Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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nSome Aspec -Farmer. | | ^ My BERN*RD SJ ' ^ i(Reprinted from / _ m Now that the farmer* are stirring, thinking, and uniting aa never before to eradicate these Inequalities, they re subjected to stern economic lectures, and are met with the accnsatlon that they are demanding, and are the recipients ?C, special privileges. I>et us see what .privileges the government has conferred on the farmers. Much has been made of Section 0 of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, which purported to permit them to combine with Immpnlty, under certain conditions. \ Admitting that, nominally, this ex- | emptlon was In the nature of a special ( ^ privilege,?though I think It was so In appearance rather than In fact,?we find that the courts have nullified It by Judicial Interpretation. Why should not the farmers be permitted to accomplish by co-operative methods what other businesses are already doing by co-operation In the form of Incorporation? If It be prbper for men to form, by fusion of existing corporations or otherwise, a corporation that controls the entire production of a commodity, or a large part of it, why Is It not proper for a group of Armerg to unite for the marketing of their common products, either In one or In several selling agencies? Why should It be right for a hundred thousand corporate shareholders to direct 25 or 30 or 40 per cent of an Industry, and wrong for a hundred thousand co-operative fanners to control a no larger proportion of the wheat crop, or cotton, or any other product? The Department of Agriculture Is often spoken of as n special concession to the farmers, but In Its commercial results, It Is of as much benefit to the buyers and cousumers of agricultural products as to the producers, or even more. I do not suppose that anyone opposes the benefits that the farmers derive from the educational and re search work of the department, or the help that It gives them In working out improved cuuurui niniums mm juaietlces, In developing better yielding varieties through breeding und selection. In Introducing new varieties from remote parts of the world and adapting them to our climate and economic condition, and In devising practical measures for the elimination or control of dangerous and destructive animal and plant dlaenses, Insect pests, and the like. All these things manifestly tend to stimulate and enlarge production, and their general beneficial effects are obvious. It la complained that, whereas the law restricts Federal Reserve hanks to three months' time for commercial .ffnper, the farmer is allowed six months on his notes. This is not a special privilege, but merely such a , recognition of business conditions as makes it possible for country banks to do business with country people. The crop farmer bus odly one turnover a year, while the merchant and manufacturer have many. Incidental ly, I note that the Federal Reserve Board has Just authorised the Fed eral Reserve hanks to discount export paper for a period of six months, to conform to the nature of the busl ness. The Farm I>?an hanks are pointed to as an instance of special govern ment favor for farmers. Are the.v m t rather the outcome of laudable efforts to equalize rural unu urban condltlons? And about all the government does there Is to help set up an administrative organization and lend a little credit at the start. Kventunlly > the farmers will provide all the eapl f" tal and carry all the liabilities them selves. It Is true that Farm Ix>an bonds are tax exempt; but so are bonds of municipal light and traction plants, and new housing Is to be exempt i.'oin taxation, In New York, for ten years. On the other hand, the farmer reads of plans for municipal housing projects that run Into the billions, of bun dreds of millions annually spent on k .the merchant marine; he reads that ' the rnl. .vays are being favored with t Increased rates and virtual guaranties of earnings by the government, with the result to him of an 'ncreased toll on all that he sells and all that he i buys. He hears of many manifests [ tlons of governmental concern for par llculnr Industries and Interests. Res mlng the railways from Insolvency Is K undoubtedly for the benefit of the f' country as a whole, but what can be of more general benefit than encouragement o< ample production of the 1 principal necessaries of life and their even flew from contented producers to * satisfied containers? While it inay be conceded that an/tol n I (tAVAPntnonlfll A I /I mow k a VA A OJ/TT* lai gUTCI IIIIICIMUI "? Iimjf WC IltJiresytary In the general Interest, we must all agree thnt It Is difficult to see why agriculture and the production nnd dls tributlon of farm products are not ac* corded the same opportunities that are provided for other businesses; especially 15 the enjoyment by the farmer of such opportunities would appear to J y be even more contributory to the gen- | eral good than in the case of other i Industries. The spirit of American democracy la unalterably opposed, alike to enacted special privilege and to the apeclal privilege of unequal opportunity that arises automatically from the failure to correct glaring economic Inequalities. I am opposed to the Injection of government Into business, but I do believe that It Is an ' essential function of democratic gov- j ernment to equalize opportunity so i fur as it Is within lis power to do so, whether by the repeal of archaic statutes or the enactment of modern ones. If the nntl-trust laws keep the farmers from endeavoring scientifically to Integrate their Industry while other Industries find a way to meet modern j conditions without violating such stat| otea, then It would seem reasonable | to And a way for tha farmers to meet fc them under the same conditions. The IF law should operate equally In fact. ReW pairing the economic structure on one iBjwiUci to tM oio#f 4 of the j! s' Problems M. BARUCH . > ,-?' t , -? J&''*?;?