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tu re of this character ought not to receive 1 ferther legislative encouragement. By examining the practical operation of the fatio for distribution adopted in the ^epo?i j bill of the last session, we shall <^5?^^.,?* features that appear equally objectionaole. , Let il be assumed, for the sake ot arS"ment> ! that the surplus moneys to be deP0S^n^ ? | the States have been collected and belon i them m the ratio of their federal representa- i lite population? an assumption founded upon the lact that any deficiencies m our future revenue from impost* and public lands must be made up by direct taxes collected from the State* in that ratio. It is proposed to distri bute the surplus, say $30,000,000, not accor ding to the ratio in which it has been collected and' belongs to the people of the States but in that of their votes in the colleges of ^lec tors of President and Vice President. Ihe effect of a distribution upon that ratio is shown by the annexed table, marked A. By an examination ot that table, it wi e j perceived that in the distribution of a surplus j of 830*000,1)00 upon i hat basts, there is a . o-reat departure from the principle which re gards representation as the true measure of " taxation ; and it will be found t fci t.ie ten dency of that departure will be to increase whatever inequalities have been supposed to attend the operation of our h deral system in respect to its bearings upon the different in teresu of the Union. In making the basis of representation the basis of taxation, the fram es* of the Constitution intended to equalise ' the burdens which are necessary to support the Government ; and the adoption ot that rlli*jok while it accomplished this object, was ( ^so the means of adjusting other great topics ; ?rtsmg oat of the conflicting views respect ing' lfaeptrfitical,eqaa lity of the various mem bers of the Confederacy. Whatever, there** fore, disturbs the liberal spirit of the compro mises which established a rule ol taxation so | iust and eouitable, and which experience has proved to be so well adapted to the geniiw and habits of our people, should be received with the greatest caution and distrust. A bare inspection, in the annexed table, ot the differences produced by the ratio used in thedeposite aci, compared with the results of a distribution according to the ratio ot direct taxation, must satisfy every unpreju diced-mind that the former ratio contravenes the spirit of the Constitution, and produces a -degree of injustice m the operation of the Federal Government which would be fatal to the hope of perpetuating it. The ratio or direct taxation, for example, the State Delaware, in the collection of $30,00(U)00 cn revenue, would pay into the Trc^nry $188j 716; .and in a distribution of ^0U,UUU,UW she would receive back from the Government according to the ratio of the deposite bill, the sum of ?306,122 ; and similar results would follow the comparison between the small and the large States throughout the Union ; thus realizing to the smail States an advantage which would be doubtless as unac ceptable* to them as a motive for incorporating the ^principle in any system which wouid i produce it, as it would be inconsistent with tha /iglits and expectations of the large States. It was certainly the intention of that , provision af the Constitution which declares that "all -duties, imposts, and excises shall ?be uniform throughout the United States, to make the burdens of taxation fall equally n pen- the people, #u whatever State of the Union they .nay reside. But what would be the - value of such a uniform rule, it the moneys raised by it could be immediately leturned by a different one, which will give to the people of some States much more, and to those of others much less than their fair proportions ? Were the Federal Government to exempt, \n express terms, the imports, pro duct*, and manufactures ot some portions or the country trom ali duties, while it imposed cavr-eoes on others, the injustice could not be greater. It would be eaiy ? to show how, by the operation of such a principle, the large States of the Union would not only have to contribute their just share towards the sup port of }he Federal Government, but also b?ave-to- bear in some degree the taxes nece? -*Sy to support the government, of their small er sisters ; but it is deemed unnecessary to Hate t,be details where the general principle is so^ibvious. A system liable to such objections can nev er be supposed -to have been sanctioned by the i fraraers of the Constitution, when they con ferred on Congress the taxing power ; and 1 feel persuaded that a mature examination or the subject will satisfy every one that there : are insurmountable difficulties in the opera- j tion of any plan which can be devised, or . collecting revenue for the purpose of distribu- j tia? iU Congress i? only authorized to levy ( taxes *to pay* the debts and provide fur tie com- I mon defence and general welfare of the Imted States " There is no such provision as would I authorize Congress to collect together the j property of the country, under the name ot : revenue, for the purpose of dividing it, equal- | ]y or unequally, among the States or the Feo pje. Indeed," it is not probable that sach an ; idea ever occurred to the States, when they adopt. the Constitution But, however this | may be, the only safe rule tor us, in inter preting the powers granted to the Federal j Government, is to regard the absence of ex press authority to touch a subject so impor tant and delicate as this is, as equivalent to a prohibition. . Even if our powers were less doubtful in this respect, as the Constitution now stands, there are considerations afforded, by recent j experience, which would seem to make it our duty to avoid a resort to such a system. All will admit that the simplicity and econ omy of the State Governments mainly depend on the fact that money has to be supplied to support them by the same men, or their agents , who vote it away in appropriations. Henc^, wh^p there are extravagant and wasteful ap propriations, there nvist be a corresponding increase of taxes; and the people, becoming awakened, will