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'? - '-v. - - ~-v> ' - .v ' - * VOL. XLIII, WINNSBORO, S. C., WEDNESDAY., JUNE 8, 1887. . NO, 45. ?pgaaeg?it iit n'tiy-ma1..-'r: maaag a " MT.ivuiL* TIMELY TOPICS FOR FARMERS. j i HOW TO DO PAYING "WOKK AT THIS J SEASON. I SnjTSjestioas of Interest, from an Author!-' tatlve Source. (W. L.Jones In Southern Cultivator) Having finished planting the main crops and got them well under way, tire ^ work of continued cultivation will ab9 sorb most of the time and attention of the farmer. If the seasons during May,. in any given scction, have been propitious, the main object in view in cultivating the crop will be to keep the surface soil in light, friable condition. The unloVk/VMV** "fVlfJ.f, rflicf l'JL?JUJLDtXU? wmvv* f VM end of plowing and hoeing is to prevent the weeds from choking the crop. To such a man (perhaps there are many such) the grass and weeds are a blessing in disguise?compelling him to give the cultivation which would be needed, even in the absence of such a blessing. Deep j plov.ing of growing crops is not now in j order, excepting, of course, late-planted I fields not before well plowed. We want: to induce a moderately rapid and health- j Jm ful growth of the stalks of corn and cot- j j|| ton. Therefore the roots of the plants ; HH should not be torn anJ broken more : K than is absolutely necessary. The upper I ^^Ajach or two of the soil should be kept < W o^M^nd loose. The crust which forms i Drevents the easy access of j the aiclStove?laden with plant food in I the form of carbonic acid and nitrogen? i and should be broken as often as may be found expedient, not less than once ! in every ten days or two weeks. The ! layer of soft mellow soil that is left--be-; hind the cultivating implement acts very i decidly as a mulching to the layer below | . in which the roots are penetrating in j every direction. Such a layer of loose j soil is a poor conductor of heat and; therefore protects the roots of the crop j from the too fervid and scorching rays j of the sun; and the interstices are not; fine and close enough to act as capillaries j in bringing up the moisture from the! soil about the roots to be evaporated and ! lost, as would be the ease if the crust to remain undisturbed. | It should be the aim, therefore, to go | over a crop as rapidly as possible after a ; good season of rain and to keep the sur- j face as constantly as possible in this loose, open condition. How often a j crop should be plowed over is, as already j hinted, a question of expediency. While I it is true that a crop growing on poor j land but lightly fertilized will receive a j greater ratio oi benefit from frequent j and thorough cultivation than a crop; growing on rich or well-fertilized soil, ] yet it pays best to give the naturally rich : or the highly fertilised land the prefer- j ence?the best and most frequent cuiti- j vation. We doubt not there are many j fields already planted that woidd give; better returns (less loss) if they should j receive no culrivation at alL sapid cultivation. The implements used in the South in j cultivating the crops are generally de-' f active in the respect that they are too ! small?they do not get over the crop fast j enough. A light-running 12 to IS "inch j sweep does not fully tax the capacity oi a stout mule to say nothing of the smaller j shovel and scooter, still so much used, j The Southern farmer does not fully ap-! preci2te the advantages of wide spread- j ing cultivators and harrows. Among the j number of expanding, adjustable cultivators, on wheels or otherwise, that are so generally used in the Xorth and West, we ought to be able to find one that will answer our purpose better than the! sweep and heel-scrape. A cotton middle j should be cleaned out and stirred from j row to row at one through trip?a com ; row at not more than two. There is cer- j plainly an unnecessary consumption of | ~^time ana travei wnen irom seven to nine i furrows are given to each three-foot cot- j ton row, in the course of the season, as j is usually done, employing the time of j an able-bodied hand and mule. Several years ago, while watching the t plowing of a field of cotton with 24-inch I sweeps?two furrows to the middle?we j were struck with the fact that, in making 1 the return, or second furrow, the big! ' ,^sveep was doing substantially little more | | Pidginal work than might have been done j I by a three-inch garden hoe. The greater j part of the cutting edge of the sweep was ; lapping over and passing along the furrow run just a few moments before. To remedy this on the spot we directed the plowman to side "by the row," and skip every other row?i. e. side both sides of every other row. The result was a gain of just one-half the time, and doing the work?so far as merely stirring the soil was concerned?almost as perfectly as if two furrows had been run in each middle. This saving of time made it possible to stir the soil?practicably the entire j surface?twice as oiten as before with ; precisely the same labor. Of course at j the next plowing the rows not sidtd be-: fore received the special attention, the j others being lefr. We were so pleated j with the plan that it was adopted as a i permanent resort, especially -when it was desirabie^to go over the crop very rapidly, as immediately after a heavy rain. The principle involved is more or less applicable to the cultivation of wider rows, and the plan may be modified or suspended according to circumstances. It is equally applicable to any of the cultivators which do not straddle the row so as to plow both sides of it. An implement designed to run astride the rows and side both sides perfectly is a desideratum in the earlier stages of the crop. But in the absence of such a cultivator the plan above detailed will often be found very expedient. The timehonored rule of plowing over the crop every three weeks has but little to recommend it except its observance will prevent the absolute loss of the crop. If ^ "^HcTut three plo wings are to be given to the f corn crop it is better to somewnat aeiay | Wfe first and hasten the second and third, so as to make the intervals between plowicgs less. SMALL GRAIN. Of conrse the small grain crop mnst receive attention as it ripens for the harvest, and no reminder will be needed I other than the rapid fading 01 the green into the golden yellow. Bemembei that oats intended for feeding in the sheaf should be cut when th) tops of the heads have turned yellow ana while the straw is stall green. Uut ratiitr ingn ana care i well before housing, as they are very troublesome to manage if put into stack or barn undercured. "Wheat intended for market or milling should also be cut (before fully ripe, but nearer full ripeness than oats. The husk or bran -will then be thinner