and use the rifle and the club on them, and, if the opportunity is favorable, send them to the gallows and prisons. Will this do any good? As an answer I may as well quote the" following words with which Benjamin Franklin closed his satirical essay, "Rules for Reducing a Great Empire to a Small One," which he dedicated to the English government in 1776: "Suppose all their (the 'kickers') complaints to be invented and promoted by a few factious demagogues, whom if you could catch and hang all would be quiet. Catch and hang a few accordingly and the blood of the martyrs shall work miracles in favor of your purpose" (L e., your own ruin). \ ^ / INTERIOR OP THE JAIL. So I say society may hang a number of disci pies of prepress who nave disinterestedly servea the cause of the sons of toil, which is the cause of humanity, but their blood will work miracles in bringing about the downfall of modern society and in hastening the birth of a new era of civilization. Magna est Veritas et prevalcbet. Adolfh Fischer. LOUIS LINGO'S LETTER. To Mr. R. J. Oglesby, Governor of Illinois: Anent the fact that the progressive and liberty loving portion of the American people are endeavoring to prevail upon you to interpose your prerogative in my case. I feel impelled to declare, with my friend and comrade Parsons, that I demand either liberty or death. If you are really a servant of the people according to the constitution of the country, then you will, by virtue of your office, unconditionally release me. Referring to the general and Inalienable rights of men, I nave called upon the disinherited and oppressed masses to oppose the force of their oppressors?exercised by armed enforcement of infamous laws, enacted in the interest of capital? with force, in order to attain a dignified and manly existence by securing the full returns of their labor. This?and only this?is the crime which was proven against me, notwithstanding the employment of periured testimony on the part of the state. And tnis crime is guaranteed not only as a right, but as a duty, by the American constitution, the representative of which you are supposed to be in the state of Illinois. But if you are not the representative of tho constitution, like the great majority of office holders, a mere tool of the monopolists or a specific political clique, you will not encroach upon the thirst for bloou displayed by the extortioners, because a mere mitigation or the ver diet would be cowardice and a proof that the ruling classes which you represent are themselves abashed at the monstrosity of my condemnation, and, consequently, of their own violation of the most sacred rights of the people. Your decision in that event will not only judge me, but also yourself and those whom you represent. Judge, then. Locis Lisa a. * P. 8.?In order to be sure that this letter will come to your official notice, I will send you the original manuscript as a registered letter. L. L. GEORGE ENGEL'S LETTER. Dear Sir?I, George Engel, citizen of the United States and of Chicago, and condemned to death, learn that thousands of citizens petition you, as the highest executive officer of the state of Illinois, to commute my sentence of death to imprisonment. I protest emphatically against this on the following grounds: I am not aware of having violated any laws of this country. In my firm belief in the constitution which the founders of this republic bequeathed to this people, and which remains unaltered, I have exercised the right of free speech, free press, free thought and free assemblage, as guaranteed by the constitution, and have criticised the existing condition of society and succored my fellow citizens with my advice, which I regard as the right of every honest citizen. The experience which I have had in this country, during the fifteen years that I have lived here, concerning the ballot and the administration of our public functionaries who have become totally corrupt, have eradicated my belief in the existence of equal rights of poor and rich, and the action of the public officers, police and militia have produced the firm belief in me that these conditions cannot last long. In accordance with this experience -1 have taught and advised. This I have done in good faith of the rights which are guaranteed by the constitution, and, not being conscious of my guilt, the "powers that be" may murder me. but they cannot legally punish me. I protest ngamst a commutation of my sentence, and demand either liberty or death. I renounce any kind of mercy. Respectfully, George Enoel. spies' defense. The defense of August Spies may bo found in many sentences of his letters to Miss Van Zandt and others, and in