necessarily scrutinize the character of measures which, thus increase their burdens. By the watchful eye of seit- j interest, the agents of the people in the State , Governments are repressed, and kept within j the limits of a just economy. But it the ne- i cessity of levying the taxes be taken trom i t+iose who make the appropriations, and i thrown upon a more distant and less jesponsi ble set of public agents, who have power to , approach the people by an indirect and steal thy taxation, there is reason to fear thar pro dicrality will soon supersede those character- j istics which have thus far made us look with j so much pride and confidence to the State i Governments as the main stay of our Union : and liberties. The State Legislatures in- i stead of studying to restrict their State ex- j penditures to the smallest possible sum, will claim credit for their profus on, and harrass j the General Government for increased sup- i plies. Practically, there would soon be but ] one taxing power, and that vested in a body ; of men far removed from the people, in which j the farming and mechanic interests would 1 scarcely be?represented. The Slates would ] gradually lose their purity as well as their in dependence ; thev would not ?iare to murmur at the proceedings of the General Govern k meat, Test thev should lose their supplies ; all j would be merged in a practical consolidation, i j cemented bv widespread corruption, which I could only be eradicated by one of those I bloody revolutions which occasionally over ! throw the despotic systems of the old world. In all the other aspects in which I have been able to look at the effect ot such a prin ciple of distribution upon the best interests of 1 the country, I can see nothing to compensate for the disadvantages to which 1 have advert ed. If we consider the protective duties, which are, in a great degree, the source of the surplus revenue, beneficial to one section of the Union and prejudicial to another, there is I no corrective for the evil in such a plan of distribution ; on the contrary, there is reason to tear that all the complaints which have sprung from this cause would be aggravated. Every one must ba sensible that a distribution I of the surplus must beget a disposition to cherish the means which create it; and any system, therefore, into which it enters, must have a powerful tendency to increase rather | than diminish :he tariff. If it were even ad-? i mitted that the advantages of such a system i could be made equal to all the sections of the | Union, the reasons already so urgently calling ' for a reduction of the revenue would, never ? theless, lose none of their force ; for it will , always be improbable that an intelligent and virtuous community can consent to raise a I surplus for the mere purpose of dividing it, i diminished as it must inevitably be by the i expenses of the various machinery necessary ! to the process. I The safest and simplest mode of obviating I all the difficulties which have been mentioned i is, to collect only revenue enough to meet the | wants of the Government, and let the people keep the balance of their JJfOperty in their own hands, to be used for their own profit. Each State will then support ils own Govern ! ment, and contribute its due share towards the support of the General Government. ? Theri^would be no surplus to cramp and les sen the resources of individual wealth and enterprise, and the banks would be left to t their ordinary means. Whatever agitations i and fluctuat ons might arise from our unfortu nate paper system, they could never be attri | buted, justly or unjustly, to the action of the Federal Government. There wou d be some I guaranty that the spirit of wild speculation, I which seeks to convert the surplus revenue | into banking capital would be effectually i checked, and that the scenes of demoraliza ; tion which are now so prevalent through the land would disappear. Without desiring to conceal that the expe^ rience and observation of the last two years have operated a partial change in my views upon tins interesting subject, it is neverthe less regretted that the suggestions made by me, m my annual messages of 1829 and 1830, have been greatly misunderstood. At that time, the great struggle was begun against the latitudinarian construction of the Consti I tuticn which authorizes the unlimited appro priation of the revenues of the Union to inter nal improvements within the States, tending to invest in the hands, and place under the control of the General Government all the principal roads and canals of the country, in violation of State Rights, and in derogation of State authority. At the same time, the con dition of the manufacturing interests was such as t > create an apprehension that the duties on imports could not without extensive mis chief, be reduced in season to prevent the ac cumulation of a considerable surplus, after the payment of the national debt. In view of the i dangers of such a surplus, and in preference to its application to internal improvements, i in derogation of the rights aud powers of the | States, the suggestion of an amendment of j the Constitution to authorize its distribution ! was made. It was an alternative for what were deeruetf greater evils? a "temporary re sort to relieve an over-burdened Treasury, untiLthe Government could, without a ?udd?n and destructive revulsion ia the business of the country, gradually return^ the just priii- I c;ple of raising no more revenue Jfrom the People, in taxes, than is necessary for its eco nomical support. Even that alternative was not spoken of but in connexion with an amend ment cf the Constitution. No temporary inconvenience can justify . the exercise of a prohibited power, or a power not granted by that instru nent ; and it was from n convietion that the power to distribute | even a temporary surplus of revenue is of that i character, that it was suggested only in con nexion with an appeal to the source of ail t legal power in the General Government ? tie States which have established it. No i such appeal has been taken, and, in my opin ion, a distribution of the surplus revenue by Congress, either to the States or the People, is to be