and the yield of flour will be better than if the grain be permitted to fully harden. But all grain intended for seed should be fully ripe, especially oats. It is an excellent plan to go over the fields and select the choicest heads (in advance of the harvesting), stripping by hand and keeping the grain separate. r In this way the quality of the seed in ^ny desired respect may be kept up to ; the original standard of excellence, and even much improved. It is probable that the popular rust proof o:.ts and other varieties o: grain were discovered and perpetuated in this way. SWEET POTATOES. This is the favored time for enlarging the area in sweet pototoes. The vines planted now will do as well, if not better, than the slips from the old bed. But whether cut vines or slips be used, j plantings in June or July -will make cheaper and better keeping tubers than plantings made during the months of j April and May, because they grow of! at j once and require much less cultivation. We used to take a pride in setting the earliest slips and the largest area early in the season, until we discovered that some of our neighbors who were not so smart made more and better potatoes by planting later. We consider the sweet potato crop as possessing great undeveloped possibilities. It is about the cheapest hog food that can be produced fn our climate and certainly one of the most healthful as well as convenient. An important secret in sweet potato planting is to have the ground well prepared beforehand and freshly plowed just before setting out the slips or vines. If not convenient to reverse the beds after a rain and just before planting, the patch should be plowed, or at least hoed, just as soon as practicable. Plants set in a sodden, compact soil do not flourish and grow off as well as if set in a mellow, freshlyplowed soil. In planting vines we have found it to pay to prepare the cuttings with some degree of care, dividing them into pieces containing from three to five leaves (according to distance between leaves) and inserting two to three joints only in the ground. There will be fewer potatoes in a hill, but they will be larger and smoother than when much more of the vine is inserted in the ground. FIELD PEAS. This is the best time for planting field peas, whether for seed or improving the land. No corn field should be without a row of peas between the rows of com, or broadcasted over the field. The crop costs little more than the seed and is probably the best paying crop planted in the South in proportion to the investment in seed and labor If some bunch variety is already growing in rows it is not a bad idea to sow again just ahead of the last plowing. For this purpose the Conch pt a, or some other running kind, is best. It is often recommended to sow peas after wheat and oats. It is good farming to do so when practicable. But it so often occurs that the ground is too dry and hard to permit of plowing and getting the peas up that the plan cannot be relied on as a part of a regular system. Sometimes it can be done, often it cannot. If the ground can be plowed the best way we have found to do it is to list two furrows together lapping the slices turned and leaving a narrow ridge to be opened out with a shovel, followed by a pea-dropper, and the peas covered. Three furrows, after the r>eas are well ut>. will usuallv suffice for the cultivation. FOEAGE CHOPS. Forage crops, like cat-tail millet, miilo maize, kuffir com and sorghum, may still be planted, but the land should be proportionately better as the planting is later. We have had no personal experience with millo maize, but doubt if it is any better for green-soiling than the old stand-by cat-tail millet. For curing into hay for use by and by, the German millet and common corn answer better, albeit the latter is very difficult to cure perfectly. The German millet should be sown broadcast in well-broken land, and at the rate of one-half to one bushel of seed per acre and harrowed in. Sow the com in drills three to four feet apart at the rate of three bushels of seed per acre. The ordinary pop-corn is said to be excellent for this purpose. TCSNIP5. Land intended to be sown in turnips, especially if rutabagas are to be grown, should receive attention by repeated deep plowings until the time for seeding arrives. We are not strong in our advocacy of turnips as a stock crop in the cotton belt. Our fall climate is geneially too dry for turnips, and unless every other condition of success is faithfully complied with, the failures will be oftener than the hits; yet this vegetable is so desirable for the table, as well as for stock, that a moderate area should be sown. If they fail, it is easy to devote the land to some fall crop, as rye, barley or wheat. HOGS. We nave long believed that the predisposing causes of hog cholera are insufficient or unnatural food and want of plenty of pure -water. The disease is well known to be infectious, but it is known that even infectious diseases more readily attack where there are predisposing causes. The hog, in a state of nature, herbivorous, subsisting on roots, grass and nuts, and ranging the woods and swainps unrestrained. The nearer we can keep to nature in the management of stock, supplementing natural supplies by the arts vi culture, and protecting against undue exposure to inclement weather, the more healthy and vigorous the animals will be. Every farmer should provide an abundance of green and succulent food throughout the spring and summer, to be followed in the fall and winter bv nuts, tubers, grain and oil-cake. Green roasting ears, stalk and all, sorghum, collards, clover, fallen frnit and many of the natural grasses of the field afford a succession, and variety that leave little to be desired during the grcwing months; and sweet potatoes, chufas, peanuts, field-peas, artichokes, etc., answer the demands of the season further on, and prepare the porkers for the smoke-house. Whafca fist of food resources for man and beast we have in the South! We ought not to import a pound of bacon or lard, beef or butter, if failure or famine occurs in one coun; ty the adjoining or not distant county should be our Egypt, instead of the fardistant West. If failure occurs this year, trv ftfrftin. Xot many aive un cotton O v i planting because of even :epeated sucI cessive failures. The writer spent sevenj teen of the best years of his life on liis farm, and during that time, in the agI gregate, his sales of surplus pork and j bacon were greater than the amounts i bought. The South raised her bacon i av ring the war, and she can and ought to do it uo\s\ Not every farmer, perhaps, is favorably situated for raising hoys; but there are others whose surplus should supply such as fail. This is fully as good a section for hog-raising as for corn-growing. If