University of South Carolina Libraries
THE SENTINEL Is PURLISHED EVERY THURSDAY Is. F. BRADLEY. Editor. PICKENS C. I., S C.: Thursday, January 10. '1878 Seiator Butler's Beat. During the Discussion in the United States Senate, on the question of ad, mitting Gon. Butler to his sent, some of the Republican members made the charge, in the course of their remark, that thero had been a bargain between Butler and Patterson. That for Pat. terson's voto Butler wis to use his influeneo to stop the prose CUions against Patterson in thisState. As Loon as Butler obtained his seat ho at once introduced a resolution calling for an invcstigation of the chargQs, and asked for its immediato consider ation. Ono of the Republican nem bers objected, and under the rules of the Senate the resolution had to lie over and come uip in its regular order. This appeared to be quite a botrbsheli amrongst the Republicans, for they had, by every means possible, endeav. orod to bull-dozo Patterson into vot ing against Butler and1 for the seating of Corbin. Under the resolution,-it passed, all these facts can be brought out, and of course the Republicuns are anxious to conceal them. The reso lution will be the first thing for coi sideration when the Senate reassem, blos, and it is now announced that idmoids will propose, as an amend ment to the resolntion, that th right ot Butler to his scat be investigated alEo, and, by a strict party vote, they hopo to carry the amendient, or, by some kind of maneuvering kill off the rosolution. Patterson will likely be absent on account of illiness, and, with Conover's vote, the Republicans havo one majority; but Conover voted for Butler, and it is not likely that lhe will now go back on that vote, and vote to r'e-open the question; but if lie should, and, under theo party lash continuo to vote with the Republicans, it is said they intend to oust Butler and seat Corbin. It is given out also that the Republicans are only trying, by this kind of nm.neuvering, to searoe the D)emocrats andl prevent thiom from in vestigatin)g the right of Kellogg to his seat from Louisiana. A gain it is announced that it is the purpose of the Republicans, if they succeed in oustinig Butler and seating Corbin, to exp)ell Patterson. If the Republhcans should succeed in their purposes, as announced from Washington, it wvill afford a fine precedent for the Demo crats, and in 18'79, wvhen they are cers taiin to have a good majority, they can and will, should the Republicans succeed at this time, oust bo0th Carbin and Kellogg, and in their places seat Butler and Spofford. So it matters but little to the Democrats, for' in the space of a little over one0 year they' will have abs8oluto control of the Sen ate, the last stronghold of Radicalismn, and will then control the I gislation of' the country. Some of the "doubting Thomas" did not believe the statement made in Jlatt weeks SENTINEL in 3 eference , to tile difference between IIampton 's and Chlamberlain's administrations. The difference in favor of IIamlpton's~ administr'ation was over a million of' dellars. This is true, every word of it, anld beforo IIampton's first adminis tration closes we ..7ill show you a better exhibit than that. A SUGGF.sTION.--Vlhat do yo0i read these long winter nights? Send im mediately for the Sunny South and read its splendid storie, poems essays, sketches, religious and secular news, scientific and humorous artieles: work out its puzzles, mathematical problems and games of chess, or amuse youriself with its correspondents column. Ev ery family in the South should take it wvithout delay. It is our Southlern family paper, and presents a greater variety of reading matter than any other jour'nal. The price is only 83 a year, or two subscriptions for *5. See adJvertisement in another column. Ad. dress J. H. Seals or Sunny South, At-. Janta, Ga. FIvE DOLLARS. A DAY!--The Pjelk, ens SENTINEL hasgbeen called upon to deny that the members of the Legis.. lature are receiving their per diem during the recess. We have been asked the same question, and most positively assert that they do not get ainy ay durmag the rocess.