his biography and his notable address to the court before sentence was pronounced. In the latter he said, among other things: "Your honor, I speak as the representative o> one class to the representative of another. I will begin with the words uttered bv the Venetian i (logo Falleri to the council of teriT 'My'defenso Is your accusation; the causes of my alleged crime your history.' " A .little later he says: "The contemplated murder of eight men, whose only crime is that they have dared to speak the truth, may open the eyes of the suffering millions, may wake them up. Indeed, I have noticed that our conviction has worked miracles in this direction already." "We have interpreted to the people their conditions and relations in society. We have explained to them the different social phenomena of the social laws and circumstances under which they occur. We have, by way of scientific investigation, incontrovertibly proved and brought to their knowledge that the system of wages is the root of the social iniquities?iniquities so monstrous that they cry to heaven, we have further said that the wage system, as a specific form of social development, would by the necessity of logic have to make room for higher forms of civilization; that it was preparing the way for a social system of co-operation?that is, socialism." ferial THE NINE OF HEARTS. 11Y B. L. FAHJEON. PART THE THIRD. the mystery of tiie nine of hearts.. "From Mr. Bainbridge, Q. C., to Archibald Laing, Esq.: "Dear Sir: Lust night I received your cable from Pittsburg, and sent you a message in reply, accepting the commission with which you have been pleased to intrust me. This morning I called upon Messrs. Morgan & Co., bankers, Threadneedle street, and learned from them that they were prepared to advance me the $10,000 of which you advised mc. I drew upon them for that amount, and received from them a notification that they would honor my further drafts upon them thfi moment they were drawn. I asked them whether, in the event of my desiring to draw, say ?5,000, I was at liberty to do so. They said yes, for even a larger amount if I required it. I did not explain to them the reason of my asking the question, but I will do so to you. It has happened, in difficult cases, that information has had to be purchased, and that a bribe more or less tempting has had to be held out to some person or persons to unlock their tongues. I have no reason to suppose that anything of the sort ill it.:^ win uu ucucssoij hi tins cust, but I wish to feel myself perfectly free in the matter. I am satisfied with your bankers' replies, and I shall spare neither money nor exertion in the endeavor to unravel the mystery which surrounds the death of Mrs. Edward Layton. "It is scarcely possible you can be aware of it, but it is nevertheless a fact that, apart from my professional position in this matter, I take in it an interest which is purely personal, and tfiat my sympathies arc in unison with your own. Were it not that I have had some knowledge of Mr. Layton, and that I esteem him, and were it not that I firmly believe in his innocence I should perhaps have hesitated to engage myself in his case, and you will excuse my saying that your liberal views upon the subject of funds might have failed to impress me. It is, therefore, a matter of congratulation that I enlist myself on Mr. Layton's side as much upon personal as upon professional grounds. The time has been too short for anything yet to be done, but it will be a satisfaction to you to learn that I have a Blight clew to work upon. It is very slight, very frail, but it may lead to something important. Your desire for a full and complete recital of my movements shall be complied with, and I propose, to this er'1, and for the purpose of coherent and explicitness, to forward the particulars to you from time to time, not in the form of letters, but in narrative shape. This mode of giving you information will keep me more strictly to the subject matter, and will be the means of avoiding digression. After the receipt, therefore, of this letter, what I have to say will go forth under numbered headings, not in my own writing, but in that of a short hand reporter, whom I shall specially employ. I could not myself undertake such a detailed and circumstantial account as I understand is your desire to obtain. Besides, it will save time, which may be of great value in the elucidation of this mystery. "I am, dear sir, faithfully yours, "Horace Bainbridge." I. What- struck me particularly In your cable message was that portion of it in which you made reference to a Mr. James Rutland. It happens, singularly enough, that this Mr. James Rutland was