University of South Carolina Libraries
HiJ turkey Ig truly an American bird. It existed on this continent with the Indians before Columbus landed. Only a few years ago among the caves of Arizona the mummified re mains of a turkey were found. Prac tically every cave once occupied by the cliff dwellers of that region con tained the bones or feathers of the turkey, but this specimen is intact. Its age is a matter of speculation among the scientists of the National museum at Washington, where the specimen is on exhibition. Another interesting fact resulted from a scien tific expedition which Dr. C. Hart Merriam made among the mountains of Arizona; he came across a living species of bird identical with the one found mummified and which is now Known to tne scientific world by his name. Another recent discovery in connection with the turkey was a Maya hieroglyphic which men tions along with other things ten turkey hens and five turkey cocks. This is thought to be the first record of the turkey in this country and antedates the expedition of Cortes to Mexico in 1519. But the turkey goes back further among the Indians than even the probable date at which th? specimen found in the cave existed. A.mong the Zunis, for instance, there exist many legends, handed down from time immemorial, which have for their subject the turkey. Perhaps none is more interesting than the one which tells why his tail feathers are dark, show ing, as it does, not only the place he held in the estimation of the Indians but also a noticeable similarity to the flood story of our Bible. Once upon a time, so the legend runs, there was a flood and the face of the world was covered with water. And the turkey, weary'of continually flying, decided to seek some spot on which he might light and rest. But th# other birds and animals; advised him not to; and the very gods themselves warned him. He refused to heed either advice or warnings and set out in search of land. After much effort he discovered a single spot not covered by water and alighted. But he found it only deep mud. So he decided to hunt further for some dry place on which to rest. But, alas, when he came to fly, ne TOUna nis lull leamers ubi in me uiuu. He pulled and pulled, but could not get them loose. Finally, after a gigantic tug, he managed to free himself. But bits of mud stuck to the end of the tail feathers! And to this day turkeys have dark spots there?a sign of their disobe dience to divine command! The turkey plays a more important part in the life of the Indian than in his legends alone. Not only is it regarded as a choice article of food, but in many tribes it is held sacred. In the parts of the country where the turkey was worshiped it was never eaten except when other food was un obtainable. And even then separate portions were divided among various tribes, so that the religious custom would not be violated. Turkey feathers rank next in importance to those of the eagle with all tribes, while the Apaches, the Pamunkeys and Cheyennes chose the turkey's feathers for all ceremonial head dresses and ornaments. The Pamunkey tribe also ' used turkey feathers for ornamental purposes on their clothing, as well as for their headgears. To this day, when they don their native costumes, the turkey feather is preferred as ornament. If Benjamin Franklin's words had been heeded the turkey would have been the national bird of the United States. The eagle is a first cousin to nvmAt'oa \r-nr\wn rvf rvl H iri th p pnfttprn hpmi. HIC 0]iCV/iC0 niiv ?? v* v?? *** .v. ? sphere. Furthermore, it has appeared upon the banners of many nations. It was a symbol of the Roman empire. It was known in China for ages, and today it appears upon the banners of Russia, Germany and several other nations. The turkey Is indigenous to America. Wher ever the parly European adventurers and settlers arrived they beheld great flocks of turkeys, and it soon became known that they were a favorite food among the Indians. After a while turkeys were proudly sent home as trophies of the chase. In this way the turkey became practically a world-favorite as a food. When Cortes, in 1519, ascended to the plateau of Mexico, he found a social life developed to a high degree of refinement. He was entertained with oriental magnificence. All the delicacies to be found within the empire were set before him; and though game was abundant, the turkey held the place of honor among the fowl. This was the first time that the Spaniards had7 eaten tur key. They also saw great tame hocks oi me Dims. In fact, since prehistoric times, the turkey has been domesticated and raised for market. Today in Mexico many of the quaint customs then in vogue are still kept alive. And so it is that the purchaser of today may select his choice of a fowl in the