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I REV. DR. TALLAGE. iTHE BROOKLYN DIVINE'S SUN1 DAY SERMON. f- Subject: "Echoes." ' i Tsxt: "The sounding again of the mountains?Ezekiel vii. 7. At last I have ife. The Bible has in it ,a recognition of all phrases of the natural world from the aurora of the midnight heavens to the phosphorescence of the turn* T>--' *1? 1! I?thnfc ;umj^ sea. IUC ?oxi uuv/nu -?we call the Echo I found not until a fewdays ago I discovered it in my text, "The eouudiDg again of the mountains." That is the Echo. Ezekiel of the text heard it again and again. Born among mountains, and in hi3 journey to distant exile, he had passed among mountains, and it was natural that all through his writings there should loom up the mountains. Among them ha bad near a the sound of cataracts and of tempests in wrestle with oak and cedar, and the voices of wild beast, but a man of so poetic a na'> tore as Ezekiei could not allow another sound, viz., the Echo, to be disregarded, and so he gives us in our text "The sounding again of the mountains." Greek mythology represented the Echo as a nymph, the daughter of Earth and Air, following Narcissus through forests and into grottoes and every whither, and so strange and weird and startling is the Echo I do not wonder that the superstitious have lifted it into the supernatural. You and I in boy11 --?IV TtrifVi fV* 1* Q ro. uuuu ur KUIUUVU ?ygnuiai?m I'tLM vuu. . ? spoosiveness of soana. Standing half way between the house and barn, we shouted many times to hear th9 reverberations, or out among the mountains back of our home, on some long tramp, we stopped and made exrJr.mation with full lungs p'ust to hear what JSzeKiel calls "ine souncung again ul the mountains." The Echo bas frightened many a child and many a man. It is no tame thing after vou have spoken to hear the same words repeated by the invisible. All the silences are filled with voices ready to answer. Yet it would sot be so starring if they said something else, but why do those lips of the air say just what you say f Do they mean to mock or mean to please? Who are you and where are you, thou wondrous Echo? Sometimes its response is a reiteration. The shot of a gun, the clapping of the hands, the beating of a drum, the voice of a violin are sometimes repeated many times by the Echo. Near Coblentz?that which is said has seventeen Echoes. In 1776, a writer says that near Milan, Italy, there were seventy such reflections of sound to one snap of a pistol. Play a bugle near a lake of Killarney and the time is played back to you as distinctly as when you played it. There is a well two hundred and ten feet deep at CcrVtaooka castle, in the Isle of Wight. LTOp a )in into mat weu ana tut) buuuu ul Its fall tomes to the top of the well distinct&A blast of an Alpine horn comes back m the rocks of Jungfrau in surge after large of reflected sound, until it seems as if every peak had lifted and blown an Alpine horn. . But have yon noticed?and this is the reason for the present discourse?that this Echo in the natural world has its analogy in the moral and religious world? Have you noticed the tremendous fact that what we say and do comes back in recoiled gladness or disaster? About this resonance I preach this sermon. First?Parental teaching and example have their Echo in the character of descendants. Exceptions? Oh, yes. So in the natural world there may be no Echo, or a distorted Echo, by reason of peculiar proximities, but the general rule is that the charMiilrirnn ia th? TUpkn nf thft nhar. acter of the parent*. The general role is that good parents hare good children and bad parents have bad children. If the old \ man is a crank, his son it apt to ha a crank ! and the grandchild a crank. The tendency ' n so mighty in that direction that it will get worse and worse unless some hero or heroine in that line shall rise and say: "Heret By the help of God, I will stand this no longer. Against this hereditary tendency to queernees I protest." And he or she will set up an altar and a magnificent life that will reverse things, and there will be no more cranks among that kindred. In another family the father and mother are consecrated people. What they do is right. What they teach is right The boys may for some time be wild and the daughter worldly, but watch! Years pass on, perihapr ten years, twenty years, and you go back to thechnrch where the father and mother used to be consistent members. \ Ton have heard nothing about the family lor twenty years, and at the door of the tehurch you Fee the sexton and you ask him, "Where is old Mr. WebsterP' "Oh, he has beeadecfl many years!" "Where is Mrs. WebstarF "Oh. she died fifteen years azo V "I suppose their son Joe went to the dogs?' "Oh, no," says the sexton, "he is op there in the elders' seat He is one of oar beat and most Important members. Ton ought to hear him pray and sine. He is not Joe any : longer, he is Elder Webster." "Well, where is the daughter Mary? I suppose she is the same thoughtless butterfly she used to be?' "Oh, no," says the sexton, she is the president of our missionary ; society and the directress In the orphan asylum, and when she goes down the street all the ragamuffins takebold of her drees and cry, 'Amtie, when are you going to bring us some blare books and shoes and things? And win, in times of revival, there is some hard case back in church Ew that no one else can touch, she goes where is. and in one minute she has him -crying, juid the first Thing we know she is jfetcoing the hardened man up to the front to be prayed for, and says, 'Here is a brother who wants to And the way into the kingdom of God.' And if nobody seems ready to orav. she kneels down in the aisle beside him and says, *0 Lord!' with a pathos and a power and a triumph that seem instantly to [emancipate the hardened tinner. Oh, no! Von must not call her a thoughtless butterfly in our presence. You see we would not stand it." The fact is that the son and daughter of that family did not promise much at the start, but they are now an Echo, a glorious Echo, a prolonged Echo of parental teaching and example. A Vermont mother, as her boy was about to start for a life on the sea, said: 'Edward, I have never seen the ocean, but I understand the great temptation is strong drink. Promise me you will* never touch it." Many years after that, telling of this in a meeting, Edward said: "I gave that ; promise to mother, and have been around the world, and at Calcutta, the ports of the Mediterranean, San Francisco, Cape of Good Hope and north and south poles, and never saw a glass of liquor in all those years that my mother's form did not appear before me, and I do not know how liquor tastes. 1 never have tasted it and all because of tha promise I made to my mother." This was the result of that conversation at the gate of the Vermont farmhouse. The statuary of Thoiwaldsen was sent from (Italy to Germany, and the straw in which the statues had been packed was thrown upon the ground The next spring beautiful Italian flowers snran? nr> where this atraw bad been cast, for in it had bean some vOf the seeds of Italian flowers, and, whether 'conscious of it or not, we are all the time planting for ourselves and planting for !.others roses or thurns. Tou thought it 'only straw, jet among it were anemones. But here is a slipshod home. The parents .