on the jury, and that he was the one juryman who held out in Mr. Layton's favor, and through whose unconquerable determination not "to bring him in guilty has arisen the necessity for a new trial. Eleven of the jury were for a conviction, one only for an acquittal?this one, Mr. Rutland. The first thing to ascertain was his address, which you could not give me. However, we have engines at our hand whereby such small matters are easfly arrived at, and on the evening of the day after the arrival of your cable message I was put in possession of the fact that Mr. Rutland lives in Wimpole street. I drove there immediately and sent up my card. "I have called upon you, Mr. Rutland," I said, with respect to Mr. Edward Layton's case, in the hope that you may be able to give me some information by which he may be benefited." Mr. Rutland is a gentleman of about CO years of age. lie has a benevolent face, and I judged him, and I think judged him correctly, to be a man of a kindly nature. Looking upon him, there was no indication in his appearance of a dogged disposition, and I lost sight for a moment of the invincible tenacity with which he had adhered to his opinion when he was engaged upon the trial with his fellow jurymen. However, his conduct during this interview brought it to my mir.d. "It is a thousand pities," he said, in response to my opening words, "that Mr. Layton refused to accept professional assistance and advice. I was not the only one upon the jury who failed to understand Ins reason for so doing." "It is indeed," I observed, "inexplicable, and I am in hopes that you may be able to throw some light upon it. I have come to you for assistance." "I can give you no information," was Pit; ronlv! "T cannot. nssist von " "May I spoak to you in confidence?" I asked. "Yes," he said, "although I have nothing to tell. To any but a gentleman of position I should refuse to enter into conversation upon this lamentable aiTair: and indeed it will be useless for us to converse upon it. As I have already said, 1 have nothing to tell you." This iteration of having nothing to say and nothing to tell was to me suspicious, not so much from the words in wnich the determination was conveyed as from the tone in which they were spoken, '.t was flurried, anxious, uneasy: a plain indication that Mr. James Rutland say something if lie chose. "Speaking in confidence," I sr.'a taking no outward notice of his evideLt reluc* tahcc to assist me, "I think I am right in my conjecture that you believe in Mr. Luyton's innocence." "I decline to say anything upon the matter," was ms rejoinucr iu mis rumark. I "We live in an age of publicity," I observed, without irritation; "it is diflicult i to keep even one's private affairs to one's j self. What used to be hidden from public. < gaze and knowledge is now exposed and freely discussed by strangers. You are doubtless aware that it is known that ] there were eleven of the jury who pronounced Mr. Lnyton guilty, and only one who pronounced hint innocent." "I was not," he said, "and am not < aware that it is known." ! "It is nevertheless a fact," I said, "and it is also known that you, Mr. Rut- i land, are the juryman who held out in 1 Mr. Lay ton's favor." * "Those matters should not be revealed," < he muttered. 1 "Perhaps not," I said, "but we must go with the age in which we live. Mr. 1 I&yton's cuse lias eSfcitert the greatest interest. The singulur methods he adopted during so momentous a crisis in his life, and the unusual termination of the judicial inquiry, have intensified that interest, and I have not the slightest doubt that there will he a great deal said and written upon the subject." "Which should not be said and written," muttered Mr. Rutland. "Neither have I the slightest doubt," I continued, "that your name will be freely used, and your motives for not waiving your opinion when eleven men were against you freely discussed. We ore speaking here, if you will allow me to say so, as friends of the unfortunate man, and I have no hesitation in declaring to you that I myself believe in his innocence." He interrupted me. "Then, if you had been on the jury, you would not have yielded to the opinions of eleven, or of 1,100 men?" He spoke eagerly, and I saw that it would be a satisfaction to him to obtain support in his view of the case. "I am not so sure," I said; our private opinion of a man when he is placed before his country charged with a crime has nothing whatever to do with the evidence brought against him. Let us suppose, for instance, that you have*beeu at some time or other, under more fortunate circumstances, acquainted with Mr. Layton." "Who asserts that?" he cried, much disturbed. "No person that I am aware of," I replied.