Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1839-1843, March 27, 1840, Image 1
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VOLUME T.
m*sea
EDITOR ANFPROPEIETOR
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The following extract from Fa*&>t
Companion by the late Judge Butl"
embodies most valuable arguments in fa
vor of the modern notions of improving
warin soils. We art confident that our
readers will derive instruction j rvm m
careful and attentive perusal cf iu
*:'.BOMB OF THE PRrNCIPLES OF THE NEW
HUSBANDRY.
The new system of husbandry is based
Ef- upon the belief, that our lands will not wear
out, or become exhausted of their fertility,
if they are judiciously managed; but, on
the contrary, that they may be made progressively
to increase in product**^im hewards
to-the husbandman, and in benefits
IW to society, at least for some time to come.
It regards the soil is a gill of the benefi
cient Creator, in which we hold but a life
estate, and which, like our free institutions,
we ate bound to transmit unimpaired, to
posterity.
The principles of the new husbandry
teach, that the toil is the great laboratory
for converting dead into living matters
?the useless into the useful?manure
into plants, and plants into auima!
food .* That plants, like animals, are
organized being a ; that is, they live, grow,
* and require food for their sustenance
?have organs to take in food, to eJab.
orate it, to transmit it through their system
?organs of sexual intercourse, of repro
.
duction, dtc*! oil acting lugcmur iv wnc v?u
That pilots oednot, any more than animals, j
liver upon mere^frin or earthy matters, as I
day, sand, and lime, but that thcv require,
for their growth and perfection, animal and
vegcta We matters: That thff effect of grow.
if?g off the ground, successive crops, is to
exhnostthe vegetable food in the soil; and
that continued cropping will ultimately render
it barren, and unproductive, unless we
we retilrn to it some equivalent for what
carxy off.
The principles of the new husbandry also
loach, that by carefully saving, and auita.
bly applying, all the fertilising matters
afforded by the form ; by an alternation or
ehaage ofcrape, and by articially accelera.
^ing or retardj^g the agency of heat, mois
air, amf lighr, in the process of vegr- |
table growth j by draining, manuring* i
plptighing, borrowing, hooing, dec., we may
. 1
prelteraejififftfp&irea, tne nniHrai icium^ ?.
our sciils ;?~-and that with the aid of improved
implements of husbandry, and a
good system of management, we may also
greatly increase the profits of it? culture.
These princijJes do not rest upon mere
theory. They h ive been long reduced to
practice, thoroughly tested, and their cor.
rectness amply verified. They have* in
their practical application virtually convert
ed Flanders into a garden, nnd rendered it
so fertile in human food, that each acre is said
to be capable of supporting its man. The
system which these principles inculcate, has
changed Scotland, in a little mora than half
a century, from comparative stoglity and
unproductiveness* into one of the richest
and most profitable agricultural dis!Qcts in
Europe. It has increased tdj^preducts of
the corn harvest, in Great Britain, in si&y
years, from 170 to S4ffmiIlions of burets..
It has doubled, trebled, and quadrupled the
agricultural products of many districts
* our own country. It has augmented the
value of farms in some of those districts,
two, three, and four hundred percent?from
twenty and thir y dollars, to-one hundred
dollars and more per aore. It has made
every acre of arable land, upon which it has
been practised ten years, and lying- contiguous
to navigable waters or a good market,
worth at least one hundred dollars for agri.
cultural purposes.
We will state some cases of comparison*
between the products of the old and new
sys.ems of farming, to illustrate more fully
the advantages of the latter.
The average product of Flanders are
stated by RadclifTe as follows ; wheat, thirty-two
bushels, rye, thirty-two and a. quarter,
oats fifty-two* potatoes three hundred
and fifty^Mr??rc. Flanders has generally
a flat Urates, with a light, sandy soil, illy
beat. It is naturally very
landy district upon the seaJersey,
Maryland, and the
the valley of the Connectii.
