University of South Carolina Libraries
tDDRESS OF HON. D. F. HOUSTON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. (Contiued from Page 5.) mental governmental principle, ch aid or subsidy is neither nessary nor desirable. There has ui too much misconception as to lit is meant by rural credits and lo the practice and results abroad. Ire has been so much talk about leral legislation on rural credits I many uninformed people get I impx-ession that it is proposed bely to give farmers Federal IBney and to give it 10 mem at rarer rates than economic condi|ps r-o-uld Dossibly justify, and ev o give it to those who have no isis of security. In the minds of any people the term rural credits is become synonymous with govnmental financial aid. This no>n is highly fallacious and is deimental to the working out of any tional scheme. It is likewise asmed that cooperation abroad reIts in cheap and easy credit, that credit at interest far below the (ate prevailing in industrial circles pd extended upon character alone. Fhere is no foundation for this view. Ihere is no cooperation in Europe rhich does not demand of borrowers safe security as is exacted by p ordinary institution, and interest >tes are never below those which ttsiness securities justify, except I rare instances where a State has pvanced public funds to be distriited in cheap loans. Where landortgage institutions or cooperate credit societies have become firm established abroad there has been marked change in the rate of inresl at which farmers secure monbut this results simply from the * * --'-I J ifcjection of business principles auu pm the advantages of reliable coberation. There is enough good I cooperation to assure its spreadkr. There are enough posible adpitoges to demand the most sympaletic consideration of reasonable fens by Federal and State authorise and the enactment of proper pislation at the earliest possible pment. [The fact that there has been tate financial aid in Europe by no fens furnished a precedent or arpnent for such aid in the United iates. Intervention abroad, Mr. errick correctly asserts, was mored by the old feudel notions and * the condition of serfdom or se!-serfdom ' out of which the peast farmers had to be brought, and t of which they have not been tirely drawn. Paternalism has * ' ' (i tne rexauon oi we cuatc w ?uv i'idual abroad. The individual not had the requisite initiative, it is not complimentary to the irican farmer to compare him the average European peasant. American farmers are better than the European peasantry, hermore, they are the most inndent and self-reliant part of country's population. "* Special tation .either for individuals or es, would now be revolutionary also would deaaen the spirit of i who should rely upon it. It not seem likely that they will md privileges and special favors ed for conditions which have no lei in this country and which i do them in the long run mere than good. is likewise true that notwithing the wide prevalence of al rural financial establishments id the great mass of farm moHo hv institutions which Bre developed and controlled by Krivate initiative, instead of by those Hthich are endowed or guaranteed |Hr the State. The total farm-mort^Hige indebtedness of Germany is ^Hdmated at two million. Of this ^Hm 850 millions is lent by savings ^Hnks, 750 millions by cooperative ^Hsociations who receive no financial ^Hd from the State and whose obligations are not carried by the State, ^Bid 170 millions by joint stock ^ anks. This leaves a hundred milKons, or five per cent only, placed H>y institutions especially aided by Hhe State. BT In this country, no matter what legislation is. had at the hands of the State or Federal government Pmuch of the lending on farm securities will be done by private esBtablishments. The Department through investigations has ascertained that 930 millions of dollars Aire lent on farm mortgages in the United States by savings banks, trust companies, and State and private Ranks, and that insurance companies Biare invested at least GOO millions in BHy^mortgage loans. That more H|^Kl be invested and at more favorKepl rates if reliable machinery were Hvised for inspecting and produces? safe rural securities and the ^Ksiness were conducted under effi^ ent Governmental supervision I lave no doubt. Hence, the necesBsity for legislation both in the field lof lcnd-mortgage banking and of loKal cooperative credit unions just as Hoon as the Federal government and HhfT States can determine the wise RUB OUT PAIN with good oil liniment. That's ^ the surest way to stop them. ^KThe best rubbing liniment is MUSTANG IINIMENT Good for the Aliments of ' [orses, Mules, Cattle, Etc. Good for your own Aches, ains, Rheumatism, Sprains, Cuts, Burns, Etc. 25c. 50c. $1. At all Dealers. course of action. The Department of Agriculture is taking a deep interest in this matter. It has made I it a special part of its duty to investigate farm credit in every section of the Union, and