*re a godless pair. They let their children do as they please. No example fit to follow. I No lessons of morality or religion. Sunday mo better than any other day. The Bible no letter than any other boolc. The hous? is a aor^fcinn where the older and youuger perJSSLthe household stop for awhile. The -th. on, though perhaps not annouSw-. "The children will have to do as I did and take their chances. Life is a lottery anyhow^hnd some draw prizes and some draw blanks, and we will trust to luck." \ feklD twenty years and come back to the neighborhood where that family used to live. You meet on the street or on the load an old. inhabitant of that neighborhood, and you say. "Can you tell me anything about the Petersons who used to live here?" "Yes," says the old mnaDitanc; "i rememoer tnetn very well. The father and mother hare been dead for years." "Well, how about the children? What has become of them?" The old inhabitant replies: "They turned out badly. You know the old man was about half an inlidel and the boys were all infidels. The oldest son married, but got Into drinking habits, and in a few years his wife was not able to live with him any longer, and his children were taken by relatives, and he died of delirium tremens on Blackwell's Island. His other son forged the name ot his employer and fied to Canada. ... VQpe <? the daughters of Che old folks married an inebriate with the idea of reforming him, and you know how that always ends?in the ruin of both the experimenter and the one experimented with. The other daughter disappeared mysteriously and has not been heard of. There was a young woman picked out of the East River and put in the morgue, and some thought it was her, but I cannot say." "Is it possible?' you cry out. "Yes, it is possible. The family is a complete wreck." My hearers, that is juse what might have been expected. All this is only the Echo, the dismal Echo, the awful Echo, the dreadful Echo of parental pbliquity and unfaithfulness. The old folks heaped up a mountain of wrong influences, and this is only what my text calls 'The sounding of the mountains." Indeed our entire behavior in this world will have a resound. While opportunities fly in a straignt line and just touch us o'nee and are gone never to return, the wrongs we practice upon others fly in a circle, and I honlr tKft nlnr>a from which they started. Doctor Guillotine thought it smart to introduce the instrument of death named after him, but did not like it so well when his own head was chopped off with .the guillotine. 1 So also the Judgment Day will bs an Echo of all our other days. The universe neada such a day, for there are to many things in the world that need to be fixed up ana explained. If God had not appointed such a day all the nations would cry out, "Oh, God, give us a Judgment Day." But we are apt to think of it aud speak about it as a dav away off in the future, having no special connection with this day or any otner day. The fact is that we are now making up its voices; its trumpets will only sound back again to us what we now say and do. That is the meaning of all that Scripture which says that Christ will on that day address the soul, saying. "I was naked and Ye clothed me; 1 was sick and in prison and Yo visited me." All the footsteps in that prison corridor as the Christian reformer walks too the wicket of the incarcerated, yea all the whispers of condolence in the ear of that poor soul dying in that garret, yea all the kindnesses are being caught up and rolled on until they dash against the judgment throne aud then they will be struck back into the ears of thess sons and daughters of mercy. Louder than the crash of Mount Washington falling on its face in the world wide catastrophe, and the boiling of the sea over the furnaces of universal conflagration will be the Echo and re-echo of the good deeds done and the sympathetic words uttered and the mighly bene* factions wrought. On that dav all the charities, all the selfsacrifices, all the philanthropies, all the beneficent last wills and testaments, all the Christian work of all the ages, will be piled and thnsa who have I served God and served the suffering human race will hear what my text styles "The sounding of the mountains." My subject advances to tell you that eternity itself is only an echo of time. Mind you, the analogy warrants my saying this. The echo is not always exactly in kind like the sound originally projected, Lord Raleigh says that a woman's voice sounding from a grove was returned an octave higher. A scientist playing a flute in Fairfax County, 7a., found that all the notes were returned, although some of them in a raised pitch. A trumpet sounded ten times near Glasgow, Scotland, and the ten notes were all repeated, but a third lower. And the spiritual law corresponds with the natural world. What we do of good or bad may * -J"*u?AfVM*H<%n DOl CULUO U3U& W Us Ui j u^w vuw wo expect it, but come bock it will; it may be from a higher gladness ;than we thought or from a deeper woe, from a mightier conqueror or from a worse captive, from a higher throne or deeper dungeon. Our prayer or our blasphemy, our kindness or our cruelty, our faith or our unbelief, our holy life or our dissolute behavior, will come back somehow Suppose the boss of a factory or the head of a commercial firm some day comes out among his clerks or employes, and putting his thumbs in the armholes of his vest says, with an air of swagger and jocosity: "Well, I don't believe in the Bible or the church. The one is an imposition and the other is full of hypocrites. I declare I would not trust one of those very pious people further than I could see him." That is all he says, but he has said enough. The young ipen go back to their counters or their shuttles and say within themselves, "(Veil, he ha successful man and has probably studied up the whole subject and is probably right." That one lying utterance against Bibles and churches has put five young men on the wrong track, and though the influential man had spoken only in half jest, the echo shall come back to him in five ruined lifetimes aud five destroyed eternities. You see the Echoes are an octave lower than be anticipated. On the other hand, some rainy day, when there are hardly any customers, the Christian merchant comes out from his counting room and stands among the young men who have nothing to dOL and says: "Well, boys, this is a dull day, but it will clear off after awhile. There are a good many ups and downs in business, but there is an overruling Providence. "Years ago I made np my mind to trust God and He has always seen me through. I remember when I was your age, I had just come to town and the temptations of city life gathered around me, but I resisted. The fact is there were two old folks out on the old farm praying for me and I knew it, vnd somehow I could not do as some of the clerks did or go where some of the clerks went. I tell you, boys, it is best always to do right, and there is nothing to keep one right like the old fashioned religionof Jesus Christ. John, where did you go to church last Sunday? Henry, how is the Young Mao's Christian association prospering!" About noon the rain ceases and the sun comes