Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page. It is also available as plain text as well as XML.

VOLUMET- cAMDEN7SQUTH-CARQLINA, SEPTEMBER 2,1851 ~ NUMBER m THE CAMDEN JOURNAL. PUBLISHED RV T&OAf AS J. WARREN. THE SEMI-WEEKLY JOURNAL Is published at Three Dollar* and Fifty Cent*, if pai.I in advance, or Four Dollars if payment is delayed for three months. THE WEEKLY JOURNAL Is published at Two Dollars if paid in tdvance, or Two Dollars and Fifty Cents, if payment is delayed for Si* months, and Three Dollars, if not paid until the end of the year. ADVERTISEMENTS will be inserled at the following rates: For one square (14 lines or less) in the semi-weekly, * ^ft\9 Pnr>li one dollar for the first, ana iwenty-uvo nu? .... .. subsequent insertion. In the weekly, seventv-five cents per square for the first, and thirty-seven and a half cents for each subsequent insertion. Single insertions one dollar per square. The number of insertions desired, and the edition to I 1? published in, must be noted on the margin of all advertisements. or they will be inserted semi-weekly until ordered to be discontinued, and charged accordingly. Semi-monthly, monthly and quarterly advertisements charged the same as for a single insertion. WTA11 communications by mail must be post-paid to ecure attention. ^ C. MATI1ESON, BANK AGEKT. At his old stand opposite Davis's Hotel B. W. CHAMBERS* Receiving and Forwarding Merchant, AND Bayer of Cotton aud other Country Produce, CAMDEN, S. C. WILLIAM C. MOOKE, ! BANK AGENT, And Receiving and Forwarding Merchant CAMDEN, S. C. Reffbekces?\V. E. Johnson, Esq. Maj. J. M ^ DeSaussure,T. J. Warren, Esq. PAUL T. VILLEPIGUE, FACTOR, And General Commission Merchant, ACCOMMODATION WHARF, CHARLESTON, S. CI Liberal advances made on consignment* of Proj ?* attontinn civen to the forward uuucf aiju p? din; of Goads, at the lowest rates. Aug. 26. 68 * A, G. BASKirj, Attorney at Law, and Solicitor in Equity, Office in Rear of Court House, . " CAMDBN, S. C. Will practice in the Courts of Kershaw and adjoining Districts. A. G. BASH3N, b &*&??)?&&&?? Camdk.N, S. C. JOS.C.?KERSHAW, 1 - Attorney at Law and Solicitor in Eqnity, CAMDEN, S. C. Will attend the Courts of Kershaw, Sumter, Fairfield, Darlington and Lancaster Districts. W. H. R. WORKMAN, Attorney at Law, and Solicitor in Equity, CAMDEN. S. C. tOffice, nearly opposite A. Young's Book Store.) [ WILL ATTKNU TI1K COURTS Of Darlington and Sumter Districts. Business entrusted to hiinwili meet with prompt and careful attention. July 26. C. S. WEST, Attorney at Law. Office in Rear of the Court House, Camden, S. C. June 17 48 2ms S?a 3a Saddlery aud Harness .tlannfactiircr, Opposite Masonic Ilall. CAMDBN, S. C. n. HALLFORD, I \ Dry Goods, Groceries, Crockery, Ac. AND GENERAL AGENT, I Camden, S. C. R.J.fflcCREIGHT, [ COTTON GIN MAKER. Rutledge St, one door east of &J. Drucker & Co. Camden. S. C. Charles A. McDonald, FASHIONABLE TAILOR, i Camden, S. C. F. ROOT, CAMDEM, S. C. RICE DULIN, rirtTOD A Kin PHMMIOOinM MronuiniT I TAUlUn niiw vumiTiiouiuii mt.nonnIN I ) CENTRAL WHARF, CHARLESTON, S. C. May 2. tt Z. J. DEHAY,~ DBU6QIST AND APOTHECARY, ' Camden, S. C. 9r~ Fashionable Boot Maker, j CAMDEN. S. C. WSEo.SEo VAVSMPSj Fashionable Tailor, r | Camden, S. C. JON. B. JWICK?B! Attorney at Law and Solicitor in Equity. WINSBOROUGII, 8. C. (Office in the rear of the Court House.) may 6. 36 4 m Y i V GLOVERS & DAVIS, Factors and Commission Merchants, CHARLESTON, S. C. Aug. 8 3m PAVILION HOTEL. (BY H. L. BUTTERF1ELD.) Corner of Meeting and IIasell Streets, and in the immediate vicinity of ilayne and King Streets, Charleston, S. C. ROBERT LATTA'S GROCERY AND PROVISION STORE, Camdkn, S. C. ~CHARLES A. PRICET ATTORNEY AT LAV, i s. c. Will Practice in Kershaw and the adjoining districts. Feb. 4 C. A, PRICE, OFFICE AT THE COURT-HOUSE, CAMDEN, S, C. COURTENAY~& WIENGES, BOOKSELLERS, STATIONERS and dealers in CHEAP PUBLICATIONS. CIIAKLKSTON, s. c. Opposite the Post Office. Agents for tlio best Green and Black Teas, and Patent Medicines. . 