Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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" ? > - / I U m*i?b <9wmm<nw . * '< ' -' ' r** ,v-. ' * " ? _. * '. % y Y-? Hipffa 1 '~*T ?-? *- ? ^7*^agnr]6*"' '*y? *"m^?????????% i?ii > VOLUME VII. CUE RAW, SOUTII-CAROLINA, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER J, 1842. NU3IBER 5L'*n .+4 *' *- - Li -t.'.vTTr^linr- y II !! ?'WIHW J? i 3B?WPWHPf lJIJl^,^W?M?MWM?W?^^?am?aMMgaaCWW^PKrpMi>4aMMaMMMB?WWWWEaa?WWgg<gMrWWWii" ! I i II llifUJii^'iyw^M ** Ii IM ' T T^maga??Wp???????m ? ______ I - 1 " . 1 ' ' ' !... **' - ?- ?J Mr . to By X. MACLEAN. Tsrms:?Published weekly at three dollars a year; with an addition, when not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per annum. Two new subscribers inay take the paper at five dollars in advance; and ten at twenty. Four subscribers, not receiving their papers in town, may pay a year's subscription with the dollars, in advance. A year's subscription always due in advance. Papers not discontinued to solvent subscribers in arrears. Advertisements not exceeding If?lines inserted f>r one dollar the first time, and fifty cents each s ibsoquont tune. For insertions at intervals of i two weeks 75 cents after the first, and a dollar if the intervals are longer. Payment duo in advance for advertisements. When the number ; of insertions is not marked on the copy, the ; advertisement will bo inserted, and charged till j oraerea oui. CThe postage must be paid on letters to the j editor on the business of the office. For the Cheraw Gazette. OCTOBER MEETING OF THE PEE DEE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. On the 14th the Society held its regular meeting.?The President, Col. John N. Williams, took the chair, and called the Society to order. The Secretary read the proceedings of the last meetF ing, and the Treasurer, Dr. Thomas E. IV,vo, made his report. This being the proper time for the introduction of new members, the Hon. John Campbell proposed Mr. Benjamin Rogers of Marlborough, who was elected ; after which the President proceeded to appoint the committees to award the premiums offered for this meeting. The following are the reports of the various committees: To Mr. Thomas G. Gillespie, of Marlborough, for the best yearling Colt, a silver cup of the value $5. To Mr. John Springs, of York, for the best Bull over two years old, a sJver cup of the value 810. To Col. John J. Marshall, of Chesterfield, for *l- ~ "VtUMi l ", t h silver cuo of the value slij. illO UVOV iUllvu w??, ? 1 _ IT To Mr. Jauics Wright of Cheraw, tor the host Boar over one year old, a silver cup of the value $5- ( To Dr. M. M'Lean of Cheraw, for the best Souover one year old, a silver cup of the value .$5. To Col. John J. Marshall ol' Chesterfield, for the greatest production of Forage on an half acre, a silver cup of the value ?5. Col. Marshall submitted to the Society a detailcd account of the manner of clilturc and quantity produced.?See at the end of the paocccdings. The President then laid before the Society a circular from the South Carolina Agricultural Society, requesting this Society to co-ojK-ratc i:> petitioning the Legislature for an Agricultural Survey of the State. After it was read, the following was offered by Gen. Gillespie : "Resolved, That the President prepare and submit to the Legislature a petition for an Agricultural Surrey oj the State, and the same be s;gncd by the Olivers of the Society." Gen. M'Queen offered the following resolution : " That hereafter at every meeting of the So ieiy it shall be the duty of the President to propose same subject on agriculture to be discussed at the next ensuing regular meeting, which shall be pub. | lished at least one mo.ith anterior to the meeting i 111 Ule 1 anutio ^ By Gen. Gillespie : 44 Resolved, Tint three ' members be appointed at each regular meeting (to be taken in alphabetical order), each to prepare detailed accounts of his mode of culture, management of negroes, stock, and every thing else connected with his planting intern-1.' The President announced A. Blue, J. W. Blakeney, and John Campbell us coming first in order j under this resolution. By Col. 1). S. Harllcc: 44 Rcsolccd, That a committee of three be appointed to make arrangements for a dinner for the Society at its next regular meeting, 22d February, IS 13.' ?Tnc following compose the committee : David S. Ilarllee, Jauies j \Vright, John M'Quecn. By Gen. M'Quecn : 44 Rcsolrcd, That live delegates be appointed to the State Agricultural Society, which meets the first week of the session j of the Legislature."