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L ,?. ? . ; * , v, -' * -5"Tr.".?. > 4a?. fa ?. * -i i jf ,. . v^M^^^^^>Mraii^^lMg(3t-!r-..- tajBar '^J -- .v . .-, - ^ A'tAf iT . ,?. . : >"'.;J*<-.i?aiaiir -?^BKa, * > \r+ . . - " , . *. ?apP^H^ MijME.tT-, ^'-?<ggy6M8nw3yBi8y?iiwy^BHByr^' . J*. "'-*?s238fi "'' ^*<3S??M^ VOL. X.?New Series. UNION C. H., SOUTH CAROLINA, FEBRUARY 7j 1879 NUMBER 6. O&B GBAS8 AND 8TC0X AND LK88 CULTIVATION The crops are about housed, and notwithstanding we havo peace and plenty, we are not satisfied. Nobody has any money and everybody is in debt. The laborer says ho cannot work for less that his labor is worth as muoh now as it ever was, yet bo can buy moro with one day's wages than he ever > could wi'di t*vo, aud the query is, What is the land owfter to do ? Farmers must employ labor in the same ratio they get for their products ; for instance, half bushel of corn or three pounds of bacou a'.Tvays pai? for a day s work; and if it will not do it now, thingst "list come to a stand still.? J Qoihe farmers say they cannot pay tho jpri*5* C88. mad pttrjUir fb rout. AU. I have -Ao nay about Imis ia, I novof *M? a plantation ' * before the'war lu was improved by renting tft^Wnite noon, and I am confident I . n6Vi$9frill see one rented to the "hclter skelter negro" that will benefit tbe land or its owner. Therefore, I would say, audit . your accounts before the boginning of another year, and if tho products oblainod have cost more than their market value, change ^ your system at oncc. I have arrived at the conclusion that the best tenants I can have aro four-lcggcd ones, that will work day nud night, aud charge nothing, only to be well fed aud cared for. I belong to that class of farmers who make farming their occupation aud study, and the remedy for our evils is iu a change of plan rather than a change of occupation, therefore have no idea of abandoning the ship ; for if sho goes down, nil other occupations siuk with it. Many precious lives have been fretted out in the vain attempt to farm with demoralized free labor, on a credit or borrowed capital, to find each year plantations going to ruin, aud debts still more annoying. Now, instead of looking to the hoe and the plow for all money crops, let us try grass culture and stock raising, which requires very little labor, saves old fields from washing, improves laud, gives sure crops and large profits. Why not learu a lesson from old father Abraham ? lie would not have thought of employing men, at fifty cents per day and rations, to chop an hundred acre field of cotton; he would have turcd his cattle ou it to cat tho grass, and employed his time and talents to a less perplexing aud more remunerating branch of agriculture. Think of it, brother farmers. Will not money from plants that will grow twenty years willinilf flirt licit i\C flirt rtr Ka no nikUVW* V HVj UOV Vft 1 HVl ?*'/?/ V/ ft y IV H' J UV HO acceptable as that derived from wearing out our already impoverished lands ? The farmer who raises grass, stock and provisions, needs but few work auiinals ; his expenses for labor arc also small, while his income and independence is about as suro as the certainty that rain will fall and grass grow. Hut they say wo cannot grow grass Qicre ; when the truth is, trying to keep it drum growing, has nearly broken the last ?o*o of us, and the cry is, everybody in debt and no money. Now, brother farmers, I am raising grass and clover here in Johnston county, North Carolina, and I am pleased with my success so far. The past season, I seeded tweutyfivc acres ou the road in grass and clover, and I also planted a row of elms, two hundred yards, from my dweelling to the store and lot. Tho season was exceedingly hot and dry, and strange to say, many persons passing by, found out that some of the grass died (and they knew it would?this is net a grass country), and nobody found out that two-thirds of the elms di:d, and that this was not a tree country. Somebody said, in a swearing way, that I would have to sue a neighbor for trespassing 011 my grass hold, for he saw hiui pull up a bunch of broom straw in one of thoui. Now does that porfiou know that half of the cotton fields in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, would havo paid better in broom srtlyc than in cultivation. Now let us assume . ? (that one-half of tho land in cotton would iroakc half a balo or GOO pounds of socd cotton, at 2J conls, $15.00 Now '200 pounds guano, at 2? cents per pouud $5.00 Picking out' COO pounds at 50 cents per cwt 3.00 Quarter of (>00 pounds for rent, 150 pounds at 2J per cwt 3.75 Ginning and bnggfng, 2.00 $13.76 $13.75 $1.25 Wc have now one dollar and twentyfive cents to prepare the land, plant it, and cultivate it, and taking into consideration ?hc jnore cotton made the less the price, would it not be more profitable to havo had hal/' of it in broom sedge ? I sent* IV a four hundred pound bale of wool which brought one hundred dollars. I also sent off a four hundred pound bale of cotton, made on one acre which brought thirty dollars?tho wool cost mo the least to make it Statistics show that in the South during the last throe years, wool has paid GO per cent, for growing, while cotton has not paid f> per cent; but somebody says, what if everybody goes to raising grass and stock, what then? With ihe saino propriety might be asked, If everybody goes to Heaven what will become of the devil ? We havo the brain, and it is as necessary to work it as it is to work tho muscle, for as intelligent application is used and less actual labor, greater prosperity is found.? We must think more, and as an aid to better thinking, must road more, and . -ke our farms our constant, study. <!o, reader, aud verify this statement, and if found correct, be an advocate of a higher education for the farmer. The strugglo to accuuiulato money swiftly by raising expensive crops on extousivc areas by infor'.