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w! / yi, ,y ^ti. . xf ' , " ,4.. .;. -,. ,.yt 3 % - . y. . a ?:;f._ q'- " :f AFamily pCompanion, Devoted to Literature, Miscellany, News, Agriculture, Markets, &c. AVol. XIX. NEWBERRY, S. C., TH URSDAY, AUGUST 16, 1883.No3. .t4 HERALD Zs rusLISERD /EVERY THURSDAY MORNING, At ewberry, S. C. BY THO. F. GRHKER, Editor and Proprietor. Invariably in Advance. - ?pes at the expiration of 2". p3 The mark denotes expiration of subseription. ,. Place of ending for the Doctor USE SIMMONS'S Hepatic Compound, Or Liver and Kidney Cure. IT WILL AVE YOUR DOCTOR BILL. IT IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE and valuable Medicine ever offered to the American people. As fast as its merits become known its use becomes 1niversal in' every community. No family will be without it 'after having once tested its great value. Thousands of Dollars are wasted on Physicians' fees by the dyspeptic, the rheumatic, the bilious and abe nervous, when a dollar ex pended on that unapproachable vege table Tonic and Alterative HL 8IOS'S IPATIC COIPOUND, Ol LIVER AND KIDNEY CUHE, would in every case effect a radical cure. If you are bilious, tongue coated, head hot, dull, or aching, bad breath, stomach heavy or sour, if bowels in active and passages lkard and occasion allooseness, if your sleep is broken (tossing about in bed), if you get up rnefreshed, if your skin. is sallow, eyes yellow, if heavy, dull pains in back and limbs, if you are drowsy, in disposed to talk or act, if any one or more of these symptoms, take a dose of Simmons's HEPATIC OMPO//ND, and you will get immediate relief. DOWIE & MOISE, WHOLESALE DRUCCISTS CHARLESTON, S. C. M- FOR SALE EVEEYWHER. .E And in Newberry by Dr. S. F. FANT. Nov. 2, 44-ly. O R lhdiek's .Tema3a .ggd aany infamgatwOman?an cnre hamelf byialow-in the diretin. It is especiafly efica - ZE20, T-r WnE, and PAar?Ar. PaOLArsos. It sm- i dat teet'andpumaanantly restore th IImpil Fun.ctioL. Asaremnedy to be used am~ilteritiei ioanown as "Change cd IdMs," this invaluable prep...ann baa no rial a .EBOON to alleildbeain wun; a meal hmntosUfnCffarinfmle; atraS MOTHER'S FRIEND. Whensplied twoor threemlOnthsbefore confne agent it will produce a safe and quick delivery, - nto pain and aBleviate thsal agon"lzl"guf Iabeyond the power of language to exprewsi ZryCrs Ointment sureana and apeedy cure for Blind or Bleed 2 20080:8,Ulcers, Tumos Fisula, Burns, *a, Felons, Sore Nipples, etc. -Its efrects are gngly marvelous, and It is an inexpressible tiig to anl affBicted with either of the above omuplaints. Try It i. Ene circulara, te-tmnals, and funl partlca -r, addr Sole Proprietor and Manufacturer Of THREE GREAT REMEDIES I Wo. 108 SoutM-Pyor8t., ATLANTA,. GA, SWIFTS SPECIFIC -a antidote to ali kinds of mPIu andsu Hrdaithotr. swift' hascured meeof Seofula.whichis many and haed a great many physicians andalansrt oftratmntbut to no purpos; and whnI began t ake Swfs SpcfcI was In a ithe greatest ecnen i teince and I hope - aywho doubt will write to me. B. C. BAWES, Ja., Clarksville, 6a. 'rettr, tyingI was at -CATARRH. 3 imets unneessary to show that this is a Dies.S. S. S. cures it. had baffled the ramte l h beet p alcins Krth nd ue cure. It relieve Nave taken S. S. S. for Catarrh with great beneet. ,S R.partnur.S. C. * ' ,000 REWARD! idto any Chemist who will find, on Anal Ibtls5. s. S., on atce of Mercury, Drawer 3, ATLaITa, Ga. Sfor Soldiers on any dis #3RJiIIh1U ease, wound or inj -~3f[~~)93j' Fees, $10. Bounty, Pay, Discharges for De Address*C'. ITE CO. 05F 00. ash Ing.e n. Jan.11, S-tf. A SPECIALTY Is made by SWAPIELD in Gentlemens' Suits, Which are CUT AND MADE BY FIRST CLASS HANDS. Fits gaaranteed. A fine stock of Gents Furnishing Goods, Always on hand. Write or when in city call on SWAFFIELD, Feb12 tf COLUMBIA. ITTERC 1 OSuetar's Stomach Bitters, b increaie vital power, and rendieng h fanctions regular and activ eeps the iagainst diee.Fr' osi dys pepsis and liver complaint nervousness, hidne and rhematic ailments, it is in le, and it affords a sure defence gainst malarial fevers, besides removing traces of such disease from the ssem For sale by all Dgists and era Jnne 11, 24-1y. WATESAND JBWELRY At the New Store OR Hotel Lot. I have now on hand a large and elegant assortment of WATCHES, CLOCKS, JEWELRY, Silver and Plated Ware, IOLI i AND GUITAE STRINGS, SPECTACLEB AND SPECTACLE CASES, WEDDING AND BIRTHDAY PRESENTS. IN ENDLESS VARIETY All orders by mail promptly attended to. Watehmaking and Repairing Done Cheaply and with Dispa'ch. Call and examine my stock and prices EDUARD SCHOLTZ. Nov. 21, 47-if. GLENN SITMINGS, SPARTANBURO CO., S. C. The Proprietors of this Celebrated Wtering Place respectfully announce that it will be opened this Season on the 1st of May under the same man agement as last year. TERMS OF BOARD. Per day. .. .. .. .. .