?The President then named the following: Win. T. Eltcrbc, R. F. \Y. Allstone, James Wright, John M'Quecn, and J. W. Blakcncy ; when on motion of Col. Marshall the meeting adjourned. WM. T. ELLERBE, ' Secretary. Experiment of John J. Marshall with broadcast Corn.?1842. The land selected was about ?ths of an acre o:i the River bank just above the mouth of Whortleberry Creek. It had been planted in corn lor scve- I ral years and badly cultivated, so that it was very foul, and was manured. It was broken up for the first time on the 17th May with a two horse plough. There being a heavy coat of grass and weeds in it, the latter as high as a tall horse, it was cross ploughed with a single horse turning plough on the 30th May. The corn was sowed on the 18th of June, at the rate of very near four bushels of our common seed corn to the acre, and covered with a small turning plough very shallow. Each ploughing and the planting was after a rain. The corn came up in a few days and grew off rapidly. f When about a month old, (21st July,) being from 5 to 6 feet high on the richest part of the land, it began to budge ju>t as very rank outs sometimes do, and in a few weeks nearly all ihc i a .i fiillrn and DCSl Ol lilt jiaivu nuo n.j It continued green and growing, however, except that immediately on the ground, which rotted. The fodder having begun to ripen, the com was cut on the 19th September, with grass blades and weeding hoes, Two sp>'s were selected which I deemed to be a fair average of the whole patch, each 9 feet square, in ouc the stalks|w. ighed ?> jib. and in the other 1001b., being an average of lb. to 9 square yards, and at the rate of 1 J.3ti7Il>. to the acre. 1 selected a spot 3 feet cqu ire on which the corn had not fallen down, t!i<>' i* 'lid nr,t stand #5 thick as tlw lane r.ouM hi'v ? <-..U4? jr. j in which the stalks weighed 271b., being at the rate of 130.i)8ulb. to the acre, estimating an acre to contain *1819 square yards. The day on which the corn was cut proving cloudy, it was left on the ground till the middle of the next day, when it was put tip like a top stack, the layer of stalks about 18 inches thick, and both j ends left open. It has cured very nicely. There are no cars of corn except a few small J j and immature. JOHN J. MARSHALL. j October MfA, 1812. The America)) Agriculturist, conducted by A. R. Allen and R. L. Allen, contains a series of articles by one of its able editors, giving a detail of what he saw and heard connected with the interests of Agriculture, during a visit to England. " " " ?" ~ 'irl i i lie lonowmir i& v. ? I A Tour in Liivland. Ao, 7. Wood being scarce and high in England, the farm buildings arc almost universally oi' stone or brick walls, with thatched, tiled, or slated roofs. Those of an ancient date are of large dimensions, and very singular in construction; the walls not being over 1 to d feet high, and the roof running up 3J to 5d feet or more, at quite a steep slope.? From these, high walls and thatched sheds run olf at right angles, inclosing the barn-yard 011 three sides, leaving it open only at the soutli; so that however rude and inconvenient the buildings may be, the yard is always protected from the cold wind, and thereby made a comfortable shelter for cattle ; a matter, we regret to say, that is not sufficiently attended to by the American farmers in planning their buildings, and which deserves severe animadversion. The modern construction of barns , and stables in England is very complete. These are of handsome architecture, with stong walls, slated roofs, and abounding with every convenience. They are placed in the form of a quadran- | gle, inclosing large yards, well paved with round cobble stone, and usually hollowed in the centre. When horned cattle are not kept to eat up the i straw, as fast as the grain is thrashed out, it is spread in the yard for the comfort of the slock there, and to rot, and be mixed up with the manurn fhfl lollowiirr sorin r, to be applied to hoed , crops. Wc saw lew cess-pools here, and suspect that in this respect generally, Enghnd, as yet, is j far behind Flanders i:i the saving and application f of liquid manures. , As the country docs not abound in springs, and | as the climate is very wet, the necessity of wells , to supply their place is obviated by making ponds, j These, too frequently, are situated close to the . barn-yards, and receive ai! their wash, which is . not only a great loss in swallowing up the liquid ; parts of the manure, but must prove, e ven in this j coo! climate, thus mi-tcd with the drink of the stock, very prejudicial at times to its health. Yet , we found many farmers so ignor.uit, cr so obstinate in favor of ilic custom, as to contend that this i wash even possessed s.iuulice qualities. We wish the system of paving barn-yards could be introdu- j ccd more generally among us than it now prevails, as