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--I JJIUr fL VOL, XVII PICKENS, S., 1. HIURSD)Ay, SEPT1EMIWER1518. filE AGU\CULTURAl\ COLLEE. ANOTIIIElt ARTICLE ON AN INTim 'STING SUIJE''T. A Coml,arison of the MisissilI,p Culieg With the South Carolina Collugc--Tll4 Merits of EaIch Co,hl'tered. To the Editor of the News and Courier A separate agricultural college is de manded because the agricultural depart ment of the South Carolina College hal not attracted a large number of students. Capt. Tillman says two students havc studied a little agricultural chemistry. Others concede eight or ton. Let t consider whether the College has failed to attract the students it should havc, and, if so, whether the fault lies with the plan of organization of the College, oris to be sought elsewhere. A recital of the Congressional Act of 1802, under which the land scrip was given, will show the scope of the Act, and will determine what classes of stu dents are to be considered in receiving its benefits. It will be seen that: First, there is no authority whatever fo'r the argument that the laud scrip fund should be devoted entirely to the teaching of agriculture. I call special attention to the words of the Act. Section 4 provides that the income of the scrip shall be devoted "to the en dowment of at least one college whero the leading object shall be, without ex cluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as aro related to agriculture and the mechanic eie, and in such manner as the Legisla tures of the States may prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practi cal education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." The college receiving the money must pay attention to mechanical arts equally with agriculture, and must lit young men, not for farming alone, as (lpt. Tillman and "Outside Observer" would have it, but for the several pursuits nd 1rofessione of life. Not even chu-ical studies are excluded, and the eduat iou must be "liberal" as well as ''practical." 'I'he South Carolina College fulfils the requirements of the Act of Congress more iully to-day than the Mississippi lige, for the latter does not pros ide a 'liberal" education. It ignores the r. ' tiieal training, which is of equal 'h agriculture, and it does 'u boys for the ''several 'essions 'f life," but .1iv..1a~,., ocll scien. . - - - _ .. . 5es, iu m oe students taking those studies that are related to agriculture and mechanic arts than those that are not.; for the latter 'here are very few studies. It also not merely claims to fit., but does indeed fit, oung men "for the several pursuits and ; rofessions ii life." But some one has discovered a genuine mare's nest, in that the establishiuent of au agricultural department of a State collego is an evasion of the Act above quoted, and the trustees of the South Carolina College have beeu aecused of ''stealing the farmers' money." (CThis same Act, by the way, shows that the money does not belong to the farmers alone, but to the industrial classes.") .Now the absolte legality of the de partment plan his been fall y established long a go. The very Hatch hill itself settles any doubt by giving the custody of its $15,000 appropriation to '"the cot.. lege, or colleges, or agricultural depart ments of colleges in each State or Terri tory." After this, no sane and honest man can attack the legality or r'egularity of the agricultural de partment sys' ten. Such being thelaw, the South Carolina College is entit.ed to claim at least all those students Wvho take either the agri cultural or the mechanical courses--at least all thuose students who plerform manual laboar in the workshops--and even the most iltra advocate of manual labor must acc<dd this. 'There were ia the College -luring the past year ten studenits in the regular agricultural coirse aind nineteen in the mechanical and engineering courses, bed maces a numbnhe>of elective and optional students, makiag a total of about forty students in thg agricultural and meohani ical departmeolt. If those who wvork in the laboratory be included, the numiber is swelled to at least fifty. These stuldeilt are haere, and may be seen at work ly' any doubting Thomas y lhen the Colhgoe is in session1. These course, in spite of the assertions of those who (b not understandu them, are thorough1 10d practical, and turn out better and moam accomplished graduaites than come fron most separate agricul tural colleges. Why are theio no moro "agricultural" students? Sin >ly because the agricul tural course is technical one, highly specialized, drntn upl b)y President Alc Bryde after thu best European models. v ~ Only those takq it who wvish to become highly scientil farmors. The reui to mnents for admi son are a full year bih er thanu the stau lard of the 'issip College. Othe courses, thmcanel especially, maj suit otdinary far -r be'tter than,thistechnical one*'vith 'lassical course b3ontamis mnanyr scientifle .stiudies pertatimig to atgriculture and( th - mehianic arts. A very impo*tant difference betweuen ,1o two colleges ini question lies in the diiierenltiationl <f courses in the one ani at