--.. 200 Per week. .. .. .. .. ..-. 12 00 Per month. .. .. .. .. .. 30 00 Children under ten years of age and colored servanits, half price. Liberal redetions for large families. Messrs. A. Tam2.er & Son, will run a Idaily Stage Line from Spartanburg and Glenuts, making the be'st rail road connection. gg Special attention1 given to ship ping of Water. SINPSON & SIMPSON, May 3, tf. Proprietors. -r... "SALUDA CR .o L. Prpae by theau da eicn ComALUy, Cebry, SO ILC."Pic 50. per bottle. For sale by all Druggists. April 2, 14-Cm. DR. E. E. .JACKSON, DftGGIST AND RIIM1ST, COLUMBIA, 8. C. emoved to store two ddiora next to Wheeler House. Orders promptly attended to. Anr. 11, 1..tL gvetr. FARTHER ON. I hear it singing, sweetly singing, Singing in an undertone, Singing, as if God had taught It is better farther on. Night and day it sings the sonnet. Sings it while it sits alone ; Sings so that the heart may hear it It is better farther.on. Sits upon th- 7rave and sings it ; Sings it while the heart would groan Sings it when the shadows darken It is better farther on. Farther on-ah ! how much farther? Count the mile stones one by one. 0; no counting, only trusting It is better farther on. etintos. OUR ?IJBLlJ IllflAY THE COST OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF ROADS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Senater Butler Gives some Interesting Facts About the Enormous Cost of Supporting the Reads of the State, and Ponts out Somel of the Causes from which the People Suffer. News and Courier. EDGEFIELD, July 23.-The popu lation of South Carolina is, in round numbers, about one million, or was by the Census of 1880. In the ratio of five to one this would give us 200,000 voters. Now the question is, are there as many per sons liable to road duty as there are voters? The road age is from 16 to 50. The voting age is from 21, upwards. Will the class from 16 to 21, equal the - class from 50 upwards? I should answer in the affrmative, or very near ly so, and if so, the number of voters and road-workers must be very nearly equal. But we must deduct all persons exempt from r)ad duty under the law. They will, perhaps. number one hundred in each county or 3,300. We will put the number of "exempts" at 4,000. We must deduct all per sons of the road age, in cities and towns. These we can get with reas onable accuracy from the census of 1880, and amounted then to about 130,000, and I shall base my estimates on the status of that year. In the same ratio of five to one, this would give us 26,000 voters in the cities and towns, and if my comparison is correct the same number of road workers with the 4,000 'exempts" we shall have 30, 000 to deduct from the 200,000, leaving 170,000 liable to road duty. Let us put it at 150,000. These 150,000 men are required by law to work on the puble roads "not less than three nor more than twelve days" in each year. If they work the maximum number of days, and their services should be valued at one dollar per day-and that is the price fixed by the law-makers we shall have 150,000 multiplied by twelve, amounting to $1,800,000 for one year. Suppose they average six days annually, the cost would $ 00,000. If a dollar a day is too such, then the law is wrong. Esti mate it at fifty cents a day and for the twelve days the value of the labor would be $900,000 and for six days $45,000. But it may be said, doubtless will be said, this is not a sound ar gument or fair calculation as to the annual cost of public roads; that the people do this work when they can, perhaps, do nothing else, and is a contribution in kind to the public service and, therefore, does not cost the amounts specified. I only adopt the measure of value estab lished by the people themselves through their representatives. The labor is worth that much, and in contemplation of law is expended upon the highways, and, if so ex pended, is taken out of the pro ductive power of the people of the State, and is therefore, lost to other channels. I have seen the time when road hands summoned out of the fields were worth a dollar a day to the crops, and I insist it is a le gitimate estimate in calculating the cost of maintaining the' hig'h-ways. If not