it gives th.in a neat, comfortable appearance, which makes it a pleasure rather than a disgust then to tiie lover of domestic animals to visit litem. i E irly in the spring, the manure is piled up in- . to large heaj s, when it undergoes 4* tiring" and I , .erirn utulioii ; this certainly causes a great loss, , us the ammonia and other volatile gasses, which arc its most fertilizing properties, thereby cseajk.' into the air. The objC-t ol fermenting and liring it with the farmer, is to destroy all hay and weed seeds tliat are accumulated in it, and thus prevent the springing up and growth of noxious vegetables , among his crops. This undoubtedly makes a cleaner liel.!, and 0:1? that requires much less hoc- 1 ing, but then is not the- loss sustained in the firing < of the manure equivalent to the extra labor re- . quired in destroying the weeds ? We often put j ' this question wlitn in England, not only to the 1 practical farmer, but to scientific men, who hat! written much and ably 0:1 manures, yet never oh. tuincd a satisfactory answer, from tiic rca?on, we suppose, that those with whom we came in contact, heicl not made it a subject of experiment. Our inference is, that where labor is dear, firing would j be best; but where labor is cheap, the application ; of it in an unfenn ntcd state is 1 he most economical. ' When land is so cheap as it is ir. many parts of America, some contend that it is best to apply the unfcnucntcd manure 0:1 a naked fallow, and then as fast as the weeds get up, pV.w them in, and for | the next year's crop they thus have a clean field ! and a greatly enriched soil. This, however, is ' doubtful, and we should be glad to see it settled ' by careful cxpciiinent on the difl'rcnt soils in va! rious localities. By placing a layer of manure, ! then scattering a email quantity of gypsum upon ! it, with an intermixture of earth, then another lay. 1 cr of manure, and so 011 till the pile is completed, ' giving it a good coating of earth for the last operation, might"possess all the advantages of tiring, and still retain the volatile gnsscs that would othcrwise escape and be lost. Where t!ic soil is heavy, not only is the bam! yurJ pavcJ, but the lanes leading to it arc gravel ltd, or Macadamised, winch as another great com' I'ort that our wealthy landlords little heed, more especially at the west. .Much more attention is paid to plots of turf and flowers and shrubbery around their houses than ! with us, and in addition to these, every good farm. ! rr has his own extensive kitchen and fruit garden, 1 where all things proper for them, that will grow in the open air, are produced in great perfection, j The best gardens arc enclosed by a high stone or brick fence, which breaks oil' the cold winds, and enables them to better hasten or retard the growth of iruts and v< g< tables. On a south exposure of the wall, a sloping bed o" ton feet wide, 1 or so, i.> laid up of sandy soil: this is for the early j productions, (hi the north side a similar slope is i made with a el iy soil for the Liter ones. Jn this ! way fruits and veg' t tb!>ma v be prolonged two j to four months. (Jurrmts, for instance, are easily 'kept from Jul: to November, and strawberries from Jn.sc to September; peas, beans, and other i ?. ?.bh v m liip s. > 11: r 1 H'.iv. \\ jtll our Mlljllllll ?v - ' f.,\*i'i :! ' tlc! :nf'\ ? : 'jrcut difference perhaps could not be made; still we have seen fruits and vegetables in America frequently accelerated a fortnight in ripening, and kept a tvholo month longer than usual in great perfection by the introduction of walls around the garden. Although it may not counterbalance the many ills engendered in conscience of it, there is, it must be confessed, one great advantage arising to England, from the possession of large estates by a wealthy and enlightened few ; for they not only have the abilitv, but generally the will and inclin ation, to immediately adopt the improvements of a Tul! and a Bakewcll, and avail themselves of the discoveries and scientific applications of a Davy, j in the cultivation of those estates and stocking them. This also elevates the condition of the tenant farmer, who comes immediately in contact with the landlord ; for he must be taught at once more or less of the reasons of the improvements. But it is not necessary that we should have a privileged class to bring aliout the same desirable ends; what we want, is, that the different state j governments should apply funds for the promotion of agricultural science, and making experiments, and in the event of failing to bring this about, state and county societies may do much ; and the for- j mation of farmers' clubs, as has partially been done in every little neighborhood and community, may