we persist in tne one, why not in the other? Y7e can largely substitute oats and other grain; we accept no substitute for bacon and lard?the greater reason why we should produce our own bacon which has been done very successfully by many progressive Southern farmers. i-Tgi.? CI Young or middle-aged men, suffering from nervous debility or kindred affections, should address witli 10 cents in stamps for iarge treatise, "World's Dispensary Association, Buffalo, N. Y. -1 OX THE WAY IIOX . A Soliloquy by Farmer Stackpole. Go long, old mare. Let's see: I've got the molasses, an' the thread, an' the plow-pint, an' Sal's shue that was mended, -iii' the paper. So Cleveland is really in the White House an' at work. The paper sajs he's puttin' in the Bourbons at a great rate. Somehow I don't like that paper as I used to. It don't seem to tell the whole truth an' nothin' but the truth, as I used to suppose it did. I was in at neighbor Straight's an' picked up a paper called the Voice that had a heap of news in it that I never found in my Republican papers. I intend to hear both sides of these things after this. Well, I voted for Blaine, after all my * * T-* i_ i, _ ? leanm's to St. .Jonn. i1 act, iucy sor* ui bull-dozed me wqen I got to the polls, j There was Elder Grand met me cn. the street. "I do hope," says he, "that you won' cast half a vote for such a moral leper as Cleveland. The great issue in this campaign is moral purity, and every Christian man should vote for Blaine." An' then come the Squire. "I tell you," said he, "Cleveland is a man of no capacity whatever, no experience in pubhe affairs. He'll Cust be the tool of the worst elements of his party. Have you seen what the ministers of Chicago say about?" An' then he took the tobacco out of his mouth an' read somethin' like tins: "Resolved, That for the sake of the South, for the sake of this country, for the sake of temperance and Prohibition, for the sake of the family and the reform against polygamy, the election of Jas. G. Blaine is the necessity of the hour." "Excuse me a rninit," says he, and he started off to catch a saloonkeeper who was coming along. He talked with him for about five minits an' then handed him something in the Tribune to read, and then come back to me. "Here's another," says he, "of these opinions of the clergy that every Christian man ought to read before votin' for such a d d fraud as St. John. Excuse me, deacon, I don't often swear, but the hypocracy of these fellers what is disgracin' the" cause of temperance makes me mad." So he pulled out a paper an' read a string of resolutions by the clergy of New York. One of 'em was, "not to cast a half-vote for the Democratic party with the semi-sanction of impurity and dissipation, nor a whole vote for a man whose name is now the conspicuous synonym of incapacity and incontinency." Then he began readin' Burchard's speech, but just as he got to the last end of it the saloon-keeper come over where we was standin' and says, 'That is very satisfactory, and he took a Iiepublican ticket an' went on to the polls. As soon as he was out of hearing the Squire went on with Burchard's speech, an' he put a good emphasis on the "Rum, Komanism and Rebellion." These things, had sort of staggered me when good old General Easy come along. Bless his gray beard! "We all know he was a true man in Congress, and he seems like every man's friend. "Deacon," says he, "I'm very anxious about this election. There's the brass factory over at the river shut down, not to resume unless Blaine is elected. And here is the hunker Democracy .-just reachin' after the spoils. If they get in where -err? 11 TM lie.? What TC-ill htWITYlA nf fHvil Service lieform? And I tell you if the.. Democrats get in I should not be surprised if they repealed all the laws against polygamy, and just let Utah into the Union, Mormons and all." There was no doubt the good old man believed what he was gayin' "And as for temperance," he went on, "you know I am a true temperance man. St. John couldn't help the cause if he was elected, and he can't possibly be elected, for the majority of true temperance men are against him. After election I will go over this county myself an' speak on temperance, and we will put up a firstrate candidate for the State Legislature." Steady, old mare, over this new road. Well, sir, my resolution just oozed out with all this talk. 1 forgot everything but the incapacity and wickedness of Cleveland and the Democrats, and the anxiety of good men for Elaine's election, and I brushed past young Straight who had the Prohibition tickets, though I couldn't help admiring his grit, and grace, too, for I knew he was doing his T Knnf?V?A/1 rvocf Vnm orirl V/JLLX JLZJtlilil U.U.CJ -L kJX i i i i i i wu putin my ballot for Elaine. I'm afraid that ballot was tlirowed away. Cleveland's incapacity ain't as conspicuous as I expected it would be. The brass works aesumed about a week after election?there's the smoke of 'em now. And as for the Mormons and the fellers what was crowdin' out the Indians, they seem to be skipping and clearing out more than ever before. I'm afraid those good men what I followed was party-blind themselves. Not that I believe in the Democrats as a party. Why, Neighbor Crook, who's been a Democrat always, has come out since election, and says he can't stand his party any longer, now he sees a better "? ' A 1 xl.- T> piacc 10 go xo, sua jineu uie noiuuitionists. The Democrats is bad, "but not so bad as whiskey- The Republicans may better, but they are not good enough to suit me. If they had done their duty this temperance question would not"be so big as it is to-day. "Well, when I got home wife says, "Hurrah for St. John," an' I was kinder shamed to tell her who I voted for, so I edged around and told her what the men on the street told me. My stars! didn't her eyes begin to snap! bhe just fired up and swept away their arguments like so many cobwebs. "Who are the hopocrites,""says she, "the honest men who vote for what they believe to be right, or politician.?, like the Squire, who say one fhing to the saloonists, and another to the temperance men, and get 'em both to vote the same ticket?" "Whoa! I say. Jim! Jim! Come and put out the mare.?The Voice. Baltimore Friend's Defalcation. A dispatch from Baltimore says: For the first time probably in the history of the Society of Friends in this country the treasurer of a Quaker meeting has turned defaulter. Edwin Blackburn, the treasurer of the Friends' Lombard Street Meeting in this city for many years, has been deposed from his responsible position, a deficit of about ?6,000 having I been discovered in his accounts. Mr. Blackburn was recognized as one of the ! most trustworthy men in the city. He was a leader in the Lombard Street fleeting and particularly interested in