--Groon4 WaIing n rrpopden WA'IIN N,Ya'. 81. Ding-4"ling 1, the t elf. "That's4io mail rier, I ow a I1olen, as she bp 8 ont her jai tosses aside her embroidery, and runs to tho window to take a coy poop through the lraffeltodbfibe.A flo41' Bob wouldn't let another day pass without sending me.ujottfr. I YQS here it is-thank ydu di?e -, iW itt heavy one, Amhog hk Ll always did writo good long letters, and now thit Ie'8 in ittij ho Will Qit6 so much more to tell' mo 'abdut'the sunny hills and 'bdnutifitl gallerie.A( 'III--tel D'Elora, 'Flortic.e,"otaly, .be6.. 4, 1877. My Den HkHle H 011 im at last in Florebt-'tha'local elce to which I have -be&s journeqying for so many days, &c., &c.' :- * Little by little Helen's voice died away, and soon the tts .,t -he letter from her .3ob woionly tg',beA terpreted by O.lw tell-4tdp . blujl?Qi which came and wenL on her. bea.ifp face. She was t. wr pped up in what she read that ewle co.04ld have COiWd her01 happiness. 1hat letter was pufy a sorcerer. It has come 6l the w y acrosss the seas 11romn fairaway Italy'to the very houso where !1Hlon livid without accident. But suppose, i% stead there had ben an error in the direction; then Unclo 4am would have taken it, and first hAving it pronoun ced 'dead' by the postwoithy physi cian, wculd havo-butried it among the other (lead lettei's in tie great 6epul chro ho keeps for that purpose. .Every day hundreds of precious and impor tant letters go astray, and hundreds of hoarts are made sick by hope. de ferred. In the eArly colonial times, so the old yellow pamphlet in the Dos peartment archives tello'us, great pains were taken to recover letters wiich had hcen lost. A fetter in tlide d'Ays was an expensivo affair; paper cost A great deal, and the 'postage waE cons siderable, ranging fromi twenty five contai even up to one dollar; to sdiy nothing of the naloytance of having to wvhittlo out your own penf from the quill, and-imprecssing on the back of the missiv'e the immeniso seal sot cus tomary in those days. Some of thnvto remarkable episitles ar-o,still tQoh ebseen, at the Doad .Isetaor Offit:o.. .Thuir had, ed lines and yellow appearance imutos one into a deep reverie of ,thoso long gone days, and lhe imnagi natLion pc tu res the wvriters w~ho years ag~o h are crumbled into dust, from which theyj caime. From November ,1777 to December 1789, all the letters that went astray are recorded im a botik of lortf" five pages. This1 coer it period of twelve years. A marked edntirastlis evident whlen it is k nownt that fr the ya 1877 moro than four inillions'of.da letters were received by the P~ost Off? co D)epartment. -For the lanudli,ogof this imnmenso number fift,y-ninipladi,cs and twventy-niine gentlemon are -..em ployed. it is an easy matter to.al about, millions o1 letters, but, w hen it is understood that, eachi particulr one hab~ to be separated, handled, marked, inspe(ctedl, and the maj or:ty openedl and returned to the wri te.r, the mnaj% nitudo of the work can be imagined' if not appr1eciated. When ti letter Is misdirccted or the postage has not been prepaid, it is, sent by the post master imnmediately to the Dead,Let, ter Office with the other letters which have not been called for. - flere they are opened by the Gentlemen who sit at long tables ina the Jarge: cheerful room. if anything valuable is contained in themn they are handedd over to another division, where theW contents are registered and placed in a lar'ge sate for rutuie redemption. If there is nothing in them of value, they are sent up stairs, where the ladies~in spect them, and if tho address of' the writer is found the .letter is enclosed to the person by whom it is written. If the letter' has beena held for postage, a circular is sent to the person to whom it is addressed, informing him that there has been received at theo Dead Letter offico a letter directed to him, which will be forwarded upon re eeipt of' the recessary postage.. To this circular the Department r4elves many. very funny replies, if no n'es sponse is made within thirty days, it is treated1 as an oroinary dead letter. The groat amouit of money passing continually through the'mails can be imagined when, out of' the dead lei,ters alone a small preontage-over $50,.. 