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~oetrn.
A POETICAL WEDDING.
A roman tic couple were united in Ohio by
the following poetical ceremony:
MINISTER.
This woman wilt thou have, t
Aid cherisher for li'e;
Wilt love and comfort her:
And seek no other wife?
HE.
'his woman I will take
That stands beside me now;
I'll find her board and clothes,
And bave no other "frow."
XMIIsTER.
And for your linsbaud will
You take this nice young man. 3
Obey his slightest wish, s
And love him all you can?
SHE.
I'll love him all [ can,
Obey him all Icboose,
And when I ask for funds C
He never must refuse. V
MINISTaR.
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And happy may you be!
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As dollars is my fee! t
t
I1MXIGRATION .
A 7aper Read at Greenville, S. C., July 26,
1881, at a Meeting of the State Agricul
tural Society and State Grange, by
lames McIntosh, of Newberry, 8.C.
a
Mr. President and Gentlemen :
The econonies of public weal
and welfare are subjects of practi
cal interest at all times, and should q
be approached in a spirit free from n
all locai and individual preconcep- s
tions, and considered wit.h the
broad and liberal purpose of dis t
covering that. which is for the
greatest good to the m any.
And with the hope, Mr. Presi- n
dent, that %N e may now take up V
the subject of immigration in that
spirit. I shall offer the following j
suggestions and remarks, expect- a
inga from the discussion to follow
tht,re wili result a better ander
st:thitig and a Iutlier oppreciation t
of I hi itilportalice i of li iis snbject
of I ini.ral iui. For whether we
9 t
View it ill its suci:l. its itdustrial,
its financial, or its political aspects,
it presents under each one of
these heads problems worthy of a
serious and thoughtful considera
0 p
tion, and opens to our view what
are destined to be the most im
q
>ortant factors in the future wel.
fatro anid development of the State..
We can at present consider but
few of these heads. And I pro. ~
pose to confine my remarks to the
subject of immigration: the room
for it, how to induce it, and the
benefits resulting therefrom. What
t
immigration has done, what it
has achieved for this country, isl
an accomplished fact : and Iro
what has been done in the past,
we can safely draw'conclusions as
to the future.
If any one opposes immigration
upon' the grounds of its doubtful
good results, I would ask him who
has developed this couDtry. His
answer could be naught else than
the immigrant and his descend
ants.
Now if the immigrant who came
ither two hundred years ago
and settled this country and had
their numbers constantly aug-.
m cented by new arrivals have
developed a conntry and people
second to none, and ma~de this
development from an incongruous
gathering, shall we with our
social and legal restraints well
defined not he enabled to receive
new comners now. And just as
the body aseimilates the different
kinds of food into good and proper
nourishment, assimilate into the
body politic these immigrants
fronm different lands, and make
them good citizenis, aceommo
dating themselves to our laws and
modes of life. We certainly hawe
a fairer~ prospect of success than
our fathers bad. it has been a
success in the past, and if taken I
hold of properly now, will be a
success in the future.
As one of the elements then
g onducive to this success let us
consider the question, if there is
room itn this State for Immigran ts,
then how best we can induce this
Iimmigration~
if I were to ask any one presentI
ho has traveled to this meeting
from the seaboard-from the
astern middl or western por
ion of the State, if he saw room
or Imm:grarits, the reply would
>e 'yes.' 'We looked over hun
ireds yea thousands and tens of
housands of acres that aro wait
ng for the husbandman.'
If we will only take the trouble
o look over the late census re
urns we can find facts there that
vill even demonstrate this more
ointedly to you than the ocular
emonstration you have had. The
rea of South Carolina is computed
t 34,000 square miles, or 21,760,
00 acres. Now our population
umbers 995,622 which will give
ou about 30 inhabitants to the
guare mile, or say one inhabitant
r every 22 acres. Then in Svth
arolina there is over 20 acres of
ind to each man, woman, and
hild within her limits. Now if
7e take into consideration the
opulation of our cities and towns
nd villages, the professional men,
be teachers, the mechanics and
be men of all trades through
be country, and then allowing
>r children and .women in the
ricultural districts working as
irm hands, we shall have a
Lborer to about, 120 acres of
Lnd.