uniformity of curriculum in the ether. To neelu the'benefit of the cheap and good men01tal t.rdingiIf offered in Missis sippi, the youni muen are compelled to takethe agrica tural course; but since fifty per cent. <4 the sttudents of that in stitution (10 nio return to farming, the inference is irasistible that, had they beer. allowed he option, they wold hanv chosen so 1e other, fitting them for some oi.her "'prsuit anmd proessiona ill life." I propoo to show this more tally later on by prcting that the Mississipii Collego at tract' byV its chieapness as nuch a by its agrict ture. 4Main. of allthe youths who, have at half have be1n preparatory students wh9 have practically studied no agriculture and done no compulsory farm work. During the first live years, out of an aggregate atten(lance of all students of 1,523, not less than 657 left college prior to the 1st of May of each year. This is said not in disparagement of the Missis sippi College, but as an answer to those sanguine reformers who claim every one of those 657 boys as a finished farmer and use him as a bludgeon with which to break the head of the South Carolina College. If all the "props" an(1 all others who have loft the Mississippi College before the end of the freshman year be thrown out of the reckoning, the comparison made between these two institutions will not be so "odious." A still further reason may be given for the large attendance at the Mississippi College. President Lee's report shows that during the year .1881-5 ''17 stldents went through the entire session on an averago of $68.23; 100 students on an average of $53.67; 50 tudents on an average of $21.56; 25 students on an average of $15.40.. Six students paid their way and had a balance of several dollars to their credit." (Biennial re port, 188185.) This is the meal tub that contains the cat! The Mississippi College not only has free tuition, but pays its students a bonus besides for work. Now, since this labor is utterly unrcmunerative, entail ing a cost of $32 a bale for the mere picking of cotton, it can be seen that the College has a generous taxpaying public behind it, willing to suffer financial loss in order to cheapen education for de serving young men. The South Carolina Legislature not only offers no bonus to the student, but charges him $1() tuition. Many of those who dwell so strongly on the cheapness of education in Mississippi aided in set ting up this barrier across the gateway of the South Carolina boy. In the name of the farmers' sons, and other men's sons, why? Now, if the Mississippi Legislature would withdraw this $5,000 bonus and charge tuition, Gen. Lee's College would suffer fearful loss, as he himself would testify. Ift.the South Carolina Legisla ture would follow Mississippi's present example, anud would also open a prepara tory school for one or two hundred btys unprepared to enter the regular college clarses, poor farmers' sons and other poor met's sons would flock in on. all' sides fron the mountains to the sea boatud, even if every one was required to enter the agricultural course, and the South Carolina College and the Reform ers womUd alike be happy. . No one who has witnessedae struggles maue by parnts to educate their r.hil dren, the se'cre sacritiecs, the actt.. privation of ti" r essaries 4f life for t the cheap. e character of u:ne largely the .s ut students that will - t-setves of it. ['resident Lee evidently regards free tuition and the bonus as the corner-stone of his college. Yet the draft of the bill that was to be passed last year in our Legislature cstablishing a separate col lege was reported to coneitain a provision reqiing tuition fees. h'itis wat; a imere blind, or else a Serious divergence fron the plan of the Missi: sippi College that we have all been brought to consider a model. It was a case of Hamlet with the IPrince of Denmark left out. Without . this flee tuition and 1)01111 a separate agricultural college in South Carolina io' poor farmers' sons would be a nng nificent failure. Yet how is a pulic sentiment that would not tolerate free tuition only in tIe South Carolina Col lege going to be brought to tIle p)oint of teachmig a youth free and paying hlim besides? "'I paus5e for a reply." p C'ohnnlbiat, S. C., August, 18S87. Somenthli g <,n the OIlher side. To the Editor of tile News and Courier: It is tile arguments I 11m1 after and nOt the inidividual. It is, thlerefore, a ma~tter of indiffe rence to me whether they emia nlate from "DI.'' or "DI ixie,'' S( naltor \ouma11ns or '"Farnmer, buIt no0 Gideonite." 