8. G. courtenat. g. w. wienges. . WIENGES, SADDLE AND HARNESS MANUFACTURER, CAMDEN, S. C. BEItXADOTTE D. BRONSON, Sheet Iron and Tin Ware Manufacturer, OPPOSITE THE POST OFFICE, Camden, S. C. Jtariue, l ire, uud Lite Insurance. nv the Commercial Insurance Company, OF CHARLESTON, S. C. CAPITAL, $250,000, ALL PAID IN. OFFICE, NO. 1, BROAD-STREET. president. WILLIA.il It. IIERIOT. directors. JAMES K. ROBINSON, HENRY T. STREET, GEO. A. TRENIIOLM, W.M. McHI'RNEV, ROBERT CALDWELL, J. H. KKAWLEY, a. U. i'AFT, T. L. WRAGO, a. M. i.EE. Secretary. E. L. TESSIER, Inspector. It. C. PRE $8 LEY. Solicitor. R. A. KINLOCII. Medical Examiner. Tlie suhsrrilier having lieen appointed agent f<ir this "Company. i? now prepared tn receive Pio|m>suI* f-?r Fire Risks, and wUl e fleet Insurance, on fair and liberal l?nn?. WM. I). McDOWALL. CamJen .S C. ..Mav S, 1391. i'-fi if MANSION HOUSE. CAMDEX, C. C 1MIE undersigned begs leave I" return his grateful thanks tohis friends, and llie travelling Puhlie. for llie liberal support whirli he lias received since he lias lieen opened, (four months) and has entered upon his ilnlies fur 1851. with renewed energy In endeavor to please .all lhal may call upon liiin. both rich and poor. His limine will be found one of I lie most desirable, situated, and best fur liifheil Hotels i" * iunueii. ?n* servunis .nr<> win ne foun<l respectful anil attentive, an?J the table will be supplied with the l?e?t tiie market affords. His Stables and Carriage Houses are roomy and always fully supplied with Provender, anil an experienced llostler. An Omnibus calls at the llouseevery morning for passengers for the llailro.nl. Hive ine a call and test my motto. As yon find ine, So recommend me. E. (J. ROBINSON. Proprietor. Camden, February 7th, 1851. 11 if Darlington Hotel, DARLINGTON COURT-HOUSE. 11IIE above House having been purchased and fitted up anew by John Doten, is again opened for the accommodation of the Public. Strict attention to the wants and comforts ot guests will be given, and no effort, calculated to merit the patronage of all who may favor the establishment with a visit, shall be spared. All that the market and surrounding cou' try afford will be found upon the tabic. Comfortab e rooms, for families or individuals, are prepared. The Stables will he ; '.tended by careful and aiiuiuivc ii"oiicir>' Drovers can be woil accommodated, as any number of horses and mules can be cut in ifie stables and lots expressly prepared forthcin. Nov. 1, 1850. b(i tf NEW STORE. THE subscriber would inform his friends and the public generally, that he has opened an extensive stock ot fjJIfcOCEKIES, at the stand formerly occupied by Joseph VV. Doby, one door south of Campbell's Oakery, and opposite H. Levy & Son, where may be found all articles usually kept in the Grocery line, consisting in part of the following: Fulton Market Beef No. 1 and 2 Mackarel in kitts, for family use; t>:_ 1 l .1 /r 1 1 I I v... iviu anu Java t.Oliees; crusneu awu orun n oug.us, New Orleans IVlolasscs, (new crop) butter, wine and soda crackers; cheese, buckwheat, raisins, currants, almonds, English mustard, filberts, pecan nuts, assorted pickles and preserves. AI.SO A few doz. old Port Wine, HeidRirk best Champagne, London Porter and Scotch Ale in pints, together a large stock of Hugging, Rope and Twine, all of which he offers low lor cash. Jan. 1. _ S. E. CAPERS. Ladle's Dress Goods. A Splendid assortment of Lidie's Dress Goods in a great variety of styles, will be sold at greatly reduced prices to close ihom out. Among them may be found some very rich and rare patterns. E. W. UONNEY. From ihe State Rights Republican. I THE MARTYR OF SOUTH CAROLINA, i The sun-light streamed through the prison ^ casement, and lit up with a gleatn if happiness \ the lonely cell. Its beams fell upon one who would never again behold its setting, and 1 brought to his sad heart thoughts of his home. I his country, his own gloomy fate, and dreams s" of the past?the buried |>ast. It is the last time * that sun will ever dawn for him?the last time 1 he can gaze upon its beams, glancing over the 1 bright waters, or watch the glad waves of the ? blue Atlantic, as they lave the glowing shores [ of his native State. There has gone forth that 1 awful sentence?"Thou shalt die!" He has 1 been condemned as a traitor, and he must die 1 a traitor's death. Traitor! must such as he be ' called traitor ? 