effect still more. These last should have each its little library of standard books on agriculture, together with the best periodicals of the dav for general reading and distribution. They should also during the winter season meet at least one evening a week, alternately, to talk over and discuss agricultural afiairs, and promote each other's wclfaro and impovement. Each, also, during the summer season, should be bound to make some little agricultural experiment to communicate to the society. ZMind thus would stir up mind, impart and obtain knowledge, and prove of incalculable benefit to itself and our whole common country. The greatest recent improvement that has been introduced into England, is the sub-soil and subturf plows ; the first being equally effectual, and answering the same end, as double or trench spading, heretofore partially made use of in gardens and some few field crops; but owing to its great expe ise, the sub-soil plow was invented to obviate it, and most admirably lias it succeeded, doing the work at one-fourth to one-sixth the cost of spading. Tlje principal benefit derived from sub- j soil pi Aving is, that it loosens the ground to thrice the depth of mere surface plowing, and thereby opens the soil to the adm ssion of so much greater heat, and the fertilizing effects of the atmosphere, and especially in dry weather, to the continued ilsorption of aqueous vapors. Besides the roots of til plants can penetrate much further when this is done, in search of food, which enables them to resist drought, and when the soil is tolerably porous or well drained, the effect also of heavy rains. Mr. Smith, of Dunston, Scotland, was the first to bring this plow into general notice, and somewhat enthusiastically,though perhaps truly enough, thus describes the beneficial results. " When land h is been thoroughly drained, deeply wrought, an.l well manured, the most unpromising, sterile soil becomes a deep rich loam ; rivalling in fertility the best natural land in the country ; and from being fitted for raising only scanty crops of common oats, will bear good crops of from 3*2 to lb bushels of wheat, 39 to 10 bushels of beans, 1J to GO bushels of barley, and from lb to 70 bushels of early oats per statute acre; ! csides potatoes, turnips, mangle-wui tzle and car. rots, as green crops, which all good agriculturists know arc the host producers of the best manure. It is h :rul v possible to estimate all the advantages of a dry and deep soil. Every oj>crution in liusbnnl.y is thereby facilitated and cheapened ; lcs> seeJ and k-ss manure produce a full effect ; the chances of a good and early tilth for sowing are greatly increased ; a matter of great importance in onr precarious climate; and there can be no doubt that even the climate itself will be much improved by tlic general prevalence of land made dry/' Sir Edmund Stracy, in a communication to the Royal Agricultural Society, thus speaks also, of the bcnelioial effects of tiie sub-soil plow. ' On my coming tn reside on my estate at Rackheath about six years since, I found five hundred acres of heath land, composing two farms without ten mts; the gorsc, heather, and fern shooting up in all parts. In short, the land was in such a condition, that the crops returned not the seed sown. , The land w *s loose loamy soil, and had been brok- j en up by the plow to a depth not exceeding four inches, beneath which was a substratum (provin- j ciully called an iron pan,) so hard, that with dif- ! ticidty could a pickaxe be made to enter in many . places; and i:iy bailiff, who had looked after the ! land far thirty-five years, told me that the lands I were not worth cultivation, that all the neighbor- j ing farmers said the same thing, and that there was but one thing to bo done, viz., to plant with j lirand forest trees; but to this I paid little attention, as I had the year preceding allotted some | parcels of ground, taken out of the adjoining lands, to sonic cottagers; to each cottage, aliout one ilnrrt -in mm T(ir> rrrirts nn nil these allotments looked fine, healthy, and good, producing excellent wheat, carrots, peas, cabbages, potatoes, and other vegetables in abundance. The question then was, how was this done ? On the outside cottage allotmc nts all was barren. It could not be by the manure that had been laid on, for the eot- j tagcrs had none but that which they had scraped ' from the roads. The magic of all this I could ascribe to nothing else but the spade : they had broken up the land eighteen inches deep. As to digging up f>09 acres with the spade to the depth of eighteen inches, at an expcncc of 6/. an acre, I would not attempt it. 1 accordingly considered . that a plow might he constructed so as to loosen t he soil to the depth of eighteen inches, keeping the best soil to the depth of four inches,and near the sur1'aec, thus admitting air and moisture to the roofs of the plants, and enable them to extend their spongiolcs in search of food ; for air, moisture, and extent of pasture, arc as necessary to the thriving and increase of vegetables as of animals. In this attempt 1 sti?;rro]?tl, a* llm result will show. ] !' ?vc ncn N:o!'o:i 'ip ^11 fhccc 5?