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2 Dencratic 3urnud, Dotwe to tlje Soutj ja Soutjern aigtz, pdities, Cattet 3eus, Citerature, v*ovaits,- oEnperace, hr cutture, &e. "We will cling to the PillarE of the Temple of our Liberte and if it must fall, 18 -l"----u S~iWEINS, IWRISOE &CO., Proprietors. EDOEFIELD, S.a C 9,5 FEBRUARY 25,18. KT DART.NG KARY. She blossomed in the country, Where sunny summer flings Her rosy arms about the earth, And brightest blessings brings. Health was her sole inheritance, And grace her only dower: I never dreamed the wildwood Contained so sweet a flower. Far distant from the city, And inland from the sea, My Mary bloomed in goodness, As pure as pure could be. She caught her dewy freshness From hill and mountain bower; I never dreamed the wildwood Contained so sweet a flower. The rainbow must have lent her Some of its airy grace: The wild rose parted with a blush That nestled on her face; The sunbeams got entangled in The long waves of her hair, Or she had never grown to be So modest and so fair. The early birds have taught her The joyous matic song, And some of their soft innocence, She's been with them so long And for her now, if need be, I'd part with wealth and power; I never dreamed the wildwood Contained so swoet flower. TEE OLD EOUgE.. There's a spot that I love, there's a home that I prize Far better than any on earth; It is bound to my heart by the holiest ties; And I prize, oh ! how fondly, its worth 'Tis not beauty, nor splendor, endears it to me, Oh no! for its grandeur hath flown: But 'Lis fondest afnection that binds me to thee My old house-my dear happy home! Oh ! home-what dear magic in that sweet sound; How closely it speaks to the heart: What a world of deep tenderness in thie is found; Oh! who from such treasure could part 1 Could barter the joys of a sweet home of love, For a path In a strange world unknown: Could serk for vain pleasures and heartlessly rove, If thjpy knew the real value of home'I Some sigh to be wealthy, somo seek to be great, Some envy what others can do; But oh! Im content with my lowly estate; For the hearts all around me are true; And ties that are nearest and dearest to me, And hearts that are truly mine own, With fondest affection now bind me to thee. My old house-my dear happy home! THE COUNTRY GREENY. In the city of S- is a small but well known estaelishment, kept by noted characters, for the purpose of fleecing the unsuspecting who may try their luck at chance. The building is situated in the most business part of the city, and is of such celebrity that it is known for miles around. Within the pre cincts of this establishment is carried on all those games which tend to demoralize and degrade the character of those who make it their place of resort. It was in the month of September, some years since, that I was sauntering around the depot situated but a few yards from the above establishment-gazing at the lofty buildings of huge granite, the workmanship and skill of the architect and mechanic, the numerous telegraph * ic wires that issued from its lofty eminence, the continual jingle of the engine bells, as they miet from distant parts, drawing the long trais that my attention was attracted by an individ ual who was causing much merriment. Around him were collected a few persons, some of whom, to outward appearances, bore all the marks of gentlemen-, dressed in the latest fashion. As I neared the group, my eyes encountered a personage of the following description: He was of medium stature ; his physiognomy was of that stamp which made him appear ludicrous when taken in view with those -around him; his apparel consisted of coarse cloth, whose fitness to his muscular framie seemed to be sadly dis proportioned ; his head was crowned with a hat that resembled a sugar loaf, with a narrowrim; * his coat was cut straight body, whose long, nar row flaps compared well in shape with the wings of the swallow nmore than anything else, though of somewhat ancient custunec; the brass but tons shone conspicuously from its peaks; its fit ness was illy adapted to the wearer-the sleeves of which being some six inches too short, left that portion bare fromi his wrists, save the sleeves of Ins shirt,. which only appeared of am ple proportions. His pants, which wvere of a pep per and1 salt cast, were drawn dowvn about half way over his boot legs, and made stationary by leather straps of extended length. His coun tenance wa bland, his hair of an auburn color, while his sunken cheeks, lustrous black eyes and lofty forehead, denoted that lie wvas not to be placed in the mpinority for intellectual capacity, *though in fact he was the personification of a country greeny ; still he was not by any means uintriedl in wit by his surrounding comrpanions. At lengthi, one of the company inquired if lie wasmuch negnainted with city life? " Well, I kind of reckon I never was here afore." lho repilied. " Shouldn't you like to r-ee the elephant, horned horse, and all that sort of things?'' con tinued his interrogator. " Should like to see anything interesting-am quite fond of sport." " I suppose you'll treat ?" " Yes; I'll treat all on ye the best I know how." " Well, come along," saying which, the dan dy-dressed personage took his arm, and com menced his way across the street to a building situated a few yards distant. Loitering about sonme time, I fell in with an old ac'ainltance, who invited me around with him, uring my conversation with him, I re ferred to what I t ad witnessed. "Well," he replied, "they'll fleece him of ev ery cent he's got." *" How ?" I remarked. " By enticing him to play. Just follow me; and you shall observe them. " Agreed," says I, and ere long we stood on the threshhold of the door where I had last seen the greeny. As we entered the door from the street, upon the right stood the bar, at which a few individ uals were draining the contents of their glasses. At the father end, was a small, round table, up on which was salt fish, cheese, smoked herring, lobsters and crackers-so characteristic in the low grog-shops. As I passed on, I noticed those small apartments that indicate the oyster saloon. Having passed