1 He was torn from the couch of a dying wife, t and marched to a gh-omv prison. There, the 1 ' " / < ii. i i. < soldiers 01 lung ueorge onereu mm ms anernative: "Swear not to take up arms against * your king, and you shall not ho called upon to light against your country, Give us this oath and you may return; refuse, and the prison [ must he your abode. The feelings of the man 1 triumphed over those of the patriot, and he 1 swore to remain neutral. The promise of the ) British was broken ; he was called upon to support the Royal Standard. This released ' him from his allegiance, and he again drew his J sword in defence of America. This was trea- 1 son to his Majesty; for this he must die. Noth- * ing could save him. Lord Rawdoti turned 1 away from the petition of the Governor, and ( with cold elegance denied the request of "Ca- { rolitia's rebel daughter." Then came she 1 "who was bound by the ties of sisterhood," to * the condemned, and with her his son ; but the L proud Briton, turning away from that sister's j ? glance, and the mild, imploring look of that no- ' ble boy, as lie prayed him to spare his father's x life, answered still, "He must die!" That sol- f emn edict, "Death by the gibbet's rope," has J been spoken, and calmly and fearlessly Carolina's patriot son awaited his doom. Alone in the deep and massy prison, the stray sun-beams gleaming over the dark, damp 1 floor, and the thick, grey wall, the spider wea- c ving her gassamer web over the names of those who have suffered as he now suffers, the crick- c et on the cold earth, was the captive?alone, c save with his God! That God only, might 1 ever know the conflicting emotions that swept c over heart and mind. Jle knew the keen ago- c ny that wrapt his soul in gloom. He nlone 1 could cheer that noble spirit, shrouded in dark- ' ness and woe. A vision of the future eaiue ] ' over bis soul; a vision of his country in chains F ! and bondage; her soil, enriched by too heart's js j blood of her bravo sons, smiling a plentiful bar-- : ' ! vest for the oppressor; her children the slaves j I of Kngland's monarch. Then came a dream j c of all that ho would have done for that blooding j '' country; a dream of the laurels she would have I 1 wreathed around his brow, and the blessing \ J that would have rested upon bis name. j ^ Clearly upon the still air St. Michael's chime , ' tolled forth thu hour of twelve. St. MioliaTs !1 eliitne! How many thoughts does that sound ' j1 bring to :n v mind! thoughts of all that has i 41 ; boon, and can never, never be again ! My wile, j j 1 have no tears for thee; they wore all shed j v 1 when we laid thee down to slc-p in thy still ! a ' damp grave. Thou hast watched over me in | n ' deep, immaculate, immortal love," from thy li spirit home. Thy smile has beamed upon me | 1< in the soft light of the stars?thy voice, low- ii toned and sweet, has whispered to me in the r; gentle murmur ol tiio wind. And now, I am tl hastening to join thee in that Heaven, where ti the treat! of armies, the wild blast of the trum- s pet, and the fierce battle-cry are never heard, c There is bliss, there is Heaven in the thought, v and yet, Earth, thou hast strong ties to hind me s! to thee! Mv children, I must leave you fath- v crless and alone. 'I'ho deep waters of the dark e and turbid river will soon roll between you and ft me. Then, who will carc for you, my orphan si ones? He who has promised to bo a "father to the fatherless/' oven the Shepherd of Israel, e He will shield you from every danger, and sus- n tain you through all the stormy strife of your tt existence. Live so, that when he sends his e angels to call you from this world of death and ft sorrow, you may be ready to meet him in a brighter and holier land. May the only Ling \\ 1 serve look flown upon you, my children, and tl grant a dying father's "God bless you." S' "My country! my country! must I leave t< thee still in irons ? thy shores trodden by the a foot of the proud oppressor, thy houses desola- v ted mid laid waste by Hritish tyranny ? My y enp of agony is full, yet I bless thee, my Father, that one drop of joy?stern, indeed?but si oh, how blissful is mingled amid its deepest, b darkest dregs. I thank thee that I may dio for u my country, than which a more glorious thy c sun never shone upon. Willingly do I give b back the life thou gavest, willingly do I lay it ft down upon the altar of Liberty. I might wish e< tlif.fr tt. -innnnnr c\ r mi. rlnifrli WOTli IllOTC gloH- I Ol ous?that I could die on the battle field?die supporting the banner of the stars. 