" ?
e districts of Scotland, acJohn
Sinclair, and in propi"the
farmer may confidently
j, from thirty-two to forty
bushels of wheal; from forty-two to fifty
bushels of barley ; from flfty-two to sixtyfour
bushels of oa|s, and from twenty-eight
#to thiriy^wo bushels of beans per statute
acre. As to green crops, thirty of fur.
mps, three tons of e'evr. and from eight
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to ten of pota'oes, per statute acre, may bo
confidently relied op. in Favorable seasons
the crops are still more abundant.** Professor
Lowe gives the average products of
Scotch Husbandry somewhat lower than
the above. It is to be remembered, tha\
sixty years ago, the dverage was probably,
not one quarter so much as it is now.
Loudon, states th?* average product of
Cn-u-.ft at iivontv.fiitir. twenty
WUVUl III uugiai.w, U. ......... - , --- _ v
eight. and thirty-two bush A pur acre? I
mean average twenty sjflhtasheis. \ :
TPhe preceeding refefdrSes are made to
old?Gitied couutrn-s?to lupds which have i
' J^d* under cjkure for iftnny centune^?-to i
Tnds whicfrVere onrfe worn out by' bad i
husbandry, bu?. which have been renovated i
and rendered highly productive by (he new
System. "** . i
* kfl790, General Washington, in a let- i
ter to ArtJiur Young, computed the av^ra** t
crop in Pennsylvania, theiione of the best I
wheat growing State's, as follow*;?wheat" J
fifteen bushels, rye twenty, barley twenty- '
five, oata thirty, Indian corn twenty-live, t
potatoes sevent y five. Mr. Strickland, who s
resided in Maryland about forty years ago, ?
in a report which he made to tho British, i
Board of Agriculture, gave, the average a
product of our wheat crop at twelve bushels f
the-acre, and of Dutchess county, then, as t
now ouf best cultivated country, at sixteen I
bushels. i
Bordley, about tho period we are refer- f
ring to, stated the average yield of Indian i
~orn on the Eastern Shore of Maryland* at I
fifteen bushels per acre.
These quotations are sufficient to show, I
ihat in our oldsimproved districts the crops t
do not to any wise compare with thus * t
grown in* Flanders, Scotland, an England, t
?and tills difference in product is ?
??/* .
owing entirely to wm oiHeruni miwrj &
of managing the soil ; for wherever the new i
sysf ' m has had a fhir trial among us, it c
has been as successful as it has been in t
Europe. ?
We will illustrate still further the differ t
enco between the two systems, by stating t
the products, of their value on the same r
lands under the old and under tt?e newsyss n
tem of husbandry. ?
We are furnished in Rces's CyelopeJia, i
witb many statement, demonstrating t e r
superiority of the new over the old system u
'We will quote some of them. Tim first s
comparison is made on a farm devoed to.
grazing, breeding, and tillage, of three hundred
and fourteen acr?'S, in Yorkshire.?
I Under tho old mode of husbandry the net (|
profi a amounted to ?316 10s.; under tlm n
new system the same lands gave a net pro-,
fit of ?596, making a differenco of ?278, J,
nearly one hundred per cent., in fnvor oi Q
the new system. The second is that of u
tillage farm of one hundred and thirty.nine |(
acres in Lincolnshire. Under the old *ys- ^
Jem the profits were ?130?under the oew '
?452; difference in favor of the latter
?322, or 250 per cent. The third state-' a
ment exhibits the profits of an acre of land, (j
being the medium of a form of several hun*
dred acres, in Yorkshire, for six years.? t
Under the old system the profit was ,
?1 9s. 3d.?under the new ?17 6s. y
9d.?an increase of more than 1100
per cent. The medium value of the t
acreable profit .in England is stated f
ai from twenty-seven to thirty six dollars
m per
annum. . , \
We have spoken of Mr. Coke as one of f
the best farmers of the nge. He owns a |
large estate in Norfolk, England, a portion j
of which he has been personally improving f
for half a century, the residue bijng occu- j
pied by tenants. The rental upon his es- ?
mte has risen tn fifty years, in consequence ?
of the improvement in husbandry which he |
has introduced, from ?5,000 to 40,01)0. |
The Hoffwyl Agricultural School farm, ,
in Switzerland, under M. Fell* nburgh.com^ t
prises two hundred and fourteen acres.? j
Lord Brougham, after visiting tlvs farm, and (
making inquires of the principal, says he {
found the average annual profit of the y
pattern-farm alone, for a period of four j
years, amounted to ?886 sterling, equal to s
hhout $4|000* exclusive of the cuttle con- ,
cern, which is kept'-tepmate. , fj
- The lost case we will cite abroad, is that f
of the larm. b lunging to the Agricultural |
School of Mo^oelin, in Prussia, under Hoc- ,
'tor Von Thuer. The school was establishin
1809. In twelve years the value ohhe
farm was increased from 2,000 to 12,000 i
rix dollars, by the improved mode ot cultivating
it..