through the bar room, we ascen ded a flight of stairs, and entered a door upon which was placed a small sign, containing the simple words "Ante Room." Here a different scene met my eye. Around a large table were seated a few indi viduals, whom I recognized to be the same that were with the greeny in the depot, who also oc cupied a seat by their side. By appearances, they were enticing him to play a game at cards, of which he pretended to know nothing; but at last yielding to their per suasions, he reluctantly consented. They com menced by staking a dollar apiece. The cards were shuffled, cut, and trumps turned. The play now commenced, and the game was soon finished, which resulted in the green one's winning. Another and another followed, and still the greeny won, till excited and elated at his suc cess, he began to bet in larger sums, and soon the amount reached hundreds. Now was their time, and I could see, by shrewd observation, the occasional wink given and returned; but now fortune proved false to the green one, he lost. Again he played and lost, till it had reached quite an amount. "Let me see," says he; "let me see, this makes two, fire, one and ten-in all eighteen hundred dollars that I have lost." "0, don't be discouraged," remarked one, at the same time giving a sly wink to his comrade, "to give up while you have a shot in your lock er. Persevere; you may yet get all back." " True, I may get all back, but when ? En couragement like this would make your words but idle talk. You want to get all I havegot-I see into it." "No, no." interrupted a number of voices; don't we play fair? Play on; we will give you a fair chance to get it back, and more with it." "I don't know but you do play fair; but for me to keep playing and losing, is useless." "I should like to play on tens instead of ones," remarked one who was seated opposite the greeny. At this expression, the greeny brightened up -lie seemed to appear a different person. As soon as the proposition was made, he hauled a large pocket book from a secret pocket in his coat, and touching a small spring, opened it, by doing which, was disclosed bills of most all de nominations. Taking two five hundred dollar bills, which he added to the amount he had previously staked, he placed them on the table; then, replacing his pocket book, he replied: " There is ten thousand, and the gentleman can now be gratified by covering the amount, and then in reality it would be tens, as lie wished, which he could play for." To appearances, this was unexpected, for they seemed taken by surprise. They had formed an idea that he had not much more money about him. They looked at each other for support, but it was too late ; the money must be covered, or one article of their rule be broken. The chal lenger borrowed, and, after some time, coliected together the sum requisite to face the amount al ready on the table. It was staked ; twenty thousand dollars was at issue-into one or the other's hands it must pass; and it was evident to the ninds of iany that the greeny was a fool, and would lose with out a doubt. But my thoughts now ran in a different chan nel. My supposition as to his being a real gree ny pased away, and I canie to the conclusion that lie was a gambler in disguise. The game was " all fours." The cards were shuffled and passed to be cut, the one cutting the highest being entitled to the deal. The greeny cut, which proved an ace; that gave him the deal. le took the cards-all eyes were now riveted upon him, evein-every act was seu tinized-while in a careless but quick manner ie mixed the cards; they were cut by bis op ponent; he dealt off thme required numiber, aiid turned his trump card. That proved to be a jack, by which means he was enabled to gain one in the game ahead of his adversary. leavimg him only three points to make to win the money. The game was played off, which resulted in the greeny's only making one beside jack, and his opponent two, thereby making them two and two. The cards were shufiled and dealt again, and in breathless anxiety the lookers-on watched the progress of the game. The greeny throwed his trump; it was the ace of trunips, at the ap pearance of which, his adversary turned pale; his countenance fell ; he passed his cards over and uiider, and over again and again, then p~layed ; but it was all useless. The greeny now passed his duece, exclaiming: " High and lowv gives me the game, which re suIts ini the money being mine." Hie took it, and placing it away in his pockets, arose froma the table, thanking theum for their iberality and kind invitations, aiid was about leaving, when, unable to control any longer their feelings, to think they had lecome the dupes of him whom they took to be rather green, and one easily preyed upon asthecir victim, they sprang to the door. H~e saw their intention ; ut not to be foiled, placing his hands beneath his vest, lie displayed to view two ugly looking custoers, reniarkinug it was useless to inter fere, as death would result by the consequence of such aii undertaking. Their hopes were blasted, and their designs frustrted, amid, reluctantly drawing one side, they gave him room. But before niaking his exit, lie adldressedh thiem in thme following Ian " Gentleiien, as you ternm yourselves, for thir ty years I have been a professional gambler. My course lhas been from the mouth of the Mis sissippi to the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. I am familiar with all the principal cities of the Union, but this is my firat visit among you. Your names are familiar to nie, and the character of this estabhlishnment reached my ears far distant. I resolved to pay it a visit, amid in the disguise that I now appear before you in. I have hadl the opportunity, and embraced it. It was by enticement that you brought me within these doors to play, supposing me to be green, and easily fleeced. You imagined you had me ; you have tried ; the consequence has proved fatal to you. Now let me give you this advice, which Ihave always followed: that is, never deluude a stranger of country appearances into the vices and snares of a gambling den. Let my proceed ings which have this day been accomplished at your cost, suffice, " that some things are greei outtardly, but ripe at the core ;" and in future times, when referring to this, you'll think of G.