village street. Or if he prefers the CAPH^lTANErCAm The actual capital of a business may ba equal to, greater, or less than its capitalization. The capital of a company is the money actually invest , ed, good will, plant, and stock. The capitalization is the total amount upon which dividends have to be paid, and includes not oniy common or pre ferred stocks, but also debentures or bonds. There are companies which paid *uch large returns that rather than excite niunerativent given extra instead of p; $100 shares, paid upon $2' others whici pay because been investe ciers to put ent unprofita vender will bring it alive to his door for inspec tion, fresh from the farm. North of the Rio Grande the turkey was equally well known and treasured. The celebrated expe dition of Coronado, between 1527 and 1547, pene trated this unexplored region west of the Missis sippi. His explorations were chiefly in what is today Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, the home of the cliff dwelling Indians of the Southwest. In all the Indian villages, according to those early explorers, turkeys were to be found, both wild and domesticated. Present day scientists have found enclosures in these villages which were at one time used as cages for wild turkeys, which were herded to gether, later to be domesticated. The wild flocks, according to the chronicles of Coronado, were many times a welcome sight to these explorers, as turkeys often made a toothsome addition to a larder otherwise too scanty for comfort. Cortes, in one of his ietters written about 1518, mentions the turkey. He carried specimens of the bird to Spain in 1520, where they came into immediate popularity, and the breeding of turkeys soon becairp established. It was then that the turkey bee. ..e known as "pavos" on kccount of his relationship to the peacock, which was then called "pavo real"?the fowl of kings. It was a long time before the turkey reached France, for the first turkey eaten there was at the wedding of Charles IX and Elizabeth of Aus tria, June 27, 1570, or 50 years after Spain had first tasted the bird. Its introduction into England seems to have been In 1524. But, whenever it was, it soon came into popular favor and was given such local names as Black Norfolk and Large Cambridge. It Is an interesting fact that descendants of the parent stock were carried to New England, where, crossed with the original turkey already there, they began the breed that has spread from one end of the country to the other. As in this country, the turkey has come to be looked unon elsewhere as a holidav feast attrac tion. In Spain, especially during Christmas time, the markets are alive with the voluble arguments of the venders and purchasers and with the una vailing protests of the victims. In Madrid some of the principal streets are crowded with troops of these birds driven in from the country farms. In the early colonial days turkeys were still abundant in Massachusetts, the rest of New Eng land, Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas and Flori da, while in the last named states the turkey is still found as a native wild fowl, although tn greatly decreased numbers. AL'ZATION amazement at their re :ss, the stockholders were shares of stock, so that aving ten per cent upon five per cent might be 00 shares. And there are 1 could not be made to not enough money had id, and to induce finan their money into at pres ,ble businesses, preferred stock which has the firsi profits up to a certain ? has been issued. The " enlarged value stock, fc the capitalization, thoug sents no capital invested Learning Through S The world is filled with trying to reform some o: those who have some pa tidote for all ills and wl by legislation or oilier 01 ure men and women m But a short distance from Richmond is a small island inhabited by a tribe of Indians, the Pa munkeys. They are part of the Powhatans, and under an old colonial treaty they pay no taxes and have their own government They must, however, send to the governor of Virginia each year a gift of game or fowl; and very often this gift takes the form of several large, plump tur keys. Many have been the explanations made as to how the bird now so popular at Thanksgiving came to be called the turkey, most of which, to the scientist, are nothing but fanciful. One such is the explanation that It comes from the East Indian word "toka," which, in Hebrew, takes the form "tukki," the pea cock. As the Jews in South Europe were ac quainted with this fowl, it is assumed that they naturally applied the word turkey wher ever it was introduced in Spain. Such a roundabout explanation, say those who know, is entirely unnecessary. The bird was called turkey be cause it was supposed to come from Turkey, where it was known as an