The cases we have quoted wc admit to
be extraordinary ones; yet they ore not ,
without parallels in our own courrry.? j
Agriculture has been in a s'atc of progres- j
sive improvement in the valley oftho Hud- ,
son, for thirty or for y years. The lands ,
have been increasing in value in con Be- ,
quenc. The change has been so great in ,
some districts, tliat farms which twenty |
years ago were sold for twenty to twen y
five dollars an acre, have recently been sold
for one hundred to one hunched and twenty ,
dollars an acre ; and in other cases, particularly
on Kindcrhook p'ains, farms which ,
were bought thirty years ago at five and ten ,
tjpftars an acre, have lately commanded
.gjtty and seventy dollars. Few farms of
tolerably land in Dutchess,Orange, or other
river counties, contiguous to the Hudson
can now be bought at less than from
one hundred to ono hundred and fifty dollars
nn acre, in consequence of their increased
productiveness*caused by improved
husbandry.
Doctor Black has demonstrated, in his
prise essay, published in the American
Former, that every acre of arable Land in
New Jersey, which now sells at from ten
ERS!
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to thirty dollars per aorc, is intrinsicall
worth five hundred dollars per acre; *h*
is, if put under a judicious system of has
bandry, every acre, may be made to*yiel
a net profit oC^tfiirfy ^dollars. per annu?r
equal to the mterw on five hundred dollar
at six per cut. And?*Mr. 'Johnson o
of Maryland in a apee^hr- which he madin
Cougress in 1*837,- cites a Casein Dele.
Ware pear Dov^f^horoJandrwas bough
few yqpr9 a_Io pf n^Uiutn quality, at tlnr.;
dollars aii acrc, by Me^as.. Sipple am
Pel^(p\#ii,*Wliich'tia??"pnid in its p odifet fbi
all oujay ifi improvem -n, and the owner
are.npw receiving in fie fffrrn crops whfcl
it gives an annual elear >ncorr,e equal o th<
intet^st fivfhandred do'targ an aCre.
Wa will offer but one other illustratiOt
in support or ine great super onty or in<
tew itu8iiaiidry. It is thai of Joim Robmton,
Esq.* an wielUf'tit and intfutfrioui
5eot''li Farmer. F.f en years ag?>, Mr
Ro iusOii bought a ia m<m the t?->nh*f u
Seucca L !*<-, three miles from Grti-va. a
en dollars an acre. The farm was coni
dureu worn out Mr. Robinson, with the
tid of shtvp, lirne manure and gootHius
>andvy? has made it produce. ov?*r an<,
tbove the expense ot culture* and the suptort
of his fam ly, un annu d income equi*
o the interest ol one hundred and fifry do!ars
an acre,?and the farm is still in n sta t
if progressive improvement. The income
rom four hundred acres is now ?4,000,?
Hr. Robinson nas revised -?100 p?T aer?
or me whole.
YV might multiply instances of worn nui
ands b inj* brought into a lug ly productive
and profitable stule, by the new hu*a
)iindr>, if it -were i??ce*sasy ; out almost
jvery old sctti.-d d s net furnis ies ex
implts in point. Gnough has beer
ihown, or may be s u n, to justify us in sayng?
that under tiie new system of husbanIry,
eveery acre of arable land, if an)
there contiguous *o navigable waters or a
jood market, may in a few years be made
j yield a net annual profit, equal to the increst
of two hundred dollars And we
nay add that with such au incum-', mid the
ndustryand economy which belong to rtv
>ublican habns? there are few employment*
n life better calculated than agriculture te
end'T a man independent tncircums ances
ind in mind, and rich tu all ihe elements oi
ubstanttal happicess.
tvnnrPMltNTS TO MR PARMRX1.