-, the noted and scientific card player." I left the place fully satisfied with the results which I had witnessed, while my heart was fil led with joy at the discomfiture of those whose aim was to destroy character and honor, by flecing one whom they supposed to be a coun try greeny, but who turned out, to their sad ex perience, to be the most accomplished and sci entific of them all in the art of card playing. He only is independant who can mantain him self by his own exertions. THE WARRIOR MAIDEN. Sometime just before or about the beginning of the war, Serjeant Jasper, of Marion's brig ade, had the good fortune to save the life of a young, beautiful, and dark-eyed Creole girl, called Sally St. Clair. Her susceptible nature was overcome with gratitude to her preserver, and this soon ripened into a passion of love, of the most deep and fervent kind. She lavished upon him the whole wealth of her affections, and the whole depths of a passion nurtured by a southern sun. When he was called upon to join the ranks of his country's defenders, the prospect of. their separation almost maddened her. Their parting came; but scarcely was she left alone, ere her romantic nature prompted the means of their re-union. Once resolved, no consideration of danger could dampen her spirit, and no thought of consequences could move her purpose. She severed her long and jetty ringlets and provided herself with male attire. In these she robed herself and set forth to follow the fortunes of her lover.. A smooth-faced, beautiful and delicate strip pling appeared among the hardy, rough and giant frames who composed the corps to which Jasper belonged. The contrast between the stripling and these men, in their uncouth garbs, their massive faces, embrowned and discolored by sun and pain, was indeed striking. But none were more eager for the battle, or so in different to fatigue, as the fair-faced boy. It was found that his energy of character, resolu tion and courage, amply supplied his lack of physique. None ever suspected him to be a woman. Not even Jasper himself, although she was often by his side, penetrated her dis guise. The romance of her situation increased the fervor of her passion. It was her delight to reflect that, unknown to him, she was by his side to watch over him in the hour of danger. She fed her passion upon him in the hour of slumber; hovering near him when stealing through the swamp and thicket, and being al ways ready to avert danger from his head. But gradually there stole a melancholy pre sentiment over the poor girl's mind. She had been tortured with hopes deferred; the war was prolonged, and the prospect of being re stored to him grew more and more uncertain. But now she felt that her dream of happiness could never be realized. She became convinced that death was about to snatch her away from his side; but she prayed that she might die, and he never know to what length the violence of her passion had led her. It was on an eve before a battle. The camp had sunk into repose. The watchfires were burning low, and only the slow tread of senti nels fell upon the profound silence of the night air, as they moved through the dark shad ows of the forest. Stretched upon the ground, with no other couch than a blanket, reposed the war-like form of Jasper. Climbing vines trailed themselves into a canopy above his head, through which the stars shone down softly. The faint flicker from the expiring embers of a fire, fell athwart upon his countenance, and tinged the cheek of one who bent over his couch. It was the smooth-faced stripling. She bent low down, as if to listen to his dreams, or to breathe into his soul pleasant visions of love and happines;. But tears trace themselves down the fair one's cheek, and fall silently and rapidly upon the brow of her love:. A mysterious voice has tola her that the hour of parting has conic ; that to-morrow her destiny is consumated. There is one last, long, lingering look, and then the unhappy maiden is seen to tear herself away from the spot, to weep out her sorrow in privacy. Fierce and terrible is the conflict that on the morrow rages on that spot. Foremost in that battle is the intrepid Jasper, and ever by his side fights the stripling warrior. Often, during the heat and smoke, beams suddenly upon the eyes of Jasper the melancholy face of the maid en. In the thickest of thefight, surrounded by enemies, the lovers fight side by .ide. Sudden ly a lance is levelled at the breast of Jasper ; but swifter than the lance is Sally St laifr. There is a wild cry, and at the feet of .Jasper sink the maiden, with the life-blood gzushing from her wvhite biosoni, which has been thrown as a shield, before his breast. IIe heeds not now the din, nor the danger of the conftlict ; but dowvn by the side of the dying boy he kneels. Then, for the first timie, does he learn the stripling is his love ; that often by the camp fire, and in the swamp, she has beeni by his side ; that the dim visions in his slumber of an angel-face hovering over him, had indeed been true. In the midst of the battle, with her lover~ by her side, and the barb in her bosom, the het oe maiden dies ! Her name, her sex, and her noble devotion, soon became known through the corps. There wvas a tearful group gathered around her grave, there wvas not o'ne of those hardy warriors who did not bedew her grave with tears. They buried her near the river Santee "in a green shady nook, that looked as if it had been stolen out of* Paradise." A GooD Osz.