the Friends' mission work among the Indians. He is over GO years of age and has a wife and two daughters. Tiie discovery was made recently when he was called upon for church funds and could not deliver. He then confessed that he had used the money with the intention, of course, of making good the deficiency. A Husband's Greatest Blessing Is a strong, healthy, vigorous wife, with a clear, handsome complezion. These can all be acquired by using Dr. Harter's Iron Tonic. * / A young woman who had lost her speech by a severe cold, had twenty offers of mar, riage in one week. THE OLD SOUTH. A BEAUTIFUL TRIBUTE TO HEK LITERATURE. Half-Forgotten Writers Who Were Giants in Their Day?Five Boys of the Old Sontli in College Where Two Go No;v?Too Much of the Dollar-Making Element on Top Now. (From the Louisville Courier-Journal.) "Within the past few years it has become the fashion among literary critics to depreciate the literature produced in the South before the war, and to point to ante-bellum days as a period almost barren of literary achievement. Indeed, it has been with this fashion as with all fashions?it has been exaggerated Mid overdone. In our zeal to place the laurel on the brow of the hero of to-day, we have forgotten his predecessors., and wc have whispered into his ear, "Thou art the first of thy race." Now far be it from my intention i;o say aught against the fair name of the new generation of writers that has sprung up in the South since the war. No Southerner anywhere is prouder than I am of such names as Thompson and Craddock and Harris. But now, ii with the ancient Cleitus I dare say to the hero, "Thy father, Philip, of Maccdon, was also a great man," I hope I may not meet the fate of that faithful, bui; too bold, censor. In offering a criticism of anyihing written in.the South before the war , one is confronted with an amount of prejudice which is indeed remarkable. The average Southerner has formed his opinion of ante-bellum literature not from actual study of the literature i ;self, but rather from the biased criticisns of Northern writers. He reads Gricvold, and is told that Simms was avolumiaous writer, but entirely without nterary merit, and that Poe was a drunken and conceited fooL From Stedman he learns that Walt Whitman is the ne plus viltra of American joets, and that there wr^no intellectual achievement' in the South before the war, for "human slavery was the basis of its physical life." Examine the library of the tolerably well read Southerner, and what will you find? There will be Bryant and Longfellow, and Emerson and Hawthorne, and all the rest of the Northern writers. But I would be surprised if you fcund anything bj Poe, and I am sure you would find nothing by Washing ;ton Allston or E. C. Pinkney, or Henry Timrod or Albert Pike. The thousand and one volumes of Cooper's novels would be conspicuous, but you would look in vain for "Swallow Barn" and "Horse Shoe Kobinson," and "Martin Faber" and "Castle Dismal." Now, surely such indifference is not justified by a lack of intrinsic merit in our literature, and the Southern people are doing themselves an injustice when they allow themselves to be persuaded fhaf. pto ?? pnvfhinr*- in their liteiarv i history to be ashamed ot. In 1S60 that scholarly and accomplished -writer, John K. Thompson?for a long time editor of the Southsrn Literary Messenger?entered into an agreement with John Esten Cook to publish an edition of the "Poets imd Poetry of the South." But the war, that blighter of hopes, came on. "A wind came out of the clouds by night, Chilling and killing?" and so the leaves, scarcely begun to be gathered, were scattered again. But they were the fresh leaves of a noble and impassioned people's spring time, and let us for a moment enjoy their fragrance. Did you ever read Washington All ston's "Sylphs of the Seasons" and "The Paint King?" They are wild and beautiful. You would divine they were written by an artist, even if you did not know that Allston was one of the greatest of American painters. He is to us what Dante Gabriel Bossetti is to England?he is the painter-poet. Inde<;d, the soil of Carolina grew many sweet and fragrant leaves. There were the lyrics of the two Timrods, the bookbinder and his son. When Washington Irving read William Timrod's ode "To Time," he exclaimed. "Tom Moore las written no finer lyric." ' 'Autumnal D ay in Carolina" and "Sons of the Unior ," written during the nullification conta oversy, and Henry Timrod's "Vision of Poesy" and "Bhapsody of a Southern Winter Night" and "Summer Bower" nil have about them the scent of the foliage <-> ^/\roc4. TT/vn-rrr- Timrn^ io much admired in the North, and Wh.ttier and Stoddard have gone so far as to say that he is the greatest poet the Sou has yet produced. .But the only true portraits of Southern life before the war are to be found in the novels of Kennedy and Simms. They delineate with the accuracy of t.n actual observer the character and customs of a period that has been the sour.je of much controversy. I think if the revilers of the ante-bellum South wou:d read honest old Kennedy's "Swallow Barn," they would desist from their senseless.vituperations. Said the North American Review: "The story of Abe and the negro mother, for pathos ard power, is not surpassed by anything tb.it iias vet aooeared in the literature of our country." But 1 have time only to mention some of our other writers. There was Ricliaid Henry Wilde, whose researches on Torquato Tasso produced such a sensation in Europe; and then the brothers Cooke; and John James Audubon, tie traveler and naturalist; and Charles Gayarri, the historian; and Judge Lont;street, whose "Georgia Scenes" was the pioneer in this dialect literature which :s so much "the stylo just now, you know." And now comes Poe, the greatest cf them all. But the critics have tried to steal him away from us and give him to the North. Even Maurice Thompsoi hints that Poe was only half a Southerner. Cable and Craddock have "ider.- , tilled themselves with the North," but who would call them Northern writers? Yes, Poe was a Southerner, and a Southerner to the core. His father was a Southerner, he was born in the South, ho was raised in a typical Southern famly, and his sentiments and temperament weie JXitcii&cij' uuuiuuu. Bat Mr. Thompson says that "not one oi i'oe's poems was distinctly Southern in its conception and coloring." Now Mr. Thompson is a great authority, but I beg leave to differ with him. I would ask if a Northern writer has ever produced anything "grotesque and arabesque?" That awful and powerful wierdness of Poe's writings was the es; ponent of the misfortune and misery of an intensely passionate Southern nature, j "The Raven" is a nightmare of a hot summer's night. Have not all Southern and oriental writers this characteristic gorgeousness? Is not Dante's "Inferno'' characterized by this same horrible grandeur? Indeed your Puritan poets, while they could point the world to it fable, and prattle of slaveiy, were utterly incapable of moving the human soul to j its very depths and riveting 5tin intent emotion, as Poe was wont to do. Even Stedman says that Hawlhorne was no better romancer than Poe. "The Fall of the House of Usher" is a grand masterpiece, and will go to posterity on equal footing with "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "The Great Stone Face." As a poet Poe is unsurpassed by any of his countrymen. "Annabel Lee" is one of the purest gems of the English lnrnnona W-ifV> flio "F.