to place itself in position not only to offer suggestions for land-mortgage banking legislation, but also as to uniform State legislation permitting and governing all forms of cooperative effort, and particularly cooperation in the field of rural credit. This whole subject is now in the hands of a joint committee of the Senate and of the House, and I have little doubt that the next Congress will be successful in proposing a satisfactory scheme. I have trespassed already undluy o:i your time. I regret that I am compelled to deny myself the pleasure of reviewing before you the extent and variety of the activities of the Federal government through its Department of Agriculture, and of the States ar.d the Federal Government through the land grant colleges in behalf of a better agriculture, a juster distribution, and a more attractive rural life. Today the State and nation together are spending perhaps more than sixty mil- 1 lions of dollars to foster agriculture J and a better rural life. No other ' nation begins to compete with ours 1 in its provision for this great' national industry. Through every ( promising approach the two great ^ agencies are aiming to increase productions, to make agriculture more profitable, and rural life more attractive. I can not, however, forego the duty of directing attention to 1 the most recent act for bringing 1 homo to the farmers of the nation s the results of agricultural science i and practice, and to induce the average farmer to do what the best ( farmer practices. I refer to the j Smith-Lever educational extension act, under the terms of which within a few years the nation will be [ expending, without considering lo- ' cal funds and without further legislation, approximately nine millions of dollars. Through the terms of < this act the State and the nation i are cooperating as they should in ( this and in other fields, and instead ( of trying to reach the farmer | fViT>r>norVi Kullofinc nr flip npwsn#nflrs alone, this large effort will be made ' to reach him by personal contract. The nation is taking the rural population to school. It has discovered that it can furnish educational aid to the man and the woman busily engaged about their daily tasks who have not had the benefits of the training of the colleges and can not spare the time to attend college. It is the greatest single educational undertaking on the part of any nation, and in my judgment, is the most significant and far reaching. For many reasons I am optimistic about the future of American agriculture. More helpful agencies are operating on rural life today than ever before in the history of the world, and through his own intelligent effort with the aid of the machinery prvided by the State and the nation, the American farmer ( will more than hold his own and need not fear competition. He will in- ; evitably control the home market : except for things which can not or should not be produced here, and ' will be called upon increasingly to ' supply the needs of foreign nations. J We shall not, however, be blinded " by over confidence and misled by the cries and alarm of the demagogue. In the high endeavor of strengthening the foundations of the national life, the Federal Department of Agriculture will cordially cooperate in its proper sphere with its great allies constituted by the States and will labor zealously for the betterment of the condition of the mases. Origin of Knitting. Knitting is a Scotch invention of the fifteenth century, and Scotch knitted stockings soon found their way to France. A guild of stocking knitters, too, was soon formed, with St. Fiacre as their patron saint. Hand knitting was not long left without machinery as a rival, for it was as long ago as 1589 that William Lee invented the knitting frame. Origin of Word "Posta!." From the Latin word "positus," meaning stationed, this method of communication by means of relays placed at different points along the road came to be known as a post system and eventually as UiA_postal system of today. When Elsie Gcss Shopping. Elsie has been to th*. city on her first shopping expedition, and at the first store had sorrowtully emptied I the contents of her small purse. ComI ing homo on the train, her father sly]y i slipped bright penny into the empty | purse, with an eye to making his jaugiuers neart rejoice. men oeI hind the shelter of his paper fce watched his daughter until she chanced to open t lie pockeibook. Deeply perplexed, tho generous parent drew a. sobbing little daughter into the shelter or' his arms, until at iength she howicd heartbrokeniy: 'Fy, oh, fy, didn't t pcud iti" The Pipe of War. The?e is hardly a country in the world where the pipe is not smoked in one form or another. In many villages of t;:e northwest provinces of India are to be found public hookahs for the use and comfort of travelers Everyone has heard of the North American's pipe of peace. General Hlucher's pipe smoking was of a very different character. He appointed