This shows we are not crowded,
)r when we look over to Belgium
nd see that there is only 1 2-5
cres to each inhabitant, to En
land with only 1 acres, to Italy
rith only 2 25 and to Germany
rith only 3j, while here we have
2, a good deal of elbow room, so
uch so that we could well have
veral Immigrants sandwiched
etween every native, withont
here being any danger of their
[bows touching, or of their tread
l on each other's toes. But we
eed not go to the old world
7e find in Massachusetts one in
abitant to 2 6-8 acres, in New
ork one to 5, Ohio one to 8
ores.
Now these figures as to our
ant population in comparison to
hese populous countries should
rouse our landowners to look at
his subject in its industrial lights,
s well as its pecuniary results.
'he price of land necessarily de
ends on the demand for the same,
nd the demand comes from the
opulation. Double your popula
ion and you will find that you
uadruple instead of doubling the
rice of your land. PoprJation
ncreases in two ways; by the nat
ral way and by immigration.
)r increase by natural means has
een slow; it has not equalled the
emand, and there is only one
ay in which it can be quickened,
hat is by immigration. Now our
armers and landowners should
e that the only way to bring
ito market and make available
hese 120 acres that they have to
very labover -is to take steps to
rcrease immigration. If you wish
o sell your land increased populIa
ion increaseq its value. If you
nly wish to rent, you will be
etter off with two, three or four
enants than you can be witb one.
.nd there is this lawv of population
hich may be put down as infalli
>de, that as population increases
ndstry is naturally diversified ;
.nd the farm feels it as much as
ny of the other departments of
h industries of life. And the
armers of this State would find
ith an increased population such
demand for diversified farm pro
ucts thnab the size of their one
iorse farms would diminish at
rnce, for he would be engaged in
aising crops requiring so much
ore attention than the same
imber of acres in cotton and corn
equire, that the laborer could
nly cultivate a much smaller
umber of acres.
Now we come to consider the
uestion how to induce immigra
ion. And in attempting to turn
ut of its accustomed channels a
ortion of the tide of emigration
owards our own State, there .are
no doubt many difficulties arid
bstcles to be overcome.
And it cannot be done without
vork,intelligent methodised effort
inder a sagacious management,
.ith a liberal outlay of money.
V he limited appropriation made
y the Legislaue at its last ses
sion is bearing abundant fruit.
Under a wise management an
been appointed ; arrangement
a!ready effected' for securing ant
forwarding from Castle Garden
N. Y., to Columbia, any immi
grants wanted as laborers. Cheal
rates of transportation arrange(
with the Railroad and Steamshi:
lines from New York to Columbia
so that the adults' fare is bul
$10.00, children from 5 to 12year.
only $500, and those under %
years free. And with a building
secured as a temporary home if
Columbia, and cheap rates fo
boarding; and the fares on oui
State Railroads reduced to a mini
mum; we have an Immigration
Bureau in good working order
ready to supply any class of labor
ers wanted, at kuch small cost,
that already daring the few
months of its existence 500 immi.
grants have been settled in the
State. This may look small but
when we consider that the censuE
of 1880 only showed 7,641 foreign
born inhabitants this may be bui
a beginning that will swell that
anumber. so that when another cen
sus is taken those few thousandf
will be hundreds of thousands.