bestowed upon the roads this labor would or should be utilized elsewhere so as to be worth a dollar a ay to tho mnutries of the State. are very bad they will not last longer than three years. Let us suppose the average cost on these vehicles is $5 each. Is that too much or too little? If correct, they cost annually $50,000. Now, it is safe to assume that if the roads were made good the average life of a vehicle would be increased to ten years and the annual repairs not more than $2 50. I think this would be within bounds, if the for mer premise is correct. Here alone would be a saving $25,000 in cash annually in the matter of repairs, besides an enormous amount by reason of the increased longevity of the vehicles. This is a tax that comes out of the pockets of the people every year that might just as well be saved by the exercise of more practical wisdom and fore sight in working our public roads. I am satisfied on further reflection and injuiry I have placed the num ber of vehicles far to low. There must be one hundred thousand vehicles in the state. It seems to me these are ques tions well worthy of earnest con sideration. They are not vagaries indulged in for entertainment, but propositions coming within the scope of every man's experience. It is not claimed that they are ac curate, but serve to illustrate the point I make and to show that we pay heavily for bad roads which could be immeasurably improved by the judicious outlay of much less money. In an enterprising go-ahead coun try time is money where the people are active, industrious, vigilant, progressive. If time is money, what vast sums are expended upon our public roads? Here is another tax-heavy tax. Time -spent pull ing and hauling, "geeng and haw ing," swearing and complaining, is very unprofitably spent. There are many sections of twenty miles of road in Edgefield County, and no doubt in other countries, that cannot be travelled in winter in less than three, sometimes four hours, whereas not more than an hour and a half ought to be required, and they can be made so that not more than an hour and a half would be required. Would it not be better to repair the roads and save this time to be used more profitably and avoid the tortune of mind and body and loss of vital energy and force? It would seem so. I might cite other facts showing the extravagant cost of our road system, but they would only be eumulative. If your roads cost the one-half, or the one-fourth, or the one-tenth of the amounts above stated, they would be the most ex pensive nuisances that any people ever supported. But I have not overstated it. I have not in cluded the annual tax we pay for the building and repair of bridges, which is a tax upon proper4y, and in the aggregate for the whole State must reach a large sum, and which I cannot give be cause my inquiries on that point have not yet been answered. I have not referred to the increased expense to which every man is subjected in the additional horse power he must use to transport his family and products over the hills and gullies and through the mud and slush he encounters in the public roads. Two mules will haul four bales of cotton over a properly lo cated, well-graded and well-worked road as readily as four mules' now get along with the same load. Ap ply this proportion to the internal commerce and transportation of this State, carried on by horse power, and some idea may be formed of its extent. This is a part of the cost the people pay to wards, maintaining their public highways, and no insignifint part. It might be saved by good roads. M. C. BUTLER. There is a man living in Georgia at the age of seventy-five years whose father was 101 years old when the former was born, and who lived to accompany him to the polls to cast his first vote. The son now splits rails, builds fences, digs goobers and bids fair to live as long as his father. It is easy to make the~ dull boy smart. Cut .his finger and apply salt water.