-irrmoan? OTirl j TI1WU i~Mv% especially "with the French, "The Raven." is the best known of American poems. And "Ulalume," and "The Haunted Palace" and "Israfel"?who has written anything finer than these? They are not only poetry, 'but they are fine paintings and grand music. "It was hard by the dim lake of Auber, In the misty mid region of Weir? It wa&down by the dank tarn of Auber, In the goulhaunted woodland of Weir" What imagery! What music to the ear! Poe's feet were winged;, and they could wander in that "land east of the sun and west of the moon," in that border land of all the arts. It is true he did not write as much as Longfellow. He did not have time. Longfellow died at seventy-five. Poe at thirty-nine. The lark had just begun his morning flight when the hunter brought him down. But the clear, passionate notes of this songster will float down many ages to come. But why go farther? Did not the old South have a literature? Did not her generous soil grow literary genius as well as every other kind of genius? For ten years the critics?Northern, and I blush to say Southern, too?have racked their brains in the endeavor to formulate an hypothesis to explain what they are pleased to call the "dearth of Southern literature before the war." In their efforts to find a cause for a result which does not exist except in their own minds they have vilified our fathers and proclaimed them an uncultured and unlet tered people. But I deny the charge in toto. Could a man be idle who directed the management of the broad thousands of acres of a Southern plantation? Could a man be idle and govern, protect and provide for five hundred or a thousand slaves? Could a man without industry and executive ability bring agriculture to such a state of perfection and make mother earth yield so bountifully as before the war? I know the Southern planter did not do manual labor. No wealthy man does that to-day. And was the ante-bellum Southerner uncultured? I declare that the culture and refinement in the South before the war were such as the world has seldom seen. They were a noble, a chivalric, a patriotic people. They were not only gentle in manners, but they were gentle at heart. And was the old South uncultured? Where five boys went to college before the war, only two go now. Her educational institutions were the finest in the land. There were the universities of Virginia, Mississippi and North Carolina. "William M. Evarts sent his son to the university of Virginia, "because," said he, "it is the best in the land." But 'ii^crirics say the Southern boy did not " study. Perhaps not, but the Northern boy at Harvard squeezed through at "fifty," while the Southern boy had to toe the mark at "seventy-five" at the University of Virginia. And, I dare say, there was less dissipation at then Uiversity of Virginia before the war than there is at Harvard to-day. Yes, I am proud of the old South. I am proud of her.^eople: I am proud of her deeds; I am proua of her blood. But I am glad the war turned out as it did; I am glad that Democracy triumphed, and that all men are now equal before the law; and I rejoice heartily at the material progress the South is now making. But listen to my prophecy: The condition of things in the South to-day does not sit well on the Southern temperament. There is too much of the dollar-making. The Sbutherner is conservative. But he is proud and strong, and things must yield to his will. The fabric of ante-bellum society is the one that suits him the best, and it is the one which he -will weave for himself again. Within the nest nest score of years the broken threads will be taken up again and woven into a fabric whose testure will be finer and stronger than ever before. It will be a free, a democratic aristocracy. And then?the South will be the grandest land on God's earth. John Humphreys Waters. Yanderbilt University. A Dwarf People in Europe. Professor Marapta has made a remarkable anthropological discovery in the valley of Eibas, in the Eastern Pyrenees. *r? iL.i T j ? in h.ihl (.1 latirmti ue xuuxxu uuuiciuua groups of persons who are named by the other inhabitants "Nanos" (the dwarfs), and who never attained to a greater tallness than four feet. They are well built in body, have exceedingly small hands and feet, and are broad in the hips and shoulders. All have red hair. " Their cheek-bones are prominent; their chins are square and large. The eyes have the slant tendency of the Chinese. The men are beardless, or they have at the most only a few soft hairs on the chin. The face is full, and skin pale and loose. It looks as if it had no muscles beneath it. The men and women are so like each other that their dress betrays their sex. Many of them have swollen necks, goitre-like, but this is possibly to be attributed to the water. The Nanos are constantly objects of the taunt and ridicule of the other inhabitants of the valley. They live as a separate people, marrying only amongst themselves, so that the race is preserved unique. Their intelligence is very low. They have no schooling, no means of bettering their existence, no one cumbers himself about them, and they lead a miserable exist ence. "Many of those whom I questioned," says'Professor Marapta, "could not even tell me where they lived. They had no conception of arithmetic. They were amiable in. their manners, and seemed quite willing to learn something." Railroading in Mexico. "But the railroads in Mexico are remarkable. I like the way Mexicans take life. I don't believe we" know how to live here or in Europe. We go so fast and we work all the time. Now it took me a whole day to go about fifty miles." z>j rauroaaingr" "Yes, by railroads. We went very slow and took it easy, bnt we might have arrived at our destination a little earlier if the conductor hadn't had a lot of gamecocks along and an engagement for a cock-fight at every station. Itt was interesting, don't you know, but I don't i think I'll go to Mexico again for some time." At the recent examination in Newberry, a small boy was asked what countries are on the Western continent. He answared promptly, "Newberry and South