1 propose, theni, to conltinuIe to reply to tile argunment s used aiga instt aln agrieul tuIral college separate and1( apart froma the State University, and inl favor of con tininlg and eliarginlg tihe present use less aninex. I may remarlIk, however, that "DI." and ''Dixie,'' at least, ore so mlanlifestly one and tile sam1e1 per1son, thlat I shall treat the argulments of tile two aul comning 11rom thle same11 source.I mlay lso remuark that whlen I cionsider a poinlt clearly established, I shall1 frankly admlit it, and1( treat it accordingly. Such I consider to be thle case with referenlce to tile conditions of tile i teh bill. In i'. former article 1 1I mad refe'recel to certainl suposed-nlot asserted-- condi tionls of that bill, for I didl not hlave it blefore me. As is wvell knownl, it has1 been the cuIstom sin1ce thle war to inlsert a clause in such app~roplria~tionls, provid inIg thalt they shIall be Iused1 impar'tially between tile two races, and p)resumlinlg that tile H-atchbll )1 contained such ai clause, anld inl order to meet the require mlents of the State law as to two stations, I sulggested locating thle lowV-counItry ex plerimnental station ill tonnfection w.ithl Chaflin University. But no0w, (on careful exanminationl of tile bill itself, anld 1as "."' showvs, it contains 1no condition (If this kindI, but leaves it pretty Ilmchl ('n tirely with the Legislatures (If the several Stattes anld TIorritories to disp(Io o,f te amoltunt appropriated, as they sec lit., for the purposes thlerein designlated. It ist true thlat Section 1 pIrovides. that where two suhl colleges (agricultural, or dloa t menIts of colleges ex ist, the amlIounIt allowed shall1 be equally divided between them, '"uless the Legislature of suchl State or Te'rritory shall1 otherwise <lircet." So in our case it mnust be admitted that it depends entirely uponO tile action of ur e -latreas to whlethler or not ahnniversity shlall receive ally por tion of this fund, as it does of the origi nal agricultural fund. Here is nlot tile tim or Place to enter into a discussion s o tie abstract justice of suchl a diver thatrC; foin I.pesume it .will nlot 1)0 denlied thelate Unhiiih an agricultural annIex, if p)res5(d by secet ha2s The1( d lotV papers" as to whil eronot and1 nCws olina would be entitled to the ellt,o tile "'111t101 Act," I ilr. e enfto s tof refer to doubt as to wethluer a ti to tion containing so few students- 1l professors t+o as I ,aeSlol- amri oulture, would be accepted as a bon tide agricultural college or agriculturn department in the sense of the law. The reference to Cornell Universit proves nothing in our case, and in othe respects is a very unfortunate one Io "1)." to invoke. In the first place Cornell University owns its foundatioi originally to the Act of Congress of 186 donating public lands to establish an maintain agricultural and mechanica colleges. Under this Act the State o New York got nine hundred and ninet' thousand (990,000) acres in land scrip This all went to Cornell. So we see this magnificent institution has been re garded as an agricultural and mechani cal college from its origin. To thit Eplendid national donation Mr. Cornell added five hundred thousand dollars and over two hundred acres of land, witl buildings, for the use of the agricultura department. While the leading idea of the national donation was to encourage the study of agriculture and the mechanic arts, the id a of Mr. Cornell was to found an in stitutiou where everything could be taught that any one would be likely to desire to learn. To carry out this idea his friend and active coworker, Andrew D. White, was sent abroad to stud foreign institutions of learning, especiaI ly those splendid institutions, the GUr man polytechmnic schools. I know whereof I speak, because I had occasion then to meet Prof. White for the first time, and to show him through and furnish him the documents relative to the organization of one of the very best of those schools. The result has been, perhaps, the most complete university in the strict sense of the term that the country contains. But how has the agricultural depart ment, the very "leading object" for which Cornell was founded, flourished? According to the catalogue of 1886-7, out of 829 students there wero only 37 students of agriculture. The senior class of 97 had only one studying agriculture; the junior of 145, only 7; the sophomore of 178, only 9; the freshman of 323, only 15; and then 5 special students, making out the 37. We see then, in an institu tion like Cornell, founded originally mainly as an agricultural college, with an endowment such as few other insti tutions in the land possess, and the pet of the great State of New York, how the agricultural department fails to accom plish the purpose for which it was founded. I believe we would find approximately the same state of things with all the agri cuitui;al ainexes in the country. it is only j4 sicultural colleges that are separate an aiart from oti"r institu tions, anoh. in Michira: Kansas, and more rece"' ""' " i, that we fir ' .urposea -o Can we, t .,.yoniably hope t'i ouange this smatc 1 facts, and make a flourishing agricultural Fnanex in con nection with the State U:iversity? Can we hope to succeed where Cornell has failed? "1)." undertakes to refute Mr. Thomas's estimate of the proportion of the State taxes paid by the farmers. I presume we have no exact data, either in the comptroller general's ollice or elsewhere, to show the exact amount of the lburdeu of taxation borne by the farmers or any other one class, and it is, perhaps, well that. we should not have. But I would remark, in the first place, that the $766,312 State taxes does not by