<! Atlantic Monthly) ? * '* f ' We have traveled a long way from the old conception of government as merely a defensive and policing agency; , and regulative, corrective, er equallz- 1 Ing legislation, which apparently la of j a special nature, Is often of the most . general beneficial consequences. Even | the First Congress passed a tariff act ; that was avowedly for the protection j of manufacturers; but a protective J tariff always has been defended as a ! means of promoting the general good through a particular approach; and the statute bonks are filled with acta for the benefit of shipping, commerce, and labor. IV Now, what is the farmer asking? Without trying to catalogue the remedial measures that have been suggested In his behalf, the principal proposals that bear directly on the Improvement of his distributing and marketing relations may be summarized as follows:? First: storage warehouses for cotton, wool, and tobacco, and elevators for grnln, of sufficient capacity to meot the maximum demand on them at the peak of the marketing period. The farmer thinks that either private on pi tai must rurnish tnese racinties, or tne state must erect and own the eleva[ tors and warehouses. Second: weighing and grading of agricultural products, and certification thereof, to he done by Impartial and disinterested public Inspectors (this Is already accomplished to some extent by the fed :ral licensing of weighers and graders), to eliminate underpaying. overcharging, and unfair grading, and to facilitate the utilization of the stored products as the basis of credit. Third: a certainty of credit sufficient to enable the mnrketlng of products In an orderly manner. Fourth: the Department of Agriculture should collect, tabulate, summarize. and regularly and frequently publish and distribute to the formers, full Information from all the markets of the world, so that they shall be as well Informed of their selling position as buyers now are of their buying position. Fifth: freedom to Integrate the business of agriculture by moans of con solldated selling agencies, co-ordinating and co-operating In such way as to put the farmer on an equal footing with the large buyers of his products, and with commercial relations In other Industries. When a business requires speclsllzed talent, It has to buy It. So will the i farmers; and perhaps the best way for them to get It would be to utilize some of the present machinery of the larg est established agencies dealing In farm products. Of course, If he wishes, the farmer may go further nud engage In flour-milling and other manufactures of food products. In my opinion, however, he would he wise to stop short of flint Pnhlln Intoriuif muvi I,,, opposed to all great Integrations; but. In Justice, should they be forbidden to the farmer and permitted to others? The corporate form of association oannot now be wholly adapted to bis objects and conditions. The looser cooperative form seems more generally suitable. Therefore, be wishes to be free. If be tlnds It desirable and feas ible, to resort to co-operation with his fellows and neighbors, without ruu nlng afoul of the law. To urge that the farmers should have the same liberty to consolidate and co-ordinate their peculiar economic functions, which other Industries In their field* enjoy, is not, however, to concede that any business Integration should liaye legislative sanction to exercise monop ollstle power. The American people are as firmly opposed to Industrial as to political autoorucy. whether at tempted by rural or by urban Industry For lack of united effort the farmer* as a whole are still marketing their crops by antiquated methods, or by no I methods at all, but they are surrounded . by a business world that bus been | modernised to the last minute and Is , tirelessly striving for efficiency, This efficiency Is due In large measure to big business, to united business, to in tegrated business. The fanners now seek the benefits of such largeness, union and Integration. The American farmer Is a modern of I the moderns In the use of labor saving , machinery, and he has made vast strides In recent years In acieiitifi. tillage and etllcient r'nrm management ; lint as a business in com aft with other i httsiiifssi's agirculturc Is n "one horse -hay" in competition with high power ; automobile* The Amerlean fanner is ! the greaieet ????<! most Intractable of ' -individualists. While Industrial pro I net i 11 anil nil phases of the huge eom i mereiiii nieeluiuisin and Its myriad hi "* '"'i's have art!ruhitfd nttd eo-ordi tinted themselves till the way frotn nat f rnl raw mil erial* to rernll sales. fh< business < f t.'-'rleidtnre has gone on It ante; t . one man fashion of the hiteh ! woods of the first part f the nine I teenth century. when the farmer t#' self sndh ii*nt and did not depend upon, ' or en re very much, what the great I world was doing. The result is that the agricultural group is ulinost Hs intifli at a disadvantage In dealing with other eeoinanlc groups as the Jay farmer of the funny pages In the hands of jloek urban confidence men. who sell him acreage lii Jentrnl Park nr fho I Chicago city hall. Uha leaders of the farmers thoroughly understand this, ami they are Intelligently striving to InteKr'?ttheir Industry ho that It will he on an equal footing with other bus! nesRes. As an example of Integration, take the steel Industry, In which the model Is the United States Steel Corporation, with Its Iron mines. Us coal mines, Its lake and rail transportation, Us ocean vessels. Us by-product coke oveos. Us blast furnaces, Us open hearth