Each irade a\d profession has its advances,
its cares and disappointments, unci
o one pursuit would answer a good pup
ose if ail followed it. In selecting an ocupa'ion,
we should endeavor to choose thai
ne which admits of fewest perplexities anil
jives the greatest und most certain reward
o honest industry. Here, the world is be.
ore us, and the history of mankind to guide
is in every, step; and judging of the correct,ess
of a course by the numbers and * abbdvoeates
who have been its friends, w*
re compiled to admit.that no calling holdj
mt so many motiv s to the man who car
ie contented with the honors and richei
vhich bounteous nature affords, as thecul'i
ration of the soil. ^Nature however, wil
r ield but li :le without labor and attention
itilf" seed time and harvest" never fail
md every one procures a full subsistence
vho lives in the use of the means afforder
?im. Other occupations may become unashionable,
unprofitable and of course use.
ess ; but this, wherever the loot of mar
las marked the soil, has been both profita*
>le and indispensable to human existence,
t is the profession in which the man of taste
in 1 refinement n a. have ample scope foi
It i.;.. ?B unft o.niiiuimuntc iho .niuv
Ill MIS CIIIJUIII' O miu u.i.ujt ^?v
ar diligh:ed and profited, and the hum
ilest pe asant obtain ?i competency.. llealtr
?nd vigor, ore ihe co btant companion* ol
tie husbandman of regular nnd iudustriou*
mbits ; butsofi and enervated arcth'-pow
;rs of tne man of sedentary life. Honon
ind riches are of builille geryicu to us, i
*e have nor health to enjitfy? dvm. * It u
mown that confinement in the study, workshop,
counting room, &g^is the bane o
pa#y frighuul dise.tsn$, ,worh cnYry td hi
tntmo'dy graven large portion of die vourig
ind some too of our most useful ^Hizegs
dleness also, is a fnixiul soiip o of much o
he distre3s of.ho world. Nothing strike
is with more, horror, than the idea of indol
nice,jfmralysing a family's.physical "nergie
nid ? n desiroying a ivhsn for what an
n truia,44 die good thirvgs-ol life." Sliffi
iient proof of this pitiablccoudition is man
ft'stcd in seeing parents ^geqoeu ly hir<
llieir children to eat sleep, Jnnd utmost u
ivo : and when we enqu re mto th?? cause
t is ascertained that a tmngresson of thi
incient precep1,t% in'h" swhu* of thy lace
U??ll tl.An mi '' li.ti rii'htli hlf>d ft
> I 111 11 IKUU b l| l/p''IU| ? ..... ..
iohiH extent, the powers boih of ti?e bod<
iiid mind, till b) a loss of health and goo*
hnbi s, misery is entailed upon them.
The most vigorous, h- al'iiy and h ippy
rire usually such as oil ih?* enr.h44 in ho e,'
and bui seldom, if ever, faii to realise ai
:imple reward for their exertions. He win
drinks the balmy breath of morn, puitake
of his daily food with willing mind an
grateful heart, and sleeps sweetly wit
composed limbs and a good conscience a
night. Not so with the mere trader an
specula or, who only labors, it is often ?