considered among the prohibitions of the Constitution. As already intimated, my views have undergone a change, so far as to be convinced that no alteration of the Constitu tion in this respect is wise or expedient. ? The influence of an accumulating surplus upon the legislation of the General Government and the States, its effe cts upon the credit system of the country, producing dangerous extens ions and ruinous contractions, fluctuations in the price of property, rash speculation, idleness, extravagance, and a deterioration of morals, have taught us the important lesson, that any transient mischief which may attend the re duction of our revenue to the wants of our Government is to be qorne in preference to an overflowing Treasury. i beg leave to call your attention to another subject intimately associated with the prece ding one ? the currency of the country. It is apparent, from the whole context of the Constitution, as well as the history of the i times which gave birth to it, that it was the purpose of t lie Convention to establish a cur rency consisting ofthe precious mstals. These, from their peculiar properties, which rendered them the standard of value iu all other coun tries, were adopted in this, as well to establish its commercial standard in reference to foreign countries, bv a permanent rule, as to exclude the use of a mutable medium of exchange, such as of certain agricu.tural commodities, recognized bv the statutes of some States as a tender for debts, pr the still more pernicious expedient of a paper currency. The last, from the experience of the evils of the issues of paper during the Revolution, had become so justly obnoxious, as not^ only to suggest the clause in the Constitution forbidding the emission of bills of credit by the States, but also to produce that vote in the Convent on which nega'.ived the proposition to grant pow er to Congress to charter corporations ; a proposition well understood at the time, as intended authorize the establishment of a national bank, which was to issue a currency of bank notes, on a capital to be created to some extent out of Government stocks. Al thoujh this proportion was refused by a direct vote of the Convention, the object was after wards in effjet obtained, by its ingenious ad vocates, through a strained construction of the Constitution. The debts of the Revolution were funded at prices which formed no equiv alent compared with the nominal amount of the stock, and und -r circumstances which ex posed the motives ofsonn of those who parti cipated in the passage of the act, to distrust. The facts that the value of the stock was greatly eahanced by the creation of the bank, that it was well understood that suc/i ttould be the casi\ and that some of the advocates of the measure were largely benefitted by it, belontr to the history cf the times, and are well calculated to diminish the respect which might otherwise have been due to the action of the Conorress which created the institution. On the establishment of a national bank, it became the interest ot its creditors that gc> d should be superceded by the paper of the bank as a general currency. A value was soon a - lached to the gold coins, which made their exportation to foreign countries as a "pan tile commodity, more profitable than tl'e.f tention and use at home as money. It tol low ed as a matter of course, if not designed by those who established the bank, that t le an i became, in effect, a substitute for the Mint ot the United States. Such was the origin of a national bank cur rency, and such the beginning ot those diffi culties which now appear in the exces^ve^ sues of the banks incorporated by the various SAkhougl> it may not be possible, by any ? mslative means wiihm our power, to chang at once the system which has thus been in troduced, and lias received the acqUl^Cein,. of all portions of the country, it is certain y our duty to do all that is consistent with our i constitutional obligations, in preventing the mischiefs which are threatened y i s un extension. That the efforts of the fliers of our Government to guard against ?t by a con stitutional provision were founded on an in timate knowledge of the subject, has been fre quently attested by the bitter experience of the countrv. The same causes which led them to refuse their sanction to a power au thorizing the establishment of incorporations for banking purposes, now exist in a mucd stronger decree to urge us to exert the utmost vi^il^nce" in calling into action the means ne cessary to correct the evils resulting from the unfortunate exercise of the power ; and it is to be hoped that the opportunity tor effecting this great good will be improved before tlie country witnesses new scenes of embarrass ment and distress. ? Variableness must ever be the characteris tic of a currency, of which the precious metals are not the chief ingredient, or which can be expanded or contracted without regard to the principles that regulate the value of those metals as a standard in the general trade ot the world. With us bank issues constitute such a currency, and must ever do so until thev are made dependent on those just prov portions of gold and silver, as a, circulating medium, which experience has proved to be necessary, not only in this but . other commercial countries. Where tnose propor tions are not infused into the circulation, and do not control i', it is manifest that prices must vary according to the tide of bank issues, and the' value and stability ot property must stand exposed to all the uncertainty which attends the administration of institutions that are con stantly liable to the temptation of an interest distinct from that of the community in which they are established. The progress of an expansion, or rather a deprecation of ihe currency, by excessive bank issues, is always attended by a ioss to the laboring classes. This portion ot the community have neither time nor opportunity to watch the ebbs and flows of the money market. Engaged from day to day in their useful toils, they do not perceive that, although their wages are nominally the same, or even somewhat higher, they are greatly reduced, in fact, by the rapid in ;rease of a spurious cur