out and the clerks go to their plaoes, and they say within themselves: "Well, he Is a successful merchant and I guess he knows what he is talking about, and the Christian religion most be a good thing. God knows I want some help in this battle with temptation and sin." The suooeesful merchant who uttered the kind words did not know how much good be was doing, but the echo will come back in five lifetimes of virtue and usefulness, and five Christian deathbeds and five heavens. From all the mountains of rapture and all the mountains of glory and all the mountains of eternity, he will catch what Exekiel in my text styles 'The sounding again of the mountains." Yea, I take a step further in this subject and say that our own eternity will be a reverberation of our own earthly lifetime. What we are here we will be there, only on a larger scale. Dissolution will tear down the body and embank it, but our faculties of mind and soul will go right on without the hesitancy of a moment and without any change except enlargement and intensification. There will be no more difference than between a lion behind the iron bars and a lion escaped into the field, between an eagle in a cage and an eagle in the sky. Good here, good there; bad here, bad there. Time is only a bedwarfed eternity. Eternity is only an enlarged time. In this life onr soul is in dry dock. The moment we leave tbis life we are launched for our great voyage, and we sail on for centuries qulntillion, but the ship does not change its fundamental structure after it gets out of the dry dock, it doe3 not pass from brig to schooner or from schooner to man-of-war. What we are when launched from this world we will be in tbe world to come. Oh, God! by Thy converting and sanctifying spirit make lis right here and now that we may be right forever! IV al I " afl TTo cnmn Ana " hio irlaa a# m n*al " wuc, vuuiucavi uiuiai, spiritual and eternal Echo is new to me. Is there not some way of stopping this Echo?' My answer is, "(rod can and He only." If it is a cheerful Echo we do not want it stopped; if a baleful Echo we would like to have it otopped. The hardest thing in the world to do is to stop an Echo. Many an oration has been spoiled and many an orator confounded by an "Echo. Costly churches, cathedrals, theatres and music halls have been ruined by an Echo. Architects have strung wires across auditoriums to arrest the Echo, and hung upholstery against the walls, hoping to entrap' it, and hundreds of thousands of dollars have been expanded in public buildings of this country to keep the air from answering when it ought to be quiet. Aristotle and Pythagoras and Isaac Newton and La Place and our own Joseph Henry tried to hunt down the Echo, but still the unexplored realms of acoustics are larger than the explore J. When our first Brooklyn Tabernacle was being constructed, we were told by architects that it was ot such a shape that the human voice could not be heard in it, or, if heard, it would be jangled into Echoes. In state of worriment I went to Joseph Henry, the president of Smithsonian Institution at Washington, and told him of this evil prophecy,and he replied: "I have probably experimented mor3 with the laws of sound than any other man, and I have got as far as this. Two buildings may seem to be exactly alike and yet in one the acoustics may be good and in the other bod. U?ia _ * ,v, J*. t'wiimJ.... . ' i -3LiuJL. 1 . ,v~- ? <;v i ; ; - p ortth your church building and trust that all will be well." Oh, this mighty law of sound 1 Oh, this.subtle Echo! There is only one b> ing in the universe that thoroughly understands it?"The sounding again of the mountains." And if it is so hard to destroy a natural Echo, how much harder to stop a moral Echo, a spiritual Echo, an immortal Echo. You know that the Echoes are affected by the (surfaces, and the shape of rocks, and the dijpth of ravines, and the relative position of buildings? And once in heaven God will so arrange the relative position of mansions and temples and thrones that one of the everlasting charms of heaven will be the rolline. bursting, ascending, deceuding. chanting Echoes. All the songs we ever sang devoutly, all the prayers we have ever tittered earnestly, all the Christian deeds we have ever done will be waiting to spring upon us in Echo. The scientists tell us that in this world the roar of artillery and the boom of the thunder are so loud, because they are a combination of Echoes?all the hillsides, and the caverns and the walls furnishing a share of the resonance. And never will we understand the full power and music of an Echo until with supernatural faculties able to endure them we hear all the conjoined sounds of heavenly Echoes?harps and trumpets, orchestras and oratorios, hosannahs and hallelujahs, east side of heaven answering to the west side, north side to soath aide, and all the heights, and all the depths, and all the immensities, and all the eternities joining in Echo upon Echo, Echo in the wake of Echo. In the future state, whether of rapture or ruin, we will listen for reverberations of earthly things and doings. Voltaire standing amid the shadows will listen, and from the millions whose godlessnes3 and libertinism and debauchery were a consequence of his brilliant blasphemies will come back a weeping, wailins?, desparing, agonizing, million-voiced Echo. Paul will, while standing in the light, listen, and from all the circles of the ransomed, and from ail the many mansions, wuum no ut?pcu w pwpjo, and from all the thrones he helped to occupants, and from all the gates he helped throng with arrivals, and from all the temples he helped fill with worshipers there shall come back to him a glorious, ever accumulating, transporting and triumphant Echo. Oh, what will the tyrants and oppressors of the earth do with the Echoes? Those who are responsible for the wars of the world will have come baok to them all the groans, the shrieks, the cannonades, the bursting shells, the crackle of burningcities and the death of a nations homes?Hohenlinden and Salamanca, Wagram and Sedan, Marathon and Thermopylae, Bunker Hill and Lexington, South Mountains and Gettysburg. Sennaacherib listen ! Bemiramia listen t Marc Antony listen I Artaxerexes listen! Darius listen I Julius Caesar listen 1 Alexander and Napoleon listen! But to the righteous will come back tbe blissful Echoes. i Composers of Gospel hymns And singers will listen for the return of Antioch and Brattle Street, Ariel and Dundee, Harwell - ? - * * T%t U ! and VYoodstocK, Jaount rupu aim uvwuatioD, Homeward Boaad ana Shining Shore, and all the meloiie3 they ever started. Bishop Heber and Charles Wesley and Isaac Watts and Thoma9 Hastings and Bradbury and Horatius Bonar and Frances Havergal listen I Bat yon know as well as I do that there are some places where the reverberations seam to meet, and standing there they rash upon you, they rain upon you, all at oace they capture your ear. And at the point where all heavenly reverberations meet Christ will stand and listen for the resound of all His sighs and groans and sacrifices and they shall come back in an Echo in whioh mingle the acclaim of a redeemed world,and 'tho "Jubilate Deo" of a fall heaven. Echo faintly, cherubic, archangelic! Echo of ithrones! Echo of palaces! Echo of