be feured, to filch Irom the uiisu*pectff>
farmer, wiih some semblance of remnnern
lion, bis hard ear ings. Ttiisisnot sayin
that the merchant, whose business is 'o ej
change the exports of furmers for foreig
commodities, is not useful, but it is asserl
ing.that the greater part of those herded t<
get her in our villages and cities, determine
to live 11 without work," j>ress as a dcadl
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^^58^^j|^^!5S5!^5^S5!59!555955^SI^^59595i
NAr FRIDAY, MARCH 2
y incubus upon the communi y. Sohcminj
it trading, speculating, shaving, dec. it,e., on
- large or small scale, are the engrossing toj
d ics of a large po tion of the citizens of on
t, sof tb#- nio<t productive sections of the wid
s earth. Th?-y are not the producers of an
f thing, and are worse than useless in society
* The consequence resulting from h supers
bundance pt traders, and few workers, i
r that our country groans und'-r imports iha
{ far exceed our exports, and while this is th
i ease; poverty, wretchedness and want mus
r stnre-us in th?* face This is verifi-d by th
i constant failures of our traders. Durin,
i the last three, years many have, b?.en com
a pelbni, from sheer necessity, to cease opera
'tion, and they cannot be extricated but b
i the products of the genial earth* In th
3 failures and troubles of the times, our Am1
5 tw^^stwregcnecaiyrgiaoo unseaineu ami ;s
' wreck. None p rhaps, who ??*??? not vn
J?ag"d >n #?rafc wfld scheme to live withou
labor, have fT?M from year to yenr to mee
t ev^ryjust demand. The husbandman whi
8fays at home snt sfifd to wait for the soi
* o give him wealth, is always-cheerful am
independent. True, ojr farmers generate
I have done but hide in the improvement o
their farms and live stock : yet with thei
I circumscribed views and injudicious m ?n
ogemen:, they are in an infinitely bett^i
' condnion than any other c*l??s. By pru
' doit management this. wi!I??v?t be ihec'ise
If with their scanty means our farmers J?r
' a' pr S' ill to be envied by all other prof s
sions, the inducements to engage in farm
t would be all.'powerful, if our agrrui ur
were conducted oil scientific principles.
' Mechanics and men of evvry oilier pro
l fesHioti, look iijion each other with n jeaiou
aud envious eve, but the Agriculiuris feci
1 and knows thai all others are his fellow
" and helpers. If his neighbor succeed, he i
* pleased and encour ig<'d ; for the time ha
' noi yet been, when all farm products couli
1 not find market. Not so with the physic.an
* lawyer and mechanic, all of whom neve
' succeed well. Each looks for his brcai
' and <pp ?rel to come from public putroaagi
! and w here appeals are constantly made f<
' the public, independence is never felt. Eacl
1 knows if others of toe-same cralt auccem
' well, it is not probable he can. This en
1 genders unkindly feelings, and hence bti
seldom do slioe-m ik<*r?, mercuants, &c,
spoak well of each otl*r, and the .frequen
study is to prejudice the public ag ?in?t oth
ers of the same occupation, and in t'.cir owi
. favor. But the firmer delights so see hi
I neighbor's corn, grass and siock thrive am
. grow, (or he is well aware all will bo wed"
and consumed. H? rests happy undm* rh
I consoflng reflection, that the rest of tb
I world may succeed well and it writ not inn
I poverish kirn.
- - J-J I ?_ <1.., tlin iti.l
It is not pretenaeo,. nowcvrr, mui mm; vui
t tivator of the soil is tree from car? ; but i
. is a good remark that real pleasures ar
i generally obtained in the mkJst of cures
? Situate us indeed without employment, an<
i we are miserable. The cares though o
i tlie fa/mer, are unlike the cares of any oth
i er calling ; for he has only to look to a ju
dicious arrangement of his farm, and irtw
I to uature's faithful laws to supply his warns
, while, the trader has to watch ussiduousl;
, his negotiations with men, who are not al
, ways to be trusted, it is of en said, om
I man has by his treachery destroyed the pro
specie of muny ; but it is never assorted thi
> sod is unfaithful?for all who seek, find it
II abundance. Agr culture is then, the son
road to independence and affluence.
-A -J hiaet npflrnmrinf in fit
> nnuiiier suu um mv ??*?? ...._
f vor of the farmer's occupation, is gHtlierei
r from the fact hut there are few. r induce
moots 10 vice on the farm than any wher<
etee. If we wish to find a community o
i sound morals, doubtless ther* is no class c
f our citizens .hat will compare, in tics res
?. p-ct, wi;h our industrious yeomany. Tr ek
> of vice are studied, and practised by cvci
) lite children of our low* s, tnat are not ?
f .much as dreamed ot in the country. Th
i reason is not concealed, for most parent
permit their children to run -it large w itliou
f restraint, and the maxim that " evil com
t mumcations corrupt good manners," is to
true to deny that bad examples ure the cot
. rupiors and destroyers of our youth. But
f sin-dl proportion of those brought up i
9 (own, <iie puss- ksed of culler constitu io
or good manners. . Ligit-heurted, and tec
b hle-minded must that fnt .er be, who is snt
y isfied to rear In* family m the nndst of th
. idleness and corruptions of thecity.?Wit
not a few of our youm, to labor is a disgrac
? and almost a crime, and when this is th
> case, immorality and dissipation are die riv
\ table results. If the young were taught tin
? labor is an indispensable virtue. it would b
, sought and soon rewarded with health, goo
3 spirits good habi.s, and wealth. 'Tut th
k farm top, that is calculated to employ tii
I man of science an I affijrd him pleasure
The scientific farmer can see a biairy i
each leaf, spear ol grass and flower,that an
" ply repays for all tlmdifficulties hcencouc
a ters.