rency, which, as it appears to make money abound, they are at tirst inclined to cunsidi r a blessing. It is not so with the speculator, by whom this operation is better.undtrstood, and is made to contribute to his advantage.? It is not until the prices of the necessaries w, life become so dear that the. labonug classes cannot supply their wants out of their wages, that the wages rise and gradually reach? usUy proportioned rate to that of the products Jof fhenVlabor. Wtien thus, by the deprecia tion in consequence of the quantity of pa per in circulation, wages as well as prices become exorbitant, it is soon found that the whole ef fect of the adulteration is a tariff on our home industry for the benefit of the countries where gold and silver circulate, and maintain unifor mity and moderation in prices It is then perceived that the enhancement of the price ot and and labor produce a correspjnding in crease in the price of products, until these products do not sustain a competition with similar ones in other couutries, and thus both manufactured and agricultural productions cease to bear exportation from the country ot the spurious currency, because they cannot be sold for cost. This is the process by which specie is banished by the paper of the banks. Their vaults are soon exhausted to pay tor foreign commodities ; the next step is a stop pa cre? or specie payment ? a total degradation of paper as a currency? unusual depression ol prices> the ruin of debtors, and the accumula tion of property in the hands of creditors and cautious capitalists. It was in view of these evils, together with the danorerous power wielded by the Bank ot the United States, and its repugnance to our Constitution, that I was induced to exert the power conferred upon me by the American People to orevent the continujnce ot that in^ stitution. 4 Bat, although various dangers to our republican institutions have been obviated "by the failure of that bank to extort from t,?e Government a renewal of its charter, it is ob vious that little has been accomplished except a salutary change of public opinion, towards restoring to the country the sound currency provided for in the Constitution. In the acts of several of the States prohibiting the circu lation of small notes, and the auxiliary enact ments of Congress at the last session, forbid ding their reception or payment on public ac count, the true pol cy of the country has been advanced, and a larger portion of the precious metals intused into our circulating medium.? These measures will piobably bo followed up in due time by the enactment of State laws, banishing from circulation bank notes of still higher denominations; and the object may be materially promoted by fur'.her acts of Con fess, forbidding the employment, as fiscal a<rents, o i such banks as continue to issue notes of iow denominations, and throw imped iments in the way of the circulation of gold and silver. * The effects of an extension of barik credits and over issues of bank paper have been strikingly illustrated in the sales of the pub lic hnds. From the returns made by the various Registers and Receivers in the early part of last summer, it was perceived that the receipts arising from the sales of the public la^ds were increasing to an Unprecedented amount. In effect however, these receipts a mounted to nothing more than credits in bank. The banks lent out their notes to speculators ; they were paid to the Receivers, and immediately returned to the banks, to be lent out again and again, being mere instru ments to transfer to specula' ors thu most valu able public land, and pay the Government by a credit on the books ot the banks. Those cred its On the books of some of the Western banks, usually called deposites, were already great ly beyond their immediate means of payment, and were rapidly increasing. Indeed, each speculation furnished mentis for another; for no sooner Iiaci one individual or company paid ! in tin: notes, than they v^ere immediately lent to another fer a like purpose ; and the banks were extending- their business and their issues I so largely as to alarm considerate men, and , render it doubtful whether these bank cred- : its, if permitted to accumulate, would uiti- ! ni?tely be of the least value to the Govern- j ment. The spirit of expansion and specula- ' tiDn was not confined to the> deposite banks, but pervaded the whole inulmuiie of banks throughout the Union, and was giving rise to 1 new institutions to aggravate the evil. The safety of the public funds, and the interest of i the People, generally, required that these operations I should be checked, and it became the duly of every j branch of the General and State Governments lo j adopt all legitimate and proper means to produce | that salutary effect. Under this view of my duty, | I directed the issuing of the jrder which will be laid before you by the Secretary of the Treasury, requi ring payment lor the public lands sold to be made in specie, with an exception, until the 15th of the present month in favor of actual settlers. This measure has prodilcfcd many salutary consequences. It checked the career of the Western banks, nnd i gave them additional strength in anticipation of the pressure which has since pervaded our Eastern as well as the European commorcial cities. By pre venting the extension of the credit system, it mea surably cut off the means of speculation, and re tarded its progress in monopolizing the most valuable of the public lands. It has tended to save the new States from a non resident proprietorship, one of the greatest obstacles to the advancement of a new country, and the prosperity of an old one. It has tended to keep open the public lands for entry by emigrants, at Government prices, instead of their being compelled to purchase of speculators at doubk or treble prices. And it is conveying into the'I!*^ rior large sums in silver and gold, there to enter permanently into the currency of the country, and place it on a firmer foundation. It is confidently be lieved that the country will find, in the motives wbltHv induced that or?