temples! Omnipotent Echo! Everlasting Echo! -Amen I CURIOUS FACTS. Parsley is poisouous to many kinds of birds. A cubic foot of silver weighs 657 pounds. A full-grown Greenland whale yields about a ton of whalebone. Cricket was played under the name of "club ball" as early as tha fourteenth century. A parasite which kills forty grasshoppers an hour is to be imported in largo numbers from Australia. A debt ot three cents, which she has owed for forty-three years, has just been paid by a woman in Philadelphia, Fenn. The Irish Parliament existed for over SOU years. It was extinguished in 1801 at the time of the union with Great Britain. A Maine girl has the faculty, when blindfolded, of taking a photograph and accurately describing the person or object portrayed thereon. A valuable find of skeletons belonging to the fourth dynasty was recently made in Egypt. This is the earliest known data of Egyptian remains. A Pennsylvanian was cured of the effects of a snake bite by the application of a galvanic battery to the nape of his neck and the apex of the heart. The time of building the first iron ship is a matter of dispute, but there is a tradition as far back as 1767 an iron vessel was used on the Severn River, England. The consumption of eggs in Paris is something extraordinary. According to a municipal statement the city consumed last year no less than 23,000 tons, . equal to 147 eggs per capita. Tt has heen found that a dosr in Salem. ? - C> r Mass., is responsible for the mysterious disappearance of articles from a grocery. He was watched and seen to carry of the articles one by one to the house of his master. Dalmatian, or coach dogs, are said to have been tint bred in Dalmatia, but it is by the last quoted name that they are best known. This arises from the fact of their being kept in stables and are nearly always seen running after carriages. It is said that the timber on the Kalama River, Washington, is so dense that when the trees are sawed off thoy stand on the stumps, not having room to fall. A Swede recently sawed off seven trees and is now waiting for a wind to blow them down. Some of our shy wood birds avoid human habitations in their wanderings, but the wisest go where gunpowder is dear and pBss the winter in the swamp forests of Yucatan, or even farther south in the pathless woods of Guiana and Eastern Brazil. Indians are fond of the larvae of many insects, and they do not dispise slugs as an article of food. Roasted crickets are a favorite diet with them, particularly in California and Utah. Grasshopers furnish many tribes with a large part of their subsistence. The migratory birds of the Eastern States have a curious habit of following established routes of travel. Countless thousands of water birds, for instance, cross the Mexican border near the mouth of the Rio Grande, probably to avoid the broad sand wastes that skirt the upper river vallev. The ancient Egyptians held the scarabffius beetle in high regard, making the number of its toes thirty, to symbolize the days of the month; the time it deposited its ball was supposed to refer to the lunar month, and the movement of the ball was held to represent the action of the sun upon the earth. - - ' -V \ *' TEMPERANCE. THE RISING ALCOHOL TIDE. The steadily increasing liquor production, as shown by the official reports of the Internal Revenue Department, both of distilled and fermented liquor?, may well cause all friends of temperance to inquire anew as to what can b9 done to more effectively arrest and to turn back this rising alcoholic tide. A genuine total abstinence reviva', thus to reduce the demand, would be a permanently effective way to reduce the alcoholic supply.?National Temperance Advocate. DRINK IN NEW YORK'S "UPPER TEN." It would be a pleasure to believe that there is nothing in the stories told of the drinking habits of New York "sassiety," but the inJtArtfS/tnn Vof fllOHa 10 ol hArrafkaW frtft uivavivuo cuo vuav vucio .*<? an.ugcvu?i wu much truth in them. A book has been published by one of the society publishers which is written by a lady and is evidently intended for ladies who entertain; and in its contents are recipes for "mixed drinks, "cups" and "punches" which the author groups under the suggestive title of "Drinks a la Mode." If there can be need enough for such a worK to justify its compilation society drinking can scarcely be a lost art.?Detroit Free Press. DRI.VK AND DEATH. In a general way all know that strong drink shortens life, and individual instances of death induced by alcohol are abundant; but the extent of its ravages is only dimly seen. Dr. N. S. Davis, formerly President of the American Medical Association, cit?3 the following facts: "In 1757-8 the distillation of liquor was stopped in England, on account of scarcity of grain for three years, and the mortality in London decreased 3793 deaths in one year. In 1780 distillation was resumed when deaths increased in one year 1246. In 1793 an increase in the consumption of spirits was attended by an increase of 1453 deaths. In 1796, there being a scarcity oi grain, distillation was suspendes and the mortality in London decreased 1891 in on? year. The mortality which had increased 24,068 in 1800 on account of increased dististiilation, decreased as distillation de creased. "The statistics of the rise and fall of the number of deaths in London," says an eminent physician, "established the fact tfj>it the mortality of a people will increase or decrease in proportion as the consumption of alcoholic liquors is augmented ot diminished." As a measure of public health the whole is t t oil/-**-, 1/4 li^UUl UU31UOM 11 U U1 UlUg W OUU OUVUIU be stopped. It should be quarantined like small-pox, it should wear a danger sign like diphtheria, it should be stamped out like leprosy; it should be restricted, prohibited, annihilated' and the sooner it is done the better.?Safesru ard. HOPE FOB THE DBUXEAHD. In a recent article, entitled "Hope for the Drunkard," the New York Observer says: "A man may have ceased to realize the power of an old appetite. He may even havo forgotten the very taste of the thing that once he loved, ana yet be is safe only as be trusts a stronger power than his own. He is on terribly treacherous ground when he declares it Impossible for him to be again enslaved. "We regret a tendency manifested in some quarters to treat drunkenness as a disease merely. It is a sin. Undoubtedly it is both a disease and a sin. , If any reasonable and successful remedy can be found or has been found for the disease, we should be glad to see it thoroughly tested. Bnt the details of fKo tTAflfmonf ohnnM inrftri'nhlv Via mo^a sufficiently public to prevent any appear* ance of trickery. Ana since it is a sin, men should be taugnt to seek divine forgiveness for the same and to implore divine power to resist the temptation. We have seen numbers of drunkards hopefully reformed. We have rejoiced in the continued stand of very many. Those who have lived the happiest lives since their bonds were loosed, are those who have walked softly with their God, realizing the horrible nature of the pit from which taey have been lifted and that noth> ing but constant dependence on God can keep them from falling again therein. Such men have not only been kept themselves, but they