^ acre" eighteen inches deep. The process was hy sending a com, mon plow, drawn by two horses, to precede, which turned over the ground to the depth of four inches; my sub-soil plough immediately followed in the furrow made, drawn hy four horses, stirring and breaking the soil twelve or fourteen inches deeper, j but not turning it over. Sometimes the iron pan was so hard, that the horses were set fast, and it , became necessary to use the pickaxe to release 1 them before they could proceed. After the first year, the land produced double the former crops. ' Many of the carrots being sixteen inehes in length, , and of a proportionate thickness. This amend- I meat could have arisen solely from tljc deep plow? I ing. Manure I had scarcely any, the land not ' producing then clover sufficient to keep any stock worth mentioning, and it was not possible to procure sufficient quantity from the town. The plow tore up by the roots all the old gorse, heather, and fern, sq that the land lost all the distinctive characters of heath land during the first year after the deep plowing; which it had retained,'notwithstanding the plowing with the common plows, for thirty-five years. Immediately after this sub-soil plowing, the crop of wheat was strong and long in the straw, and the grain close-bottomed and heavy, weighing full sixty-four pounds to the bushel.? The quantity, as might be expected, not large, (about twenty-six bushels to the acre,) great in comparison of what it produced before. The millers were desirous of purchasing it, and could scarce-1 ly believe it was grown upon the heath land, as in former years my bailiff could with difficulty get a miller to look at his sample. Let this be borne in ' - ' -> ' J t.-J t.-.l frwr nnnci, mm uus ianu uicn jjuu jiau jju ??????.v .?? years, was run out, and could only have been ameliorated by the admission of air and moisture by the deep plowing. This year the wheat on this land has looked most promising; the cars large and heavy, the straw long, and I ex{>ect the pro. ducc will be from 3 i to 36 bushels an acre." Here arc most important improvements detailed with exactness, and it seems that these great bencfits Were accomplished with scarce the aid of manure, but simply by the use of the sub-soil plow, an instrument within the means of any of our own farmers, however limited they may be, for the cost j of it in America is hardly half of that in England, and there can always be a uniting of teams among neighbors, for the purpose of obtaining the requisite force to move the sub-soil plow, at a sufficient depth to ensure the desired amelioration of the soil. The increase of the crops will enable the farmers to add to their stock, and this would make them an en urease of manure, and they could thus go on and fertilize thfir soil to any reasonable depth and extent. IIow much better would the making of such improvements be for them, than to brc ik up, as they so o ten do, all old associations; sep irate themselves from the land of their fathers; forsake home, kindred, and friends, and the comforts and refinements of a denser population, to seek rich lands, in a wild, distant, unknown, and unhealthy region?hundreds, or perhaps a thousand miles off. Verily it must be said of us, that we are a restless, roving, noinadic people. But there is no part of America as yet where a crowd{Kjpulalion exists, and there is not that necessity for emigration, therefore, as in this old world ; be. sides, other tilings unknown to ns, bear on the people here, such as cxhorbitant taxes and tithes, and entailed privileges, which force many more independent families to remove than otherwise would, were the dense population of CJrcat Britain alone considered. We hope S r Edmund was sufficiently mindful to reward his poor cottagers for setting hint so good and profitable an example, in breaking up and fertilizing his noor heath land. As we understand from the elimination frequently of what we suppose similar land, his sub-soil was gravelly and sufficiently porous to take in all superabundant water; with Mr. Smith the case is the reverse; his soil is a stiff clay, and without thorough draining, the expense of sub-soil ploughing would luvc been entirely thrown away, as it would only make a deeper bed to hold the accumulating waters of