000 in mioney and more than a milHo, and a half in drafts and cehdieroff1 paper was tiikon withid mb fastya. 'All but about $6,O00 of this hiad been returned to tho" writers. A great share of this comes from the mis. m. non ree(ed letters. People aeon to 0 litet on Wi at goes into the let. '. at they4sget the superseribtin t i 8400'ugbt when oneoeflects P ast aount, of suiring in (Ofst mtrtomes from this neg lect: Alere, for instance, is an illustra. 0'on-,af. exact copy of a letter receiv d at the'oftico not long stee:' "My Dear Mag-; resieved your ,wi k lettgr yest ydagy it, gave gat1 OOfof Idlind k.o , hoAr tbat: 0860-mm I.41LtA thio Jeavva .pio inll preso.ut, thank God:" ..w-i ter (ben adds a sad story of disappointment"and disaster, and fin ished by i n:l send -ol ten dol la'rs for"ymt need it' mlore litun I do." Poor INMag! The $10 for which glho has longed Avid waited' has -gone into Uneld Shmn's. rich purse-not irom tikietl but from necesity. Foreign Ietters are trented in a very diplomatio manner, and are in all cas ,P r96urned acrose the water witiout being.opened. Airica seems to be a perfect.g9ographical enigma to for, eigners when they direct letters to riends bore.., 'They mix all the Sta.tqsjind cities up in one grand mess ind then put a considerable amount of the mixture on each letter. F( r instance, one address reads as fillows: "Ole Anderson, Rockaway citi Pa North Ammrika, New York." Who will undertake to forward that letter? And yLt the dwellers across the eea probably make no more misiakes of this kind than we Americans, for how many of us fully understand all the geographiral localities of the minor cities and provinces of Germany or Sweden, or, in fact, any country on the continent? In the gallery there nre seated forty or fifty ladies whose business it is to return the letters in oflivial envelopes to tho Writers when their address can be found. Every day the hugo sacks which go forth hom that place cram med with letters show the amount of work u lhieh the ladies do. One hand some yourg lad(y is kept busy all thec day ini stuminpinig en)velopes, antd she does it withI lighatning rap lidity. It is said that these ladies tare t ho list readlers of bad w'ritini)g ini the~ (country an td it is not,. to be wonideredl at when one sees. somc of thlu sptecimns of heir work(. TIhe averaige l:ady reader pro)babJly wvill think tha;t it must t e ''too li juny for'S 3 ant lhg' to Le eon tinualiy reading other people.' love letters; but even goldl turni.shaos with mu lchb htadling,r nd so it is with, road.! ig ot her f olk's le t ters w lien it, has t o) be done at the rate of from t wenity toC ffy an hour, day after day anid month after month. A fe.w monthis ago nn npplication wa:s received for :i letter wh1ichi had a flatfls qist or.3 Fort y--t.w years nigo itt nmissed its destination atndl landled inl the Dead letter Otlice. No call wos mande for it, and there it remaiined in .he airChives till the deconduants of the writer, wishing to prove their .right to his propert, obtained from old journals the inf..r matiog. that the deed ~had beon mailed at such a timo to such a person, but had never' reach)ed ite destination. They tl.on made ap, plicat.ion to the Department for the letter. The odds wo're so greatly against them thbat their surprise must have been boundless when the old yellbw document was returned to them just as it, had been mailed over forty years ago. Many will remember the great son, sation caused by the account of the marriage of Don Cabral, theo'Diamond King' (a fictitious character created by Mr. W illiam .H. NeE!roy, of the Albany Eveniug Journal.) Papers tall over the country published the accounts, and as a consequence hun dreds of letters addressed to him came to the D)ead Letter Oflice, and were afterward returned to Mr'. McElroy, ams the only living r'epresenta'.ive of the oforesaid Don. In his application ror them he says: '1 do not wish these letters for publication; but would val, ue them for filo in my scrap books, as illustrating in a