1 but ask- si ed a soldier's death?a soldier's burial. Brit- h ain sternly denied mi. But this avails nothing n with thee. Thou wilt give mo strength, my a: Father, to teach my foes how tin American can s< dir. Thou knewest that 1 have been wronged. C Thou wilt avenge me. How many a hand will a crasp the sword, and rush to the field of car- (_ nage, when the story of my wrongs?my death p is heard! From the snowy mountains of y Maine to the red old hills of Georgia, they will ti rise up and nerve their hearts to yet sterner is deeds.11 "And thou, my State, my gallant, patriotic h little State! I thought to sue the bright star of u victory, shining above thy Palmetto tree, and e the snowy dove of peace nestling amid its green o branches. But this blessed hope is crushed, ( and f must go down to the grave, leaving thy fi shield shrouded in a pall of darkness. Caroli- f la, Carolina, with what deathless chains of love 1 li t thou twined around this heart. Dearly \acc I loved thee?dearly do I love thee, even iow, in this last, darkest hour of my existence, rhou wert the foremost to throw off the doninion of old England! Never submit to the ;oke of her monarch. Even choose death to i submission?a grave to chains and servitude. I Sooner would I see every member of my State lie in her defence; aye, even as I shall die ere his day's sun shall go to rest, than that she should submit and remain in bondage and opiression. South Carolina, receive my blessng, the last I shall ever give to thee. Guard hou the Palmetto Banner with thy life, when leath only can save it from dishonor; let thy icart's blood crimson its snowy whiteness, but lever suffer the stain of submission to color its jlorious folds. But this is not a time to cling vith such deathless affections to what is of 'earth, earthy." The thoughts of this last hour iliould be of thee only, my Heavenly Father." ****** It was the hour of noon. Not a zephyr stir ed the hot air, or ruffled old Ocean's sleeping jilluws. The breeze scarcely murmujed amid lie snowy flowers of the orange groves, or wared the white incense cups of the magnolia.? I'lie Red Cross of St. George waved not proudy and free from the citadel turret, but conscijus of the life blood that crimsoned its flutter ngs, drooped mournfully downward, and, more luuiau than its defenders, could not gaze upon mother sceno of murder. The sun poured lown its burning rays upon the glowing sands >f Charleston ; mournfully drooped tho hangng moss from the branches of the old oaks.? low many a dark and bloody scene had that :alm sky looked down upon, and over those till waters, how often had the sigh of the loney captive, the groan of the dying soldier, been vafteil. A stillness like death?a gloom like he shadow of the grave, hung over the city.? L'hat deep silence, like tho calm preceding tho ornadoes of the Indies, foretold a convulsion, mt a mightier far than that of wind or water. The still small voice" that spoke in tho Maryr'a death, aroused the tierce whirlwind and mrthquake of human passion. Beyond the precincts of the city, upon a worn >ut common, were gathered all those who had lesei ted the streets ot Charleston. There was lie gold and scarlet uniform of the British offi:cr, the plain dress of the civilian, the peaceful h ab of the quakcr, even the coperas suit of the legro. There was not heard the shout of conending armies, the roar of artillery, that attends he soldier's death. No hearse with sable ilums was there, no muffled drum, no crapeihroudod banner, to marr the soldier's funeral. nsio.id of these were the gibbet, the rude white one coin:), tno carriers cart. i>estue mat loflin stood Isaac IIay.ib, the Martyr of Caolina. A lialo seemed hovering around that iob!e form, and 0:1 that glorious brow was writen the strength of high and holy resolve.? L'herc