the extraordinary wet climate of Great Britain. Sir Edmund Stracy makes use of another instrument somewhat similar, on his permanent grats land, called the sub-turf plow.?44 It is used," hesays, 44 to loosen the turf about ten and a half inches deep below the surface, without turning over the flag; loosening the soil underneath, consequently admitting the air and the rain, and permitting the roots of tire herbage to spread in in so ?rch of food. There are no marks left by which it can be known that the land has been so plowed, except from the straight fences of the coulter, at the distance of about fourteen inches one from another. In about three months from the time of plowing, these lines arc totally obliterated, and the quantity of aftermath, and the thickness of the bottom, have been the subject of admiration of all my neighbors. Another advantage from this sub-soil plowing is, that before that took place, water was lying stagnant in many parts after heavy rains, especially in the lower grounds to a great depth ; now no water is to be seen lying on any part, the whole being absorbed by the earth." In addition to the beneficial effects of the sub. soil plow for grass, grain, and long roots, we saw equally good effects produced from its introduction in the preparation of the soil for turnips, and ivc cannot but think that the sub-soil plowing in our own country would be a complete preventive to winter killing wheat, for when the land was thus prepared, the roots of the grain would penetrate so deeply into the earth that the freezings and thawings of early spring could not affect them, especially if the wheat was sowed as early j as the fust week in September for the latitude of | New York, and plowed in about three inches deep, j and the ground left in its rough Btatc without bar. j rowing or rolling. From the New Haven Farmer's Gatelle. A SPLENDID AFFAIR. | Annual Fair, Cattle Show, anil Ploughing Match, of the New llaren County Agriculturat and Horticultural Societies. > TU a aanirors^rv the?* nrcoeiitionP; held ir. ; ; this city on the 26th and 29th of September, came i off in line style. Though limited to the County, ! it would have done honor even to an Empire State, in the number, variety, and excellence of articles exhibited, as well as the number and respectability of visitors present. The effect of the few anniversaries that have been held in this place, cannot but have surprised and delighted every friend of these associations, present on this occasion. The arrangement and management of the whole affair, evinced much good taste and excellent judgment in the Executive Committee and Committee of Arrangements, and commanded the admiration of ctl by three thousand propic, us estimated by good judges present. Though the number of competitors which entered the field was net large, the interest excited was intense. The field was a square of about 20 rods, on which the plowing was performed. The ground was marked out into lands of one-eighth of an acre each, and was accomplished by one team of one joke, in 26 minutes; ' by another in 27}, and the longest was only 32} ; minutes. Such was the zeal excited by the strife, activity, and skill of the plowmen and their teams, that at the close, a general shout of approbation was sent up by the multitude, which made the welkin ring again,?" and all very good" but the plows, which, with one exception, were made to icomj both man and team. In these implements there is room for great improvement. The plowman who came oil' in 26 minutes, did his work well, but evidently at an expenditure of strength and extra t Hurt, in himself and team, beyond the 32} minute man, that will cost more to replace than the worth of a whole days' plowing. While the work of the 32} minute team was done as well, if not better, than the other, it was done with at least twenty.five per cent, less effort, of both man anil team, and the gain in time of the former over the latter, was only six minutes and a half. This certainly must be bad economy, and can be avoided only by improving the form of the plow. At the Flowing Match in Worcester, in 1*3:), by the application of the dynamometer, the correct draft of several plows was ascertained. Hy this experiment, on^plow worked 100 per cent, easier than another; so that one horse, or one yoke of oxen, would perform the work of two, or two that of four, with the same ease. Now, in behalf of these noble and useful animals, ! we put it to you, gentlemen farmers, in these trials of skill in plowing, which arc for your own benefit and amusement, whether it is right, or fair, to put all the extra effort upon them. While you arc distinguished from them, only by your intellectual t cojiarities, do not the laws of justice