Carolina." That boy will make a man yet. Sin has many tools, but a he is the handle which fits them all. THE mUi-A-MINUTE MYTH. Fast Time by Railway Trains in America and England. (New York Mail and Express.) "It is intei sting to study railroad statistics," said a railroad director to a Mail and Express reporter. He continued in tlie same strain, "There are 290,000 miles of railroad in the United States. In 1855 tho railways of the United States carried 312,786,641 passengers and 400,453,-139 tons of freight. Each person was transported an average distance of 23 miles; lience the entire movement on all the roads was equal to carrying 8,541,309,674 persons one mile. T T X_1_ _ XT- - 1-^3 Atassacnusects tates ixit: ienu. ah passenger tran-portion, -with 53,800,887; Pennsylvania next, then New York, Illinois, New Jersey and Ohio. In freight tonnage Pennsylvania takes the lead with 105,507,916 tons, and New York second. There are about 25 miles ox double track, sidings, etc., 19 locomotives, 621 freight cars, 5 baggage and mail and 13 passenger cars for every 100,000 miles of railroad in the United States. - ."Speed is hard to average. The 60 and 75 miles an hour train is generally a myth. An average of 48 3-10 miles per hour is the fastest time in the United States. This is made on tie Pennsylvania 'limited' in its run from Jersey City to Philadelphia, 90 miles, in less than two hours. The 'Flying Dutchman' train is supposed to make the fastest time in the world, between London and Bristol, 118^ miles, in less than two hours. The average, though, even of this fast train is only 59* miles per hour. There are several other trains noted for remarkably fast time on short distances. Sometimes a straight and even grade for a distance of 20 miles will permit a train to run at the rate of more than a mile a minute. One train on the Canadian Pacific road, from Cotaneau to Ottawa, averages 50 miles an hour for a distance of 78 miles. On the Central road the late Mr. Yanderbilt traveled at the rate of 90 miles an hour. An aveiage of 36? miles an hour is considered fast traveling. Many c,f the limited, lightning expresses do not go at a faster rate. The value of railroads in the United States exceeds eight billion? of dollars." The Churches in the- United States. It is sometimes asserted that Christianity is losing its hold upon the masses in the United States. Statistics show that this is quite a mistake. Indeed, the opposite of the assertion is amply shown by the figures. The religious division of the census of 1880 has not yet been published, so that the public is deprived of the figures made up from authoritative statements of representatives of the different branches of the Christian Church. But enough data are obtainable from other trustworthy sources to enable us to make a fair estimate. The result of such estimate is to show that the increase in churches, ministers and communicants more than keeps pace with the increase in population. A computation of the statistics of the churches of the United Spates made four years ago shows that at that time there were 115,610 churches, 81,717 ministers and 17,267,178 communicants, including 6,S32,9oA Roman Catholics. These figures did rot include luoxmons or Jews. The year books of 1886 show that the same religious bodies now number 132,435 churches, 91,911 ministers and 19,018,977 communicants, allowing the Catholic population to number 7,000,000, which would be a gain of but 167,000 in four years. The net gain of four years is thus shown to bo 15,235 churches, AKof /vf "JOJ. rnai* {]n.xr 1 fi~!& 7QQ Ui "" iv: ?J J ->? communicants, or at the rate of 1,117 every day, and 10,191 ministers, or more than 2,500 a year. Unless these figures can be shown to be untrustworthy, the claim that the masses are falling*away from the churches is contradicted. It is interesting to note the relative strength of the various religious bodies which figure in these statistics. The Koman Catholics stand first, with a membership of 7,000,000. The fourteen different Methodist organizations come next, with a total membership of 1,532,658; the Baptists third, with 3,727,020; Presbyterians fourth, with 1,082,136; Lutherans fifth, with 930,836; Congregationalists sixth, with. 136,379, and Episcopalians seventh, with 130,531. The entire Protestant Church membership is placed at 12,018,977. Of the gains of the last four years the Method ists are to be credited with more than one-half the ministers and with one-third of the churches and membership. The growth of this body is enormous, it having arisen within one hundred years i'rom a membership of 13,000 to 4,532,65S at the close of last year. The churches of the United States, if classified according to form of church government, would naturally fall under three heads, Episcopal, Congregational and Presbyterian. In the first, which is the largest class, should be placed Catholics. Episcopalians, ILthodists and Moravians. their combined memberships aggregating 11,787,770. Tlic Congregational polity includes Baptists, Congregationalists, Advents, Friends and some miner division's of the Methodists, v;ith an aggregate membership of 1, 520,112. Under the Presbyterian lonn come the various Prcsb;- n bodies, as well as the Lutheran^ raa Mennonites, with a membership of 2,710,632. There is even* reason to expect that the growth in church membership will increase rather than diminish. Tlxe different church bodies are improving their methods both in extent and in effectiveness. Sunday-schools have of late years become more numerous, and have become, too, better means of pro rvs t"? rr -fru* re rr\ ttrf1 ? A"f "fcliA UJav v TT I/** v* W**v V ? %">? Nearly one thousand preachers of Christianity are at work, and of late years the standards of fitness for the ministry have been very much raised. The Church, clergy as well as laity, is better educated, and for that reason is all the better fitted to teach that morality without which Christianity cannot expect to cope with its enemies or to place i4.s followers in such light before the world as that they may by their lives teach its all-important lessons. The Reporter* Demand liedresa. A number of newspaper reporters accompanied 31 r. O'Brien to Canada to report his meetings throughout the dominion. They now complain that they have it Ivifllv ttwifr-fl O'T^rifin Vrmc/iT That they have been stoned, assaulted with clubs and their persons roughly used. To make the ollense more characteristic they urge that they are townsmen of the President, that they live in Buffnio, and that in thus insulting them the Canadians have indircctly insulted the President of the United States. They demand redress and satisfaction, and deem ihe cause of suiiicient importance to make to make it a national affair and have the stain washed out in