have been useful in leading others out of bondage into liberty, even the liberty of the children of God." WHAT SOME DRINKS ABE MADE 0?. The Rev. Madison C. Peters has bean do I ing this community a service by personally obtaining and causing to be analyzed sample? of the highest priced gin, whisky, brandy, port wine, sherry and beer and causing them to be analyzed by expert chemists His discoveries, if not absolutely novel and surprising, are timely and edifying. ' Pure Holland gin," according to this testimony, contains neutral spirits, rotten corn, juniper berries, turpentine and vitriol. Kentucky whisky was found to consist oi neutrial spirits, glycerine, sulphate of zinc, chromic acid, creosote, unslacked lime and j fusel oi!. I "Bus the port wine," said Mr. Peters, i "th&fcrlch, fruity drink which solid respectability is proud to take after dinner?thai was the worst of all. What do you think we found in the best sample that I could buy? Well, there were neutral acid, glycerine, licorice, zinc, mercury, antimony, salts of tartar and ether, muriatic acid and alum." In the best lager beer he could set, Mr. Peters said, there were discovered "pepper, ginger, vinegar, capsicum, cream of tartar, acetic^ nitric, citric, tartaric, sulphuric and prussic acids, nitric, sulphuric and acetic ether; spirits of nitre, the oil of vitriol, turpentine and cassia; caraway seed, cloves, Japonic extract, bitter almonds, orris root, grains of paradise, Spanish juice, black ante, dried cherries, orange peel, coriander seed. white oak bark, tannic acid, fennel seed, cardamon seed, wormwood, copperas, alum, sulphates of iroa and copper, liquorice, opium, gentian root, quassia, cocculus indicus, tobacco, saltpetre, logwood, marble dust, eggshells, hartshorn, nutgalls, potash and soda." This catalogue may suffice to account for the fact that so many first-class breweries contain a well equipped drug store as a part of their outfit.?Sew York Telegram. X TOTAL ABSTINENCE PIOMETR. Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuvler, in a recent article in the Christian A&vocate of New York City, upon "The Early Days of the Total Abstinence Reform," pays this tribute to the memory of the great Catholic Total Abstinence pioneer, Father Mather: ' During the year after my graduation from Princeton College I visited Scotland, and on reaching Edinburgh I found the teetotalers of that city preparing to go over to Glasgow to give a welcome to Father Mathew. Fe was making his first visit to the land where the religion of John Knox has been so often drowned out by the whisky of poet fiurns. Arriving in Glasgow we found a multitude of over fifty thousand people assembled on the green. In an open barouche, drawn by four horses, stoo;l a short, ptout Irishniau, with a handsome, benevolent countenance, attired in a long black coit; a silver medal hung upon his breast. The crowd sursed around hw carriage, many of them striving to grasp his hand or even to touch his clothing; for the number of Catholic Irish in Glasgow was even then very large. After th? nrocession had forced its wav throueh the densely thronged streets, it halted in an open square. Father Mathew began to administer the pledge, which was read out to the people, who kneeled before him on th9 ground in platoons. Mathew laid his hands on each one, and pronounced his priestly benediction; over the necks of many a small medal was hung. In this raoid manner the teetotaler pledge was administered to many hundreds within on hour, and fresh crow* is came forward. When I was introduced to the good man a3 an American, he put hiarm on my shoulder and said: \iod bles>you, my son1' and gave me a kiss. As I was about to make the first Dublic tamparance speech of my life (in the Glasgow City Hall), I suppose that I may regard that act of the great Irish apostle as a sort of ordination to the ministry of preaching the sound gospel of total abstinence. Father Mathew's address in the City Hall was very modest, attributing all his marvellous succes to the direct blessing of God upon his efforts to deliver bis native land from the curse of strong drink. The immediate revolution which he wrought in the habits of his countrymen was truly wouderful, and although vadt numbers of his converts fell back into the mire of intemperance, yet there are atill hundreds of thousands on both sides of the ooean who are loyal members of the 'Father Mathew Total Abstinence Societies.' Such men as Archbishop Ireland, of Minnesota, and Fathers Cleary and Malone have caught . his spirit. Hia dead hand is still felt, and Theobald Mathew is to-day a more vital power than Daniel O'Connel'." SABBATH SCHOOL INTERNATIONAL LESSON FOR FEBRUARY 7. Lesson Text: "The Gracious Call," Isaiah, lv., 1-12?Golden. TextIsaiah, lv., 6?Commentary. 1. "Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters; yea, come, buy wiae and milk without money and without price." In verses 13 and 14 of the last chapter we have a summary of the blessedness that shall i.uuig iv xai aci as a uanuu uecause 01 ids sufferings of her Messiah. Then shall waters of blessing flow forth from them for all nations (Ezek. xlvii., 1-12; Zech. xiv., 8), and this is the ultimate reach of this chapter and its primary application. Many, however, will see here only a pressnt and personal salvation for individual believers. 2. "Hearken diligently unto Me. and eat ye that which is good, and let your soul delight itself in fatness." All our own efforts to obtain righteousness aud soul satisfaction are like spending time, strength and money for naught. But when we mm to Him who is the lountain of life and receive Him, then we have righteousness. 3. "Incline your ear and come unto Me, hear and your soul shall live." Thus tha prophets were ever pleading with Israel. See the application to us in John v., 24. But the everlasting covenant and sura mercies of David are specially Jewish (Jer. xxz., 9; xxxi., 81, Luse i., 32, 33). In the days of the fulfillment of that covenant-we who are now true believers in Christ shall be manifested with Him in glory as His.body, joint rulers with Him (Col. iii., 4?;.v Rev. iii., 21u 4. "Behold, I have given Him for a witness to the people, a leader and commander to the peopfe." Who can He be but the true David (Beloved), David's greater son (Ezek. xxxiv., 28, 24; xxxvii., 24, 25), the faithful and true witness (Rev. i? 5), the King of Israel (John i.. 49; xviii., 37). He is also the' captain of our salvation, and the captain of the Hosts of the Lord, God Himself our cap tarn ^auu. 11., xu; oosa. v., 14 11 unron. xiii., 12). May our hearts say "My Lord and my God." 5. "Behold, thou shalt call a nation that thou knowest not, and nations that knew not thee shall run unto thee because of the Lord thy God." A nation, and nations drawn to God through Israel What can the ilrst be but that nation referred to by Jesus and Peter (Math, xxi., 43; I Pet. ii., 9), even the church now being gathered out of all nations. And the nations must be the "all nations" of millennial days who shall flow to Israel after the glory of God is restored to her (isa. lx., 1-3; lxii., 1-2. Jer. ill.. 17). B. "Seek ye the Lord while He may be found, call ye upon Him while He is near." The prophet now turns from the future glory to the present, in which he lived, urgiDg an immediate turning to God with th6 whole heart that so they might, individually at least, make sure of the glory of the kingdom. 