But we want not only laborers
but those emigrants who react
our shores with means and mone3
to invest in lands and homes
these are the immigrants we want
aid to reach this class the opera
tions of the Immigration Bureat
must be extended. For at pres
ent from the small appropriatior
at the disposal of the Immigratior
Bureau they have not the mean.
to get up the statistics and propei
data which decide these immi
grants in their selections of locali
ties for homes. This can only b(
done through a liberal appropria
tion by our next Legislature. Anc
the Immigration Bureau havinc
the advantage of being able t<
profit by the experience of th(
other States already engaged ir
this work will avoid much of th<
useless expense attending untriec
experiments. For these States
and the trunk lines of Railroadi
leading West from New York
have for years been spending
their money freely in bringing t
the attention of the immigrani
all the advantages other sectioni
possess. They have books, pam
phlets and railroad maps carefull
prepared for free distribution, do
scribing all the Counties of theim
State, the soil, the climate, thi
population, the productions, thm
manufacturing advantages, th<
mineral deposits, in fine anything
likely to attract an emigrant's eye
And these are not only given t<
the emigrant upon his arrival ir
New York, but, in the hands o
trusty agents, are distributed ox
shipboard, at all tbe Bailing port'
and even amid the hamlets of thi
rural population in the old world
So that one desirious of ernigra
ting can with little or no troubb4
procure one of these pamphlet
before he leaves home to seek hi.
fortune in a strango land ; car
study the country he proposes t<
make his future home, And count
ing up his money he can ever
before starting map out his ex
penees. So much for travelling
so much for land, so much for
team, so much for farming utensils
so much for the first year's sup
port, as this pamphlet often ap
proximates the cost of each o
these items. So with all this in
formation before hand the part2
decides to seek a new home, whei
without it his careful training an<
habits of saving would have kep
him from running the unknowi
risks of an emigrant's life. Nov
to such inquiries in regard to ou:
State but little information can b<
given. We have such a pamnphle
in preparation by our Agricultura
Bureau. It should have a larg
circulation;in facet such a pamphie
would give valuable informatio:
to many of the residents of th<
State itself, and if distribate<
through many of the Northeri
and North western States wvoulh
be the means of bringing to thi
attention of many seeking ne~
homes the advantages our Stati
possesses and thus induce the imu
migration of a class more valnabl
than any foreign element we cai
reach. It should also be printei
in differenL languages and sen
especially to those countries whici
i shall select as the most advanta
I geous to induce immigration from.
And special immigrant rates
- might be made with the Ocean
Steamship lines and Railroads to
I and from New York and Charles
ton, so that the expenses of trans
portation might be reduced to the.
minimum. For the securing of
cheap transportation is quite an
item to the immigrant selecting a
location for a home, as well as to
the farmer who must advance the
cost of transportation of any im
migrant coming to him as a laborer.;
This pamphlet to answer the
purpose, should have a complete
map of the State, with a deicrip
tion of each county and its cli-:
mate. For our State, though small
in area, combines every variety cf
climate between her sea coast and
and mountain range. And can
furnish a home for the European
Immigrant approximating his old
one; whether he comes from the
bleak shores of Sweden or the
sunny slopes of Italy. Its pro
ductions too should be mentioned,
for with this varied climate and
varying altitude above the sea
level are grown produts of quite
as varied a niture. .
Cotton might be put down as
the staple crop, and one secure
it from the ravages that attend it,
in warmer latitudes, but at the
same time corn, rice and the cereals
are also all our standard crops,witb
vegetables, vines and fruits of all
kinds growing in profusion, lum
ber and minerals in abundance.
And one important point worthy
of mention, that we have water
communication and rail road fa
cilities to all points.
To an emigrant going west as
sound advice as can be given him
is to examine his location as much
with regard to rail road facilities,
as to the fertility of the land itself.
With us the transportation ques
tion is of small moment, the se
lection of a home can be made
anywhere.