-County court was sittiing awhile ago in -, on the banks of the Con necticut: It was not far from this time of the~ year-col weather, anyhow-and a knot of lawyers had collected around the old Franklin in the bar room. The fire blazed, and miugs of flip were passing away without a groan, when in came a rough, gaunt lookig " babe of the w voos," knapsack on shioulder and statt m hanmd. ie looked cold, and half' perambulated tihe circle that hemmed in the lire, as with a wall of rass, looking for a chance to warmi his ans. Nobody moved, however; and unable to sit down, for hack of a chair, lie did the next best thing-leaned against a wall, " with tears in is jsts andl his eyes doubled up'," and listened to the discussion on the proper way of serving a referee on a warrantee deed as if he was the judge to decide the matter. Soon lhe attracted the at tention of the company, and a youngsprig spoke to him. " You look like a traveller." " Wall, I s'pose I ann; I conie from Wisconsin afoot, at any rate." " From Wisconsin ? that is a distance to go on one pair of legs. I say, did you ever pass~ through -I in your travels ?" "Yes, sir," lie answered, a kind of wvicked look stealing over his ugly phizimahogomv. " I been through the outskirts." " I thought likely. Well, what are the man ers and customs there ? some of us would like to know." " Oh," says the pilgim, deliberately, half shutting, his eyes and drawing round the corner of his mouth till two rows of yellow stubs, with a mass of masticated pig tail appeared through the slit in his cheek, " you'll find them much the same as in this region-the la wyers sit nigh st the fire !" .SUFFERiG.-Ahout thirty emigrant passen gers aid several of the crew from the ship Sam ael Russell, froma China for New York, were brought up to Norfolk Thursday afternoon in the steamer .S'hultz. The sailors were pitiable oh 'ets, from the effects of frost, starvation and Eaardships, and also were several of the emigrants. Some of them were almost in a dying condition. The helpless ones were taken to the Marine Hos pial for treatment. HocE AND FA!.LY BURIED IN TfE SNOW. In the snow storm on the night of the 18th, the dwelling of Mr. William Perkins, a good sized two story house, located under the brow of a hill in the town of Essex, Mass., was complete ly buried in a drift above the chamber windows, insomuch that the occupants were unable to as certain when it was morning except by the clock. Mr. Coggswell, one of the neighbors, shoveled away the snow from one of the chamber win dows, when Mr. Perkins took the sash out and thus obtained egress. He ; was obliged to dig thirty-seven feet of archway between the house and barn and towards the nearest road, &c. The snow above one of these arches was eight feet in depth. The pressure of the large body of snow between the hill and the back side of the house was so great as to spring nearly all the doors, rendering it difficult to shut sonic of them; and it was at one time feared that the building would be pushed from the underpinning when the snow should be removed from the opposite side. But by dint of laborious shoveling the apprehended difficulty was obviated. None of the oldest in habitants in those parts have any legends of archways and snow shoes which surpass this occurrence.-Boston Chronicle. The following is an extract from the speech of Senator Butler, of South Carolina, on the Na-al Depot Bill: "The facility of getting to this depot (Port Royal) from Savannah, from Charleston, from Darien, by the ocean, in time of peace, would be great enough, and in time of wart I answer for it, the Savannah river would- be a much better source of supplies for a naval depot than any that can be named, because it is the boundary between the two States of South Carolina and Georgia, and the country around it is of remark able fertility, taking it all in ill. At one time, it carried more cotton down it than all the rivers on earth; and, if its history were traced, I do uot know that it has not gone very far to enrich not enly South Carolina and Georgia, but Ala bama, Mississippi, and the other States. Our people, who have left their own States, after ex hausting the soil, have gone to those States from the balns (Jf the Savannab. When I speak of the Savannah, I speak of it with associations of ei.dearnent. I have known it from my childhood. The first town I ever knew was Augusta." A funny correspondent of the Portland Tran script says: I have recently gin up all idea of woman fiblks and came back to parlitikel life. I am more at home in this line than in huntin' the fair sects. Aingills in pettikotes an' "kiss me quicks," is purty to look at, an' gin in, but darn ein they are as slippery as eels, and when you fish for''em and get a bite; you somehow or other find vourself at the wrong end of the line: they've cotehed you! An' when you've stuffed 'em with pea-nnts, candy and'dogrtipes, they'll throw vou sway as they would a cold tater. Leastwise, that's been my experience. lit Fve done with 'em now. The Quees of Sheber, the sleep;n beauty, - Kleo-party'edle, Poupev's pillar and Lot's with a steani engine to help 'em, conld'nt tompt 'em. The very sight or a bonnet riles moe all over - --.04- -- - REMARKS OF GEN. tcGOWAN. At a large and highly presrectable meeting of the citizens of Abbeville District, held in the Court llouse on Sales-day, the 2nd insr., to pay a tribute (if respect to the umemnory of the Hion. Preston 8. Brooks, aippropriate Resolu. ions were unanimously passed. Mr. Thomson, the Chairman, addressed the meeting in a few baief and feeling remarks. Gen. McGowan, in recording the Resolutiuns. rose and said, in ubtsiance: I second the resolutiuns, and in doinig so, beg indulgence to say one word in rererence to the melanlcholy event. Mr. Chairman : There is nothing more true than the solemni declaration -in the midst or life we ire in death." But whilst we know that deth is d..ity seizing its victims in our idst and that we five hourly un ader tie inexorabfle law that all men aire born to (lie, yet we aire startled, the hlood runs~ back with a suddenl ruh upon the heart, when one y'ounig mt y ears ad in blooming hehh....