^r la. bor, is an inevitable failure. the rather hard up old "colored lady" said when she wont to tho commissary for rations, "If I | don't get no meat, but ?h ! i viivt <m vufreedom I has." So with grass fanners. If 'Vicy don't handle much money, there is a blessed quantity of comfort and pcaco of Iniud in it?the wind works it, the n;r feeds it, the dews and raius water it, and the stock gathors and manures it. Now, in couclusiou, I would adviBo farmers to ma.k* their supplies at . bouip, make fPfc ton tneir ^Surplus crop. It is oasy to prove on papec^hat gr,ain cannot be raised for its selling^ice, that no animal can bo ruised on the farm for its market value; yet we find that those who pursue that course do not house their crops in barns covered in mortgage deeds, nor live from year to year tho slave of necessity. Therefore burst these bonds that bind you, and arise to freedom and independence. Look only to your fields and your energies for your supplies. If you arc in debt, surrender your property ; don't undertake to borrow money at twenty per cent, until you learn to make Jour per cent, on that you havo already got iuvestcd. I heard a conversation the other day between a farmer and a shrewd mochauic, which is worthy of note. The mechanic contended he could not take less for the bugfry without selling the material for less than it cost him ; the farmer could not pay for it without taking less for his produce than it cost him to make it; therefore no trade. Deny yourselves and get out of debt, then wo will bo the happiest pooplc under tho sun.?A. J. IIeatii in Southern Planter and Farmer. Too Much Land.?We knew a farmer who, ten years ago, owned 0110 hundred and fifty acres, and was doing well; he now owns five hundred, and is worse off thau before. And why ??Because this large farm is a great bill of expense to him ; he cannot afford to keep it up iu good condition, aud it hangs a millstone of care about his neck, llis wife and children, both sons aud daughters, are obliged to work hard to keep the great machine running.? We presume his boys dcolura they will leave homo as they arc old enough ; and the girls say they will die before they will marry Taruicrs. Neither sons nor daughters are educated as they dcscrvo to be; they cannot be spared for this from work on tho big farm. Now we declare that such a farm is a curse to its possessor and his family, and an injury to the whole agricultural interest, if that man wants to save himself aud his household, he should sell at least one half of his land, improve the remainder to make it more productive, release his children from boudagc, and try to make his home a comfort, lie will live longer, lay up as good a property, and will train up a more intelligent and a happier fauiily.?Amcrican Ayriculturist. Cahraok Worm Remedy.?I will give you a sure remedy for the cabbage worm : Make a strong solution of lime water, pour it over the cabbage in the evening ; if the lime-water is made strong there will be no live worms left that the water touches.? Last fall I had a nice patch of cabbage infested with the worms. After trying all other remedies 1 could think of, I resorted io me lime-water, ana to tell tlie truth, expected to find my cabbago cooked next morning, but I was agreeably disappointed next morniug to find tho cabbage grecu and bright, and the worms laying all over the patch dead as a door-nail. . Incendiary Wasps.?Wasps used to be considered dangerous only on account of tho excellent facilities (hey possess for carrying on warfare, but it has been developed that they are dangerous in another way. An exchange has discovered that tho frequent mysterious burning of haystacks and farmers' buildings has led to the discovery that (hey are set on fire by wasps' nests, and that the nests are ignited by spontaneous combustion. This is said to be produced by the chemical action of tho wax in contact with the paper-like substanco of which the nest is composed, a comparatively small excess of oxygen being sullicient to make it burst forth in a blaze.? Therefore it remains for our citizens to seek and destroy these infernal machines. Chamomile.?A decoction of the leaves of common chamomile will destroy every species of insect, and nothing contributes SO IlUW'll to llift linnll.li /->(' o no O - - ... .. OO U number of chamomile plants dispersed through it. No green liouso or hot-house should ever be without it, in a green or dricded state; cither the stalks or (lowers will answer. It is a singular