-er, and the happy consequen ces which will have ensued, much to commend, and nothing to condemn. It remains for Congress, if they apppovc the poli cy which dictated this order, to loilow it up in its. various bearings. Much good, in my jndgment, would be produced by prohibiting sales of the pub lic lands, except to actual settlers, at a reasonable I reduction of price, and to limit the quantity which shall be sold to them. Although it is believed the General Government never ought to receive any thing but the constitutional currency in exchange for tnc public lands, that point would be of less im portance if the lands were sold for immediate set tlement and cultivation. Indeed, there is scarcely a mischief arising out of our present land system, in cluding the accumulating surplus of revenue, which would not be remedied at once by a restriction on land sales to actual settlers ; and it promises other advantages to the country in general, and to the new States in particular, which cannot fail to receive .the most profound considemtion of Congress. Experience continues to realize the expectations entertained as to the capacity of the State banks to perform the duties of fiscal agents for the Govern ment, at the time of the removal of the deposites. It was alleged by the advocates of the Hank of the United States, that the State banks, whatever might be the regulations of the Treasury Department, could not make the transfers required ??y the Gov ernment, or negotiate the domestic exchanges of the country. It is now well ascertained that the real domestic exchanges, performed through discounts, by the United States Bank and its twenty-five branches, were at least one-third less than those of the deposite banks tor an equal period of timo ; and if a comparison be instituted between the amounts of service rendered by these institutions, on the broader basis which has been. used by the advocates of the United States Bank, in estimating what they consider the domestic exchanges transacted by it, the resnlt will be still more favorable to the deposit b inks. The whole amount of public money transferred by the Bank of the United States in 1832 was 816,000, 000. The amount transferred and actually paid by the deposite banks in the year ending the 1st of Oc tober last, was $39,319,899 ; the amount transferred and paid between that period and the 6th of Novem ber, was $5,399,000; and the amount of transfer warrants outstanding, on that day was $14>450,000; j making an aggregate of $59,168,894. These enor- j mous sums of money first mentioned have been transferred with the greatest promptitude and regu larity ; and the rates at which the exchanges have been negotiated previously to the passage of the deposite act were generally below those charged by tbe Bank of tha United State*. Independently of these services, which are far greater than those rendered by the United States Bank and its twenty &v? branches, a number of the deposite banks have, with a commendable zeal to aid in the improvement of the currency, imported from abroad, at their own expense, large sums of the precious motais for coin age artd circulation. In the same manner have nearly all tho predictions turned out in respect to the effect of the removal of the deposites ? a step unquestionably necessary to prevent the evils which it was foreseen the bans itself would endeavor to create in a final struggle to procure a renewal of its charter. It. may be thus, too, in sdfhe degree, with the further steps which may be taken to prevent the excessive issue of other bank paper; but it is to bo hoped that nothing will now deter the Federal and State authorities from the firm and vigorous performance of their duties to themselves and to the People in this re spect. In reducing the revenue to the wants of the Gov ernment, your particular attention is invited to those articles which constitute the necessaries of life. The duty on Salt was laid as a war tax, and was no doubt continued to assist in providing for the pay ment of the war debt. There is no article, the re lease of which Irom taxation would be felt so generally and so beneficially. To this may be added, all kinds of fuel and provisions. Justice and benevolence unite in favor of releasing the poor of our cities from burdens which are not necessary to the support of our Government, and tend only to increase the wants of the destitute. It will be seen by the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, and the accoompanying documents, that the Bank of the United States has made no payment on account of the stock held by the Gov ernment in that institution, although urged to pay any portion which might suit its convenience, and that it has given no information when payment may be expected. Nor, although repeatedly requested, has it furnished the information in relation to its condition, which Congress authorized the Secretary to collect at their last session. Such measures as are within the power of the Executive have been taken to ascertain the value of the stock, and pro cure the payment as early as possible. . The conduct and present condition of that bank, and the great amount 'of capital vested in it by the ijnited Statos, require your careful attention. Its charter expired on the third day of March last, and H has now no power but that given in the 21st sec tion, 44 to use the corporate name, style and capacity, for the purpose of suits, for the final settlement and liquidation of the affairs and accounts of the corpora tion, and for the sale and disposition of their estate, reafr, personal and mixed, but not for any other pur pose, or in any other manner whatsoever, nor for a period exceeding two years after the expiration of the said term of incorporation." Before the expira tion of the charter, the stockholders of the Bank obtained an actof incorporation from the Legislature of Pennsylvania, excluding only the United States. Instead of proceeding to wind up their concerns, and pay over to the United States the amount due on account of the stock held by them, the President and Dtrectors ofthe old Bank appear to have transferred the books, papers, notes, obligations and most or all of its property, to this new corporation, which enter ed upon business as a continuation of the old con cern. Amongst other acts