was a smile in his full dark eye, upraised o Heaven, as though, like tho exile returning o his native land, he had pierced the mists .round him, and was gazing upon his heavenly ionic. Every brow was pale; upon every face was mitten the feeling of the heart?hatred, wrath ud sorrow, struggling for the mastery. Hut o tears were there; that scene was too subme for tears. The soldiers of King George loked gloomy; even to them, a voice was cryig "Murder!" The executioner advanced to uise the fatal drop. Suddenly the word "Falier!" was borne upon the still air, uttered in ones of such wild agony, that even tho rude oldiers started, and the hand of the executionr fell powerless by his side. A boy, over . Iioso head scarce twelve summer s suns had hone, dashed through the crowd. Beautiful ras that young face, with its darK, Hashing yes, its raven curls, waving over a broad, high jrehead, upon which the seal of intellect was tamped. "Father," he exclaimed, as the martyr foldd him to his heart, "America will avenge her lurdered Haync! England shall yet weep ars of blood for thee 1" and his pale lip quivred with scorn as he gazed upon his father's jes and his own. "My noble hoy, weep for your father, but eep not that lie died for his country. Love lat country even as he loved it; with his word, and your own life defend it. Go forth i ) battle with a stout heart and strong arm, nd if you fall, Columbia's Hag will form your < finding-sheet. May the Cod of Battles, bless oil, my son." The boy turned away, and with a firm proud I top passed through that host of glittering lades, and brilliant uniforms. Every heart as full of compassion for that lone, injured hild?every heart re-echoed the words, "Cod less you !" lie turned to gaze upon his father >r the last time. A strange, wild light gleam- | J in his dark eye, and ho laughed a bitter, uuirthly laugh. oe .Qnnlli Pae/ilni'i ii/iclmc Imp I iil> lie IIVCU no vuuui v/ui villi!* Kiouvg ??WI i ins to live; he died as South Carolina wishes | Br sons to die. He taught his country's ene- | lies, " IIow an American could die." His , shos sleep in a narrow grave, beneath the red | lil of his native State, but the breast of every | !arnlinian is his sepulclire. His monument is j nation's gratitude, his epitaph, a nation's toars. , larolina wept stern tears for him, but "Britain ( aid them back in drops of blood." isoveuty , ears have paseed away. Dust has returned ] ) dust?ashes to ashes?but to us his memory i i still holy, his name is still sacred. South Carolinians, havo wo proved truo to is dying chargo i Havo wo guarded our Pallotto Banner from dishonor ? Wo are answerd by the Carolina war, closed so gloriously by Pwivinir <x?linnd liv tlm hoiirlits of (II V W It X WW.? -J Q -'hurubusco ? th.it bloody battle froiu which so lhv of our Palmetto boys returned, and those e\v an orphan b ind. Carolina, thy Hag that day was stained with (he blood of the noble' Butlek, thy Palmefto Banner formed his pall. Well did she deserve a place in the picture, and the name she won, ''The Harry Hotspur of the Union." Nobly, right nobly did her gallant sons defend her colors, and we can unfurl our standnrd, unstained and I eautiful as when Marion's men bore it through the cypress swamps of Charleston, or Sumter waved it on the high hills of Santee. And when a darker time shall come?darker that "Old 16, or Young'47"?still, Palmetta boys, remember the words of our patriot martyr, "Death ta submission, a grave to chains and servitude," and with the motto, "God, and our sacred rights" engraven on your Palmett^ shield, go forth ttf victory, or a grave. With " the blood of the murdered Hayne upon the soilthe sacred dead of'47, sleeping beneath her red earth, the ashes of Calhoun reposing within her borders^ South Carolina dare not submit, and become a slave. While we remember the words and examplo of our mighty statesman, who is gone, the freedom for which he lived and died, must and shall be ours. Let others sneer at our glorious little State, and seek to defame her, we will cherish her, love her and defend her to the last. When that dark day comes, and come it surely will, the words of every South CardfinK an will be "millions for