Egyptian hen. In France the bird was called "dindon," or 1 In the feminine "dlnde," * as though It were the 1 fowl of d'Inde?from 1 India. The Mexican < name for the bird is ( "huajolote," which, sci- 1 entists say, indicates ^ the old Aztec knowl- ' ( But whatever dispute has arisen as to the name * df the turkey, the fact iet remains that the tur- i key is indigenous to America. Although scientists f believe It is possible that there was a species, 3 the original of the present turkey, indigenous to i the West India islands, it is generally conceded 1 that all turkeys have descended in some way or 3 other from the three forms known today as the 3 North American, the Mexican and the Honduras, t the ocellated varieties. 1 The Mexican turkey Is found wild throughout the republic. It is short in shank, with feathers t on its body of a metallic black shaded only slight- I ly with bronze, while all its feathers are tipped c with white. r The Honduras turkey today is scattered all over t most of Central America and is extremely wild, t The bronze turkey, that variety which today t r" edge of the turkey. holds the place of honor in the North American v group of turkeys, is outdone by none when it < comes to beauty or size. Black, beautifully shad- 1 ed with a rich bronze, the breast plumage being 1 dark bronze illuminated with a lustrous finish of ? coppery gold, its plumage gives full warrant for t the name by which this bird is known. * The full-grown, healthy bird is a beautiful pic ture of bronze, black, copper and gold, and some- 1 times weighs 40 or more pounds. Other varieties known in the barnyard, and even recognized J among dealers as having distinctive markings, are in reality only highly developed fowls with pre served peculiarities. c In the United States there are six standard va- t rieties recognized and grown. These are the c bronze, Narragansett, buff, slate, white and black. ? The chief differences are in site and color of plumage. 1 The bronze and Narragansett are the largest, 1 the buff and slate medium, while the white and ^ black are the smallest. Within late years, how ever, the white variety has reached such a point | of popularity that it has increased in size until with some dealers it occupies third place. Whatever the turkey may have missed through j failing to secure that place of honor suggested for ? it by Benjamin Franklin?as the national bird? z it has nevertheless found a place in the regard of the American people which is held by no other t fowl. c Time was when a turkey, or as many as could c be carried, might be had for the asking. Then ? came the period when 50 cents would buy a plump young fowl. Even so short a time as ten years ago turkeys could be purchased for from 8 to 20 cents a pound, dressed. ideal. There is nothing to such no tions. Life is a struggle, and gen erally a hard one. Good character ia built upon overcoming oneself, and unless reforms begin from the inside they do not last long. Iiovs are pun ished not to give them pain, but to give certain detinite reactions between the physical and moral parts of their composition. The rod has been abused, but it is now more neglected than overworked. It is through sad experi ence that we achieve mora/ worth.? Exchange. t claim upon ipecifled sum 'watered," or >rmB part of ;h it repre uffering. men who are ue else, with nacea or an io think that ltward press lay be made Confessions ?f a Mail Order Man Br Mr. M. O. X. Revelations by One Whose Experience in the Business Covers a Ranee From Office Boy to General Manager [This Is the first of a series of articles exposing the methods for obtaining the people's money resorted to by the writer while in the employ of various mail or 3er houses. They are the "confessions " af a man who was In the mail order busi ness to\f many years and the revelations lie makes are startling. For reasons of i business nature the writer withholds Ills name, but he is known to most of the big concerns as a capable and clever manager, and he knows whereof he speaks. To those who read these "con Cessions' he will be known merely as Mr. M. O. X.] INTRODUCTION. Yes, I have been In the mail order ?ame for a long time, so long that I nate to admit how many years Old Father Time has taken away from me. The years have been busy ones. I fljve been In the harness since way back In the early '"80's," when I started as errand boy for a little con cern that sold merchandise over the counter and occasionally shipped a package to some Irregular customer aho lived out of town. I have found It profitable. My wages i Jnally were transrormea iuiu a oai iry, and the salary was increased, gradually at first, and then with in :reases and additions from percent* iges of profit from the business un ;il,?well I have never