of questionable validity, the notes of the expired corporation are known to I have been used as its own, and again put in circu j lation. That the old Bank had no right to issue or I re-issue its notes after the expiration of its charter, cannot be denied ; and that it could not confer any such right on its substitute any more than excrcisc it itself, is equally plain. In law and honesty, the notes of the Bank in circulation at the expiration of its charter should have been called iu by public ad vertisement, paid up as presented, and together with those on hand, cancelled and destroyed. Their re issue is sanctioned by no law, and warranted by no necessity. If the United States be responsible in their stock for the payment of these notes, their re issue by the new corporation, fortheir^own profit, is a fraud on the Government. If the United States is not responsible then there is no legal reponsibdity in any quarter; and it is a fraud on the country. ? They arc the redeemed notes of a dissolved partner ship, but, contrary to the wishes of the retiring part ner, and without his conscnt, are again re-issued and circulated. It is the high and peculiar duty of Congress to dccidc whether any turthcr legislation be necessary for the security of the large amount of public prop erty now held and in use by the new B;ink, and for vindicating the rights of the Government, and com polling n speedy and honest settlement ttitfinlitlie creditors of the old Bank, public and private, rtr whether the subject shall be left to the power now possessed by the Kxerutive and Judiciary. It re m.-tin? to be seen whether the persons who, as mana gers of the old Bank, undertook to control the Gov ernment, retained the public dividends, abut their doors upon a eommi'tee of the House of Represen tatives, and filled the country with panic to ut-tom plish their own sinister objects, may now, as rnana gers of the new Bank, continue, with impunity, to flood the country with a spurious currency, use the seven millions of (Government stock for their own profit, and refuse to the United States all informa tion as to the present condition of their own proper ty, and the, prospcct of recovering it into tneirj own possession. i The lessons taught by the Bank of tne United! States cannot well be lost Upon the American People. I They will take care never again to place so ire- j mendous a power in irresponsible hands; and it i will be fortunate if they seriously consider the con sequences which are likely to result on a Miinllcr ' scale from the facility with which corporate powers are granted by their State Governments. It w believed that the law of the last session regu lating the deposite banks operates onerously Hp] unjustly upon them in many respects, an 1 it is hopetl that Congress, on proper representation, will adopt the modifications w hich arc necessary to prevent this consequence. . -j The report of the Sci-tetary of War ad interim, and the accompanying document*, all of which are herewith laid before you, will give yoU a full view of the diversified and important operations eft hat Department during the past year. The military movements rendered necessary by the aggressions of the hostile portions of the Semi nole ami Creek tribes of Indian*, and by other cir cumstances, have required file active employment of nearly our whole regular force, including the ma rine conos, and of large bodiea-of militia and vol un tecrs. Witli all these event*,' 00 for as they were known at the seal of Government betbie the termi nation of your last sesskm, you are already acquaint ed ; fl'id it is therefore only needfol inflfcr olace t ? lay before vj? a brief summary occurred. The war 1 was, on low _ of onr frostier. enemy; and$ as fyr the aceoi ance of the a course of this which the bravery aud'i , , men were conspicuously displayed^tnd which I have deemed it proper to notice, in respect to the former, by the granting of brevet rank for gallant services in the Held. But as the lorce of the Indians was not so far weakened by these partial successes as to lead them to submit, and as their savage inroads were frequently repeated, early measures were taken for placing at the disposal of Governor Call, who, as commander-in-chief of the territorial militia, had been temporarily invested with the command, an ample force, for the purpose of resumiug offensive opera- , tions, in the most efficient manner, as soon as the ' season should permit. Major General Jcsup w as also directed, on the conclusion of his duties in the j Creek country, to repair to Florida and asaumc the j commands The result of the first movement. made by the forces under the direction of Governor Call, in Octo l>er last, as detailed in the accompanying papers, ex cited much surprise and disappointment. <?? full explanation has been required of the causes which led to the failure of that movement, but has not yet been received. In the mean time, as it was feared that the health of Governor Call, who was under stood, to have suffered much from sickness, might not be adequate to the crisis, and as MajorGeneral Jeaup was known to have reached Florida, that officer was directed to assume the command, and to prosecute all needful operations with the utmost promptitude and vigor. From the force at his disposal, arid the dispositions he has made, and is instructed to m ke, ' and frdm the very efficient measures which it is since ascertained liave been taken by GbvernorCall, there is reason to hope that they will soon be en abled to reduce the enemy to subjection. In the mean time as you will perceive from the report of the Secretary, there is urgent necessity ;or further appropriations to suppress these hostilities. Happily for the interests of humanity, the hostil ities with the Creeks were brought to a close soon after your adjournment, without that effusion of blood which at one time was apprehended as inev itable. The unconditional submission ol the hostile party was followed by their speedy removal to the country assigned them west of the Mississippi. The inquiry as to alleged frauds in the/ purchase of the reservations of these Indians, and the causes of their hostilities, requested by the reeoltxtibn of the House of Representatives on the first :o? July' last, to bo maJ# by the F/eaident, is naw.guiuz_ua, through the agency of commissioners appointed ?