marked and unique mannecr thbe success of 'The Brazilian Wedding,' arid axtravaganza directed at one of the follies of modern life.' The writersm of these letters repre,. senited every degree of life anmd all with American 2 directness asked dionations or loanas from hbim for this or that purpose. S3omceoven enclcsed a .postago stamp or a phuotograph, only 'to have the clerks who returned these letters wonder at the credu.. litz. Every day 'there comes with the ligt frsom Philadelphia a letter' enclosed na plain White envelope tand ad dressed in the delicato cbir'ography of a woman. to "Edward P. n:," simply this &p,d nothing more. Tho lady pIr signe a 'ything but he in ikialp,'hopee th litters cartkpt ble rep thrupd tO her. Here is tlop'bjet for I*manfic *ovel. ne caI imagine r ibroker khQd omnax xevex' day sen'ling a letter out into the world to her lost lover, in the vain hope that Botie h,yit'vye1eh his hanvd4-s She does not know his wheroabouts, w>,ab~s ods lier letter out, directed atdy Vhel e, Ikow Ite reo:iop in g, yeqti is NiRESQ&%,verreachjing him. The Museum has been gien up, owing to' the lek of room. Major Dallas, the genial cbief of'the office, has bee#n mtking exery endeavor to lidve it reepened, but there seems to be:little chance of his success until Congrom takes some active intqrest ip the matter.: lin the museum one of the most initeresting features would be the immenso photograph album, which is a great study in itself. As your corrospondent left this interest ing phace ho0 couldn't help thinking how muel trouble and sadness would be averted if people would only direct their letters in a loud hand, as Pat did when Wiriting to his dear grand mother, making tho sipe'scrliption plain and full, or' if this does not suit the ladies' lot them always add their address to their letters and they will never:bo lost. F. A. X. FOR THE 1ICKENS SENTINEL. Ma. EDrTOR-Cr';stmnas has agin been numbered with the things that weire. With the dawn of' the new year there seems to be a general comn. ing to life of your. correspondents. Thoi-gh I have never had the pleasure of contributing to your v:luablc paper before, I now ask for a little space, in which to giv-e a brief account of' tihe entertaiinmnt, given by the Diramatic Club at Cen ti ral, on Thila'sday evening, December 27th 1877. At an early hour the hall was filled witlh a highly appreI(ciatmvo audI(ienleo. TIho entr tai nmen4't consisted of char'ades, r'ei, tations ard songs, aill of w hich were r'iendered ina ver reiable mannmer. Uifor' unate!.y. ait a i:ato hour. one of te meinbe,s of the club was takenm violeily ill. Tis xuavoiidab,le mnis for'tunem ('caue great enmba,-rassmentm. The~ youg lamdy seht eta to fi;1 the lace at on1ce enli.sted the sym:muby and1( attetionm (f theO entire undienCuce,' a ndl eery word an d sentunentii was dlistinet l heard andh fully a ppreciated. In) :onch'lidinig t he account of t he onm terta in ment, we woul b( e doing i njus, tiee to ours~elves and thme club did we not aifli rm that thle eba:xrnxdes were of a ebairacter' to rt flc t the hiighmest hin Or upjoni thmemselves and tihe commns niiiy w hichl they r'eprsenmt. i My I hey eveor mnt1a in the h igh posit ion they have at tai ned, and may t heir' intu re ever bo as bright ais the presenit. The dibaradcs b>eing over, the ele'gant.i diin-. ing room of the Central llotel was thmrown Oplen and "Cousin Jlohnx," as, sisted( by the universal favor'ite, "Cou, sin Lou," came to the front with a feast unsur'passed ini the record Of' epi curecdom. Tfhe contest for the pyrai mid cake, between Miss Gaines, of Central, and Miss Pickens, of Pendles ton, was the crowning event o1 tl:o evening. 'rhe raec was vory close, and extremely exciting. ThIe friends of thme young ladies r'allied bravely to thieir' support. A fter' noearly two liourxs balloting tIhe polls were closed, the votes counted, and the race decided in favor of Miss Gaines. Miss Pickens is a young lady of. rare personal at, Lxractions, and was, thLrouighout tIme ovening, the "ad mnired of all ad mirerxs." 