- when onte piossesiing tme confi'leince or hsis felhlow-citizenms, and nein-. ally in the enjoymen't ot a high seat of~ honor, is suddenly cut down without waraag or pre. monitionm, and far away from family :and hmoume friends, is Precipitately hurried to the tomb. In: this world'of surromw, it i., diflib-ult tu coleciice anting moore sorrowrful thant this. \lr. Brooks is dead. We aire iniformed that ie died suddenly in Washinigton City, isn Tues day eveaning the 2-;th nhimto. lie has been cut down in the very mnorninig of life, and in the midst or his honors and usefulness. We cani scarcely realize an event so unexpected, so start. ung, and so overwhelming ! I have known M1 r. Brooks long, and the rela tions in which we have been assiociated enabled me to know hint well. We were i-s college to geter. where the warmest and most disinterest ed friendships of lire sire contratcted. After the bonds of college brotherhood were sundered by oar grasdnition, and etitranee uponi the stern re aiis of' life, sianilar incliations soon a hrew is together agasin, that I met him in thme Mexican war, ais Captuain of the Edgefield Company, ini th glorious Patlmettoi Regiment. There is no better test of the gnaliaies of~ a ma~n than the ha~rdsips of a soldier's life. We endured tom teter for eighteeni months, the labors anod pe'rils, the pirientionis and sacrifices, of that masgumficet camipain, whieb caiptur d the Capital of Mexico, occpied the heart of the enemies' country, anid conquered an honorable peace for the nation. Soon after his retura froam Mexico, Mir. Brooks wats elected to Congiress, uder circumri s~aces l.ighsly creditable to> him. lHe was re eltetd twice, and the last time without, Opposi tion, sad unossanously. We en n say of him, ini the utmost, truth, that he pruved himuself equalI to any and to all the positions of honor and trust awarded to him by his fellow-citizenis. It i unnecessaury evena to allude to hais cour:se ini Congress-that is well known to every etizen o this Conagressional District. Hie surpassed tme expectations of his most sanguine friend.-, and hams tundoubtedly enrolled his name in the long list of Carolina's distingulshed orators and statesmen, and impressed it upon the generalI history of the country. But the other day,'thme citizens of this Con gressional District received him back from Wash. iagton, with a jubilee at Ninety-Six, as warm, as cordisal, and as grand, as any triumph ever awarded to a Roman General, for victories won over barbarian enemies of the Empire. To-day, ais cold and lifeless corpse may be, and most probibly woil be, received at ihe same place in deep humility, sorrow' and mourning. What an illustration of the instability of all tmings mortal! How true the .remark of the great orator upon an ociasion somewhat similar: "This melancholy eveant plbinly reads us an aw ful lesson against being too much troubled about any of the objects aof ordinary ambition. Our worthy friend, who has been suddenly snatched from us, whilst his desires were as warm and his hopes as eager as ours, hais feelinmgly told us what shadows we are, and what shadows we Iti a n hnour to die for one's country. of that year ; the result of which is that a vast portion of the burden of taxation is thrown upon the laboring classes, whereas as little as possible should be thrown upon them. The effect of these high duties upon these articles of prime necessity, by enhancing their price, is the same as- if we were to pass a law to reduce the wages of labor. To reduce these duties would be, on the Other hand, to increase the wages of labor; for though they would nomi nally remain the same, they would buy more, and leave a larger surplus. For the interest, then, of the laboring classes, I insist that these duties should be reduced ; and, if done, it would not be inappropriate to entitle the bill, " A bill to reduce the duties on articles of prime neces sity, and to increase wages"-a result, I appre bend, whi.h would be entirely satisfactory to every man in the United States who has to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. Another defect in the present tariff is, that the revenue is- derived from too high a rate of duties. What I mean is evident when I state, that for the year 1853 $49,000,000, or six sev enths of the entire revenue, was derived from duties of twenty-five per cent. and upwards. Experience has demonstrated, that upon the generality of articles twenty per cent., duties is the revenue standard ; that if you advance the duties beyond that point you more or less prohibit importations and diminish the revenue. It is not difficult, therefore, to understand how the collection of six sevenths of the revenue at a rate of duty five per cent., above the revenue standard, must operate most injuriously upon the exchanges of the country by diminishing the imports, and, by. consequence, the exports. In the interest, then, of the exchanges of the country, I insist on a reduction of our present high rate of duties. In thus pointing out the defects of the pres ent tariff, I would not be understood as depre ciating the statesmanship of the gentleman who was at the head ot the Treasury Department in 1846, and who it is understood had more in fluence in the passage of this act than any one else. I allude to Mr. Robert J. Walker. On tho contrary, I think the country owes him a great debt of gratitude for his services upon that occasion. His celebrated report, in 1846, is a masterly exposition of our true revenue policy ; and if the tariff of 1846 did not come up to the high standard of his report, the fault, I am sure, was not in him, but in the difficul ties of his position. I now propose, Mr. Chairman, to consider the report from the majority of the Committee of Ways and Means on this subject. That report rests upon the idea that the protective policy is a wise policy, and that the tariff should be modified in subservience to.that policy. I wish to examine that question; and if I destroy the foundation upon which the report rests, then the superstructure erected upon it must fall to the ground. To put the argument in the most striking and comprehensible light, I will state it in a simple and practical form. Certain per sons wishing to go into manufacturing, ask Gov ernment-to aid tism in.a-businessa.rAturaUy unprofitable, by preventing the consumers of the country from buying foreign goods cheap, in order that those consumers may be compelled to buy their goods dear. These are the three propositions necessarily involved in the demand for protection. Let us examine them. As regards the first proposition, Government is asked to aid, men in embarking in an unpro itable business. I