blood. As yet the President has not been heard from on the subject. The tent meetings that began at Newberry with the Holiness Association the 17th of May closed on Suuday night. The meetings for the week were conducted chiefly by Mr. Thomas Leitch and Ilev. R. C. Oliver. Fifty-one persons joined the church I during the meetings. The tent has been i and stored, awaiting transportation to some I other point KICH RELATIONS. Poor friends are a calamity, perhaps, but a calamity not "without its atoning side. Their dependence gives one a sense not altogether unpleasant as being of importance in the worid; of a position on a pinnacle, whence one looks rtovra, all insensibly, but positively upon inferior cre-tares below. Now, with rich relations the positions are reversed, and then?ah, one finds it not only more blessed, but far more agreeable to give than to receive. There is?Heaven's blessing be upon them!?many a gracious Lady Bountiful and generous Sir Galahad in this world of ours. But it is no easy thing to bestow a gift with so line an air that the giver may seem the favored one, or the act of kindness so slight as not to merit recognition. And few, indeed, there are who do it To most rich and generous folk the outcome of their giving seems a j;ense that they buy, body and soul, the friend their bounty benefis, and then they look for gratitude forsooth! As a. oAi^oiua?u ouuum iv say "thank you kindly/' when one lays down largess in exchange for goods. They give, yes, abundantly, as it has been given them. But, when they expect in return devotion, absolute and entire; willing service, thoughtful care, they should not ask, too, for thanks. They give of their own; the recipients of theirs, and neither side may justly think of gratitude. Another most unpleasant phase in the relations of rich to poor, is that they too often bestow without thought or care as to whether the gift be appropriate or no. Sometimes a wealthy couple will choose one to be their favorite, out of a largo and impecunious family; not to take her absolutely to themselves, but ir> turn her head with luxurious living odd inappropriate dress, and, after long visits which unfit her for the simple home life, send her back to an essen tially false position. She has a vague feeling of shame when she walks in the elegance unfitting her age beside her plainly dressed sisters, and feels a hot iiush mount to her cheeks as she sees curious eyes note the difference in their attire. It is a help to the parents, perhaps, the gifts which, therefore, she may not refuee, but I wonder Joes such a girl feel lady-like in them? And perhaps it would be as well if rich relations gave poorer kinsmen credit for their own delicacy of taste and feeliffg. There are women who pack regularly great boxes of half-worn clothing for some country cousin, laying, in the act, with a complacent smile of self-approval: "This lilac silk will make Mary Jane a handsome Sunday dress, and Ethel's old pink satin can be made over charmingly for little Sally." But suppose Mary Jane is an overworked housekeeper, with heart and lianas more than lull, and purse proportionately empty? If this were not so, would she need help? If this is the case does she need that sort of help? Why should not the rich, idle women make all needed alterations in the garments, saving the poor busy one a dressmaker's bill, or many over-hoars of work? And when the dresses are ready for wearing, there are ten chances to one that Mary Jane is sallow and worn, where her cousin is all pink and pearl, and the lilac silk is an eyesore to her and hers, the time it lasts; while Sally goes among her plainly-clad playmates, looking to her mother (and perhaps to herself, for children sometimes have a little sense), like an absurd jackdaw in her borrowed plumes. Withal, the re-made garments are not new ones for sight or wearing. It is a cheap philanthrophy, this "old cio's" giving, as to the beggar at the door, and entails new dresses to the bestowers, in the stead of those which have outlived 1'cnfnlniicc Tiftr /\t* nroforori r*o Knf ie UVUWlJj Vi. vlv^ V/MiVv j UUI. AO it true benevolence? Rich relations are far from being an unmixed blessing. I remember now, with some amusement, a conversation between two women thus encumbered. "My brother," said the first, "lives on forty thousand dollars a year, and because he has helped my husband to establish himself in business, thinks he must direct all our affairs henceforth; and thinks, too, that we, with twice his family, live recklessly, because we spent between two and three thousand dollars this last year." "I know what that is," said the second, "and how having rich relations in the same town with you keeps you always in a state of pinpricks. Everything you have looks mean and shabby, in comparison with their establishment. Your children tease for toys and trinkets like their cousins1, and even your husband wonders sometimes why you cannot dress to look like your sister?she in a French costume, and you in one tUnf TT/M1 V? n r-rt fVia WrtA cmc ' luUU J \J U. Li?V/ ?f W OUJV* hours to make; just as your friends wonder why the difference is so wide between the two families." "And," added the first, "the rich relations imagine their patronage to be kindness, and that they are showing a becoming interest, when they are simply intrusive and impertinent. O, the air with which their costly robes trail across your ingrain carpet, aud the lofty manner in which they touch your handicraft and say: 'I don't see why you should waste time and eyesight over this work. You can buy the very thing at Lord & Taylor's for twenty dollars.' " "Or," chimed in the second, "41 don't want to find fault with you, Louisa, but 1 must say you seem extravagant. Those shoes I gave Mary were for best and here she is wearing them to school. Do you know what they cost?' You feel insulted, and you want to say so, but she is your sister, and?yes! and her husband is your husband's wealthy friend; what can vou do?" "That has often been my cry," said the other. "You feel, sometimes, that you had rather beg bread from door to door than receive such favors. But, if you are independent you are ungrate lui, ixiiu?Yvuiit uau juu uu; x the rich relations could have heard them.?Ruth Sail, in Good Housekeeping. Judicious Little Willie. Little Willie, who lives in a suburban district bordered by a region where very many poor people live, was silting at the side door of his father's house one day, eating a big sugared piece of bread and butter which his* mother had given him. when a poor and very hungry-looking boy passed along outside the fence and -ooked wistfully at Willie's bread and butter. "Don't you think, Willie, that it j would be nice to give that poor boy half your piece of bread and butter?" ! "Half of it, mamma?" ! "Yes, my boy; he looks very huni &7" "I'd like to give him some, but don't you think?he's so poor, you know? that if I gave him as much as half of it it'd make him kind of greedy?"