any means represent the entire tax paid by the people of the State. They have in addition to pay county, township and municipal taxes, and here they get no assistance from railroads or phosphate royalties. These I presume were in cluded in Mr. Thomas's estimate, in the next place, I insist that the farmers pay indirectly a very considerable pro0 portion both of the railroad tax andi the phosphate royalty. I do not knowv to what extent the price of land phosphates, used chiefly iby eur farmers, may be al'ctedl by the royalty on water plhos phmates, which, I believe, arc mostly shipped ouitsidle the State. JBut it will lbe remlemberedl that not very long since, when Caapt. TIillman p)roposed to increase this royalty to pro0 cure a fund to establisha the agricultural college, a great outcry was made by these same opp:>nents of the college on the ground that it would be an addition al burden on the farmer. But now it seems to suit them to forget this, aind pretend that this royalty is not paid by thme farmer. As to the railroad tax ".'" is entirely too well informed as to the burden borne by our people bcy tatrin' taxation, as lhe has recently shown by his excellent articles written elsewhere, not to knowv that this railroad tax comes in dlirectly out of tihe piockets of those who use the rail roads, The farmers whose piroducee is '".rried to mamrket by rail, and whose sup)plies are brought back to thema by niil, assist in payinig this tax. I insiist then that the figures cited bcy "D1." from the comptroller general's re port do noct give even an approximate idea of the burden of taxation that our fartmers have to bear; and that Mr. Tlhommas is likely, upon thae whole, nearer correct than hee is. Ihait "D1.'" admits thiat " South Carolina has al ways been, and11 mo1st praobably al waeys will be, an aagrieultua l State, so that her chief wealth will be derived di rectly from the soil bcy the toil and sweat of a large piropiortion of her people." Shoul we not then provide for thme edut cation and impalrovemaent of this ''large prop)ortioni of our peopIle,"' I. will not say mstead of, but as well as for the " gener ad literary, scientific ad paolite culture' o,f the few whlo intend to bee pireachiers, doctors aLnd lawyers? I do not object, as "D ."' would have your readers be lieve, to thec literary, scienatific andl polite cultuire of all wvho hma- e the means of obItultaig it, lhe lhe farmeir's sona or law y er's sona. But how few proportionally of our farmers' sons can afnbrd either thle tiame or thec means of obt:sininag this culturte inx our coimaratively expenisive State Uiniversity or' denomintamtional col leges? Are such to be dlebarred of all oppor tunity of instruction ad imp)rovemenett in their specialh calling? Would it ntc be far better for the Stato, as well ats far miore just to thmat ''large p)ropotionm of orr people1,'' to have an iastituationaI lke the M~ississippi and( Michigan Agricuml tral Colleges, where those limited int meanas amnd ina time could go and obmtain t hae~ special int ruaction thety motst need at a very mioderate expiense, and whecre evena tnat cana be dimintaishecd by their porsonal inedustry? At the Missisinni a College about six young men on aI. .l average could be educated for what it costs to educate one at tho South Caro y lina University. Have not these six r young men at least as much right to con r sideration as the one who goes to the University, and are they not likely to be i just as useful to their community and State? Why then should South Carolina I so completely neglect the half dozen and 1 so carefully provide for the one? f As for the "broad culture" that "D)." so insists up1)onl in our State University, I think it more than likely that the culture obtained either in the Mioihgan or Mississippi Colleges would be quite as broad, more practical and liberal, and perhaps less egotistic and supercilious. The Michigan College has twenty-iive professors and tutors, the Mississippi twenty-two, while our State University has only fifteen or sixteen in all, iaclud ing the literary. chssic and law depart ments. Which, then, is best equipped in the way of teachers? While agricul ture is the predomnant feature in both those colleges, they both teach a certain amount of nearly everything, except law, taught in our State University, quite enough, no doubt, for ''broad culture," and for all practical purposes as well. Great stress is laid by "D." on the practical mechanical education that may be obtained in the State University, and he makes bitter complaint of some one who it seems has denied this. He speaks with triumphant pride, as did "Dixie" before him, of the thirty to forty young men in the work-shop with coats olf, busily engaged in carpentering and other mechanical work. Now if training in this branch is so excellent, I can only commend it, for I insist that instruction in the nmeclianic arts should be an im portant part of any agricultural college, as provided in the Act of Congress of 1l62, and that the want of this in the Mississippi College is a serious defect that ought to be remedied. But we are now