n Better perhaps than all, the farmer ge
s .a sure and full reward for ail his lahor. Tn
d an mo cannot, wo are persuaded, be prod
h cated of any other occupation.
it ' '
3 FA KM IMPLEMENTS.
g No mechanic can execu'e a neat piece i
i- work without amiable tools, and no farmi
g can keep clean fields and raise good cro|
t- without implements adapted to each oper
11 tion. One of the first impulses given
t- improve British husbandr), was the creatii
> of bettor fa rtn tools than they had pre\
id ously used. By implement we mean eve
jjP'-thing that is used in producing food f
ZETT
T I Z E R.
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7, 1840. .
y, man and boast, or in preparing it for use } >
a such also as have any agency in the pro>
duction of wpnrableS, eatables, or articles
le Ibr the gratification of the eye and cocvee
nienccs oV life.
y At present we will only mention such as
are ordinarily used in toe spring, and partii*
ulary in Fc.bVy. Is * Every farmer has a
is plough of.some kind, but the chief study of
it eaoh should be, to have such as require the
o least forC'i and effectually pulverizes the
it ground to ft sufficient depth, and turning it
c over to the freo admission ahd action of
K the raius, dews, sun and atmosphere.?
i. There is no' on y science displayed in the
. ronstru' tion of good ploughs, but it also
v r quires cqUnl judgment to follow the plough
? as u should ho done. Faimers arc much
fnistil^ta in the idea, that almost any little
w Wny*jt<ri? woman frill do to
i- plough, if there is tiny portiofi of labor
it that demands the very best hand, it is that
i of ploughing. It is well known that in
0 Europe prizes are nwarded to those who
i] are skilled in turning the sward, so as to be
J mos" favorably situated to receive the water
y and air. No hing is more common than
f ploughing Hi tches. If the agriculture of
r Tennessee ever becomes sufficiently im
- proved, we shall- expect to sec our most
r talented citizens, sngost and most phiiosoph.
ical farmers, associating together to nsccr.
tain how tocoirsiruct the best ploughs, and
stu l\ the deep secrets of turning the furrow f
to the l>est advantage. As there is no
. pnttrrifs of ploughs which wo can recoma
mend in preference to. others, 'we must
r? qu st farmers who use such as ar.c es-.
11 e.n- d the best ploughs* Co report to us
s their ?xp'-nence and success.
$ Harrows may be of different shapes and j
s- s, to suit the taste -of the agriculturist;
s an J work to be performed, but almost every i
h v iriefy is a useful auxiliary in the jirepa1
ration of the soil for the reception of the
i, seed, and also to cover them afier they arc
r sown. No farmer or gardener should be
i without th? m, lor they are the best article
for levelling the surface, breaking large
3 clods, and effectually tearing up young
3' weeds that infest the crop, which can be
j used.
Cultivators have been littje known or
it used b> farmers in the west, but those who
,, have tried them, find them- tho greatest
it laborsuving machines that have been jVfoduced.
Bemt nt's Cultivator is decidedly
n J thff b st wr h;??e seen. In the cultivation
s ! of Indian.Corn or roots, double the work
d can be performed with it than with any
d common plough in the country. It may
e run very close to the yeudfe plants, so as to
e loosen the surface about the tender rooff
i. cover noxious weeds, and at the same time,
oomph tely clean die mi Idles. For render|.
"infc the ground light permeable and well
it prepared to resist the scorchings of the
e sun's -rnys in tho last working the crop,
i. nothing eq ml* the Cultivator.
J Tti. .liAiinh ! tllr> L nnivn vpl 1
3 JL ? lilUW^M ?% ?> PifVtvtif ?
f invariable on a farm. It may be cons rue.