?The Boston Record. KENTUCKY PIONEER LIFE. INCIDENTS OF EARLY DAYS IN THE "DARK AND BLOODY GROUND." Some Acco'.mt of the Exciting Experiences of Daniel Boone and His Followers. (From Harper's Magazine for June.) Tlie dangers which Boone and his companions enconnteied in the fields came to the very doors of their cabins, and constantly menaced their families. Indians lurked singly or in parties to seize a prisoner or take a scalp whenever an ineantions white should crive the otv portunity. Frequent combats (and each combat ended, as a rule, in the death of one or both of these engaged) had habituated the men to danger. It was later that they felt the danger of their wives and children. Late on a Sunday afternoon in July, 1776, three yotmg girls ventured from the enclosure of Boonesborouge to amuse themselves with a canoe upon the river that flowed by the fort Insensibly they drifted -with the lazy current, and before they were aware of their danger were seized by five warriors. Their resistance was useless, though they wielded the paddles with desperation. Their canoe was drawn ashore, and they were hurried off in rapid retreat toward the Shawnee town in Ohio. Their screams were heard at the fort, and the cause well guessed. Tw;v of the girls were Betsey and Frances, daughters of CoL Bichard Callaway, the other was Jemima, daughter ci rsoone. me iatners were absent, but scon returned to bear the evil news and arrange the pursuit. Callaway assembled a mounted party, and was away through the woods to head off the Indians, if possible, before they might reach and cross the Ohio, or before the fatigue of their rapid march should so overcome the poor girJs as to cause their captors to tomahawk them, and so disencumber their flight Boone started directly on the trial through the thickets and canebrakes. His rule was never to ride if he could possibly walk. All his journeys and hunts, escapes and pursuits, were on foot. His little party ntimbered eight, and the anxiety of a father's heart quickened its leader, and found a ready response in the breasts of three young men, the lovers of the girls. Betsey Callaway, the oldest of the girls, marked the trail, as the, Indians hurried them along, by breaking twigs and bending bushes, and when threaded with the tomahawk if she persisted, tore small bits from her dress and dropped them to guide the pursuers. Where the ground was soft enough to receive an impression, they would impress a footprint The flight was in the best Indian method; the Indiars marched some yards apart through the bushes and cane, compelling their captives to do the same. When a creek was crossed they waded in its water to a distant point, where the march would be resnm<v? "Rv all thft fianticm and skill of obscure the trail and perplex the pursuers. The nightfall of the first day stopped the pursuit of Boone before he had gone far; but he had fixed the direction the Indians were taking, and at early dawn ^as following them. The chase was continued with all the speed that could be made for thirty miles. Again darkness compelled a halt, and 2gain at crack of day on Tuesday the pursuit was renewed. It was not long before a light of smoke that rose in the distaace showed where the Indians were cooking a breaskfast of buffalo meat The pursuers cautiously approached, fearing lest the Indians might slay their captives and escape. Col. John Floyd, who was one of the party (himself afterward killed by Indians), thus described the attack ana the rescue in a letter written the next Sunday to the lieutenant of Fincastle, CoL William Preston: "Our study had been how to get the prisoners without giving the Indians time to murder them after they discov ered us. Four of us fired, and all of us rushed on them; by which they were prevented from carrying anything away except one shot gun without ammunition. Colonel Boone and myself had each a pretty fair shot and they began to move oil, 1 am well convinced I shot one through the body. The one he shot dropped his gun; mine had none. The place was covered with thick cane, and being so much elated on recovering the three poor little heart-broken girls, we were prevented from making any further search. We sent the Indians off almost naked, some without their moccasins, and none of them with so much as a knife or tomahawk. After the girls came to themselves to speak, they told - r us there were five Indians, four Shawanese and one Cherokee; they could speak good English, and said they should <rn to the Shawanese towns. The war club we got was like those I have seen 6f that nation, anu several words of their languages, which the girls retained, were known to be Shawanese." The return of the rescued girls was the occasion for great rejoicing. To crown their satisfaction, the young lovers had proved their prowess, and under the eye of the greatest of all woodsmen had shown their skill and courage. They had fairly won the girls they loved. Two weeks later a general summons went throughout the little settlements to attend the first wedding, ever solemnized on Kentucky soil. Samuel Henderson and Betsy Callaway were married in the presence of an approved company that celebrated the event with dancing and feasting. The foiuiiil license from the county court was not waited for, as the court house of Fincastle, of which county Kentucky was part, was distant more than six hundred miles. The ceremony consisted of the contract with witnesses, and religious vows administered by Boone's brother, who was an occasional preachcr of thp persuasion popularly Known as Hardshell Baptists. Frances Callaway became within a year the wife of the gallant John Holder, _ afterward greatly distinguished in the pioneer annals, and Boone's daughter married the son of his friend Callaway. Jane Weather. Prof. -J. C. Baker has made the following schedule for the weather during the month of June. This applies to the Southern States, and those interested in good or bad weather will do well to paste it in their hat; 1st and 2nd, fair and cool; 3rd, light fog; 4th, mild, partly cloudy; oth and 6th, fair and mild; 7th, fair and warm; Sth, warm with light rain; Oth and 10th, fair, mild; 11th, partly cloudy, mild; I2th and 13th, mflrl onri 1 <inr^ llOi; J. V/iW V4A.J . O.VUtX) ?AUVfc lGtii. fair, warm; 17th, IStii, fair, "warm, and dry; 19th, rain, thunder, wind and hail; 20th, cloudy, foggy, then clear; 21st, cloudy .-ir.cl windy: 22nd partly cloudy, windy; 23rd, rain; 24th, partly cloudy; foggy, 25th local rains and thunder; 26th, light rain, thunder; 27th, nearly fair, warm; 28th, bartly cloudy, coolei; 20th, foggy aad cloudy; 30th good rair.