discussing the question of agricul tural and not of mechanical education, so let us keep to the subject. It is all very well for the prospective farmer to study "kineniatics" and "mechanical technology," and that very ''skilled operation" of sharpening pioughs. But I insist that there are very many other and more importint things for him to learn, practically as well as theoretically. Does the St ate University with its single professor of agriculture, as I have shown, and its ton students in the agricultural department, as "1)." himself admits in his last aticle, teach these things sufliciently, and to a suflicient number? Are we, an agricultural State, as '").'' admits, with so "large a propoition of our people" engaged in farming, content to have only t"in young men annually in training for this impoltalnt calling? .Lf so, then, indeed, we will have to wait a long time for anly perceptiblo improve ment in our false and unprofitable methods of farming. But I must defer answering "D.'s" second article for the present. OUTSIDE OlsEntvER. -- - .. --- --- - TI11i CIO'S IN ilIE STATE;. ii oetst alu,le t, the I)epart,ine t of Agril utttre--.A Slight 'alliig OI. The Stite )epartwent of Agriculture has received 2G2 repo it 3 from it special correspondents regarding the condit ion of the cropM oil Sept ember I. These re ports cover every cotunty in the St ate. WEATIlliu. Sixty-four correspondents report that the weat her has been favorable, and one hundred and sixty that it has been un favorablt. ;OTTO\. The heav rains that set in towards the end of .July have causedl some1 loss by rust and shedding. The caterpillar ifadle its applearance in several count ies b'ut has done very lit tle damage to t he crop, and that confined to a few locali ies; while the damage front all these causes has b ien considerable, ihe out look is better than for several years. Some apprehension exists of loss by rot, which may fiuthier decrease tihe yiel. IThe condition is reported int uppler ICarolina at 87 per centt ., in middle Caro linta at 90 Per cent., andl in lower Caroli ita at. 92 per cent. An average for the State oif 89 per cent. Showing a falling off of 1t) poinits for tihe State since our last report. Thei~1 corn crop is generally repjorted as the best ever p)rodtuced in the State. Thei injury to the crop by the floods has b een serious nii some localities, hut it has been mucht less than was ant icipat ed. The conidition of the cropt is reported'i in, tipper Carolina at 88 per cent., inl middle Carolina at 97 per centt., anid lower Carolinta at 98 per cent. An aver age for the State of 91 per ccent. A fall img off' from last rep)ort of 5 ptoinits. Th'le prospect for a fair Crop of rice conitiimes favorable. TIhe loss to the crop) from floods was contfined to thet Santee and Savatnaht River sect ions of thte Statte. Thle condition for the crop is reported for uppeir (Carolina at UJG per cent., imid dle Carolina at tJ6 pe cet., and in lower Carolina at. 95 pier cent. -a fallinig oil of 2 points sinice the last report, Sorghu 1111is repiort ed for uppt~er (Caroli na at 99 per centt , middle Carolina at 99 per centt., and lower ( arolinia at I8 per cent. An average for the State of 98 per centt. Sugar cane for tupper Car ot lna at 94; peir centt., middle Caina ii at 17 per| cent., anid lower Cariuia at 98 per ccent. An average for the Si ate of 9i; per centt. P.ease for tipper Caroli ina itt 100 pr cenIt. , middle Carolina at 101 per cent., and lower Carolina at 9.1 per centt. Aitt average for the St. ' of 98 per cent. Whnit i . the old faishuioned hi m tiIs, P ierue's "Pl'eastii Purgai~itive Pelcilets.," a modelirn medlical luxury, beinig small, sugar ititteid granuies .onitiinig thet acttive pi In iles of terta in ro ots andu herbis, and whIibcl will lie tomtul to ctin aiis much (entharticj ptirasay tof the old faishiloned. lairger Lil.wihu tlhe latter'i s violent, dratstic ef t ects. 'The pelleis ope rate t horouughly but IioharmlXly, establishing a permanently heailt hy act ion oif the stoimaitch and bowels, and as anti thlitus remeuny ire unintetalb.it IHe sure to reatd the advertisemuent on fourth page, headed "PLrivatn Boardling." W10 1)ESTROYE) CJLUMBIA ' SUM): NEW FACTS UPON A MUCH 1)IS(;USSE1) QtIESTION. A Stattenunt froi a ltizein W1o Vas I'rcsnt When t.he Cityv wtaM Sutrrendlere<tl Moru Evi(Ien'ce A gait etn. (er. Sh1erninu. (Fron In le Columbia Itecorl.) h'Ie following article was written by (':lpt. John McEKenzie to ('orreCt a statemuent plblishc( in 'T'IIi.: C1 lIII) a few months ago, thal. lI:tyor Good wyu did nlot surrencler the city of ('olumbia to the Federas, :id he ad1(deI sOme adition1al huts, tct it w:as not finished. A flr his (leath it waS (t(1m among ii': papcr. As Ilie "scik 111111 de Struction of ('olubllia" his 1(11 brochl,lt Vividlly to the rec' llect1On of it (itiz(rns by the lirnin!r, at an early Ii uir yest -rd:ty mtorniw, of the onlIly IlIihling e1n M:tin street north1 of the uitc ' apitIl left by Sherman's ineemiiaries, the iiuIic eat io is (leeme( oppornte. 1le gave tihe ;1111 inn and the names of Ithe (conIt1tee (Orh;un~n %. 