. trd with a cylinder of Oak or ash. frorti 3 to
. 6 or 8 f'*et in breadth and from 16 to 20
it incites in diameter, with gudgeons at each
if end. With these -d rections few m?b would
y lack mo 'hantcal genius to fix n frame or
. sha'ts to hitch the horse. Mlt is found to
b prodjee an excellent effect after the seed is
covered ; it unites and levHs the surface of
B th" ground, and is particularly useful for
[) porous nnd light soils, and tor those earths
?. of which the cons ituent particles arc fine
,
and.light, If such soils havo not received
. a suitable degree of firmness from the roller
j tvgh winds and Hurts arenpt o carry off the
. upjer layers and a leave bare the roots of
b the plants. Anoher advantage arising
,f from the application of the roller is, thai the
f sod which has been subjected to it,4 presents
- fewer obstacles to the use of he scythe, or
j o the sickle. When frosts have bound up
r) the so l, and it has been again set free by
o by thaws, the roots are le!t almost without
e suppnit, as the earth scarcely adheres to
a tiieui: the ruder, applied to lands as soon
kt as tlry are firm enough to admit of its bei.
ing p<ssel over them, is very useful, as ito
re-unites the earth to the roots, and repairs
be injury done by ti e frosts and thaws.1' .
a These are among the ariicles of the furmj
n which we trust soon to see in po$~-Ssion of}
n every culiivu tor of the soil.
Agriculturist.
H From the Southern Cabinet,
h Notes on European Agriculture by wCarlesv
toman.
e ?
' NUMBER ONE.
" The American Traveller who visits Eu.
d r>>pe for the first time, is introduced so sude
deuly ujk?ii such a variety of objects, equal*
'' iy new and interesting to him, that he finds
' it difficult to confine himself to any depart*
? mi nt of science or knowledge. Scarcely
>- Ins he shaken off the tedium of a long sea
voyage, and recovered the use of his legs, i
and the steadiness of his head, when his
.mind is distracted by a multiplicity of objects,
P all invi:ing his attention and each claiming
'v the precedency. Ho now visits for the first
:ime, scenes of which he read in .bis youth,
and which, from their antiquity and early
r"<vliections, have become classic grouuua.
tie traverses the fields of tournaments and
of battles?he climbs Bon-Lomond and the
it Alps?he ascends the Rhine and the Dan>s
ub?*?he sails over the smooth waters of he
a- lak' s of Scotland and Switzerland?ho visto
its the thronged cities of London and Purls,
>n Berlin and Vienna, and finds ti world of
h- wonders in each,?and who, Mr. Editor,
ry has fim" or inclination to attend to the dull
or 6ccn'^f Agricoft'jro ?
0
VE "*
i i
NUMBEK20.
I confess that this was hi paw roy own
case. A very extensive tour during the
short summer of 1839, enabled me only t*
take a cursory view of-the Agriculture of
Curope?other objects engaged the pttaci*
pal part of my attentioo. My notes were
made hastHy* and never corrected. Such;
howevofi as they are, I will give you. But
I must be allowed to do it in roy rambling
way and in my own time. loeednotaay
that the Southern planter will find nothing io
my notes that will (brow any light on tiro
Cultivation of the staple articles df our Southern
country. Cotton and rice, although
abundant in (be warehouses and manufactories,
and although feeding and clothing
hall Europe, are not cultivated there, ttod
Indian Corn (in consequence of ihg cool
summers) I oafo-saw growing at ana pUrn .
in Baden, aj|tire stales were not much larger
than in llw cuitivs.
tion of other articles?in the rotation of
crops?in the syst.m of manuring; and
other modes of restoring and improving efhausted
lands, we Itave much to learo Tram
the older countries of Europe, where- a
dense population has triught them the value
of lands, and the necessity of calbog io tkfc
j- r / 1 *
aius 01 science ana me arte in their cuUivs*
(ion. - - - *
As a general remark* 1 am disposed to
believe that Europe in general* and England
in particular, is more favorable to tbe cultivation
of vi bent, and other grain?, which go
ufid r the denominatioaofcoru, than the IThi- ted
States, with the exception perhaps of the
Western country ; but that our own soiUan,
by a proper system of tillage, bo rendered
twice as-productive as it is at preset*.-^ .