a mail to the post of "pipe master," whose duty it was to fill a long clay pipe and hand it to the general before every engagement. Ulucher woul<? then enjoy a few puffs, give back the pipe, and gallop to the firing line. TRAINING AND UN WILL NUB Grape is One of Hardiest anc Develop Well Without Pr< to Train Vines to J Unquestionably, tihe grape is one of tho surest fruits thai can be grown in South Carolina. Practically all the standard varieties will succeed. Xor Is the fruit often injured by late frost. In general, it is safe to say that when vines are properly cared for there is almcwt a ccrtainty of a crop every year. But although the grape will produce some fruit under almost any trea-tment, yet results that are really worth having cannot be obtained without propar care of the vines. The ol<l practice of planting a vine just any where and letting it grow at will is entirely wrong. Under such conditions, vines become thick and fall on the ground, there Is a tendency to overproduction of fruit, to small hunches, ind inferior berries, and at about tOie time the grapes begin to color up, they begin to rot. A3 a result, when the fruit should be ready for use, one-half >r two thirds of it is worthless. Beside, vines handled thus are weak md last only a few seasons. Perhaps the worst mistake in grape culture is failure to prune properly. It s very Important that the vines be trained to some definite form. The easiest method of training the grape s as follows: First year: Plant one-year-old vines. As soon as they have been put out, :ut them back to three buda as shown it (a) in illustration. Should all .three >f these grow, rub one off, leaving the strongest two to grow and form the 'rame of the vine. During the first season's growth the young shoots should be tied to a stake, as shown at [b) in illustration. This is to proluce healthy canes. Should they be illowed to run on the ground, they will ae weak and more liable to injury. Second year: A trellis must now je prepared. Set posts 20 feet apart along each row of grapes. This will jive space for two vines between each -*wk nrvota TVio r?nc.+c whon cpf chmilH show four and one-half feet above the ground. The end posts should be set it leas-t three feet In the ground and veil braced to prevent giving when he vines are stretched. The other ;>osts should be set at least two feet leep. To the posts are nailed two ivires on which to train the vines. The ower wire is .two feet above ground tnd the upper wire two feet above the ower. These preparations made, the roung canes should be taken off the itakes, one cut off at the height of the irst wire and tied, and the other allowed to extend to the top wire, as ihown at (c). WHY CROSS BREEDS I Farmers Bometimes get the mistaken idea that cross breeding will improve their stock. On the contrary, cross breeding has many disadvantages and farmers are strongly advised not to attempt it. It has at times been used with success in the hands of breeders of long experience, but for the inexperienced breeder it is a most dangerous practice. Cross breeding is the mating of two purebred animals of different breeds; for example, a purebred Hereford bull with a purebred.Angus cow, or a purebred Berkshire boar with a purebred Duroc-Jersey sow. It should be clearly distinguished from grading, which means the mating of a purebred with a scrub or an animal of very little pure blood, and which can be done with perfect safety and Is urged upon farmers. One of the principles upon which livestock breeding is based is that like tends to beget like. When two purebreds of the same breed are mated, we expect the offspring to be KnnntlPA fVlOTO Iff ho. 1IK.C IIS PCIICIILS, UCLCIUOC U1C1 ^ AO, */*-." hind each parent, a long line of pure blood. Whfn two purebreds of different breeds are mated (crossbreeding), there at once takes place a battle of breeds and the offspring will be like that parent whose blood is strongest. When, therefore, two old breeds, as Tamworth and Berkshire, or Jersey and Ilolstein, are mated, there is a bitter conilict between bloods and influences that have required centuries to reach their present state. In cross breeding the first cross is sometimes good, but after that such breeding is very uncertain, because the nature of the offspring will depend upon whichever ol" its bloods gets the mastery. Moreover, there is a danger that sometimes the good blood in each parent will balance that In the other, which will cause an outcropping of some bad characters that had been held in check ever since the breeds began. Because of this uncertainty of results, a crossbred sire should never be used nor any crossbred females kept for breeding, except where a purebred is at the head of the herd. Because breeders understand this, a crossbred can never brinj; more on the market than it is worth for meat or wcrl*. and the farmer who breeds such animals loses his chance of selling bis best product at purebred IIIHE GRAPE PROFITABLE