This point also should not be
lost sight of, that in giving the
price of land in this State, it is of
land having rail road facilities,
with as a general thing more or
less improvements upon it. Such
land as out West would be classed
as improved and be rated at from
- $10 to $20 per acre. We have no
'land so destitute f market fa
cilities as much of that in the
West which is offered at $2.50 per
acre. And the immigaant seeking
a bomne should consider that
though he may in the wilds of the
far West procure land at a cheap
price that will bring him thirty
r to forty bushels of corn or wheat,
that those are their only crops
While in this State he can diversi
fy his crops if he chooses, and if
he makes only 10 to 12 bushels of
corn, he can sell that corn at from
seventy-five cents to one dollar
.per bushel and is realizin.g really
more money than the Westein
man who sells for from 25 to 33
cents per bushels. And besides we
are apt to rate the productions of
these Western lands 'too high.
Asin Western Oregon the average
yield is put at 20 bushels in Min
nesota at 16 bushels, in Dakota at
,25 to 28 bushels on the large im.
. proved farms and not more than
-. 15 or 16 'on the average farms.
F With the differ-ence in price the
balance stands in our favor as to
rthe net results, for the cost of
itransportation far more than
1 makes up the difference, of produc
t tien, especially when you get a
Sway from railroad communication.
SThis is the strong point that the
e lands in the older States have to
Sput as a set off against the cheap
t Government and State lands in
I these new States, which can be
a bought from 80 cents to 82 50. It
t is that these lands generally lack
irailroad facilhties, and often the
a most advantageous situaLions have
i already been bought up by specu
t ators and held at a large advance
I upon the Government price. Now
3 our St.ate has but little land that
rshe could put upon the market at
3 at a low price, but what she has
.might be utilized in this way as
a much as possible. Every piece of
SState land might be surveyed,
i and when in larger bodies than 40
t acre tracts should be cut up into
a lots of 40 acres each. These then
a should be offered to bona fide im
migrants at a very nominal prico,
part to be paid when he takes
possession, and the balance at the
end of three years, if he has been
in continous occupation of the
land and improved it to a certain
extent. With this proviso that he
has no right in or title to this laud
to dispose of it until he has been
in actua. residence upon it for
three years.
Our Commissioner of Immigra
tion could easily have a descrip
tion and survey made of these
lands, and call specal attention to
them in the pamphlet he is to
issue.
And again every immigrant pur
chasing State land, or land from a
private individual, might by Legis
lative enactment be exempt from
the payment of taxes upon such
land for a period of three years
provided such land does not ex
ceed in value $300.00.
Again there are many parties
in the State owning large bodies
of land which they are ready to
sell, and they find no purchasers.
If these parties would have their
lands surveyed and divided up into
smaller tracts and descriptions of
them sent to the Commissioner of
Immigration, with an offer to sell
even alternate sections it would be
a mutual benefit both to the land
owner and to the immigraut, as in
the one case purchasers would be
found, and in the other a wider
field secured for the immigrant to
make a selection from. And just
here I would say if we would reap
the full advantages of immigration
and retain within our borders all
who come to*us, it is important to
bold out to all some inducement
for securing a home eventually.
If the immigrant comes merely as
a laborer, a stranger speaking in a
strange language and unable to
hold converse with those around
him, it is but a natural sequence
that a time of despondency should
come; when his longings go back
to the Father-land; when a feel
ing of dissatisfaction with his sur
roundings takes hold upon him ;
and a restless desire for change
will if he is a laborer by the month
or day .ake him seek that change,
for hehas nothing at stake, no
thing to lose by the change. But
if, instead, he has anything in
vested in a home; if he has made
a contract that gives him some
interest in his home. be is inter
ested to that amount, and that
interest, be it ever so little, will
mtake him cast these repinings
behind his back and cling to his
new home.
And if our farmers who take
these immigrants when they come
as laborers, unable to buy a piece
of land, and will make contracts
with them for a period of years,
with the proviso that if the immi
grant stays the time out, he will
own in fee simple his house and
say 5 or 10 acres ; he would find
that this tenant wonld look upon
every month of his stay as an in
vestment in that parcel of land,
and very soon would he be loth
to leave a place in which he has
acquired au interest, greater or
lee's according to the time spent
upon it. And the farmer would
feel assured that as soon as this
tenant comes into possession of
his land he will have a purchaser
for those acres lying contiguous
to it, and the increased price at
which he could either sell or rer.t
it to thrifty tenants would far
more than repay him for the few
acres he had originally settled his
tenant upon. And again with
such interested tenants around
him he wonld be in a measure
freed from that annual bugbear of
the farmer's life at present, the
securing of hands at the com
mencement of the year to work
his laud.