* I am merely putting a case, and I will prove to you presently that I have a reason for doing so. Say, I repeat, that under more fortunate circumstances you were acquainted with Mr. Layton, and that you had grown to esteem him. What has that purely personal view to do with your functions as a juryman?" "Mr. Bainbridge," he said, "I do not wish to be discourteous, but I cannot continue this conversation." "Nay," I urged, "a gentleman's life nnrl tinnnr nrn nt. ctnlrp and T am PT1 deavoring to befriend him. I am not the only one who is interested in him. There are others, thousands of miles away across the seas, who are desirous and anxious ta make a sacrifice, if by that sacrifice they can clear the honor of a friend. See, Mr. Rutlund, I will place implicit confidence in you. Last night I received a cable from America, from Mr. Archibald Laing." "Mr. Archibald Laing!" he cried, taken . by surprise. "Why, he and Mr. Lay ton were" But he suddenly stopped, as though feurful of committing himself. "Were once friends," I said, finishing the sentence for him, and, I was certain, finishing it aright. "Yes, I should certainly say so. Read the cable I received." Aud I handed it to him. At first he seemed as if he were disinclined, but he could not master his curiosity, and after a slight hesitation he read the message; but he handed it back to me without remark. "Mr. Archibald Laing," I said, "as I dare say you have heard or read, is one of fortune's favorites. He left this country three or four years ago, and settled in America?where, I believe, he has taken out letters of naturalization?and plunged into speculation which has made him a millionaire. No further evidence than his cable message is needed to prove that he is a man of vast means. Why does ho ask me to apply to you for information concerning Mr. Layton which I may probably turn to that unhappy gentleman's udvantage:'" "I was but slightly acquainted with Mr. Laing," said Mr. Rutland. "He and I were never friends. I repeat once more that I have nothing to tell you." I recognized then that I was in the presence of a man who, whether rightly or wrongly, was not to be moved fro.n any decision at which he had arrived, and I understand thoroughly the impossible task set before eleven jurymen to win him over to their convictions. "Can I urge nothing," I said, "to induce you to speak freely to me?" "Nothing," he replied. I spent another quarter of an hour endeavoring to prevail upon him, but in the result I left his house no wiser than I had entered it, except that I was convinced he knew something which he was doggedly concealing from me. I did not think it was anything of very great importance, but it might at least be a clew that I could work unon. and I was both discouraged and annoyed by his determined attitude. On the following morning, having paved the way to further access to Mr. Edward Layton, I visited the unhappy man in his prison. He was unaffectedly glad to see me, and he took the opportunity of expressing his cordial thanks for the friendliness I had evinced toward him. I felt it necessary to be on my guard with him, and I did not, thus early, make any endeavor to prevail upon him to accept me as his counsel in the new trial which awaited him. There were one or two points upon which I wished to assure myself, and I approached them gradually and cautiously. ' Are you aware," I said, "of the extent of the disagreement among the jury?" "Well," he replied, "we hear something even w>thin these stone walls. I am told that ..even were against me and one for me." "Yes," I said, "that is so." "A bad lookout for me when I am tried again, Mr. Bainbridge," he said, "it is very kind of you to visit me here, and 1 think you do so with friendly Intent." "Indeed," I said, it is with friendly intent." "Is it of any use," he then said, "for me to declare to you that I am innocent of the horrible charge brought against me?" "I don't know," I said, "whether it is of any use or not, because of the stand yon have taken and seemed determined to take." "Yes," he said, "upon my next trial 1 shall defend myself, as I did on my last. I will accept no legal assistance whatever. Still, as a matter of interest and curiosity ?looking upon myself, as if I were somebody else?tell me frankly your own opinion." t "Frankly and honestly," I replied, "I believe you to be an innocent man." "Thank you," ho said, and I saw the tears rising in ms eyes. 1 "Do you happen," I said presently, "to know the name of the juryman who was ( in your favor?" ; "Xo," he replied, "I am quite ignorant of the names of the jurymen." I "But they were called over before