RESULTS 1 Surest Fruits, But Will Not jper Care?Very Important 1 : Some Definite Form. ! I l) : Pruning the grape, (a) Young vine i transplanted and headed back to t three buds, (b) Fioet year's growth, i two canes allowed to grow, (c) First season's pruning, (d) Second t and all subsequent seasons' pruning ^ Third year: Numerous canes will 2 be thrown out from the two that were 8 left the preceding season. The prun- ( lng necessary this year will consist of 1 romnvlnir -oil rflnPQ fniir. nnfl 1 going each way from an old vine on both wirss. These four canes are com- i monly ctdled "arms." They form the a frame od which the fruiting canea will I be produced. j After r.his year the pruning will con- s siBt of renewing the four "arms" each t year when suitable canes of the pre* c ceding season's growth can be found r to take their places. If this cannot c be done, all the canes should be cut t back to two or three buds. These p ii>uds will throw out shoots the next j season on which the fruit will be j borne. I; is always best to renew the arms eac i year if possible. When this ! method iii followed, each vine will produce from 75 to 100 bunches of grapes . each year, which is enough. The vines anj also kept thinned out, so j that the sun can strike all portions j and that spraying can be done sueI cessfully. For further information on the _ ! grape, farmers should write to Sidney IS. Rlttenberg, Clemson College, and ask for Bulletin No. 15, "Fruit Culture j for South Carolina." C. F. NIVEN, Anslstant In Horticulture, Clemson Agricultural College. IG IS NOT ADVISABLE ! < prices. If for no other reason than 1 this, a farmer should hestiate to cross breed. Keep in mind clearly the difference between the purebred and the crossbred. The nurebred is the off spring of two purebred parents of the same breed. The crossbred is the 1 I offspring of two purebred parents of 1 ! different breeds. A crossbred can 1 j never be registered, even if each of 1 I its parents was a breed champion. If cross breeding is inadvisable, 1 I however, grading is advisable and is i recognized as the quickest economical way of building up a herd. Grading is the mating of a purebred with a scrub or with a grade. Generally the purebred used is the sire and the scrub or 1 grade is the dam. Grading is perfectly safe because all the power is on one > side and t.he results can be predicted. 1 A purebrad Angus bull mated with j scrub cows will produce calves o' | which more than eighty per cent ara i pure blac.t and hornless, such is the j power ol' pure blood over mixed | blood. There is no better way for the j I young breeder to begin than with a j j grade herd and a purebred sire. In a | j few years he can make his herd as i profitable as purebred3 and will have I learned how to take care of a purei bred. Bu:: let him avoid cross breed| ing. J. M. BURGESS, Associate Professor of Dairying, J Clerason Agricultural College. i Last year the extension division of Clen son College put forth its greatest efforts in a campaign for increasing the acreage of wheat and oats. This year it is again urging the sow' ing of wheat and oats, but has added ! livestock to its propaganda. "Take the second step?livestock." Manure is subject to heavy losses j from several sources. For instance, many farmers lose practically all their liquid manure, yet this contains more valuable plant food than the solid. There are a number of ways to save stable manure and every farmer snouici exert mmsen to get me mosi possible out of his manure. The most serious limiting factor in Southern agriculture is lack of humus J in the soil. The easiest and most j economical way to get humus in the soil is by growing and turning winter leguire*. This also enables a farmer I to get nitrogen from the air and cut i his fertilizer bills. ^ !_ j ?? DO NOT NEGLECT TOOLS Farmers Suffer Large Losses by Failure to Care for Implements That Are Not in Use. The farmer who puts away his farm machinery without oiling and cleaning it is certain to lose in the deterioration of the machinery many times what the time to care for it would have been worth. Failure to take care af farm machinery is a source of large loss to the American farmer annually. Most farmers realize that they would save money by taking good care >f their machines, but neglect to do so, either through carelessness or inMfference. The most important step :oward having efficient machinery is teeping it in good repair. In spare :ime, each machine should be care'ully inspected and all missing, broken or overworn parts noted. Write the lames and numbers of missing parts )n tags and fasten these tags to the nachine. All machines should have a general nspection at least once a year. A ainy day in late fall is very good for his purpose. Exposure to weather injures both wooden and metal parts of machines ind a machinery shed should by all neans be part of the farm equipnent. Every machine should be cleansd. oiled, and housed after