3ates, Esq., is the (onily srviVioi) :mal then wcnt on with his cxperience: The following are somue faets regardiing the surrender n11(1 Sls Iseient pi lagr" :11 inirning of Columbia b1y t.he trOnlps undt(t:er (in. Sherntn by one who stw 1n U T1 r111141(41 thereby: Ahott Ii o'clock on the uigltt of the IOthi of F(ebattry, I le"arned of the :tn ticipated surrender of the city from (en. Law, Proyost Marshli. Tie Geneal had called to his assistanu'e (:pt. W. It. Stan le' and Alnyor Goodwyn, and thosc ge'ntletein had charge of the peace ad11(1 good1 order of the city. 'lhe home guard eoitsisted of t lie members of the lire (eltitlient oVC forly yeatr of age, who were eempt from mlili tary dtytV these men were enrolled, serv; d uinder ollicers 111(1 w'crC unIer the orders of the Provost Marshal. Iteilg on (luty in Ihis departlment, I strolled Into the GIiard house 1111(1 met there Chief of Police .loltn ltlrdell, who WIs nacking up his eflects lr(eparatory to leaving. We talked albout1 the stiurrender, and lie saidl it was 1necessary for hiin to depart. I learned also t hut (Gen. ltcauregard hadc( tunlldI over the e aolnrtndt1 ' (If the city to Geln. W1adeC ll:aplon. ''his was atbout. 1.i o'clo("k on the ntight of the 16th. 'ihe Mayor appointed a Committee to aet with him in the melanclholy (luty of ollicially so rrenlering the eity, and (tIll following Ahermen were dlesig1nat ed tot (I:t John Stork, ( )rlan o Z. Bates, .1bnob i . Wella and ,lohin M('Kenzie. Eiarly in thtce miorning of the 17tl was the tine designated t for the ceremony. It was a busy nornin:; the commiss:ry stores were thrown open tO the citizens, and stu car yi r'1ng ollt (If 2o Is 111011' Iever tO see atgain-it wiS wo III ((oul1 carry oll' the muost an11 the ltst. It was a 1eautiu l, clear nnrt ing, 1(111 tIe sun just I abO\e the ho)rizon, when a loudl report \Vas ? hlcall, (aused by Ite explosion of a lan tit.v Of powder stored in the frei ht depot of the South ('arolina H:aiIroal, o1 t veivaist street. The dteint w:,s betin), riIe' by :a mo11b intent on taking :tll they''coull. S;lut(. of these parties had caudles :4c1 I relb', one of which, it is slpposed, was na'eillent ally dropped in the powdrr :tad :t t11'rriIl( cxplosion waS lie (onse11uen(e. The 1111il her killed and woulnled was never know ii, the thrilling circum11stauces following o rapidly after, 1ntt 1 stop to all (1n jelelies (on Ilunt mattetr. It Was de0(1Ided t'hint the' earlier we got over the lllty Of eiv"ing up the Ci'y in gol faith to the eonluerrs the lettet' it. wOubil be fo r the livyes d11(1 41roper1lIy of the citizens--helir'ving, as we dlicl tht,(itap'tcu nle(lrngo len,t) would1 insure tha:t inuntnity'; but w 'wr(' eert:ainly' awfully' inistatkent-we wvere the' wPor'St sohcl mi eni will c'c' uIiellt'rtook suchl1 :1 job; We e(uld 11p1 4ossibily have luei worstcl if foreihl 1 ossesin h:ul h,t(ee"n takl'n. Earu"ly 1 n thatt (Venttful mnornting' i1 went dwnl to wake .Mayor (holwyni, and1l retutrne ; wtith him11 to the ('ity I11111. in the ('lerk's olliee he rea(l a short notc he 1had( prilpared, ini thle wonhnlllg o f w hichi there :'as soie rep)et itionli, whIieb41 somle o4f uis thought wvas tiiIm(eesary, whent Aler 1lnan1 WetIllby adv1 ice of the 3Mayor4, wrote Il ano(thetht very1 lCV it.t Ilte llered, whichi thel 11iyor signed;4 the or1iginl: I ha:ve iln mIy polSsessionI. It was1 thien ab1out11 i4'clock, :411l thle_pro1gnunme141 at tI at Ilino- waS, to1 go4 114 the river1. take( a bat 1l141, undiler a4 1l-u ters. l1reviouis to startinlg, it was th14444ght adlvisale tol plale a wh'lite th:ig 444n1 Sth lele o4f thle City l:all. \Vhile prep:jaring to do( sI, Genl. l:iaptonl sint InlIers by a c rierIIl (younlg Mlanning, I think,)1: imt to put up14a city was115 not, yet surrend4leredl, and11 that11 he wa:itedl fulrther orders:r :mx/ioulsly. Aliltber 1:1u11ier ene aboult ani hour4 lat ter tlthi 'bst hiennrI frlom. Abuout It 4o'clock, Gen. \\-llI( 1lan14pton1 entnile down41 to) w44In-r tIll tlaye34r the ( 'ity lIlall, and11 spo1ke tol the lyiir telling him tImlt a1 part (If thle Fedlel ari43 viIinlity olf the upl11-r br4idige. and14 1(or the lIe sholok liuodls withI thle .31ayori, 44u14 sa4id, "Gaood-baye and41 Go bless1(5 you1.- 'I'h com 4 I mitle h:111 a eariaOge iln wa:itjing :1141 droveI upila lin Street to1ward4s thel for1ks of thel roI:4is, < Cyperl liridIge 4and1 W~1isboro a i sinall white flag being 1:arried tby a1 personi Iiit on th (4cnunCitte.ii On-l arrivin l at1this stall', with somell of hi 10(1n, occupied the1III skirinlisll-rs oni bothi suIs well 5t ill firing5 at eaIch oIther, a1144 tIhe11(1 hallilIae naher44 t44 thlilk foIr (com11fort; wei were1 dieteld to puIt liver road1(. A\s timt road14 lua,l h4een bar41. little to tln- right, unhtil wc. l4ami the ok struc(tions. Jiavin'ig briouhtIl with Ii IIo,m41 'I larger one, when Alti. ZallIli tIook a1 she4t fromii hd I and 111. ri2gging4L it Jn a pol, Alr ii man11 lintes5 behl4 it. aloft andl 1mreh1ed4 :1hem411 whloh-I face (If tIhe (elintry4. It w as not1 longl i be4foreC we werIe hlted, and41 ('apt. P'ratt, thet when1 3l1ayor G lodwynil im in that 4u 44 have tI see