think that I have stated this proposition correctly. The proposed business is either profitable or it is unprofitable. If it were profitable, no application would be made to Government for aid. The very fact of the application to Government necessarily implies that the business is unprofitable. This is a logical conclusion of absolute certainty. As sming. then, that the proposed busines is un profitable, what course ought Goverment to take? Is it not plain that, if it did anything, instead of aiding persons to go into an unprofi table busim ss, it should rather discourage them from it? For it must be observed that Gov ernment does not by its action increase the cpital of a couintry; it can only give a new irection to it. '.I.'e capital of a country, then, emaining the same. I insist it is unwise for overnment, as a mere question of political conomy, to aid in turning any portion of the apital of a country into an unpiofitable chan el ; because, in the degree that the rates of rofit upon the capital thtus unprofitably direc ed is below the average. rate of profits of the apital of the country generally, to that extent here is an absolute loss to the productive ener zies of the country. Therefore, it is unwise in tiny country to turn capital into any channel ielding a less rate of profit than the average ,f profits of the country. But such a policy is >eculiarly 'uwise with us, having,.as we do, a nw, vat and umdevelopedl country, needing nly the application of capital and energy to rouce the grandest and most profitable re ults. So much for this first proposition. As regards the second proposition, that the onsumers should not be allowed to buy foreign oods cheap: I shall not dwell upon the injus tice involved in this proposition, though it strikes ie as a direct attack upon the right of proper y and the right of labor, to prohibit a man from buying or selling to the best advantage. o the extenit that lie loses hy your prohibition, o that extent vou have confiscated the fruits f his industry. Iut, whiat wisdom is there in this proposition'? It is true, we are often told y the imonopolists that it is ruinous to buy heap foreign goods. But I can hardly conceive ,f a mo(re monstrous fallaicy thtan this idea. est it by every day's exp~erience and common ense. Suppose, Mr. Chairman, you1 should go into a tailor's shop to buy a coat, and the tailor hould say to you ; " You may have this one for thirty dullars, it was made in the United States; but you niay have that oter one, hich is just as good, for fifteen dollars, as it as made in Europe." What would you do ? Why, with all your aversion to foreign influ mee, you would, T imagine, take two of the fifteen dollar coats, rather than one of thme thirty dollar coats. Everybody acts upon this principle; it is the wisdom of every day life. If it is wise in individuals to do this, why is it not wis in the country to do the same ? To show the infinite absurdity of this idea, let us uppose thiat foreign countries, instead of sell ing us their goods .cheap, should give them to us. What would be the consequence ? Why, ur uitter ruin ; for if it is injurious to buy heap, of course it would be utter ruin to get or nothing. Such is the logicial conclusion to which this argument necessarily tends-a con sequence so absurd I shall not dwell longer upon it. Now for the third. In order that these man ufacturers may -succeed, they require you to ske the consumers of the country pmurchiase from them at a price enhanced to thme extent of the duty on the foreign article. What justice is there in that? Why is it that one portion of the people should be compelled to buy from another pq'tion, and a smaller portion, at a higher price than they could buy elsewhere ? Why should the great body of the American people be required to pay in the enhanced price an indirect tax to the manufacturers ? Is there any justice in it ? In reading the annals of the niiddhe ages, we are shocked when we arc informed that the fierce barons of those THE TARIFF. SPEEOH OF HON. W. W. BOYCE. OF SOUTH CAROLINA. In the House of Representatives, Feb. 10, 1857. The House being in Committee of the Whole on the state of the Union, and having under con sideration the bill (H. R. No. 556) to reduce the duty on Imports, and for other purposes Mr. BOYCE said: Mr. CHAIRn.AN : I shall speak upon the tariff. The surplus now in the Treasury amounts to over %19,000,00, and this in despite of the ex travagant appropriations made during the last few years. The surplus on the 30th of June, 1858, as estimated by the Secretary of the Treasuary, will be S43,995,710 62. These lacts indicate radical defects in our existing tarint, and foreshadow great disasters unless a timely reme dy is applied. They indicate that more money has been taken from the people than the wants of the Government require; than which noth ing can be more unjust or unwise, especially when we consider the flict that a large portion of our taxation, as being a tax on consumption, falls upon that class of our people who have but limited means, or no means other than their labor, as that class constitut2 a great majority of our population, a class who emphatically live by the sweat of their brow, who are compelled to practice a severe economy, and necessitated to undergo great privations. But there are other objections to these surplus accon,,,ulations. Their natural tendency is to put at hazard the business relations of the country by the withdrawal from circulartion of such vast sumis of mn-iney, in specie, the curren cy required by the * ub-Treasury law. The iniient danger from this source is obvious, when we consider the pecnliar nature of our currency, consisting as it dues so largely of pa per credits, and resting on a very narrow specie basis. In January, 1856, the total indebted ness of the banks in the United States, .incil diig notes in circulation. bank cradits and in debtedness tlj'etch other, was $471 .09!,:,37, while the specie in their posseNion was Only 59,31 4 :2. Now, as long as confidence con tinues, no disasters may result from having so much specie locked up in the vaults of Govern ment; but let a financial crisis