Now there is another point I
would like to call attention to; it
is the benefits to be derived from
immigration- The beneficial re
suts of immigration have been so
marked in the advance and im
provement of many of the sections
of the United States that it is ir.
possible to gainsay them. Take
the State of New York ; by the
eensus of 1880, 31 per cent. of
he population is foreign born.
W here would the marvellous pros
perity of t hat State be if she was
without this * of her population?
Massachusetts owes her prosperi
ty to ber 33 per cent. or foreign
born population ; so does Illinois
with her 23 per cent. And the
Northwestern States, as Michigin
with her 31 per cent., Wisconsin
with her 44 per cent., and Minne
sota with her 52 per cent., give
evidence of what immigration has
done in building them up.
And the United States as a
whole, with 15 per cent. of her
entire population foreigif born,
gives evidence, of what a power
immigration still exerts in the
developing of her varied indus
tries.
Now, gentlemen, what percent
age of this. benefit has falen to
the share ofour State? Weanawer
none-absolutely none. The cen
sus returns of 1880 show 7,641
foreign horn persons in South
Carolina only 7.10 of 1 per cenL
as foreign born. New York shows
31 per cent. South Carolina !eis
than 1~per ceni.
New York is throbbing with
life, along her rivers, her lakes,
her canals, her magnificent rail
roads; new enterprises are daily
springing up within her borders.
South Carolina is only beginning
to arouse herself to the conscious
ness of her needs of life, energy
and capital.
Now will any one deny that im
migration is the factor which is
developing New York, and if it is
still developing as old a State as
New York what is to keep it from
doing the same for us, if it is
properly encouraged and fostered
in the future ? All that has been
accomplished in this State for the
last twenty years, has been done
by her native population. Sup
pose for a moment she had gotten
during this period, her share of
this foreign born population, it
would have added to her numbers
some-'140,000 whites. Can you
estimate what the advantag,,s re
suiting therefrom would have
been? Politically we would have
had another member of Congress,
and been of that much more im
portance in the' Congress of the
States; and in the State would have
had that numerical white strength
that would already have nettled
one of the problems'that now con
fronts us with the ever recurring
race issue. Like Banquo's ghost
this issue will not down- at our
bidding, for it's a terribly live
ghost, and with threatening finger
casts a dark shadow over every pic
ture that we may draw of the fu
ture of our State. This ghost
should be laid, gentlemen ; the
relative increase of the two races
will never lay it, you can only
lay it by increasing your white
population. And this alone im
migration can do for you.
And financially we could bardly
estimate what would have been
the outcome, from the capital and
labor thus introduced amungst us.
This tide of emigration from the
old world is something :ilmost
marvelous. In the decade from
1870 to 1880, some 2,812,177 emi
grants landed in the Western
States. And arready for the past
six months of this year the arri
vals amount to 241,863, almost a
quarter of a million, a number
largely in excess of the arrivals
during any preceding six months,
and the feeling of dissatisfaction
in England, Ireland and Germany
is stronger than it. ever was and
constantly sending to our shores
many of their valuable citzens, pos
sessed of considerable means often
able to buy land and build com
fortable homes, and most all these
immigrants come with their points
for locating already determined
on and settle down where the
severties of a northern winter
or the hardships of frontier life
far more than counterbalance the
cheapness of the land, or any
other advantages those sections
possess compared to the South.