Col, Stine, whoii was forthiel do4wn the road;0( lhe said hIle wouhlII go with I 14s, and4 gIt mto1 the cariiaige, whichl was then1 dlrivien Ilo wheire the regimen:It was till Codlnel, who14 toldl himi that hel Shtei maniu woull not1 he4 ove(r util 2 (Jr 34. ('clck,t but11 he woub14l forlwardl the4 miessag ti h tiim, land that while the lity was in his charg'e, pri vate pelrsonsS andi their property shoul, 4e biehl (scred, aind itiy peIrson w :Shinig a naard1( for their pro(tecltionl :olI 444nd wvol 1 towardi4 s Ite city, the ((lit 11tee inVeth e 1,r ringe, withI 1 :thadditlin of ('oh. Stbone lIl tlhe bol X wit h t he (irier, (itt Pra,tt lt....e haun e of Ite r'egiinl:IIt in Ihe re(r. \\ (ert:inly wer'e well tlen ('ie of, hut hi not plro((sededt very fm-r on (our IOurney I) iute the ('n It iandl Li I ii v(.. I) tine of the LIIw iit the line hll :l:':d relo:-h to Cu).. St<m that, train w"hat Ie "Iw. 1r1<,>) )1 caVa,lry wa':s atl.mln-ini,, l'vidlent( ttryingl to ubllink( (I,:tinl th1at levelitSh<i hll been firl ah(ad Il th(; tohiitinn. (o Stonle Iened IlIi' t:arrigi <(' alt, It diresi'lg the M aor, >'tid: "Mir. M:ivour:in l ntel ien, I t w))t e ttlmt Ills taleli la' w\"as inl gOod lithlt; 1i n t, fn,l :llythm ht))eni wr0IL ri lly, I sh alll hot \'ut I(I snlla il spo0ntil4l lT he Mi1 r l'epli ti IItat', v rl'l gi wa'1S don11 hIn 1lrlbly and1( i unild fith)4: i11) it I herc still h re ( a"(4. ', liti rers, it Ilit he some ofi W h wekt"'s l foc alhiy, wvi hai l gtive n the Citizens a grt i t of tr 'tile. Th'I e ou el reSum h( Ii is p1: , atnd the t egl' wa i re'II ctei d to meeu,'' f'i walll. wi ns 'eiinil g to feel sligh t i kiil iith a >utt the r(egion oh the th ir A\II-r gioing (ome little ditstanle furlhn at' was anothe lult, and(1 the 'Olonel ( rlt s to ge't nlit of the arlriage, S1avin he i:llll h(en iif infi It It lairge fee < ivi\:ial wa:s itvitlentlyi Iying to l ur1r111n i ill com('i'ulu:n' . \V at Ot o' Si aw how' hii ROlls had) hen dl'e ivtd, 'The fi\vr roat hudingi Ii 11h 1)p1:-rbrid ,) and the \Vlinn, I(r4 rn tl tii I his l'int n uparallel; :uul Ith ast of the t'etrealtinI2 aInny (soe :mvtv'\ 11i id i,'ia to be inoving aheadl. This e'.< 11hui:lt"1 . was N tunit', :11i 111 he 1)14 't'on l lt'u k Ih tt ist'd; he gain i ve the iilnlin "ll'wil,l whith w \\e i'itl at once. 1(1 -e(hing i llin striet., Cat pt111. Pra' it I t h u wtlI nt'xt to mr)> reinrkedci(I, nn st ii, IIl t i\varhnUSIS piledl full of ('ottou, why \.< lid not desll'oy it. il r we wv'ill h re I' n, , t," he said; n rders are(' tO de(stro,y :I be i tthn, if We :ulnnut ship it out oI th I1n th e streets, p ray in g . eitu l nie : hout:u4 thait thoir saviors ha'l (('.n,. \\t ilR ici l (l \ dtw i ain sltre I to lt ('i' 111,l, wVhere( the ('omtniandt w\as hl tld ll:l thack,ed 'Iml . T'he dhteriItf (.Mt..h.: I)t'os hatnddt tihe keys if the jail to (' Ione. Th'I' ii was ablltl i ' l O' I k. C( l \\15111 14. w h t h tw l a II Ihth nth tate nit untl w%'inl Id , n It her1' f t Ilta t i p s : hu 1il (li e rti lin> 'russ(' thl t' iv r t t: : Ili i t l l :aly hll (t un-, 1 t hluii ' I. ii'n I.' I h t , i ih' on: ttul .:1 y1 ,ir: t in a l tI ':. It,. \ a :I 'I't i : i lblin;' ' u ' p s l i ilt ::l' t I ' lIt - l I n I: ii , ft t 'u \\ 11 '''i.1 It ll,! tl I lIIt Iit ill , lin <i 111 al 'l in'r- - i'. li h ( 1.A l >t liti- Ie t' i' t' I w'' 1 -r't' - l 4 at i 31 \ b"l I i' s' ltl i l tli '1:11 .i I5 li' l,l!'t .t' In wl ithl t t i n I . d.TV m plit 1 1 " e l i{ hie slil.li t l ilI :;~s Ii .y (II:O t:i i ' II' Nthl i . ' 1 I:t l y' I v \ .... ,. it ti -\\ t nIt I tIIh u t i , l e ti h' e ItO' o t e . l'' 'iVihs h t t l l ' l flit i .(-I : :O " 1 1'4 'titah l ) I ;ue t Ott I . . . I: . 1'hi . 'I w ts!+ ' 'I r t . I l t n, ,I' . . 'nfetilnnon r). h' . I r hit : i' ,_ i.I :in il S n l l tl w hI I 'h a ,\: It tl, i' t! \it1h :d :ll 1 'ndi', whv t h w'' '1 11 tlt'i I l \~sI 'llIt l to1 II ' r'i' I:, ' i: '':' hl1't '1 \ Ip i Ietiy--t lil I ,Ia.: ' t ' ('b1,h: \l e whirl i a o fir as.: iv'iuiytI.t ''It' i' nto ,1 iii,'I , :1'Iu' II 'i' lt' Ithi rlelideti i uii I:II h aoti Il t' til it t ,i,i e 1)ll i4t' it (':1'i,:, lil et. t he ul' SIor'e, I saw a .Sobber' wlith a h l a.ri.t Ing 11 ope (n Il l<h>ir :Int; a 40n,\'t . It I)(hilld hinl, bu(t I Ik no' iun Il ':11;.au >fl l'helire wa1)h a OOlo SOf tat . lot-illn .3' i t he nl lt \\:l WIIl et f1 0 ie ll'ri t,a tI'In '1 1hih n ini l l . \e ef Ill t' 1 nlit i h tir n ( t i irit t t IIaofndI t1a'' l t l1 ''r, ;v II lhrowit n ' iii a t ill, t' " !a I:e I vI:'C I'o'li. A i t ' 1111, :Itt ti ,. 