had any com ?Inint to make. The man who can make good in the nail order game practically can name lis own salary. Who pays the salary? Why, you io, of course. Probably ninety out of every one hundred readers of this newspaper iave sent money to a big mail order 3ouse after reading one of my bright ind optimistic catalogue descriptions >r after receiving one of my carefully written form letters beginning with 'Dear Friend." Dear Friend?of course you have jeen a dear friend. You have paid ny salary without a whimper, you iave built up for various big concerns .vhich have become wealthy through rour orders (containing cash) magni ficent buildings. You have bought lutomobiles, bonds, stock, real estate, ilegant homes, trips all over the vorld, oceans of champagne, and jverything else that t}ie most exact ng person could mention. You have done all this by sending rour orders (with the money) to the )ig mail order houses. I know this, and you will believe hat I do know It after you haves' read vhat I am writing?my, "Confessions >f a Mail Order Man." ' My work has covered the whole Jnited' States. For many years I lave written catalogue descriptions, rnndled the making of the not-always lonest illustrations, as you know to rour cost and chagrin; written attrac ively worded letters urging you to jend your orders (with the cash); jone into the market to buy merchan iise with your money, which you cindly sent in advance, and. in fact, have gone through the entire mill, rom office boy to general executive, md have a modest block of stock, lpon which you are paying me divi lends right now, and which you will :ontinue to make very profitable for ne for the rest of my /life, unless you vake up and quit sending orders [with the cash) to the mall order :oncern which issued the stock. No, you won't stop sending your | noney to the big mail order houses 'or several years to come. Some of rou will stop, when you begin to real- ; ze how you are opposing your own ocal prosperity and interfering with , rour own prospects, but enough of 'ou will keep on sending your money 0 the big cities, so that I will never mow the difference. Besides this, if I see that you do >egin to realize just what you are do- ; ng against your own town and your i >wn friends and associates in busi less, and if I think the country is , vaking up to a realization of the ut- ( er foolishness of cutting your own ] groats by patronizing out-of-town con- ; :erns, then I shall sell my stock. I ) :an get a big premium for it. There s enough of it to insure me from ever , )eing troubled about money affairs j igain. You have seen to that. So in he classic words of the modern Aris otle, "I should worry." i In an attempt to analyze my own ( easons for writing these "confes- j iions" and exposing the whole nail order game, and showing how oolish it is for the people in the small owns to continue to stultify their >wn prosperity by sending their cash iway, I am puzzled. Frankly and ' >penly I must admit that I cannot an iwer this question even to myself. J 1 have no kick coming. I have j )een well treated. I have been well , )aid. I am prosperous. Perhaps after all these years I lave discovered a conscience. -IOW LOCAL BUSINESS IS HURT. , n fn *11 f aw o n-mn rr i \j tuiucaa <x iauu, \jl a, 'rankly and without reservation, is it least an indication of a wish to itone. The confessions that I am about i o make here, unreservedly and with- 1 >ut evasion, are prompted only by my i lesire to show to the people in the smaller cities and towns of America J he absolute folly and unwisdom of .he policy of supporting big mail or- ' ler establishments, at the expense ind absolute loss of the hard-working ' ocal business men who are doing i heir best to build up their own com- - uunities; all of which work benefits ind adds to the prosperity of every esident of the home town; at the same time adding most materially to 1 he value of every foot of real estate i n the community. i Of the ninety-odd millions of souls ] ind bodies that inhabit these United ] States of America a very large pro- t portion live in the country and in i small towns and villages. < These people are the producers, i rhey raise the grains and foodstuffs i and the wool and the meat, hides, era. Those, who live In the big cities are practically all dependent upon the efforts of those who live in the coun try, and in the small towns. They do not produce anything in compar ison with the work of those who wrest from the soil the bountiful offerings of Nature. It is the work of those who lives in the cities to figure out how they can obtain that which is produced by the country people?how they can juggle thp values of this product?how much money they can make out of it, etc. They do not produce anything. They are