7. "Let the wicked forsake his way, and the unrighteous man his thoughts, and let him return unto the Lord." TJhe encouragement to do so was the mercy, and abundant pardon awaiting any who would return. So it is to-aay. 8. "For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways, salth the Lord." How worse than foolish, then, to follow our own ways or indulge in our own thoughts; rather let us be filled with God's thoughts as given us in His word, and so our thoughts shall be crowded out iJer nix., 11; Ps. xlix., 11; Mic. iv, 13; II Cor. 5;. See the folly of our thoughts in the case of Abrara, and of Naaman (Gen. xx., 11; II Kings, v., 11'. 9. "For as toe heavens are higher than the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways, and My thoughts than your thoughts." The Lord knoweth the thougnts of man that they are vanity,for the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God (Ps. xciv., 11; I Cor. iii., 19. 20). Bur. the thoughts of the Lord they snail come to pass, and His purposes shall stand (Isa. vix.. 24). The thoughts of the church of tc-day are that by the preachings of the Gospel she is to convert the world; but God's thoughts are that the church being gathered out, Israel shall be as a nation converted, and they shall fill the earth with the knowledge of the Lord (Rom. XL, 12, 15, 25, 20). 10. "For as the rain cometh down, and the snow, from heaven, and returneth ,not thither." In Eccl. i., 7, we learn that the rain having descended and filled the rivers which run into the sea, does ascend again and so continues to do, but the teaching l> ?mm 4L . ? ? ? fr U i m m /)nna in n M Q In I UC1 O id bUQb UUbULU^ VJVAi UWTO w UV?W ?* vain. 11. "So shall My word be; it shall not return unto Mo void; but it shall accomplish that which I please." His word is as the rain (Deut. xxxii., 3.) It will always accomplish His pleasure. 13. "For ye shall go oat with joy and ba | led forth with peace, and all the trees of the ! field shall clap their hands." Tho preacher | who now goe3 forth is to expect the hatred I and opposition of the world (John xv.,19; tvi., 2) and that only a portion of the seed sown will bear fruit (Lute vliL. 11-15,) and that hypocrites and true believers will go on aide bv side until the harvest; many followers of ttie devil will be found in the so called church, and preachers will praac-h every* thing but the Gospel (Math, xui, 30-33.) But in the time of Israel's great mission things ihail be very different for God's snirlt shall be poured out upon all flesh (Joel it., 23, 33). 13. "And it shall be to the Lord for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cuc off." The Messiah shall then have come no more to die. Israel shall be established in her own land, no more to be plucked up, nor thrown down. The curse shall be removed from the earth and God everywhere glorified (Jer. xxxi,, 40; Amos ix.. 1&; Ezak. xxxvii., 24-28; Rev. xxii., 1-5). Thorns and thistles ware to ba the visible token of the curse upon the earth (Gen. iii., 17, 18). When our Saviour wore the crown of thorns He suffered for the whole creation which wai made subject to vanity, not willingly, but by reason of Him who hath subjected the same in hope, and the fact that He wore the crown of thorn9 is the pledge and assurance that the creation itself shall bo delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God (Rom. viii.. 20, 21). While waiting for those glorious resurrection days we who have the first fruits of the Spirit and are supposed to rejoice in hope of the glory of God (Rom. v.. 2; viii., 23) would be more of a name to the Lord if we would let Him (in a figurative sense) take the thorns and thistles out of our lives, those sharp words and looks and actions that sting so,and let Him put into us the fragrance and lowliness of fir and myrtle. Yield fully to Him for His glory and He will surely see to it and do it. See Gal. ii., 20; II dor. iv., 11 and let them possess you.?Lesson Helper. TElIPSnAJTCE SEWS AXD NOTES. Alcohol is the mother of sorrow. Geauga County is th9 only county in Ohio in which there is no place where intoxicating liquor is sold as a beverage. Out of 2700 Congregational ministers in England and Wale?, at least 1600 are abstainers; of 367 student?, 320 are abstainers. Senator Stanford has recently shippod 10,000 gallons of brandy of his own manufacture to Bremen. It is for the use of the imperial army and navy of Germany. Grand temperance work is twing done in the English navy through the efforts of Miss Agnes Weston and others. On some ships ten per cent, of ths ship's company are enrolled as total abstainers. The Temperauce Temple in Chicago is going steadily forward and money is coming in encouragingly for the work. Even the children are becoming interested and many of them are saving their peunies to add to the buildiDg tunJ. The years work in Colorado has opened with jlreat earnestness. W. C. T. Lnions that could not be formed at all last year are springing up thirty and forty strong. The young girls are filled with enthusiasm and are offering to rai^e money to furnish rooms in the "cottage home' at Denver, which must have large quarters. The slums and saloons are inseparable allies. We are accustomed to think of London slums as being not only the darkest spots in "Darkest England," but surpassing in misery and crime anything in our own country. But good authority asserts that in the poorest district of London there is one saloon to each ?3'j persons, while in a less poverty-stricken section of Cnicago there is one saloon to each sixty-five persons. No one can blame China for taking no part in the World's Fair?China id not in it. ' RELIGIOUS READING. _____ ABIPE IN ME. A.blde in me. Tread not the thorny path alone; The way is dark and drenr. Put tbou thy trust in me?I'll lead theo on, Dispel tby doubts and fear. For this I came from mine own Father's throne To lead his children through the darkness ione, A.nd peace and comfort give along their journey borne. Fear not; "abide in me. Abide in me, dear one. The way I've trod before? I know its piercing thorns. Put thou thy haud in mine and fear no more, And safe I'll lead thee on. zvuiue in me no urmuu uuiu in tut* vine?? Around mo fast thy feeble arms entwine, And I will keep thee evermore as mine. Doubt not; abide in me. ? [J. K. Wheeler, in Minneapolis Journal. HIS WAYS ARE PERFECT. The Lord will neither overdo nor underdo; every one shall have his load, and no more?no more than he can bear, and no less than his need requires. The Lord delights not in his children's tears; he doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of meu, but he would rather they would cry than perish. Wonder not Christians. that your tender LordJ puts you in pain, and that your paiii9 are 80 sbirp and so many: "Your Heavenlv Father knoweih that you have need of all these things.'' It is a mercy that he will chastise; you may put your corrections among your mercies. His breakings of you are his blessings; his woundings are your cares; and by your own stripes, as by your Lord's, you are healed. And when you shall review and read over all his darker providences, and behold the wisdom and tenderness which if attempered with his severities, evidenced in his laying on so much and yet no more than was needful, you will then write down with the Psalmist: "Thou in very faithfulness hath afflicted rue."