And there is no one to set forth
the claims of our Southern clime
and point out to them properly
the advantages we can offer. It
does seem to me, gentlemen, that
this meeting gives you a most
opportune time to memorialize the
Legislature. to increase the appro
priation for the Immigration Bu
reau, so it can be put at once upon
an efctive working footing
Our Legislature will find the
popular feeling more in aecord
upon this subject than ever before,
and ready to approvo of i mode.
rate outlay ofi money. in this diree
tion. And this outlay wi. have
the. sympathy and assis.tnce tbatV
capital secking investment hero
can give. Our mauufacturing in
dustries and Rail Roads will work.
in unison with it.
The Rail Roads South seeing
what advantages the great iank
lines No-th have resped ,wiili
cheap immigrant rates, not only -
from the. vast numbers passing
over their lines, but from theship
ments of supplies- made-to supp1y
the wants of the inmigriGs
well as the carryg the products
of his labor to market, have under
a wise management -ofered -the
same facilities to the inimiit
coming South. A new 'fea'tmr in
our South tlantic Rail. Road
and we will soon find -them work
ing hand in hand with, the St'te
authorities and will see their Rail
Ro;%d advertisements catching t
eye of theimmigrat and the, ery -
inducements they offer be the
means of inducing -many to tn-n
their steps Southward.
And now before cloing I Aould
like to call your attention. to one
other important fact in this oMn
nection. -Travel where you 4ay
over this broad continent,-andtbis
fact will make itself eviden.to
every careful observer who studies
the subject of labor:
That 'while the colored laborer f
so far as the prodct of his la6or
6a concerned is a valuable -laborej
can live cheaper. than . the whife
laborer when forced to-by necessi
ty, is at the same time-s wasteful
and improvid6nt labdre'r. " ild
when we consider him as.t.he factor
that in the labor of acountry,is to
develop that country, though we ad
him capable as far as masa capi.
bility is concerned, and biddal. in
his ordinary wark :-. still. in tho nett
results attained in a period - of years
he is -a failure so far as poSitiveri 0its
determine the developuient of a coun
try. Discuss this subject as we my,
propose to.remedy it bylegislatio1.by
education, or any other meas, -the
fact stands patent to all that the-ett
results from white and colored aber
in the develop'ment of a ontry's
sources. bear no comparison.th.on"
with the -other. The negro laboer
makes his crop of cotton andescareely
anything else, and when 'his yea?s
expenses are paid there is but little to T
show for his year/s .work. .And athis ,
little is soon spent in the-first extr
agance that catches his eye. There '
is a lack of individual development, of
individual imnprovemeat, of idividual
ity itself in this labor, without which
nothing either of private or bationat
enterprise can be a succem~
Now, on the other band, when ye
consider the results derived. from white~
labor, whether native born or what
little we have of istaigri labor, ~
we find what ? That though this labcr
may have cost mare to live during the -
year, it has left that much more money
in some one else'a liands. And the
money for that subsistence -has bees
made out of the labor itself; and be-.,
sides there is to show for:'this labor,
after expenses are paid, something in -
the way of stock, and' some provender
for this stock, and some little some
thing in the home itself, though it
may be but little. These gains, though
they may be small in their individual
aspects, still in the aggregate add
yearly to the general welfare and pros
perity ; and in the course of a few
years make a most markedashow of
what individuality of labor does. In '
proof of this I.will only ask:you to
select in our State any County or even
a portion of a County, where the land/
is divided up ibto small farms and
cultivated in great measure if not en.
tirely by white labor. And see if you
will not find that section self support
ing, prosperous, land selling readily
and at a good price.
While on the other hand take any
section -where the land has-been and is,
still held in large bodies, that has to
be rented or cultivated upon shares by
hired labor, or is owned mainly by the
colored people, and there you find debt
mortgages, farming-unprofitable, land ;~
unnarketable and selling cheap.
Now, whether theocolored laboreri is
atogether to blame for this, or wheti)er y
he is in a measure the creature of cira
en I am not rare t ay,
explanatie