the parasites. Without the country people there would be no cities. There would be no occasion for cities because there would be noth ing to support them. So it is the plan of the universe, as laid down by our rules and laws, that a certain big proportion of the people shall toil and spin while the smaller proportion shall exact the greater part of that which is produced by the toilers -and make a profit sufficient to enable them to live in luxury while the toilers toil on, continuously. It is not the toilers and spinners who take the trips to Europe. It Is not the toilers and spinners who get up in the morning at nine o'clock and who spend their evenings at the thea ters, cafes and cabarets, drinking wine and playing cards. The toilers and spinners get out of bed when the family alarm clock out in the hen-house tells them day Is breaking. _ They have no time for the theater or the cafe or the cabaret. It's a case of "hustle" all the time. It is vital that every working hour in the day shall be utilized in order to "produce" that which the scheme of our life in the present day provides must be produced to keep the whole machinery of civilization in motion. What would happen to the people in the cities if this whole scheme should become disarranged?If there did not arrive In the cities, on sched ule time every day, the train loan's of cattle, grain, milk and all sorts of country produce. And the mail bags, filled with orders for the mail order, houses. What would happen? There would not long remain any citizens because the source of supplies should be cut off. And all of these supplies come from the counutry, from the people In this community. You do your full share they would starve, these towara supplying me ciues. Especially do you send your share of the orders for the mall order houses, with the cash. There is a strange partnership be tween the people of the country and the people of the city, a partnership which, carefully analyzed, shows the following working agreement: The country people shall delve and dig and toil and then hasten to ship their product to the city partner, who takes possession and disposes of the same to the best possible advantage (to himself). He then hands out to the country partner, begrudgingly and frequently only in case of a suit at law, a small part of the proceeds. Then you, the country partner, send this pittance back to the city, to the mail order house with an order. Such is the result of a bald and unvarnished analysis of the partner ship between farm and city, after applying the acid test. Individual exceptions do not change or alter the general rule. You have citizens whose prosperity and af fluence eloquently refute the forego ing statements but ordinarily you will discover that these prosperous men who are the exception to the rule are likened in character and motive to the old "tories" of Revolutionary days. They will be found to be affiliated in some manner, not to the general In terests of the community, with the financial wolves of the big cities, And it is such "tories" that help to insure a continuance of the condi tions in the country towns and vil lages. No Jesting Matter. One has need of discretion in jok ing about the kaiser when one is in Germany, Even those in high places must use caution in this respect, as one parliamentarian, Eugene Richter, discovered. The kaiser has a great liking for boar hunting, and one day Richter made the following statement In a joking way before the reichstag: "Yesterday the German emperor and 50 of the noblest of the nation ran for two hours after an old sow!" The kaiser saw nothing at all funny in this, and lie made it known by sending the surprised Richter and an editor, who published the joke, to Jail for nine months each. Former Rulers of the Sea. England's shipping, of course, is now more handicapped than that of my other nation. Three centuries igo the Dutch would have been the greatest sufferers, the Pall Mall Ga zette remarks. Sir Walter Raleigh, In his "Observations Concerning the Trade and Commerce of England," la ments the fact that the people of Hol land were outstripping the English, ind monopolizing the carrying trade, 'by the structure and roominess of their shipping." and sailing with few er hands than our ships could. Rest for the Married Man. "Why do you have your office on the same floor with a dentist?" asked Mrs. 3abb. "Don't the painful noises wor ry you?" "Sometimes," replied Mr. Gabb. "But [ enjoy the painful silences." "What do you mean by a painful silence?" asked Mrs. Gabb. "That's when the dentist gets a woman in the chair and puts a rubber 3am in her mouth," replied Mr. Gabb. ?Cincinnati Enquirer. Substitute for Platinum. So great is the demand for platinum, 'or use in electrical apparatus, that nany efforts have been made to .de ^ise some substitute that can take its )laco and be produced at a moderate ?r4ce. A recently patented substituto hat is claimed to be suitable and sat sfactory for electrical contacts con sists of an alloy of 45 per cent plat num, 15 per cent gold. 25 per cent sil ver and 15 per cent copper. 