? [Richard Alleine. DUTY WAS SOT TO BE DENIED. Tt when dutv is hard, and its fufilllment against the gralu, that we are tested by it. The degree of devotion shown then will be the measure of high moral qualities. A peculiarly trying test fell to the Jot of the eminent Christian soidicr and hero, Gen. Havelock on his marriage morning. The story of the unflinching fidelity with which he met it i* very bright and inspiring. Havelock married the daughter of Dr. Marsbman, the well-known Baptist missionary of Serampore. On the morning fixed for the ceremony, the bridegroom was unexpectedly summoned to Calcutta. His presence was required for a court-martial to be held at noon. "Ked Tape" was not concerned with his private affairs. "But ycu will be excused on such an occasion. It will be only necessary to mention the facts. Don't go." In this wav, and nftturally enough, talked Havelock's friends. He listened, and understood the reasonable* ness of their persuasions. It was not likely that he would be seriously blamed for absence. Only, that was not the question with I Havelock. 'He had a principle by which he always steered: it was to respond to the call of duty at any and every cost. He gently put aside protests. The order was irksome, but'he would obey it. He arranged with his bride to alter the hour of the wedding. It was a very easy function, and niter it he was away to Calcutta and bis work. It adds a touch of poetic justice to learn that the business was soon over, and that by rapid traveling Havelock was able to appear after .all at the wedding banquet. Douotless his happiness was the more unsullied because be had beau tifully vindicated the claims of duty.?[Quiver. BREATnitroS FOR REVIVAL. How may a believer know that he siucerelv desires a revival of religion ? I would humbly suggest, that where such desires are genuine, they are universally accompanied by a longing that the revival should begin with his own heart. Great searcbings of heart and deep repentance in professing Christians have usually preceded signal out pourings ol the spirit, wnen we are more disposed to bewail our own sins than to scrutinize and set in order the sins of others, we are most likely to receive good. In making a search for our own offences and omissions, we shall be struck with a general conviction that we have not walked closely and affectionately with our adorable Redeemer. We have allowed a strangeness to grow up between him and us. In consequence of this, if we take into our suryev any considerable portion of l!lho, we shall observe that our closet ezercies have been less frequent and more brief than in better days. The soul, coming to itself, will say, it is long since I lay prostrate before God, with wrestling importunity and ie in, un? willing to go to my rest Until 1 bad enjoyed some token of God's presence With ma' It was long siuce I was carried out of myself by endearing views of Christ, as the chief among ten thousand and altogether lovely.? It is long since my hopes, wishes and assurance so fixed themselves upon tbe coming glory as to make me indifferent about choosing among earthly objects. I am there* fnFftvpflisd to mrflfilf m In a state of back slid i nu. Wliere feelings of this kind agitate the heart, the Christian professor is sometimes led to doubt altogether as to his acceptance with God. Hence it baa often been observed, tbat the great awakenings of former days were very largely preceded by penetrating doubts among members of the church. A state of doabt and anguish is not in itself a good state; for it la every man's duty, under tbe Gospel, to rejoice in believing. But these violent shakings of the truth, where there is true grace, tend to settle the root iu tbe earth; and where there is no grace, tbe sooner tbe false profesxor is made to know his error and to seek the true foundation, the better. The giving ap of false hopes has characterized the beginning of many revivals. Nothing is easier than to confess the sins of the church, as a collective body; but GosEel repentance has its seat in tbe individual eart. and when a whole cburch repents it is tbe sorrowing of the individuals who compose it Hence the importance of briuging this matter home to our own particular case. These things are unusual, but not. therefore, unimportant; and it would awaken much surprise to find a whole cburcb in common mourning, like "the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon, every family apart, and their wives apart."?Zech. 12: 11. 12. Whatever measure of truth there is in tbe above suggestions, naturally leads us to admit tbe indispensable importance of in dividual self-examination as a means towards revival. In vain do shallow and frothy professors inveigh against the coldness and deadness of the community, while they make no endeavors to reform at home. If every man would set his own house in order, there would not be a disordered habitation left. We suffer the illusion of a.community to betray us; it is we, not the ideal i community, which must repent. When our Lord Jesus calls on dead churches to awake and arise, he is to be answered by the obedience and return of particular disciples. And revival is taking place, when individual believers remember from whence they are fallen, and repent, and do their first, works. The church begins to be enriched, when weeping Christians acknowledge their destitution, and eanh one for himself com?a to Christ for gold and white rainment and eyesalve.?Rev. 3:18. It is the very best sign that any one desires the revival "of religion on just grounds, when he is seen to be bitter against bis own sins, and disposed to lay on himself a great part of the responsibility in regard to the spiritual declension of the church.?[Presbyterian. Great Britain has been agitated In the past by the American use of the word "blizzard," and has professed utter ignorance as to its meaning. Recent experiences with storms will go far toward enlightening the "right little, tight little island." All evil shuns the light; all good courts it. It is a homage which even the worst men pay to goodness that they strive to hide their lack of it, and pretend to share in it whenever j such pretense is possible. - ,,? ? aiiM,i' - i - i I, BEADY FOB WAR The Goyemment's Preparation^ to Battle with Chile. ????? ' What Has Been Done by tha War and Navy Departments. , .