defence, not a cent fo^' tribute." THE ORANGE CULTURE IN FLORIDA. It was with gratification that tfe saw ft announced that the Orange Trees of oar sister State, Florida, were fast recovering from" the* deadly blight which has afflicted them for the last sixteen years. Should this announcement prove true it will be a source of immense wealth. Privious to 1833, when the Orange GrtWes were killed by the unprecedented frost that year, not less than 10,000,000 of Oranges were shipped from the St John's River and the port of St Augustine, and sold at the aver* ago price of 81 per hundred. It was a heavy vi e ci?:j_ t uiun bu iud buiLeus ui x iunua, tu uave iuo source of so much wealth cut off in one night. And this was the produce ol a comparatively small portion of ground ana trifling labor. The average produce of an acre of full grOWtf Orange Trees, was about 81000 per annum, and one hand could tend two or three acres with ease. Their culture is no more difficult than any other fruit tree. The principal mode1, of producing them i9 from the seed. They may be produced also from the layer or cutting. There are some groves on the St John's River, which have been budded npon the na tivo Sour Orange, which is found in almost eve-ry swamp and hammock in the State. With tho very extensive means and facilities of communication by means of steam and railroad now existing, many, very many years must elapse before tho market can be supplied fully with this luscious fruit. Sincerely do we hope the announcement alluded to may not be premature. It will restore wealth to a large portion of the State, and give to property, the value of millions, where it is scarcely worth dollars now. Charleston Mercury. Sources of New Orleans Population.?We have often heard it remarked says (DeBow) that New Orleans was a most perfect medley of all nations and the people under heaven. The late report of the superintendant of public schools of Municipality number one somewhat confirms the impressions. It appears there are 2,256 scholars registered: "Of the scholars, there are 179 whose mo ther tongue is the French; 909, the English; 308, the German; 43, the Spanish; 16, the Italian, and 1 the Polish language. 1,163 were bora in Louisiana; 306 in o'her States of the Union; 269 in France; 227 in Germany; 167 in Ireland; 69 in England and Scotland; 16 in Italy; ^ 11 in Spain; 8 in Mexico; 5 in the West Indies, 4 in Cuba; 3 in Canada; 3 in Belgium; 2 in Switzerland; 1 in Denmark; 1 in Poland, and I in Australia." The Public Lands.?The treaties just coweluded with the Upper and Lower Sioux Indfans add thirty-seven millions acres to the public lauds of the United States. The aggregatesum which the Government binds itself to pay for the lands is $2,800,000. The lands lie along and west of tho Mississippi, from' the Iowa State line south to the Falls of St. Anthony, and above that place. "Here," remarks the Galena Advertiser, "is land enough to givea comfortable homo to every pauper in the civilized world." Such folk, we apprehend^ wnillrl htifr nnni- pitiiAno tliaw ? ? |'V"? V.?VMW, MI??V-6U would swell the ranks of the freebooters, who would rob those whose money in part has to pay for those acquisitions. -?.* j. Counter feit South Carolina Money.?A traveller passing through|Russell Co. recently stop, ped at a gentleman's house, and for the enter- M taininentof himself and horse, proffered a three dollar bill on th* Bank of South Carolina, and received tho ne\>ssary change. The bill it printed on poor paper, its general appearance indicates that it is a bad specimen of workmanship. It has a heavy vignette on one end only, with a dosign of a ship in full sail in the centre, and tho words 'three' in countersunk letters across the top and bottom of the vignette. Its number is 452, and the date reads "June 20th, 1851," both across the top of tho bill. The signatures of the President and Cashier arc not written with a pen, but ongraved. The hill purports to bo payable in Char- ? . MM ? - - lesion. i nere are, no aooot, ottiers ot a liko stamp in circulation, and persons should be on their guard in receiving a poor looking bill of this or any other bank.?Columbus Enquiery VMh inst. .. ^ . . x?. 8^