-hiladielphia Herald. One million eight hundred thousand dollars is a large sum of money, and if collected annually and judicious ly expended on the public high ways would work a wonderful change for the better. But the col lection of no such sum or the half or the quarter of it will be necessa ry, as I think I can demonstrate further on. This, however, is not the only item of cost. Section 1,087 of the General Statutes provides that "Any person who shall receive bodily in. jury or damage in his person or property through a defect in the repair of a highway, causeway or bridge, may recover in an action against the county the amount of damages fixed by the finding of a jury. If such defect in any road, bridge or causeway existed before such injury occuraed, such damages shall not be recovered by the per son injured, if his load exceeded the ordinary weight." ' The next section (1.088) provides, that "If before the commencement of an action provided for in the foregoing section the county com missioners tender to the plaintiff the amount which he might be en titled to recover, together with all costs, and the plaintiff refuse to ac cept the saie, and does not re cover upon subsequent trial a sum larger than the amount tendered, the defendants shall recover costs and the plaintiff be entitled to the results of no verdict." That is to say, if the county will pay for the repairs of every vehicle broken or injured by reason of a "defect in a highway, causeway or bridge," or for every personal injury or dam age suffered from the same cause, the party injured shall not be en titled to recover, -otherwise he will have that rigl.t. Suppose that pro vision should be put into execution, (and what is to prevent it except the forbearance of the public) what would be the annual cost to the people of this State? The fact that the public have rarely. availed themselves of it is no proof that it will not in the future. It is said corporations have no souls, and juries appear to act up on that princple whenever they get an opportunity. A county is a cor poration. It colle&ts taxes for its support from the citizens, and in return guarantees protection to per son and property. The citizen is entitled to this protection, and if he fails to get it the State gives him his remedy. A man commits an assault and battery upon another; the party assaulted has his remedy in a civil action for damages, and besides this the State redresses the wrong by a criminal prosecution. One man commits a devestavit upon the property of another by doing, or omitting to do, something re quired. by law, and the party in jured recovers damages for the wrong. Why, should not a county be liable for an act of omission or commission whereby one of its cit izens suffers? The Legislature evi dently thought it should be, or it would nevcr have enacted such a law as the foregoing. There is still another matter of cost, in the form of an indirect tax, it is true, but nevertheless a tax andl burden i-esulting from our wretchedly bad roads which might be mitigated and greatly reduced by good roads, viz: the wear and tear of vehicles in common use and the enormous expenditure of horse power. It is next to impossible to ascer tain the vehicles of all kinds and descriptions used on the public highways in South Carolina, but I have adopted the best method I can think of to approximate the num ber, and have submitted this ques tion to a number of practical men. What is the proportion of vehicles to population in South Carolina? Some have answered one to every hundred, some one to fifty and others one to seventy-five. I should have ananswered one to every hundred, but a majori ty it think too large and decide that one to fifty would be nearer the mark. However, I will adopt one to a hundred. This would give us ten thousand vehicles. The aver age life of a vehicle, carriage, bug gy, cart, wagon, &c.. is about five years in the present state of the rad. Tn lointes where the roads FROM THE PULPIT. THE MINISTER'S AUDIENCE VIEWE WITH AN IMPARTIAL EYE. As you preach the word, my des young brother, cast your eye around upon the congregation ani you' will observe these people, a follows, to wit, namely, viz: THE SLEEPER. He will be there. Peradventur he leaneth his chin upon a cane, a that when the moment of deep ani profound slumber cometh upon him his chin slippeth off and with thi bang of his head upon the pew ii front of him he is awaked. How beit, the bang upon his wife's.hea+ no man can bear. Or, the slum berer may sit bolt upright and no< in time to his deep and regula breathing. Only when you cas your eyes upon him the watchfu wife of his bosom stabs him wit] her elbow, and he glareth upon th4 congregation as who should say "He that sayeth I slept, the same i, a liar and a villian and a horse thief." Or, if he be so that hi leaneth his head back until the lit thereof falleth down betweens hi shoulders, and he playeth fantasti+ tnnes with his nose, insomuch tha the boys in the gallery make merr; over the same, then it is hazardou to awaken this slumberer right and denly, because he dreameth o divers things