*|p The trouble with Chile on account of tb? attack on sailors belonging to the United States warship Baltimore in the streets at- - | Valparaiso,and the unsatisfactory condition1 of affairs which followed The demand of oar Government for reparation, prompted the Army and Navy Departments at Washington to prepare for the most serious outcome ! >t of the pending negotiations. A Washington .. . special outlined'the preparations made and the plan of campaign as follows: If Secretary Tracy seee hope of a peaceful settlement of the Chilean trouble, he has not relaxed in any way the preparations he ha* been making. An entire plan of campaign has been mapped, so far as it is possible to do so in advance of a possible settlements The publication of any of the details would be manifestly improper, as it would furnish valuable aid to the Chileans, and would eo~ </ able them to map out a line of defense. It may be said, however, that those who- 1. have hoped for a "short, sharp, and d? uauo cauipaigu, sua penes iu sign wgn^ will in all probability be disappointed. No unnecessary time will be lost, bat the extreme distance at which operations most be carried on will, in itself, be, a serious obstacle. The plan of the department; contemplates an attack in force when the proper time comes, and that cannot be made until' the ships have been concentrated. As they1 are now widely separated, some at Sn \ Francisco, some at San Diego, some at Montevideo, some in the West Indies, and still others at New York and Norfolk, much time will necessarily elapse before they can "r'<: all be gathered in the neighborhood of Valparaiso. Another reason for delaying the decisiva , 'I'm attack as long as possible is the lack of ar^ / xi&B mored ships and the desire to get the Hon- V03 terey ready, as early as possible. If there it a collision in Chile, much will bo expected ;-?q from her, as shd is superior to the Miaatonomoh, not only in battery power, bat Is speed as well. Then there is the matter of supplying the fleet with coal and all kinds at provisions. For this work a large number of merchant steamers most be chartered, and time wiil be required for this. The destination of the Chflftan fleet, which. Commander Evans reported to be under sealed orders to sail from Valparaiso 00 Wednesday, is still a mystery at the Navy Tt in nrmihln that t.hA intmtjoa may be to threaten San Frandsoo, but tibia i? not very probable It is much mora likely that the vessels win go south to the Straw of Magellan. If they should go up to Ban Francisco, however, they would find that port much better protected than It Is gea? erally supposed to be. The army has sot been idle, and in addition to the gone in the , forts, the channels are well planted with m torpedoes and submarine mines. The War Department has thru far confined its war preparations to poshing forward the works of defenwatBan Frandsoo. There will be no immediate work for tha ' army in the field and no steps hare yet bee* taken to prepare for a military The work or the army in the war will be > principally to cccnpy and hold the points. captured by the navy. Troops will not be required for this servefce until some time ' ^ after the naval operations have commenced. > ? and it has not been neoessary, therefore, to do more than prepare la a general way the plans for equipping and mobilising taa force It is estimated that at least 85,000 men will be needed, and possibly as many aa 50,000. There has been some talk of sending 100,000 men, bnt officials of the War and Navy Departments, who hare been in ooosoltation on the subjuct, do not think more than 50,000, at the most, will be required. A> most of the flzhtinsr most necessarily be V >: done by the navy, there is do necessity for taking so large an army as would be neoeasary if there was to be fighting on shore. Secretary Tracy this afternoon sent a cable message to Commander Evans, of tba Yorktown, at Valparaiso, Instructing him to take the Balmaceda refugees now under his protection to Callao and land them thers^ but to use his discretion as to the tlmo of his departure. The Secretary said this after' noon that no orders have Men sent to the Boaton, at Callao, contemplating any ohango la her station. Tho departure^ the YorkcowsT from Valparaiso would leare the United Stete) without a single naval vessel*, ia Chilean water*. The Yorktown could Bard's-, . - -j make the trip from Valparaiso to CcHao and , ; * rebjrTi thao a week's clma. The dia. tanoe between the two ports ii about 1500 mil?, As Captain Evans is vested with full discretion In the matter. It ia sot regarded as all likely that he will Uftv# Valparaiso Immediately.- V The Valparaiso Outrage. Captain William H. Jenkins, of the American steamship Keweena, was examined at San Francisco' by Judge Ramey as to hie knowledge of the attack on the Baltimore sailors in Valparaiso on October 16 last The Keweena was at Valparaiso at the time. Captain Jenkins testified that he was eating dinner as a buw iu ?*? *? !*???*??? the city on the evening of October 16, wheit be heard the shouts of a mob outside. He ran oat and found the mob attacking a Baltimore sailor. The man tried to enter tba gate but was repulsed by sentries Trim crossed their muskets and barred his way. The mob then knocked the sailor down and beat him. The police afterward arrested him. Captain Jenkins continued as follows: "1 returned to the hotel anji sat looking out of the window with a lady, when we saw a Baltimore sailor come running into the square, pursued by a mob, who ware stoning him. One overtook him and knocked him down in the gutter Another then picked up a paving stone, Jand, raising it high above his head, brought it down on the prostrate body. The heayy stone struck the sailor as the shoulder, knocking the man stiff. It was the most cruel thing I ever saw. The la-ly with me fainted at the sight. The police ' came up and carried the inuensible Dody away." The Captain declares that he had seen on the day ot the asssult about twenty Bilti* more sailors on shore and all app?ored sober. Those he saw attached were oerttiniy sober. CREMATED IN OABS, Two Actresses Burned and Twelva Injured In a Smash-Up. Two persons were killed and seventeen in? jured in an accident on the Northern Pacific Railway at Janesviile, Minn. Tba train consisted of an engine, a baggage car, and a sleeper which contained about thirty-five passengers, including the members ot the Andrews Opera Company. The ope:-a company was being conveyed from West Superior to Grand Fork*. At Janesviile a broken rail was struck. The sleeper ran 250 feet on the ties and then ?tvifh r crash. The wreck was UVWKU?u?-? ? soon ablaze, and how so many passengers escaped death is difficult to conjecture. The uninjured and the railway man worked hard to extricate the loss fortunate passengers. It was thought that every ona of tbem bad been got out ot the wreclc, but a closer investigation showed that Mrs. Andrews, wife of Edward A. Andrews, proprietor of the opera company, and her maid, Lillie Wallace, were missing. The sleeper was by this time enveloped iu flames, and was burning fiercely. The fire was bravely attacked and subdued. Theremains of Mrs. Andrews and Miss Wallace were discovered in an upper berth in the forward end of the car burned beyonl recognition. The position of the bodies indicated that the two women had bean suffocated. No sound was heard from them while the rescue work was being done. The stage name of Airs. Andrews was Nannie Wilkinson. She was toe soubrette of the company and one of its principal members. Her husuani was almost wild with grief. He had saved their twoyear-old child and supposed Mrs. Andrew# was safe. The situation of the rescued was pitiable. Few bad been able to save any clothing, and with the thermometer at forty degrees below z;ro their sufferings were every great. Two miles of new railroad were laid in Kansas during 1891, forty-four miles in Nebraska and twentv-alyht miles in Iowa.