1 Would Not Do Without Peruna. Miss Emella A. Haberkorn. 2 2 5 1 Gravols Ave., St Louis, Mo., writes: For over two years I was troubled with cainrrn or uie pelvic organ 3. I heard of Or. H rtman's book, 'Tho Ills Lift.' I read It and wrote to the doctor, who answered my letter promptly. I began taking treatment a? soon as possible. Tongue cannot * express how I suffered. I feel grate* ful for what the doctor baa done for me, and would not do without Peruna. I now enjdy as good health as ever. I find It has Improved my health so mu?h that I will recommend It to any one cheerfully." Constipation Vanishes Forever Proinpt Relief?Permanent Cure CARTER'S LITTLE LrVER PILLS never faiL purely vegeta ble ? act surely but gently on the fiver. Stop after dinner dis tress-cure 1 indigestion,"- ^ improve the complexion, brighten the ejfca SMALL PILL, SMALL DOSE, SMALL PRICE. Genuine must bear Signature Carters ITTLE IVER PILLS. * C AS jT APPEARED TO HIM Undecipherable Scrawls and Doctor's Prescriptions Associated In 1 Mind of Youth. / ???t Humor even penetrates occasion-, ally into the goomy atmosphere at' museums and such places. The keeper of the Egyptian depart ment was, a few days ago, busy Sort ing some new curios. Looking up from his work be noticed that his assistant, who was similarly engaged, was standing still, looking at some thing he held in his hand with an expression of dismay. "What the matter, Johnson?" lie asked. "Have you struck something you don't understand?" "Indeed I have, sir!" answered that freckled youth. "Let%me have a look at It," said the man of knowledge. Johnson handed him over a papyrus a few thousand years old on which were onro TTjI/sr? cAma V) VTlhipQ "Can't make it out, sir?" he said. "What would you think It meant, ! now?" queried his chief. "Couldn't say, sir, unless it's a doc- ?. tor's prescription in the time -of Pharaoh!" Ate Evidence; All Freed.' Happy and well fed, a group of wom en, with their children, appeared be fore Magistrate Conway in the Long Island city police court to answer to a complaint charging them with vio lating the health laws in keeping pigs. "Well, where are the pigs?" in quired the court. "We ate them, your honor," chorused , ' the group. "And they were good. We raised them to keep down the high cost of living." "Under the circumstances I will dis miss the complaint," said the judge. American Cheese. / T* . Imported cheese will be scarce while this war lasts, but plenty of good cheese is made in this country. Ameri cans have never consumed as much cheese as they should have, yet it is one of the cheapest and most nutri tious food products available. For eign cooks have taught New Yorkers its value, but few Americans outside this city know how extensively it is used in cooking and as a condiment.? New York Commercial. DOCTOR KNEW Had Tried it Himself. J The doctor who has tried Postum knows that it is an easy, certain, and pleasant way out of the coffee habit and all of the ails following and he prescribes it for his patients as did a physician of Prospertown, N.iJ. One of his patients says: "During the summer just past I suf fered terriblv with a heavy feeling at the pit of my stomach and dizzy feel ings in my head and then a blindness would come over my eyes so I would have to sit down. I would get so nerv ous I could hardly control my feelings. "Finally I spoke to our family physi cian about it and he asked if I drank much coffee and mother told him that I did. He told me to immediately stop drinking coffee and drink Postum in its place, as he and his family had used Postum and found it a powerful rebuilder and delicious food-drink. "I hesitated for a time, disliking the Idea of having to give up my coffee, but finally I got a package and found it to be all the doctor said. "Since drinking Postum in place of coffee my dizziness, blindness and nervousness are all gone, my bowels are regular and I am well and strong. That is a short statement of what Postum has done for me." Name given by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich. Read "The Road to Well ville," in pkgs. Postum comes in two forms: Regular Postum ? must be well boiled. 15c and 25c packages. Instant Postum?is a soluble pow der. A teaspoonful dissolves quickly in a cup of hot water and, with cream and sugar, makes a delicious bever age Instantly. 30c and 50c tins. The cost per cup o? both kinds is about the same. "There's a Reason" for Postum. ?sold by Grocers.