the j trial commenced." "Yes, that is the usual course, I believe, ] but I did not hear their names. Indeed, I paid no heed to them. Of what interest would they have been to me? Twelve . strangers were twelve strangers; one was , 110 different from the other." "They were all strangers to you?" I asked, assuming a purposed . carelessness j of tone. 1 "Yes, every one of them." "And you to them?" j "I suppose so. How could it have been , otherwise?" , "But when they finally came back into , court, and the foreman of the jury stated that they could not agree, you seemed ( surprised." t "Were you watching me?" he asked, j suspiciously. t "Do you not think it natural," I said, i in reply, "that every person's eyes at that moment should be turned upon you?" ( "Of course, 'he said, recovering him- s self?"quite natural. 1 should have done < the same myself had I been in a better ( place than the dock. Well, I was sur- t prised; I fully anticipated a verdict of c guilty." . t "And," I continued,' "although you t may not remember it, you leaned forward c siiid gazed at the jury with au appearance 1 af eagerness." [ "I remember that I did so," he said; "it was an impulsive movement on ray part-." c "Did you recognize any among them j svhose face was familiar to you?" c "Xo; to tell you the truth I could not listinguish their faces, I am so short J sighted." ' c "But you had your glasses hanging round your neck. Wliy did you not use y them?" t It amazed me to hear him laugh at this c question. It was a gentle, kindly laugh, v but none the less was I astonished at it. l "You lawyers are so sharp," he said, f "that there is scarcely, hiding anything d from you. Be careful what questions you ask me, or I shall be compelled"? and here his voice grew sad?"to beg of you not to come again." I held myself well within control, although his admonition startled me, for I had it in my mind to ask him something concerning the surprise he had evinced when the nine of hearts was produced from the pockets of his ulster; and I had it also in my mind to ask him whether he was acquainted, either directly or indirectly, with Mr. James Rutland. His caution made me cautious; his wariness made me wary; I seemed to be pitted against him in a friendly contest in which I was engaged in his interests, and he was engaged against them. "I will be careful," I said; "yon must not close yoi r floor against me, aitnougn It Is, unhappily, a prison door. I am here truly as a sympathizing friend. Look upon me in that light, and not in the light of a professional man." "You comfort me," he said. "Although I may appear to you careless and indifferent, you know well enough it is impossible that I can be so; you know that I must be tearing my heart out in the terrible position in which I have been forced by ruthless circumstance. Make no mistake; I am myself greatly to blame for what has occurred. It has been forced upon me by my sense of honor and right and truth. Why, life once spread itself before mo with a prospect so glad, so beautiful, that it almost awed me! But, after all, if a man.beurs within him the assurance that he is doing what he is in honor bound to do, surely that should be something! There?you see what you have forced from me. Yes, I did look eagerly forward when I heard the jury could not agree. At least there was one man there who believed me to be innocent, and without the slightest knowledge of him I blessed him for the belief." Ho gazed round with the air of a man who was fearful that every movement he made was watched and observed by enemies, and then he said, in a low tone: "I need a friend." I replied instantly, following the tone that he had used: "I am here; I will be your friend." "It is a simple service I require," he said; "I have a letter about me which I wish to be posted. What it contains concerns no one whom you know. It is my anair, ana mine oniy, ana ratner inan make it another man's I would be burned at the stake, though we don't live in such barbarous times; and then he added, with a sigh, "but they are barbarous enough." "I will post the letter for you," I said. He looked me in the face, a long, searching, wistful look, and as he gazed, I saw in his eyes a nobility of spirit which drew me as close to him in sympathy and admiration as I had ever been drawn in my life to any man. "Dare I trust you?" he said, still preserving his low tone. "But if not you, whom can I trust?" "You may trust me," I said; "I will post the letter for you faithfully." "Not close to the prison," he said. "Not in this district. Put it into a pillar box at some distance .from this spot." "1 will do as you desire." "Honestly and honorably?" he