and sayeth to th, man who shaketh him up "Hey? hi! ha! yes, yes, all right I'm up." And thus is the congre gation much scandalized. But i he foldeth his handkerchief ove the back of the pew in front an< boweth his head devoutly upon th, same, even in that moment when th< text is pronounced, then will tha sleeper trouble no one, but wil slumber sweetly on until the tim, of the benediction, and he will ez tol the sermon and magnify th preacher. He is the old-timer fron Sleepy Hollow. THE LOUNGER. He falls into the pew and slide easily into the most comfortabl' corner. He shakes himself dow] into' a comfortable attitude. Hi legs extend under the pew in froni and meet his hips at the crookedes of obtuse angles- He crooks hi pliant elbow into the arm ofith pew, and drops the side of his fac into the fearful hollow of his hanc by means 'of which he pushes hi cheek up into 'his eye. His shoul ders are nearly on a level with hi head. Every time you look at hiI you expect to sie him slide out c sight. And although you are good man, sometimes you wish h would, and never come up again. THE FIDGET. Whether you look for him or nol you know where he is. He pushe the hassock away with a long res< nant groan of its own. Then h1 sits bolt upright, hooks his shon der-blades over the back of th pew and hangs on. He is going t sit still this summer if it kills hin But the pew is too high, sohe sel tIes down a little. Then he puts hymn-book between his back an the pew. Then he leans forwar and lets it fall with a crash. The he folds his arms; he half turus an lays one arm along the back of th pew. Suddenly he slides down an brades both knees against the bac of the pew in front. Ah, that comfort. It lasts ninety second' when he abruptly straightens al elevates both arms and hooks hi elbows over the back of is'pev That isn't what he wants; his leg are tired; he reaches for the hai sock with both feet, upsets it, an in a frantic effort to stay it kickt it against t,he pew. Covered wit burning embarrassment he pull out his watch twice or thrice witi out once looking at it. He fold his arms across his breast, then h crosses them behind his back; h thrusts his hands into his pocket he drops a Bible on the fioor an puts his feet into his hat, and a times you look to see him go all t pieces, but he doesen't. He stay together and comes back next Snm day, every limb and joint of hin THE WATCHER. His neck is fitted on a glot socket and turns clear around. H sees everything that goes on. Th .man hacmes in late does nr 'escape him, and it is vain for the tenor to think he got that little note p; to the alto conveyed between the leaves of the hymn book unob. served. The watcher saw it. He r sees the hole in the quarter that Elder Skinner dropped in the plate.. He sees that Deacon Slow boy has kut one cuff. If the door swings he looks around; if the window moves noiselessly he looks up. He sees the stranger in his neighbor's pew, and he sees Brother Badman sitting away back under the gallery, furtively taking a chew of the inhibited fne-cut. All things that nobody wants him to see the watcher sees. He sees so much he has no time to listen. - THE TIME-EEPEE. As you pronounce your text, you see the time-keeper take out his watch, look at it carefully and close it with a snap that says: "Go !" clear to the pulpit. You know that he has you down to a second, and that he keeps a faith ful record of the length of every sermon you preach, usually adding five or ten minutes to the record, "to allow for a difference -in watches." During the sermon he refers to that watch every few min utes or oftener. And when you r have been preaching, say, twenty five minutes. the time-keeper looks at his watch and starts. Can he believe his eyes? He looks at the watch; then he gazes at you. Then he looks around at the clock on the gallery to be assured that his watch hasn't been stopped ever since last f Sunday. Then he makes a move r ment to close the watch and return it to his pocket, but changes his mind, looks at it again, smiles-a despairing smile, and holds his hand up a little-so that his neigh bor can see what tine it is. Then, with a long, fled lookatyou,he clicks his watch shut and slowly returns it to his pocket with the 1 expression of a man whose amaze men has struck him dumb, and who cannot actually believe the evi dence of his own senAs. If the time-keeper cannot ruin the closing five minutes of your sermon you are 1 proof against annoyance. -rE AQUME. He comes in late. His pew is the furthest from the door. His