and human! tv, and your own interest, all demand of you to ' unite vour intellectual with their physical powers, to relieve them from sirh unjust, urmcecss.irr, and grievous burdens ? If you, by the aids r?f science, ean relieve them from one-half their toils, and yet 1 derive the same product from tfirir hslvor, reason and duty demand it of y<-u. V, c think, it a consideration HrrrvHn; 'he farm* *? ' -> :* nttcn lion. all. Much praise is also due to Charles Robinson, Esq., for the untiring industry, perseverance, and fine tact, with which he sustained the arduous dutics of Chairman of said Committee, and Marshall of the day. That an assembly (estimated by good judges at 10.0UU) should have been* conducted through so great a variety of business, during the two days, with such perfect ord<,r, regularity, and I quietude, speaks much in favor of the oliiccrs of the day, as also of the people assembled. The show of Working Oxen is unprecedented, in this, or any other State. The South Green j where they were exhibited, is a parallelogram of 1 21 by 51 rods, surrounded by two rows of lofty j Elms, forming a spacious avenue overspread by J their branches. The oxen were driven from the various towns into the city, in town teams, of front ! 20 to 130 pairs. On entering the Green at the! north-east comer, they were paraded around the parallelogram, beneath the Elms, forming (in military style) a hollow square. The whole, string of oxen reached three and a half times around the parallelogram, making an extent of nearly one mile and three-fourth?. The whole number of pairs was 513; all which, with very few exceptions, were of a deep, glossy red color, in fine working order. There were hundreds of pairs, of the very best form and proportions. Tire re was one, which for their size, form, color, (deep red,) discipline, power, similarity in form, color, and size, commanded the admiration of all. They were owned by Mr. John Todd, of North Haven. We venture to s..y, without fear of contradiction, that! y * ' in all the particulars above-mentioned, the world cannot produce their equal. They were twins, and in every particular so exactly alike, that their owner has never been able to discover but one - '- -II ..-.n-lr Kir ti-liwli Iia nnn rlistinrrnicli DIJIUU liiUkiXy UJ nuiv.i . one from the other, and that is a little black sjx>t on the nose of one, about the size of a pea, which ' must have required long and close observation to I have noticed. Each would work on one side as ' well as tlfe other, and arc as much at command, i and regularly keep side by side without the yoke,j as with, and change sides instantly at bidding.? The first premium is as much at their command, as they arc at the command of- their owner. They arc a perfect nonpareil. In addition to the 1026 working oxen, there j were about 100 head of other stock, of foreign and domestic blood; with horses, sheep and swine, which occupied tworowsof stallsc.xtending through the avenue formed by Temple street, on the west side of the parallelogram. This pa;t of the exhibition was not equal in improved blcoJ to what it was last year; as some of the best stock in the County was absent at the New York State Cattle Show, at Albany. There was a trial of strength by a number of teams on the (Jrctn, which excited a deep interest in the spectators. The load and cart weighed .0101) lb., nearly two tons and three-fourths, which was drawn without any apparent extra effort, by several single pairs, on ascending ground. Take it altogether, it wa? doubtless the most imposing spectacle of the kind, ever witnessed in the State. The Plowing Match on Thursday, was attend The oxhibition of Agricultural and Horticultural ! productions in the State House, was a magnificent and sumptuous display of flowers, fruits, vegetables and grains, arranged in elegant order. Tb? I great entrance Hall, by the generous aid of tho fair sex. ever prominent in a good cause, wa? tastefully dressed with flowers, evergreens, statua ry and paintings, and lighted in the evening with numerous lamps, which, with the sweet harmony ; of Air. Aletz's band of music, formed altogether quite a Fairy scene. The six spacious rooms on each side of the Hall; tv^rp rirr>unird with rows of tables around thrco ? j sides of them, which were covered with * groat variety of fruit and vegetables of superior kinds. i The large City Hall in the basement was well filled with vegetables, grains, agricultural iroplemeats, and productions of the dairy. The wonderful improvement in Horticultural skill and science, which this anniversary has evinced, speaks much in favor of such exhibitions, and those who have sustained them. The house was thronged to overflowing during tin; hours of exhibition. . : t - 4 ' " > Valuable Hints on Buttor JIaklair and 1'acking. " Solidity and firmness, I think is of more con. sequence than is generally allowed; the nearer butter can be made of the consistency of wax, the longer it will keep its flavor; and as it is not so easily acted upon by tire atmospheric air, it wiH retain less salt or brine, being divested more effectually of tho buttermilk, consequently will bo less disposed to acidity. " To accomplish this object I recommond salting the cream by putting rather more fine tablo salt to it than is used when applied after churning, because a part will be left with the buttermilk; or use strong clean brine, the produce of the salt gc? nerally us.d, and mix with the cream or butter, the hand to be used in the making as little as pos. sible, (the earlier the butter is made, and the cool, er the dairy the better?the latter should bo washed out with salt and water the first aud last thing every day.) The hand relaxes the texture of * the butter; it might by a little practice be avoided altogether by using wooden pats (the same as used by the London cheesemongers) for putting into casks, or making into shape for sale, whicli will press out the whey effectually by beating.-** These pats must be always, (except when in the hand for use,) kept in a tub of fresh cold water, which will prevent the adhering of the butter end keep them ccol. 44 The quantity of salt or brine required, will in some degree, depend on the season of tho year, the distance to be sent, and time to be kept, Urine is preferable to salt, and the butter is smoother and better flavored. If salt be used, it may be in th? proportion of half an ounce of dry- table salt mixed with two drachms of fine s Jtpetre, and two drachms of fine yellow dry Jamaica sugar, to eve. ry pouud of butter. If the butter be made up in lumps for the market, I would recommend that every lump Ie wrapped round with a piece of calico soaked in brine made from fine dry salt, that will carry an egg; if the brine be wtak and wa. tiry it may be injurious. If the butter be put into a firkin or half-firkin, the cask should be mads of white oak, ash, sycamore, or beech, (the whiter the wood and hoops the better it pleases ths eyo,) well seasoned by scalding out several times with hot brine made from pure and clean salt. U should be well bound and made water tight, with head and bottom grooved; three pounds should be allowed for soakagc. 44 If very choice butter, I would recommend a salt ciotii around ttie Duller, also on the top and at the boltom; the cloth can be kept in its ptac# by a hoop, which can be removed as the cask fills; in either case the cloth can be returned or sold to the buyer, as many of the cheesemongers uso cloth instead of paper in sending out butter to the customer. 44 Much observation, attention, and arrangement is required to see and and judge as to wiiat improvement can be effected in Ihe make of butter; comparative statements from different dairies at different times?the temperature of the milk and cream in the different stages?the situation and state of the dairy?the quantity and quality of cream the milk will yield in different localities, under different management?the effects of tha use of various sorts of salt, brine, sugar, honey, or saltpetre, mixed with the milk, the cream, or tho butter?the effect of mixing the different milks together?the effect of heat and acid applied in churning; the best sort of coloring, if any, and what description of food has such effect, the effect of dry, wet, or shady pasture, also of regular exercise for the cows, if any, and what effect as to the production of cream i:i proportion to ths j milk given by the cows, if feeding on corn or I 1 J J* ; 1 .1 . r J-!_L gram, or ov aaumg nicai in me waier lor unnx. william weae;** Mr. Burke also stated that in many parts of Holland the brine was added, not to the butter it. I self, but to the cream from which it was to bo ob taincd ; and that he believed honey to be prefora. I blc to sugar as an addition for improving its quahI ty.?llnj. Ag. Soc. Trans. WKSTKBN OAT9. Tlie Wiskonsnn Whig narrates that a man by the nnmo of Wayne, recently went into a field of oats, at the head of Platte river; that he l? at his way while* in (hem ; that, not returning at night, search was made for him next day, and ho *a? at last discovered by some men who were seated on n load of hay. passing hy. Ho attracted their attention by jumping up in I be oats. The oats were eight feet high ; and Wayne, being a short inon, was as badly off as if he had been iti tho everglades of Florida. " * # Rabbi Isano Lceser, is about to establish, in Philadelphia, a periodical, to be entitled " The Occident, and America^ ' JcMah Adrocatc.