said. "Honestly," I responded, "and honorably, as between man and man." "You are a good fellow," he said, "I will trust you. I can never hope to repay you, but one day, perhaps, you may live to be glad that you did me even this slight service." And he slipped the letter into my harfd, which I as secretely slipped into my pocket. Then I said: "May I come to see you again?" "Do. You have lightened the day for me?and many a day in addition to this!" Soon afterward I left him. I was honorably careful in the carrying out of his directions. I did not take the letter from my pocket until I was quite three miles from the prison, and then I put it into a pillar box; but before I deposited it there I looked at the address. Layton had not extracted a promise from me that I should not do so, and I will not say, therefore, whether, if he had, I should have violated it. I was engaged, against his will and wish, in his vital interests, and I might have broken such a promise; however that may be my surprise was overwhelming when I saw that his letter was addressed to "Miss Mabel Rutland, 32 Lavender Terrace, South Kensington." Rutland! Why, that was the name of the one juryman who had held out upon Layton's trial, and from whom I had vainly endeavored to obtain some useful information! Of all the cases I had been ontrnfTAfl in thin nrnmfKpd to hft not nnlv the most momentous, but the most pregnant and interesting. Rutland! Rutland! Had it been a common name, such as Smith or Jones, I might not have been so stirred. It was no choice coincidence. I was on the track, and with all the powers of my intellect I determined to carry it to a successful issue Cable message from Mr. Bainbridge, London, to Mr. Archibald Laing, United States: "Who is Miss Mabel Rutland, and is there any relationship between her and Mr. James Rutland? Also, in what relation does she stand to Edward Layton? Can you give me any information respecting the nine of hearts?" Cable message from Mr. Archibald Laing, United States, to Mr. Bainbridge, London: "Miss Mabel Rutland is the niece of Mr. James Rutland. She and Mr. Edward Layton were once engaged to be married. The breaking off of the engagement caused great surprise, as they were deeply in love with each other. I do not understand your reference to the nine of hearts." Cable message from Mr. Bainbridge to Mr. Archibald Laing: "The nine of hearts I refer to is a playing card. I have reasons for asking." Cable message from Mr. Archibald Laing to Mr. Bainbridge: "I know nothing whatever concerning the nine of hearts." [TO KB CONTINUED.] TEMPERANCE ITEMS. A surplus of saloons is the worst surplus we sutler from.?JV. Y. Tribune. There was not a single arrest for Irunkenness in the Shetland Isles last year. Norway has 650 total abstinence societies with a membership of 73,000. The idea is spreading. Many a man has ruined his eye-sight by sitting in the bar-room looking for work.?Kansas Record. A working-man's wife is a better depository of his nickels and dimes than is the saloon-keeper.?Cincinnati Telegram. It is stated that seventy-five thousand gallons of analine dye were shippod into l-alifornia in 1886, and were used in adulterating the wine made in the State. It is told that an Indian, on being reminded of the weakness of his race for ivhiskv, replied that although Indians ivould* drink it they were never bad jnough to make it.?(Jalveiston News. It is a singular phase of human nature hat when a man gives his wife a dime o buy a box of hair pins or a gum-ring 'or the baby it looks about seven times is big as when he planks it down for jitters.? Shoe and Leather Reporter. The address on nicaicme, una mu re:ent meeting of the British Medical Asicciation, was delivered by Prof. \V. T. jtairdner, of the University of Glasgow. )ne of the points touched upon was the ise of alcohol in fever. He said the contusion had been reached tha" alcoholic ftiinulants were not the only Icm, or he best form of alimentation in such :ases, but that milk was in reality the bod which is generally more easily digested, and moro conducive to success ban almostany other.?A". Y. Ledger. Twenty-five years ago John Grundy, >f Philadelphia, was one of the most exlertand prosperous of the marble cutters if that city. Then he went into politics, vas successful, and was elected aldernan for several terms. Then he took to Irinking, lost his office and his employnent, and became a rag-picker, and his vife was a rag-sorter until she became )lind and went to the poor-house. The ither day he staggered into his garret vith a whisky bottle, and four davs later lis dead and decomposed body was bund lying on the bed where he had lied.?Neu< York Sun.