fact that if a plant is drooping and apparently dying in nine cases out of ten it will recover if you plant chamomile near it. .. #? . The immense number of worthless "cur dogs" to be found in all parts of Virginia is a disgrace to the people of the State and a burden upon every productive interest. Let. us all work together to remove it? Shirt 11 rrh'/linn in (rrri; cnttnfn.? S<>. Planter and Partner. WHITE LABOR.' One very important lesson that the resalt of tlio Viur has taught tho Southern people' that white men are capable of earning their bread by manual labor in the field as well as the negro. Numbers of worthy young mcu, reduced to the alternative of work or want, have resolutely taken hold of tho plow or hoo, and have learned what it is to do a day's work iu all weatkor with the best baud in the field. To-day many of these uieu are indopeudent; thoy have' learn jd to work ; more, they have loarned to manngo their farms suocesssfully ; and having learned this they are matters of the . situation by uatural right and result Tho 1 semblance arm snow of work wnich is onfyT half work, or hardly that;?and it is found 1 too that labor does not debase the character of a true man or disfigure his manly form?that work is healthful and n wondeiful developer of muscle, strength, and appetite. All this wa3 known indeed to many a white man in the South beforo Cuftce's emancipation, for thousands of men of Anglo Saxon descent were used to daily labor in tbc field before the war. And it was men of this class, who, at Appomattox, laying their weapons to rust on the field of carnage, returned to their desolated homes and went at once to brighten the plow in the field of labor, that taught the men of softer muscle who hesitated awhile that they could work too, if they would but try. Example is contagious, and the notion of Lee's veterans, who returned to their homes in April '05, and starting <Ic novo, succeeded in making a fair crop, iuspircd many an idle young man to attempt the same thing the following year, and the effort made iu general brought success. Every year since thcu has addqd more and more to the number of Southern farmers who arc at the same time their own overseer and laborer. Thus it cauie to be generally kuowu that the white man ran no extraordiuary risk at labor in the open field at any season anywhere in the Southern country. And this white labor has been gradually supcrcccding colored labor, till now wc should not be surprised if the number of the former who toil daily on the farm does not excoed the number of the latter. We do not mean that the white man is generally found uu niroirag ; uuuK??- ??> >U? nugpf j prefer to farm on their own hook, anil wc tind them to be the most successful and the most thrifty of all farmers. The success of white labor in the South will therefore no longer be a questionable one. After thirteen years' test the problem is answered in the affirmative, never more, wc trust, to be subject to doubt.? Let uouc now say ho cannot farm because lie is a white man. lie can it he will but try.?liurul Messn-gcr. A Mother's Influence.?It is hard for a young mother who has not yet overcome the wayward tendencies of her own ( youthful nnturc, to realize the influence she ' exerts over her little ones. She is contin- i ually surrounded by critical imitators, who copy both her moralsund her manners. As < the mother is, so are her sons aud daughters. < If a family of children arc blessed with an < intelligent mother, who is dainty and refined ' in her manners, aud docs not cousider it J necessary to he one woman in the parlor ' and an entirely different person in herevcry- i day life, but who is a true mother, and always a tender, charming woman, you will invariably see her habits of speech and pleasant manners repeated in her children. Great rough men, and noisy activo boys will always tone down their voices, and strive to stay quietly, and to be more mannerly, when she stops to give theui a kind word or a pleasant smile, for a true mother will never fail to do all the kiud and pleasant < things she can that will in any way help to I lift up and cheer those whose lives are sha* . ded with toil and care. The mother of to- s day rules the world of to-morrow. Think of it whon you arc tempted to be fretful and i impatient, and guard well your hct?rc troas- I ures. < Benjamin Hunter, the Philadelphia murderer, left an estate valued at $-10,100. Ilis , expenses since he undertook to collect the debt due him from John M. Armstrong with a hatchet, have amounted tc about | ?15,000. After deducting all this his family will bo left in very fair circumstances. It seems from this that the incentive t> mur- , der Armstrong was one of revenge and greed rather than necessity. Dr. Andrews, who assisted at the execution of Hunter in a medical capacity, says that the story of the attempted suicide was greatly exagoratcd, and that the wretch would have died from terror and cowardice if he had not been strangled promptly by .Sheriff Calhoun's patent choking apparatus. Children are quick to percievc the standard of integrity held by those around 1 them, and to catch the prevailing tone of mo...i :? vm? ?. lociiug. ?? nen mcy near mjustico con- i detuned in large things and paliatcd in small i ones; when their own childish depredations i arc treated with levity, or passed over with indifference ; when deceitful practices are i tolerable and simply troublesome habits punished, it is not strange that they learn to i measure the guilt of dishonesty only by the material less or annoyance entailed. imul n ACTS or QXJnULAL 4WUOU.T. j*. % AN Act to prevent Unjust Discrimination by Common Carriers. Be it enactetl by toe Senate and Ilonsc of Representatives of the Stato of South Carolina, now met wnd sitting in General Assembly, and by the authority of the same: Section 1. Th*t railroad corporations, and all other chartered ormpnu'.