11er sincere congratulations of Miss Laines convinced all p)resent that she possessed a sweetness of character ad rnirable to behold. Miss Gaines is a young lady of cuitur e, and a most val inble ornament to Central society ['ho enkko brought noarly $90. If'any own on the Air-Line, the same sizo >f Central, either in Ge;or.gia ox' the iarolinas, has ever' achieved such a rict.ory we would like to know its lo, slity. The pleasure of the evening was ;'eatly enhlanco-i by tho presence of 'Cousini .Joh n;" his p)leasan t face ail vays beaming with good huumr', corned to be everywheroe visible, his ntir'ing .efforts to contr'ibutoe to the omfor't of his guests, sank (leep into lie hearts oif all present, and will evexr inger with them a more faithful in, lox than pen can destabo. IIow said hat such pleasure must be numbor'ed w'ith the irrevocable past! Still, as wve stated in the outset, Chrxist mans is >ver, and another year is entombed ni the past. Time has counted an.. >thexr b anid from lif e's unrolled web af gray, b"own and gold! Seven ty !even has hiando- her doubtful r,-..rd norokis tho Lethean river into God's foreVer, and nnotheir menasuro i ad ded to tite psalm of thjo centuries. VIOLET. MR. EDpr'oR: For the lDformation nil concerned, I present the following! relative to the past indodbtedness of Pickens (ounty, of the claims now on file in the County Commissioners of fe, viz: Post due claims 1873-74 $650 13 Past .tue claims 1875 662 65 KPtt due tlaims 1876. . 866 38, None for the year 1877 Total duo on file, $2,179 16 The nstessment of the f County is $1,340,665 00 A levy of one and thpeo fourth mills will raise 2,346 16 This will allow for com% mit3ions & nulla bona 167 00 $2,179 16 C. L. 1orLINGSWORTH, Clerk Board County Commissioners. Lists of Patents dated December 11, 1877, issued to residents of the Stutos named below. Reported by C. E. Foster, Pattent Attorney, 509, 7th street, \\ashington, D. C. RI. 1Z. Gwaltney, Louisville, Ky., cotton cleaner; J. L. Jones-, Grccnz borough, N. C , )lug tobacco; W. A. SiLtton, (leburn Texas, carriage axle box; J. B. lude, Whitesborongh Tex as, steam boiler; G. W. MCMillon, Alanchester Tennessee, Ueo hives; J. L. Goodih, .Alontgomery Texaa, treat. ing plants; W. V. Dawson, Madison. ville Texas, p)lowvF; G. 1I. Bradshaw, F13etteville, Tenne-ssee, churns; B. F. lIardesty, Washington, La., carpen% ter's clamps; 11. Dunn, Nashville, Tenn., bag fastener; W. B. & 11. G. Attison, Franklin, Ky., evaporating pai; T. Dowling, New Orleans, shoes; L. 11. Adkins, Amerieus, Ga., an161il (ripi; D. Bronaugh, Kentucky Town, T1exa, cotton lplantter; W. Li ttlejohn, Jefferson, Texas, rifle barrels; S. F"oli. selIl, Me mphis. Tenn ., brick motis; W. F. Jenikins.', Jr., Ilichmonel, Va., car axle bo.'; J. W. Laillui, Lurt1ay, . carI ale box. Among the Dead Failure3 Or' thie pa-tf, how m-iny bogus' ntostemois maiy be' ninbe11 red'! leginniting thIei r carieers with at t remendouis tlouithI of t rum pets, l i.neiid tor at tijte ini puici;i prin:s tand on tl.e m:ig poster~s, Soon), bitt rot to (ioon(01, were hey relIegaited to iihe liibo of itthi ngs lost on eathI. ut I ost etteCr's St omtach Bi t ters is a liv'ing atnd ulhriving remtedy. It goes ont ctur in and to curye. N either undtiierhianid nor open compet it ion aiffe -t it. (On ihe cotary, comn, Itrast with inferior ri vat prepairaitiotns only in creases its popuityli. It ha:s been repeat ed ly Iimi ittd, but wVit hot suecess. (oun i Iterfits ot it htav beent' i surt i*f ito)us ly intro duiced. bo.t have f.tie- i t. E;verywhtere it enlIt'trenches it self inlI (thcofiencile of t'le peo ple: a nd well it noy,. for it is ai thI )oongbily re liabtlle ittvI ioranit o'f ilu feeble, W bani shes dys pepsia an rd Conistip;tion11. braces ihe nerves, citres rhieutt:ic aiilmiets andt kidney'3 coim plat ~fint and eraie tes andMI tl prevenrts intermVlit - tent and remtittenat fevers. N OTICE TOU CiEITORIS AND DEUTORS. the Estate of Mary Anderson, deceased, wil! present them properly provedl; and thtose in. debted will maiike patymntt to the uin de signed, by the 5ith day of Jatnuary'next. - W. If. ANDERSON, Admtt'r. Dec 13, 1877 14 3 N OTICE OF" Fl N AL SETTLEM ENT. Notice is