That improvements in implement of bins.
bt;ndry can be more cosily introduced
among us than in Europr, where it if exceedingly
difficult to induce thekborers to
lay aside the old heavy ploughs nndwoodantoothed
harrows, which we have abandoned
for half a century; and when I have seen
the miserable hoes, spades rakes, used by
the peasants of France and Austin, I has*
sometjmes wished that a revolution (sot
political, but agricultural) might sweep them
and their wooden shoes into oblivion togetb
er?to be remembered only cs the rub a of
a clumsy, if not a' barbarous age. ? In
fine breeds of horses, horned cattle
and sheep, suited fo the different climates
and pasttfres^and'in the eareful row oner in
which these distinct varieties aro kept sopa.
rate, Great Britain tnlc^-s *fhe hut of the
world. The blgck fuoed sheep of Scotland
differs so widely frem the vtiriojics found io
the downi and low ceuntjjips of England,
that thef^ would scarcely fp recognized as
the same species. The sanso may be said
of the black cattfe driven from tl*e highlands
to the markets oflEdinburgh, and the North,
ern countries of England, when compared
with the venous breeds found in the Lotbf*
ans of Scotland, pod in the level rich counties
df England.- Each variety is conftucd
to localities suited to ita size mod habile.-*
The mountain cattle and sheep would not
succeed well in the loweountrtea^nor would
<he breeds of the downs thrive oh the mouotains,
No traveller in Enghnd who know*
a horse from a donkey, can fail to Qdmire
the distinct breeds of horses, each in their
naturh admirably adapted to theservices required
of them. The cerriage-hors^, the
hunter, the dray-horse, and the racer* - can
be distinguished ft a singly glance. The ,
dray-horse in the streets of Liverpoui A
London, on weiTdly as the elephant, wWi
foot ofthe size of a peck tub, could"is?r<?e. #
ly be conceived to be the samg species a**
the little Shetland pony, that is seen cdfry.
in? the groups of gay travellers to the top ?
of Ben-Lomond, climbing over the rocks
and up the mountain like so inanyaquirtofo.
I witnessed at Ratisbon, in Bavarie, one of
the finest collections of horses I over beheld*
They were owned by the Prince of Taxu*.
whose expensive stables wore more nflrgnificienl
than many of the pahebs of Europe#
-?fitted up with marble troughs?fountains
of bathing?the name, country, and pedt.
<grcc of each, placed in guHt tetters on -thw
wall. The number of grooms, and careful
attendant, and other fooleries, reminded
me of what I had read of the honcra paid to
the sacred Bulls of India, or the white Elephants
of A va. A mong those were hoftea
not only from Mecklenburg Sasostf and
Franco, but from England and* Arabia ;
and to mc the English courser appqaredbot
only the most elegant in form, but was ad*
mitted by better judges than thyself, mora
active and fleet than those of Arabia itself,
i In the preservation ot sceda of graiu gnd
infinifnlu mnM nnine ?M WBPTt
wb-*%Mw.~w, r
to preserve the varieties distinct trad una*
; duitcrated than with us. In the mountain#
of Scotland, ihereTare cortoin districts appropriated
solely to the cultivation of Qar.
den seeds?and nn two varieties, that are in
danger of becoming adulterated by being
placed near each other, nre allowed to be
cultivated in tho same district. I ttoticed,
at Edinburgh, in the collection 6f Lawson
<fc Son, Seedsmen and Nurserymen to (he
Highland ?nd Agricultural Society of Scotland?83
varieties of Wlieot,. 62 of Peas,
61 of Turnips, 140 of Potatoes, and'sn immense
number of species and varieties of
Grass seeds, some of which may pnobnbJy
be adapted to our Southeftrcannrry. In a
subsequent number* I will endeavor to recur
to this latter subject, and pplol out tbfltoe
species on which it would bo advisable to
moke experiments. . , ,
The benefits of Societies fof die .promo*
tion of Agriculture, in sUrpglatmg -mduatry
and ambition, f saw eiomplified irr Scotland,
England, and at KieWifi of Germany.
The Highland Society of Scotland tee existed
eix'y-onc years, and from one of l|ta
V *