arise, and it is difficult to estimate the fatal consequences. The Secretary of the Treasury, speaking on this point, says, in his last report: " The Independent Treasury may exercise a fatal control over the currency, the banks, and the trade of the country, and will do so when ever the revenue shall greatly exceed the ex penditures. There has been expended, since the 4th of March, 1853, more than $45,525,000 in the redemption of the public debt. This debt has been presented from time to time, as the money accumulated in the natioral Treasu ry, and caused stringency in the ioney markeI. If there had been no public debt, and no means of disbursing this large sum, and :'-ain giving it to the channels of commerce, the occumulated sum would hare acted fatally on the banks and on trade." The national debt is now so nearly extinguish ed that we cannot rely upon it further as a safety-valve. I think it unnecessary further to develop this point; business men will readily comprehend its magnitude ; nor is it necessary for me to do more than allude to the fsct, that keeping 143,000,000 idle in the Treasury in volves an annual loss of $3,000,000 in the sin e item of interest; this being a bonus, I sup pose, which we pay for the chance of producing a financial crisis. The objections to these surplus accumulations do not rest here; they increase in magnitude the more we consider them. Their natural effect is to inflame the zeal of parties, corrupt the Government, and induce to the most ex travagant Appropriations. With all these .con sequences staring us in the face, it would seem there would lie but one opinion as to the ne essity of a reductioni of the taril. Why, then, is it iiot done ? It has been for several years irgently recommended by the President of the nited'States and the Sacretary of the Treasu ry. Under orinr cimtances, it wiouild seem that nothing would be more popular than to reduce thme taxes, and that the contest would be as to who should have the merit of perform iig so acceptabile an office. If wei were the legislators of a S ate, we would proceed to this duty with the muost sovereign alacrity ; why, then, do we, the legislators of the Union, de line to act upon0 the subject ? The reason is obvious. It Is because of our indirect system f taxation, and~ t lie protective features of our tarif. lut it is to be hoped that the obstacles aris ing from these causes will iiot be insurmnounta be, and that wve will not terminate our mission is egi,lators without having reduced taxation, in the face of a vast and increasing surplus, es pecially when we remeimer that if we neglect to act Ini the matter nothing can be done for nother year, during which timie thme accumula tions in the T1reasury will be constantly and rapidly increasing. At one~ timie, Mr. Chairman, I was willing to accept the present tariff as correct in principle, nd rest satisfied with a pr~o rata reductionl of luties. But greater rellection upon the subject has satishied me that the existingr tariff is radi eally~ defectivo in detail and in principle. I willinow allude to sonme of the defects ini thme present tariff-There are too ninny schedules: the 11e hundred per cent., the forty pier cent.. Ihe thirty per cent , the twenty-live per~ cent., the twenty per ceint., the fifteen per cent., the ten lier cent., and the live per cent., schedules. ljesides thme free list. The effect of so nmany chedules is to lead to unnecessary complexity md expense in the collectiont of the revenue. I must not, however, be understood as being in ravor of a horizontal taritl, which all experience sd the laws of political economny utterly reject. Further, the articles branidies and cordials, umbraced in schedule A, (thme one hundred per ent., schedule,) are subject to too high a rate of duty.. These duties are above the revenue standard; for there is no doubt but that, at a lov r rate of duty, s 'y thirty or fifty per cent., they would yield a larger revenue, and there can be no cxcuse for havinig them above the revenue standard-that point at which they would produce the most revenue. Tihe effect of these high duties is necessarily very~ much to criple our trade with France, a result great ly to be regretted, for there is no country with which it is more1, desirable to cultivate commer cial relations thani France, even upon the prin ciples of the protectionists ; for the exports from France do not comeI in competition with the products of this country ; besides, there is a great sympathy of feeling betwveeni the people of France aiid this country, which ought to bo cherished, as we havo much to gain, not merely comercillly, hut otherwise, by close relations with a people so remarkable as the French peo pe are for great ideas and noble impulses. Another defect in the present tariff is,.,that the duties on articles of prime necessity, such as cotton, woolen, and iron manufactures, and sugar, are too high. These articles are indis pensable to the great mass of our people, and the great mass of our people are the laboring classes. The duty upon these articles range from twenty-Hive to thirty per cent., producing $28,145,627 315 of revenue for the fiscal year 180, beng. 1 ealne half nf the total revenue times were wont to desbend from their, moun tain fastnessses and levy contributions from the people of the valleys at the point of the sword. We considered they were barbarians. . Now, what difference is there in principle, whether you levy tribute at the point of the sword or by the 'legerdemain of legislation'7 Suppose a direct tax were levied on the greet body of the American people to be paid over as a bonus to the manufacturer: would the people stand it? No, sir;. the very stones would rise in mutiny against its payment. What is the difference in principle, whether you do it directly or indirectly? - In one case you do it with manliness; in the other with concealments If you ask what are the profits of the manufac turers, the reply is, " they do not make more than six or seven per cent." After the honora ble gentleman from Rhode Island [Mr. Durfeel made his speech two weeks ago upon the sub ject of free wool, I asked him what were the profits