>r that purpose. Their report may be expcctod during yoor present session. The difficulties apprehended in the Cherokeo country have been prevented, and the peace and safety of that region and its vicinity effectually se cured by the timely measures taken by tho War Department, and still continued. The discretionary authority givfn to Gen. Gaines to crosi the Sabine, and to occupy a. position as far west as Nacogdoches, in case he shaufd deem such a step necessary to the protection of the frontier, and to the fulfilment of tho Stipulations contained in our treaty with Mexico, and the movement subsequently made by that officer, htu e been alluded to in a for mer part of this messaged At the date of the latest intelligence from Nacogdoches, our troops were Vet at that station ; but the officer who has succeeded General Gaines, has recently been advised that, from the facts known at the scat of Government, there would seem to be no adequate cause for any longer maintaining that position ; and he wis acordingly instructed, in case the troops were not already with drawn under the discretionary powers before pos sessed by him, to give requisite orders for that ptlf- 1 pose, on the receipt of the instructions, unless he < shall then have in his possession such information as shall satisfy him that the maintenance of the post is essential to the protection of our frontiers, and to the dufc execution of our treaty stipulations, as pre viously explained to him. Whilst the necessities existing during the present year for the service ef militia and volunteers, Mkc furnished new proofs of the patriotism of our fellow citizens, they have also strongly illustrated the importance of an increase in the rank and file of the regular army. The views of this subjcct* submitted by the Secretary of War in his report, meet my en tire concurrence, and are earnestly commcndcd to the deliberate attention of Congress. In this con nexion it is also pfoper to remind you that the defects in our present militia system are every day render ed more apparent. The duty of making further pro vision by law for organizing, arming and disciplining this arm of defence, has been so repeatedly present ed to Congres by myself and my predecessors, that I deem it sufficient, on this occasion, to refer to the last annual message and to former executive commu nications in which the subject has been discussed. It appears, from the reports of the officers charged with mustering into service the volunteers called for under the act of Congress of the last session, that more presented themselves at the jpjaqe qf rendez vous in Tennessee, than were sufficient' to meet the requisition which had been made by the Secretary of ?Var upon the Governor of that Slate. . This was occasioned by the omission of the Governor to ap portion the requisition to the different .regiments o j militia, so as to obtain the proper numbef of troops, and no more. It seems but just to the patriotic citi zens who repaired to the general rendezvous, under circumstances authorizing them to believe tliat their services were needed, and would be accented; that the expenses incurred by them, while absent from their homes, should be paid by the Government. I accordingly recommend tint a law to this effect be passed by Congress, giving them a compensation i which will cover their expenses on the march to and J from the place of rendezvous, arid while there; in connexion with which, it will also be nroper to make ' provision for such other equitable claims, growing i Out of the service of the militia, as may not be cni j braced in the existing laws. On the unexpeetcd breaking out of hostilities in I Florida, Alabama arid Georgia, it became necessary I ! irt some cases, to lake the property of individuals for ; public use. Provision should be made, by law, for I indemnifying ihc owners; and I would also repectfully j suggest whether some provision Utay not bo made, i consistently with the principles of our Government, i for the relief of the sufferers by Indian depredations, I or by the operations of our own troops. j No tiifte was lost, alter the making of the requisite ! appropriations, in resuming the great natiouul work ? of completing the unfinishad fortifications on our ' seaboard, and of placing them in a proper state o! j defence. In consequence, however, of the very ! late day at which those bills were passed, but little j progress could be made during the season which has i: ) us t closed. A very large amount of the moneys granted at your last session according! yTeroairfs u n ' expended ; but as the work will be again resumed j at the earliest moment in the coming spring, the b^ftnee of tho existing appropriations, ana -in sevc ; ral cases, will be laid before you, -with the ! proper estimates, further silms for the like objerts, may be usefully expended dilring tile nett year. [RerncnUder ntz' keek.} Sheriff's Sales. TjHirrif.L be Sold helbre the Court limine in the ww tfivt r. of Colombia on the first Monday aiid Tuesday in January nctt, on Kund(]T tvriti Jof fieri facias, w itliirr the legal hours of tale ? lOOacrcs of Lnud* funst* orlc*?, Mtuaied intfce DwJ-_ trie t of Richland, bnuhdfd Sbirtfi by Pauldiiig4J.and? north hy T?nds originally btfoflgtri* to the * Eatutc or John Carter, west by Congarrc l{i\< r, and knnwuhy tho name of Walnut Mifl Trait, at the suit of I'ttf ?. iif heeler <L Co. v?. Robert Driuldy. adffj'f of (*. rin. The House and I.ot iu the Town of fofulnbia, chnJ lairing lialf an aere ??t" Tjtnd more or Irs*, bflftnflcJ North by Plain Street, K*>t by John J. Rawls Lotj and west by Marion Street, at the suit of John 1\ Kintf j 4*. John Black. 62 ncrrsof Ijimls mOr# or less, whereon Mrs. Sonib Brown now live*, bounded North Writ by Mi A. Smith'* I .and, Ertst h y Lands belonging to the Estate of John D. BroWn, and on all other sides by J < S. Cnignards ikanda. Also, one hundred ncresof Land toore cr leaa, oil the twelve inile branch waters ?