4111)nr ll, 11)W '('l doi. 1,t'it 'I trsii : 0 in- wac:s r.isf t he .Inil wv i.i tiin 11 l e ion ' le 'i tu iI: ' itl . iia- st l by IiI'i' t ''t I Io b worki ti theun- int - i i!I n o bi t w t nil nut oIt. ni 'ti i h Iti( I 01:( ti ort ii I I ' Il yiu I'i' ill ' L, t i '(,till W I 'id t tl tirk04 4 1(1 ~i lat I 'tli kn n 1 in ('ilu:nh'i:t, Un dt tt hat ls 'It''m (i wtil t:1 t I i . . I everai li tgroes t, llVt 'ingfo the to iit' 'inand i r al icistealn m t n re AERCIAL NAVIGATION. I f:x,orients and Experlences In Attaining Very Great HeIghts. t The Charlotte Chroniolo has just been reading of tho recent attempt by sonio French aeronauta to roach great heights in their balloons. The attempt did not a realizo any particular scientio result. The balloon in which the ascent was made reached zan altitude of over 20,000 feet without prodaeing any bad effects ?upon the occupants, oxcept a passing faintness felt by ono o.t hom, whc, how ever, very quickly recot red. This ox periment was the means of bri,ngiug to light the almost forgotten ftuilthat when a simnilar attempllt was inade twelvtL -9s ogo, resulting in the attaining of an alti tude of ::.lt) feet, three out of the four I aeronauts ;,uccuibed to the strange at iosplic cond itions and died before they could (e-cend. Perhaps many other bold Voyagers have gone to a siim lar hight. am returnl'd safely. One Mr. (tlaisher, according to his own state ment, reachled an altitude of 31,000 feet (the highest over attaiied by any ono), 1 but, beening partly unconacious when at a h(eight of about 27,000 feet, and losing tlhe power to mLOVO his limbs, sank down in the bottomn of his car. his companion wassitilarly all'ete(l, though to a less extent--- heing able to pull the cord that o)onctd the escape-valve. l'heir ascent was censidered a great achievement in aerial navigatioln. l'romn the meagre reports made upon this subject, it would alppear that but tew are dangerously affected before pass ing the line indicating an altitude of 20,ff0 feet. Something scorns to dopeld on the season in which the ascension is niade and upon the atmtospheric condi tionts at the start. Above the lIimtalayas and the Andes, heights of about 20,000 feet have several times beau attained without any ineovenienec. In theso in1 statnecs, however, the ascent has always been very gradual. Could a slower rato of tsseeitt be made practical, it might ho hat t lie great height of nine or ten miles would be attained in safety-at lcast without danger to life. l r(I, u,< 4 un11 i xutl ' c t 1(,t)lr. TI. , ditor of the 11 olntgouery, l)emot rtt reeent,ly wrote te ihe Pre iuIjlpurmg: as1 to the bi j:thi di 4 re i1r. Cleveland, vh-le (lovernor o York, alpl)roved a sill authorizing m. schools in thatt State. Replying to tan. iuluiry, 1'resitent ('leveland wrotot '"T.he only bill that. I know of being pased and approved on that stulject, while I was (tavernor, was one ail'etiug the city of New York, and hmd precisely the co ntnry uilect--tit is, the purposo auit olj;et Wis to retain the colored seho"Is seIarate teal dintinet from thoFo for the: whites. \Ir. Nolson J1. Water biuey, of New York city, .1. think, drew the bill, ma l I'ref. liasin, nuperintendeut of (oLnt l1s1 hooln, matul l hv. 1)r. 1)er ie i4, 11t of New York city, advocated I 5tY(,n1tly. Th e chool board of Now York eit had det ermined to consolidato Iboir ;el s -i witl the wlite schools, antd the lll iook it out of the control of the Ihoani, so t hat it should not be done. it was strinigly urged l bef'oro m that sepa ratet" metcols wert' of much muore benelit to th 1 eled p 1eoile tluI llmitlxe schools. I >,i 1 rtved tIhte hill, ut I sup)ost in the city 44f New Yor-k (allored rehools are pal'trately in1mtaiaed to-day b y virtue "i iH lrou i,i ns. I Live titas given you ali I rem"nl er en the subject of your i ryllV. I l4;.e bete mut;tcht sulprised at h(aring, bnfete the rece+i,t of your let 141r, n lit is n l:tttcr his beei no grossly III i, r(~ 4,141-44)41 1." ; iv rr( 111 lntttihu : , prmed moraI Ii)lity in diorce matters. Al thonogh ab out I , 500 divores are granted yearly3 11n theit State, or. an1 averalgo (of abou4 lt o)xteen toiI each (of it.s ninety-twvo '51u1tiem, t he lad41iaintils Jlo01rn11d de 4b 'es that44 tIhe divorce4. laws of the Shtt ar 1not :44 Ix as those of other Stte 4)4rtieon reeits el caus041es (of divorcei the44 t ill)m 4~ re<iuie t ', gain a1 res1144iec4 944"i of Itle Stites. I udioluii asv4 sit t(tory cruises1 1or di voice, an1d relluir1 tw~o yearIls' res1idece 44. <4n has 1444 Statub>r) )1y emIIies mal41 re<p1iiresl bht cno yetiuIs res41 idee. Illno1s has 11 c ight caus5 and44 one44 year '1VsI esnie; ~\lui ganl eight (enns1es n1114 '11ne your; Iow sV,Ix. emises5:.- and1 44 3111 yir; lK ansas.1 111 nineca/Os / :u114 (1ne year;I Nebraska111 iiut iNOd~ I ('41a I)) )a1h,) 11ven1:1is : eon ionths; 3 )))S"h 414Six 0:auses) and1 01n4 year; Colonol11 o eigh t (1auses) and1 on11e year1 .' i 1the el4eonI S'tates inlluded in this stum no-y1(, 1 adianas isi the on4ly one1 rO4jiniing ver\ r I4 i11ence04, bult 11s the la1w enilarg S44) fth iun11e4 from4 01ne year1 to) two has n4ot14 b Ie in e2xisten4 v'ery l)4lig, it seems1 11411hIe'i legal Iparatio to1 ( 1,:0)) couplles 414 lldly, 111)St have. ratlor ea11sy divorco hiws or be popu40 lated by an exceedingly i 11ppy)' lot (If mlarriedl couples. iei ini fle4 4' Hu54. >fI h nd /d i .)44jh 44)447t ha i ,, I re n 4 ul j1- 14 .: a num he ived i 711 . 4 1) -, 4 " Vee H el i. -~ 1 40), 4444 hI in 41ravh11l N' eral . 11a11 h 1 14h' llin4'4 in 41are 4r a:i w t '11 w ih his 4.4)4mre Ti rul I nl .tth he l ,44 11w11, diovered i 441 a i 1 n(4) ti l n v411b14r 1, at Organ. D)el 1neared dep) and freig Wrto4