^s acting ns common carriers within the limits of this State shall charge for the handling and storage of goodq, warns and other pu and for the carriage of freight and ; j**engers, such rate* only as are reasonable, p Sec. 2. That no oharge for the oarrioge Masohlblo within the meaning of this act which is in excess of the usual and established charge made by the sauio corporation or combination of corporations for the carriage of tbc like kind, class nud quantity of freight for any greater distance over their line or lines in the same dircctiou: Provided, That if such corporation or combinations of corporations can show a greater necessary expense to itself, or to themselves, for the carriage of goods, merchandise or property over the shorter distance thau that which is incurred for like carriage over the louger distance, a proper proportion ofsuch excess of necessary cxpcusc shall be deemed a reasonable additional charge. In the construction of this sectiou the sum charged or received for the transportation of freight shall include all terminal charges, and tho road of a corporation shall include all the road in use by such corporation, whether owned or operated under a contract or lease. "Hut nothing in this 8 iclion shall be construed so as to require any corporation or combination of corporations to regulate their charges fdt* shorter distances by their proportion o& through freight beyuud their line or lines." Sec. 3. No railroad corporation or other chartered company doing business as common carriers within the limits of this Stato Bhall charge, demand or receive from auy person, company or corporation for the hauling, storage, loading or unloading or transportation of freight, or for any other service, a greater sum thau it shall at the it,a a j :? >iuuiv viuiu kuaigc, uuuiiiuu ui ICUITIVU 1IOIII any other persou, cauip&ny or corporation for a like service, upon like conditions, and OlideF nre Same circutii.stanees; and all concessions of rates, rebates, drawbacks and contracts for special rates shall bo open co and allowed all persons, compnuics and corporations alike, at the same rate per ton per mile and by the car-load, upon like conditions and under similar circumstances; and ary discrimination which violates the spirit and meaning of this section shall be deemed unjust and unreasonable. Sec. 4. That any railroad corporation or other chartered company acting as common carriers within the limits of this State, which shall for itself, or for itself and other chartered companies acting in combination, with it, charge or receive any sum which is unreasonable within the meaning of this ict, shall forfeit and pay to the person, company or corporation paying such overcharge twice the amount so charged in excess of reasonable rates, to be recovered by iction in the proper courts of this State : Provided, That the action be commenced within one year from the accrual of the ight of action. Approved December 24, 1S7S. An Act to require all Clerks of Courts Sheriffs and Trial Justices to make monthly Reports of all Licenses, Fines and Penalties collected by them to the Auditor and Treasurer of their several Counties: Be it enacted by the Senate and House )f Representatives of the State of South Carolina, now met and sitting in General Assembly, and by the authority of the same : Section 1. That all clerks of courts, sheriffs and trial justices be, and they are hereby, required, on the iirst Wednesday in every month or within ten days thereafter to make, in wrif.int* tn thn rfknnntirn nuri;_ , ?c, ? ?J'~?'? tors and treasurers of their several counties, \ full and accurate statement of all moneys collected by them on account of licenses, fines, penalties or forfeitures during the past month; and, in default, thereof, upon conviction thereof, shall be liable to a tiuo not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisonment in the common jail uot cxcocding two months, or both, at the discretion of the Court. Skc. 2. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. Approvod December 23, 1878. An Act to amend an Act to prevent Fishing with Nets in the fresh water Streams of this State at certain seasons of the year. Br it enacted, &c., That thi title of sai<f act be so amended as to read as fellows : "An Act to prevent the capture and destruction ol fish in the fresh water streams of this State at certain seasons of the year," and that then the firstscciion of the said act be so amended as that it shall read : "That it shall not be lawful for nny person in the Countiesof Horry, Marion, Darlington, Clarendon, Chesterfield, Georgetown, Marlboro' Williamsburg, Richland and Chester to fish with nets or gigs, or set traps, or shoot fish with any kind of gun iu any of tho tfooh water rivers, creeks, lakes or other streams in said counties betwoeu the l*td;?y of May and the 1st day of September in any yea* l hereafter.'1 Approved Ponombsr 28,1878w HABD V?iMTBiLft v After all, this has not been an exceptionally hard winter. In this city we have had -the severest cold known for twenty seven years, that is to say sines the mentorab'o season of 1860 51j and at the North it nas been blowy, snowy and freesy for two or three weeks. No doubt, if we had not had the sure authority of the reoord to insisted that it is coldest season within thememoryof man. Hut tho uses of the oldest inhabitant as a meteorological rcgistcrareexhaustcd. He is "played out," as it were, lie is no longer an authority as to the past, or a prophet as to tho future. The thermometer has superseded hitn for one purpose, and Old Probabilities for the other. In fact, it was always kuowir to observing people that tho oldest inhabitant was a delusive authority as to the meteorology of past times. Horace Walpolo, in one of his letters, remarks on tho tendency of people always to find tho current season tho worst, or tho best, as tho caso might bo, that ever was known; to say that the winter in question was tho coldest, or the summer the hottest, or that tho frost came later in tho spring or earlier in tho autumnthan in any former year; yet theso same persons, he remarks, could not, for the life of them, tell what kind of weather it was tho lasi mouth, or even the last week. The prcscut winter, so far, has ccrtaiuly been cold and tempestuous, but it is not half over yet, at least at the North, and it may turn out in the end to be more thatv usually mild. In New Orleans it has, in fact, been exceptionally eold, and as our winter is nearly over, we arc justified bv v ? m " ?' the record in saying that it is one of tho coldest and stormiest known during this generation. Hut in the North and Northwest they have two months of winter beforo them,"and those two months may bo relatively warm. Even the great cold of tho last two weeks ha? been many times exceeded ?uotably in 1972-73, when hundreds of persons in Iowa ami Wisconsin and Minnesota perished In the tremendous snow storms of December and January ; when a score or more of school childrcu with their teacher were frozen to death in a suowed-up school house, and a stage coach was caught in a driving tempest, and the horses, driver,, and eight passengers, many days atterward were found turned to blocks of ice. The Kansas .Journal, of January 2Gth, 185G, contained the following: "On tho night of the 21th of December, 1855, tho Missouri Itivcr at this place was irozen over. It is now nearly five weeks that the river has been a highway for teams of horses, mules and oxen. Wo put this fact on record for coining years. We havo now had near seven woeks of hard freezing weather?a fact unparalleled in the history of this country. People will hereafter refer to the long, cold winter of 1855-5G." On Ecbuary 2, the Journal had the following : "Tho cold of the past few weeks has been general. From every part of America ?from Halifax to Cuba we havo accounts ?and it is everywhero spoken of as tho coldest ever known. At Memphis tho citizens arc putting up their ice, a circumstance unknown before. The floating ico has reached the mouth of the Mississippi? a fact unheard of. even to tradition. Tho Prazos llivcr, in Texas, is frozen sufficiently hard for the ciossing of teams. In Cuba they have a real Northern winter. At St. Paul, Minnesota, the thermometer has been 11 degrees below zero." The issue of tho Oth February contained this statement:? ' On Sunday and Monday, 3d and 4th, the inclinometer stood 28 and 150 degrees below zero." In thoissuo of March 1 is found the following: ''The river at this place broke up on Monday morning last, the 25th of February, 1850, having been closed sixty days." In comparison with this the present winter has been rather tropical than otherwise.?N. (). Picayune. " ? ? ' A Definition of an Editor.?Wc have seen many definitions of many names, words and phrases, but the following of an editor, given by Josh Hillings, is about tho best we ever yet encountered : An editor is a male being whose buzincss is tonavigate a nuzc paper. He writes editorials, grinds out poetry, inserts dcths and weddings, sorts out manuskripts keeps a waste basket, blows up the "devil," steals I 1?? --ii i Iiuiivi, Iiiv.-I uiiici jn:ojuf? Uilllies, SCIIS 1113 papers for two dollars and fifty cents a year, takes white beans and apple sass for pay, when he kan git it, razes a large family, works 19 hours out ov every 24, knows no Sunday, gits dammed bi everybody, and once iu a while whipt bi sumbody, lives poor, dies middle aged, and often broken hearted, leaves no money, iz rewarded for a life or toil with a short but free obituary puff iu the nuzpapers. . Lime on land sown to wheat hastens the maturity of the crop. Prof. Johnston says the same i* true of nearly all our cultivated crops.