<f Jackson's Creek, hounded South by Dr. 8. Pcrdvals Land, *cat hy f^and belonging to the Eslatcof John BrtoWn, and on all other aide* by James S. (taignordft Limit*, at the suit of Benjamin Hart t'J Surah Brown, Et'flof Jolin I). ISrown, the same property at the suit of Wil liam Cord A: Co c.?, Sarah Brow n, Ex'rx of John D. BroWn. Terms cash, purchaser to pay for SlturiA's (tapers. S C. DEBRITIL,S. R. D? Sheriffs Oflire, Colombia, ) Dec. 10, J83G. - ? 46 Auction. ON Monday morning next, at 10 o'clock will b* sold be lore our door, a variety of articles, with Sugar, Coffee, Baron, ic., I'OLOCK, SOLOMON, A: CO. Ai/rtrV Dec. 1G. 1836 & Trustees of the S. ?. College* FWYIIE Board will assemble at the [Siccative officet : JH in the State llouae, at 7 1*. M., on Saturday* Dec. I?tb. ? By order of Lis Excellency tho Governor, Presi dent of the Board. J EDWARD W. JOHNSTON, k Sccr< tariL Dec, 17 y ^ 34 MILLS FOR SALK. THE subscriber declines aeiling bis plantation in Lancaster District lierctolbfe advertised for sale, and wishing to remove to if, offers for sale his MILLS on Oills Creek, with the landa mttachcd to them, being upwards of two thousand five htin I dred acres, all within from five to seven miles of Co lumbia, having on it an abundance of pine for rac ing, and Black Jack fbr fire wood. The situation of the-e Mills is so well known that a dcscrjotion m unnecessary. If not sold Ijefore the first Monday in January noxt,they will be offered to ihe higher bidder, l>efore t lie Court House, in Columbia, on thai day, w hen the terms will be nmde known ? or on application bcibro to the subscril?cr"orithe prctnwc*. JA_MES T. WADE, ?r? Dec. 17, 1836* ;; 55 Large Estate Sale ~ ' IN EQUITY. Wm. B. Vates and Jane "J his wife, v? Andrew / Bill for division and a<J Wallace and Sally f count* Chesnut Taylor. J BY order from the Court of Equity, I wifl \>flW for sale before the Court House in Columbia, ort the 2d Monday in January next, all that splendid and well known plantation on the Waterree River, lying on both sides of the River, coroastiHjf <ef ^kelidlew? ing tract* of land, to witi ? " ' : One tract of 1000 acres mOre W trte, lying hi Stlrfc toronthe t^tst side of the Waterree Ilive^ being the same tract conveyod by John Chesnut and John C. Taylor, the 25th fflureh 1812? also a tract oi* 3U0 iic res lying iu Richland, on the Weat side of the River, being tho same conveyed to JohU C. Taylor by John Chesnut, the 25th March 1811? alma tract of 414 i acres lying tu Rictdand, being the saor. xm? veyed by Robert English to John 'laytor, Sf.'1 tho I 29th Oct, 1823 ? also, another tract colled the HaUari ' tract, of 320 acrcs, in Richland; all the above tracts adjoin each other, and form one of tho beat plouta j- lions in'tho district, making; in all, 20341 -acres. I ' Also 6(J very prime and likely negroes. Term* of sole, I, 2, 3 and 4 years, interest froui dutopoy ' able annually, bond, mortgage and good pejtouui i security ? purchasers te pcy lor aU lieoeasary papers. 1 Salo positive. ^ \ II 'v?t' T * JAMES k CLARK, C E. R. D. ? > Dec. ^ ? ,3^-3, : . English Saddlerth THE Subscriber has just rec^Wtd front feiVef* pool and London, per shipdtYicfety and VhOsi Benet, a large and superior assortment of Saddlery* consisting in part of toe following articles, vft * Best quality London rrfciJc Indies and Geittlg* men's Sumiflefsct Saddle* ? "* 8g\ Ilog-skin spring bar Shafio Saddles 5 do Newmarket, Race do. Chifney, Part, Pelham and brass Military Bittsf - A great variety of Spring bitted Heads and K?ins. Weymouth, Pelham and Snaffle do Split-eve, double pivot. and plain spring Stifrrupsi Portable, Suwarrow and knob Spurs; Gig, 'Pandora and Hiding Whips ; Gig Harriet**, Patent, Collars, Horse Clothing, Cilrpet Bags and a great variety of other artine*, which will be disposed of on accommodating tfcrtus. Likewise has on hand and makefl lb onfef, kinds of Saddles, Coach and Gig Harness, made by the best workmen and of first rate materiali JOS. THOMSON, Corner of Broad and Church street; Dec. 12, 1836. 2is 5f Charleston, S.C. Horse Creek Jlratlemy* THE underoigned Trustees hare employed M f Richard B. Rice, who will Open a Classical School on the first Monday in January nest, at this place which is situated in Greenville District, on the Southwest side of Reedy River, five miles above the Laurens line. The locality of this place is sur passed by none in the State, for morals, good water, and health ; thfere are four ehurches for public 1 worship within reach, and good botird can be nod in the neighborhood Ibr sixty dollars a year- The terms ol tuition will be ' For. Latin and Greek, - - - $2^ English Grammar, - ' Ifl Ufeadfng, Writing and Arithmetic, * - 10 The Trustees hope, from tlie reputation of the Teacher they have employed and the healthy situa tion where the school will be established that it will be patronised by a generous public. J NO. C. SULLIVAN, S. CALHOUN. Tumbling Shoals, Dec. 7th, 1836. 5 1 Gt THE subscriber offers fiir sale his Residence ire the Town Of Columbia, and would sell his fur niture with the hoOse, if desirable to the purchaser; the house contains eight rooms with fire places; lb? lot contains ^ne and h. half ncres, with Stable, Barto, Store-houses, and all necessary out buildings to I make it one of the most desirable residences in Co lumbia. Also. Three squares of I .and, (formerly Randolph's) near tlie River, under good board fence, and in fine 'order lor cultivation. WM. GREGG. Dec. 17, 1836. i){ ileowtf IraiK SlBSCKllBERS, ARE CONSTANTLY RECEIVING FROM i EUROPE, ADDITIONS TO THEIR STOCK OF DRY GOODS. rglllEY have an extensive assortment of foreign -fiL and domestic goods, comprising I)o ITU, Ro?e and McGrough Blankets; Cl>ihs, Cassimercs and Satinetts, of every variety; Flannels; Merinos i Circassians; Vesting?, of all descriptions. Hosiery, Linons, Cambrics, and all other article* in their line. Thcv have very Iatclv rccrivcd an extensive Jh~ I voice of Goods from f'rancc, C?mpri?ing S??. Crapes, Bombazines, Velvets, Kid and iJeaver t Gloves, Silk Hosiery and Gloves, Ribbons, Lawn, Muslins, and every variety of Fancy Goodsj alt which they offer for sale 011 the most aocoamor* dating terms. _ SH ACK E I.FORD, BO AG <fe CO. Corner of Frnzer's Wharf and Last Bayt Dec 1 IOi t'harl**lv*.