a boots are vocal monsters that are never worn save on the Sabbath day to keep it noisy. Down the Slong aisle he walks, squee-squaw, .squee-squaw. When he reaches his Spew there are strangers in it. He is the soul of hospitality, and he Swouldn't disturb one of them for S$1,000. Back he goes to a seat un eder the gallery, squee-squaw, squee squaw. Then hef remembers that he has a notice for you toread, and back he squeaks to the pulpit, hands you the wrong notice, and * solemnly squawks back to the pul 'pit, delivers the proper notice, and e calmly squawks back to hisdistant .seat, he alone solemn, while all e others are inelined to smile. The o squeaker is such a good man you ' can't bear to scold him. He is aw fully good. And the gooder he is a the worse he squeaks.-Burdette, in Cincinnati Enquirer. 'BUEIE IN A& STEANGE MANNiEE. -There has been discovered about e twelve miles blow Elberton, Ga., a very, peculiar mode of burial adopt ed by some ancient race of people. s It was an earthen vessel somewhat " in the shape of apot with a capac ity of ten or twelve gallons. This swas buried in the ground, the top four or five feet beneath the surface; s in the bottom of the vessel was a round hole that eneitled the neck of the corpse, the head being in the s vessel and the body beneath it, the vessel being evidently made around the neck. Inside of this vessel was a smaller one made with scallops s around the top; this was placed e bttom side up, over the skull. 8 The skull was pretty well preserved. " The teeth indicated a child about twelve years old. 0 A lady recently speaking of her * husbargl said: "He is absolutely almost without a fault, except that he does not realize that sometimes I,pine for a little raxmatin. In e ten years he has not taken me to a e funeral, and iall thattime I have e not had onegood squarecy tmy i neighbor's expense.' y.1 AAvd mma au at . :-a0 31.6 e maae ( pe c Lte : an5eaai. ach Mumb on aboe. ' Notd feoreI as,obItaarINs Of resack,wzeraft per a4"Mu eilt adUW sNeNW". ii t SreelaI NoGens Is dulse perflas. atetaebs Sa wI6 JOB e P winT i beraIde6eeae DoWB 2 N.NA DOME WiTH NAMM AND TERMS .SHL , DREMSU RgPBR 4 WOMAN IN TROUSs THE RELIGIOUS EDITOEB "I want to call your atee our system of dress refor*" menced an ancient danatig very wide mouth, as 8he managing editor's saias bhrew her hat on the table.. "Looks very' pretty," mr -he managing editor s Bloomer costume uth a _Yeo/ ye. "See how free add easy ing is," continued the brandishing her arms an iround. "Did you ever see hing to equal that?" "Don't think I ever did," ip& he managing editors,almly. ~repared to.esay that Ineuse inything anywhere that ,_t esemblace to it." "Comfortable, pretty, aose lating all the limbe and Iree play to all the muscles hat?" "Don't really see anythin r lamored the adasirEag 'That. element seemn s nain stay of the whele "Now I Want this pape(r hs scheme and mske imong the ladis of t:e kre you prepared.to-go.t4 ranch of philanthehy. "It's a little dut of th ny duties," responded the iging editor. "I'} didl . igions editor. He kiow. al ich things." "I see, I see," mniteret us editor, as he teoakthe it a glance. "YouIdep aloonsup with s "That's just it,"n$S -gte reformer.'s namanjt3ther~lef brtable." "Suppose you bust a hat do yon propo*s to * hat?"'asked the erdgind "Seir It up," repliel the pomptly. "Bgy suppose you!re ou md there is no undth 4Z wan meditatively "Tell me frankly," desades eLigious editor esenly,'& mnow how to rasteu "No, I don't," retorted 1iT an. "Have you ever seen a who does?" Nowr, another thing. "Do you knowhewtotle ab - n with astring?". "I never tried it," stammered woman. - "I wouldn't havejblieved y!i you said you had, conthmed1~ eligious editor. "You begin to where your dress reform willeiR ut in the case of accident," "You're a brute!i" howlsd theK. oman, as she made p breakftr the oor. "That's rather tough, wasi sked the managing editorategned ng the disappearing figure with a motdfn of relief. "I don't know," replied the ious editor, looking" longingly~. lhe bottom drawer of the mag~~' ditor's desk. "Underneath alih ds reform she was- strappei ike a mule In a blsithE6 adknew it. If sheImdat Lered on that question sh m the next, ot ws~ er oftime. How do apple jack I saw hour ago?"-BrooAssa FATE TRWE Ni-Thar W lelife you lead," said ai tois son Jim. "YuiQ unning after every girl into . "It's not my fault that Iru "Whose fault is it, then?" ~' .It's their own fault If' would stand still so I cend up, I wouldn't rue pema r. ways*raalpeek