hereby given to all parties interested, that I will atpply to WV. (1. Field, Judge P'roba'te for Pieketns UCunty, for leave to maike a Final Set tlemienit of the Estate of Wmn. Mainley, deeensed, on Tuesday, 5th day of February .next., and ask to be dis charged therefrom. S. W. ClAYTON, Adm'r. Jan 3, 1878 17 5) TOTICE OF FINA L SETTLE3lENT. .Not ice is hereby givetn to all par ties interested, t hat I wvill apply to W. 0. Field, Judge P'robate for Pickens Coutnty, for loaive to make a Finail Settlement of the Estate of Mary Lathemii, deceased, on Tuesday, 5th day of February next, and ask to be dia charged therefromi. J, S. LA TIIEM, Adm'r. Jan 3, 1878 17. 5 STOTICE OF FINAL SETTLEMENT. Notice is hereby given to partiles inter. ested, that. I will aipply to WV. G. Field, Judge Probate for Pickens County, for le:ave to make a Final Set tlemen't. of the Estate of Johnt McKinney, deCceasedl, on Tfuesday, 5th (lay of February nex t, and ask to be dis charged t herefromn. E LIZA DE TIl McKINNEY, A dm'x. Jan 8, 1878 17 To All Whom These IPres ents MIay Concerni. A LL persons indlebted in the Clerk's Office for llecording, inust come and pay for their DEED)S and take them out of the office. Al ter this date no Deeds or other Papers will be Recorded, unless the fees are Paid in Advance. J. J. LE WIS, 0.0 P. Jan 3, 1878 17 2m Keowee Lodge, No. 79. A. F. M!. TilIE 1REGULAR MONTITLY MEET.. IGOF' KEOWEE LODGE, No. 79, A.-. F.-. M,-. will take place on the ON SATURIDAY ON OtR nFlORR THit PULL, noon IN EAeH MoNTIh. The attendance of all the members is earnestly requested. R. A. CHILD, W. M. wy 'r um.yx e3..ro..y NA oIL"U Y. G ojN L fie u r. V* *Ins e ate fro e sytem every taint o0crofu nd Bor as Numor It hat permMti4ly th do in Bos ton and vicinity who had been long and pain. ful sufferers. .I Cancer, Cancerous Humor. The m4rvellous effect Of VKGTINB in 0CAS of Cancer and Cancerous Humor ehallenges the most profound attenkiop vf,the at faculty, many of whom are scribinV - u.-rNsE to their patients. - O~anker. - VE.oETINE,bas never .fIIled to apre tbe nao L inflexible case Of tanker.' Mercurial Diseases. The Vzoxti,meets with wvdqrffi1 su.. cess In the cure of this clas of disease3. Te Salt Rheum. i Teller, Salt Rheum, Scald Head, &., will certainly yield to the great alterative effects of Vegeiine. Erysipelas.. VEGETIN; has never failed to cure 9henmst, inveterate case of Erysipelas. Pimples and Ruinors on the Iae. Reason should teach no that a blotchy, rough or pimpled skin depends entirely upon an internal cause, and no outward applica tion can ever cure the defeot. Vegstie is the great blood purifer. Tumors, Ulcers or Old Sores. Are caused by an Impure state of the blood. Cleanse the blood thoroughly wth Vegetine, and these complaints will disappear. Catarrh. For this complaint the only substantial benefit can be obtained through the blood. Vegetine is the great blood purifier. Consumption. VEOETNe does not not as a cathartle to de. bilitate the bowels, but cleanses all the or. gans, enabling ench to perform the functions devolving upon them. Piles. VEGETINEx has restored thousands to health who have been long and painful sufferers. Dyspepsia. If VE01ETINEXis taken regularly, according to directions, a certain andspeedy cure will follow its use. Faintness at the Stomach. VEG ETINE is not a stimulating bitters which creates a fictitious app elite,but a gentle tonio which asiss nature to restore the stomach, to a beailthy action. Female Weakness. VEGOETINE acts directly tupon the cAnses of these complaints. It invigorates and siren-. gllhens the whole systeus, acts upon the se cretive organs and allays inGfamoaation.. General Debility. In this coJmplinut thme goo~d etfeets of the4 V7LI:TIi are realized immaediately after commaencinag 1o take ii; as debility denoues deficiency ot' thme blood, and Vegetinme atam directly uponm the bloo.. Vegetlute lPrepairedl by H. R. STEVENS, Boston Kass. YRGETINIE isi Sold by All Drnggits. EVERYTHING USUALLY KEPT IN AN AT M cEFA LL'S, I KEEP GOOD SUBSTA 4TIAL AND AT PR ICES TO SUIT TULE HIARD TI MES. TRY JIE, Reospectully, W. T. McFALL. Jan 10. 1878 18