it has been ised. Painting aids greatly in improving he appearance and prolonging the life jf machines. It protects both wood ind metal from the weather. Paint ihould be used freely when needed. )ne of the best paints for all farm mplements is made with red lead and inseed oil. Tha use of good farm Implements is ncreaslng rapidly in South Carolina md farmers owe it to themselves to le more careful of their tools. In the 'ear that has gone, they have learned ome important lessons in economy, >ut there is probably no more practi:al way in which a farmer can econonize than by taking the proper care >f his farm implements?repairing hem, oiling them, housing them, and iainting them. SIDNEY S. RITTENBERG, Agricultural Publicist, Clemson Agricultural Calles* remperature for Plants and Humans. What does a plant need In tbe way )t air and heat? By this, of courss. louse plants, not greenhouse varieties, ire meant The common run of house plants?geraniums, ferns., palms, etc. ?a3k only for a temperature of 70 by lay and 60 by night. This is a vary suitable temperatMre for human beDgs, too. There must be fresh air for a plant vvery day, although they jannot stand a freezing draft any setter than the housewife can. A loor or window as far awav from them is possible should be opened and the *ir be allowed to change gradually. 4. light cloth thrown over them will jnable them to Btand a good deal of :old air coming in. Forty-flv<j Fabrenlelt wUl not injure most plantsPerspiration Stains. Perspiration stains may be easily removed by a solution of oxalic acid ( ind water. Use a proportion of one irop of oxalic acid to 20 drops of water. Sponge the stains carefully with this and hang the dress to dry in the air. Hail Kills Seagulls. In a thunderstorm at Teesmouth, Eneland. it is recorded, so much hatf | of such large size fell that the beach was strewn with the dead bodies of gulls and other sea birds. On tfcreerjuarters of a mile of shore, 300 dead gulls were counted, all killed by the bail. Fruit Cake Material We have the best line of Fruits and Spices for your Christmas Cakes. Our winter supplies are all ' in the very highest grades, fresh and at reasonable ! prices. Try Oar Buckwheat: We have the self-rising, ' and the old fashioned kind to use with yeast cakes. Maple Syrup in tins from a quart to a gallon. Our line of Dainties for j parties is compta^Cak^s, j Crackers, CanJI^L Cher- j ries, Dates, NutsVtaisins ! and Fancy Cheesdi Try a bottle of Tarragor,. Vinegar for Salad Dressings. A. M. HILL & SOnS Phone 120 ^ / t \ [MMM ' l iV The RAYO LAMP \ SAVES TROUBLE ? YOU don't have to ^ spend the greater part of your time cleaning it?and won- * dering why it won't ') burn. The Eayo is i simple in construction and in design. It lights '/ without removing the j? shade and gives the ? best sort of light?the \ kind that won't hurt your eyes. Kayo Lamps Rayo lamps are an ornamenr to any home. They require vefy little attention ? yet V\ always add to the attractive- f" ness of the room. L The Rayo is the symbol j of efficiency ? economy? convenience. [, Use Aladdin Security I Oil r Diamond White 1 ; Oil o obtain best results I.: in Oil Stoves, Lamps and iHeaters. \ The Rayo is only one of ou7 \ many products thatbringcom>- i fort and economy to the faro* Ask for them by name. Matchless Liquid Gloss > Standard Hand Separator ' > Oil S Standaid Household ! Lubricant Parowax ? Eureka Harness Oil ii Mica Axle Grease f If your dealer does not carry ), these, write to our nearest f station J STANDARD OIL COMPANY [ (New Jersey) BALTIMORE Waihinfton, D. C. Charlotte. N. C { Norfolk. Va. Charletton. W. V*. ' Richmond. V*. Charletton. S. C- | J Ab D e ville-Gr eenwo o A MUTUAL IISimKB ASSOCIATION. Property Insured, $1,890,00(5, September 1, 1915. U- KITV TO OK CALL on tiie nnderalffr.t^ or the Director of your Township* for au> .utoiDiauon you m&y desire abo w our }j!ht of Insurance. VVr ntnre yocr property against deatrnt Don by FST, W!X!OT OS LOTUS, and do ho cheaper tb?>" anv info^no* rnja>~. pnuy lc txlsienr*. Dwellings covered witlmetal roofs are infi:red ior'25per cent, cheapti; ttmu oitier properly. ttoincuber M't ar>. prepared to rrr.va to yot. Ui?' oni?? la ;he safest and cheajjiifci. p.au oiv lu?nr?n? e knowr. J. B. XL/.R]?, Gen. Agent Abbeville, iS. C, 7. *2ASrE LYON, Pre*. Abbeville?, 3. C. u. Greenw< i <> h!t m#|ipv cofepmb" :y ( . II. liutlson Dona? i* 'i*. s?>. hl'iB Due WfM. W. W. L. Keller I.oner Op.:'? /.A. Kfllpr >?m!lhvl!l? I>. a Warrilnw Cedar S}>ri'te W. W. Bradley AhhevHIe Dr. J. A. ADderson.......Antr?vllle S. S. Holes Lowndesvl?:* A .O O'ant Mi-go i'l<* W. I>. Mtirrah Celboct? M!I!f H. P. .Morrali Pord? ?. ?. H. Ij. Hasor Walnut Grove W. A. Nlcfcles Hod?ei M. 0. Bowles Ooronao.i D.S. Hattlwiuijtr Ninety-Rij Klnnrd* > ' Fellowship Jo?eoh Lak . Phcen's J. W. smith Verd? r.v J. H. Chiles Brai'li j t. w, T.von 1 r<>\ K. K. Mm-clcy* Yf'clefi .y T 15. Bell r> llNoit .. .. itirl-^-.-w Abbeville, S. C., June 1, 1915.