of the woolen manufacturers? He said that the woolen manufacturers were losing; money, but that the cotton. manufacturers said they were making six per cent. What is the result then ? Why, the great mass of:the peo ple have been made poorer to assist these men . in making average profits. As the indirect. tribute, levied from the consumers by the manu facturers, only raises .their profits to the average profits of the country, it follows, then, that this indirect tribute is a total loss to the productive energies of the country, and . the effect is the same thing to the -:country as if, under afree trade policy, this amount had been throwvn into the sea. I have thus gone through with the three . propositions involved in the demand for pro tection; as they are all fallacies, it follows tist the system resting upon them is also a fallacy. And here I would ask, what is the amount of indirect taxes paid by the consumers of the Country to the manufacturers, under.this pro tective policy? It appears that, in the last fiscal year, there were enough of cotton and woolen goods, manufactures of iron, and sugar, produced in this country to make the indirect tax upon them amount to. $39,075,985-that is, the price of these articles was enhanced to that extent by the duty upon foreign articles of a similar kind. In other words, we paid $39, 976,985 of indirect taxes to manufacturers du ring the last fiscal year. But I am disposed to be moderate, and I will strike out the "nine," and call it, in round numbers, $30,000,000, though the Secretary of the Treasur, in 1846, estimated'these indirect taxes at $0,000,000. I put it at $30,000,000. In 1832, it was esti mated that- the indirect taxes paid up to that time to the manufacturers was $240,000,000. Supposing it to amout to $30,000,000 annually from that time to the present, the total sum up to the present time is $1,000,000,000, in round numbers; and that is the amount which the people of the United States have paid manufac turers in indirect taxes. Well, that is a vast sum! Mr. MILLSON. As I understand the - by'the I ta. Mr. BOYCE. Certainly. Mr. MILLSON. I would suggest to the gen. tleman, then, that upon his principle the-amount of indirect taxation upon woolen manufactures, cotton manufactures, and iron manufactures, and sugar alone, would be upwards of $60, 000,000. Mr. BOYCE. I thank my friend from Vir ginia for the suggestion which he has made. It seems, therefore, according to the suggestion of my friend from Virginia, that I have underrated the indirect taxation paid to the manufacturers. I put it at only $30,000,000 annually. Mr. STANTON. Do I understand the gen tleman's principle to be, that the domestic pro duce is enhanced in price the amount of the duty ? Mr. BOYCE. Precisely so. Mr. STANTON. And that all fabrics of cotton manufacture are euhanced in price the amount of duty above what they would bear if there were no tariff, no matter whether any coinmodity of the same kind was imported or not? Mr. BOYCE. Home products. naturally cheaper than similar foreign products, are of course in nowise affected by customs duties; but if the foreign product is cheaper than the home product it is enhanced in price to the ex tent of the duty. For instance, duties on raw ~otton would not affect the price of cotton, but luties on cotton goods would do so. The im position of duties on foreign products implies r~he belief that the foreign product is cheaper ; the fact of any such importations paying duties lemonstrates the correctness of that belief, and nvolves the enhancement of price on rival iome products. I rest myself upon this simple *dea, that there cannot be two prices of the ~ame commodity in the same market ; and if t were not for the duty upon the foreign arti -les, they would come in much cheaper. It ceems to me that the matter is very simple. Mr. 1(ENNETT. I would ask the gentleman rrom South Carolina how he would make out that proposition when sugar was selling in the uarket at. three cents per pound, and the im ort duty at the same time was also three cents )er pound? Mr. 1lOYCE. Th le reason is very obvious. 1'he duty of three pe~r cent. under the circnm ~tances stated by the gentleman, must have accessarily operated entirely to prohibit foireign ugar, for it is absolutely impossible it could he inported undler a anuty of three cents, and sol Gmr three cents. If such a state of things exis ed permanently as the gentleman alludes to, the cheap price of the domestic sugar woul .xclude the foreign sugar, and the duty would, mnder such circmstances, have no effect what ever on the price. There can he no dlonbt of - his prop~osition, that one article can have but ine price in the saime market at the same time. [C that is not so, why do gentlemen who repre ecnt the manufacturing interest desire protee ion ? If these high duties upon foreign arti ales do not increase the price of similar articles nainiufactumed at home, why ask for high luties upon foreign articles ? Why ,ilclude mportation ? There can lie no protection un ess the price is increased. Sir, according to my idea thme protective poli cy, so far as the indirect taxes are concerned-.. to say nothing of the injury caused to the coun try by the burdens pilaced upon the exchanges, md of the pandysis which the prodnetive ener ries of the country have received-has cost the country, up to the present time, $1,000,000,000. Well, sir, that sum would do a great deal. The interest of it would build all the railroads in the United States which we could desire from this time to the end of the world--the Pacific railroad included. It would support the Gov ernment without taxation. It would support four navies as large as our present one; and what perhaps is better still, it would give a dowry to every poor girl in the United States which would enable her possibly to get a good husband. It would carry telegraphic wires to every village in the United States. It would clear out every river and harbor ini the United States ; and it would build a good house for every where I would stop were I to enumerate all the good which the interest of $1,000,000,000 would do to the United States. Yet, sir, this