and Bessemer furnaces, Us rolling mills, Us tube mills and other manufacturing processes that are carried to the Ulqb< est degree of finished production com patlble with the large trad* It has tr " A" -ilium n tiii I uroar. Nor does the steel corporation , Inconsiderately dump Its products on j the market. On the contrary. It so acts that It Is frequently a stabilising Influence, as Is often the case with oth- ' cr larjre organisations. It Is master of ! its distribution as well as of Its production. If prices are not satisfactory the products are held back or production Is reduced or suspended. It Is not j compelled to send a year's work to the market at one time and take whatevei It can get under such circumstances, i It has one selling policy and Its own export department. Neither are the grades and qualities of steel determined at the caprice of the buyer, nor does . the latter hold the scales. In this sin- : gle Integration of the steel corporation Is represented about 40 per cent of the steel production of America. The rest , Is mostly In the hands of a few lurge companies. In ordinary times the steel corporation, by example, stabilizes j all steel prices. If this Is permissible (It Is even desirable, because stable I and fair prices are essential to solid ' and continued prosperity) atfty would ' It bo wrong for the farmers to utilise centrnl agencies that would have similar efTects on agricultural products? Something like that Is what they are aiming at. Some farmers favored by regional compactness and contiguity, such as the cltrus-frult-ralsers of California, already have found a way legally to merge and sell their products Integrally and In accordance with seasonal and local demafid, thus Improving their position and rendering the consumer a reliable service of ensured quality, certain supply, and reasonable and relatively steady prices. They have not found It necessary to resort to any special privilege, or to claim any exemption under the anti-trust legislation of the state or nation. Without removing local control, they have built up a very efficient marketing agency. The grain, cotton, and tobacco farmers, and the producers of hides and wool, because of their numbers and the vastness of their regions, and for other reasons, have found Integration a more difficult task; though there are now some thousands of farmer's eo-operntfve elevators, warehouses? creameries, and other enterprises of one sort and another, with a turn-over of a billion dollers a year, Thoy are giving the farmers business experience and training, and, so far as they go, they meet the need of honest weighing and fair grading; but they do not meet the requirements of rntlonaily adjusted marketing In any large and fundamental way. The next step, which will be a pattern for other groupa, Is now being prepnred by the grain-raisers through (he establishment of sales media which shall handle grain sopnrntely or collectively, as the Individual former may elect. It Is this step?the plan of the Committee of Seventeen?which has created so much opposition and Is thought by some to he In conflict with the anti-trust laws. Though there Is now before congress a measure designed to clear up doubt on this point, the grain-producers are not relying on ,tny Immunity from anti-trust legislation. They desire, and they are entitled, to co-ordinate their efforts Just as effectively as the large business Interests of the country have done. In connection with the selling organizations the United States drain Qrowers rtieorpornted Is drafting a scheme of dnnnclng Instrumentalities and auxiliary agencies which are indispensable to the successful utilization of modem I minifies;* meiiioun. It la essential that the furmers should proceed gradually with these plans, and aim {A Avoid the error of scrapping the existing marketing ma rhlnery, which has been so laboriously built up by lung experience, before they have a tried and proved substitute or supplementary mechanism. They must be careful not to become enmeshed la their own reforms and lose the perspective of their place tn the national system. They must guard against fanatical devotion to new doctrines, and shoHld seek articulation with t lie general economic system rather than Its reckless destruction as It relates to them. To take a tolerant an'' sympathetic view of tlie farmers' strivings for better things Ih d t to give a blanket endorsement to ail* specific plan, and still less to applaud the vagaries of <ome of their leaders and groups Neither should we. on the other hand, allow the froth of bitter agitation, false economics, and mistaken rudicul Isra to conceal the facts of the farm era' disadvantages, snd the prut Irabu ity of eliminating them by Well-can sldercd measures. Tt may he that the fanners v 111 not show the business sagac't/ and de\elnp the wise leadership to carry through sound plans: hut hat possibility dies not Justify the distraction of their upward efforts. Wfc. as city people, see In hUb uml I speculatively manipulated prices, spoilage, waste, scarcity, the reauits { ..i unnTiivc uisirinuiion or fMrni products. Should It not occur to us that ' we have a common Interest with the | farmer In Ids attempts to attain a de- 1 gr<v of etlh lencj In distribution cor- i responding to his efficiency In production? [>o not the recent fluctuation? in the May whe&t option, apparently unrelated to normal Interaction of supply and demand, offer a timely proof of the need of some such stabilizing agency as the grain growers have In contemplation? It Is contended ttint. If their proposed organizations he perfected and operated, the farmers will havS It their hands an Instrument that will be capable of dangerous abuse. We are told (hut It will lie possible to pervert It to arbitrary and oppressive prlceflxlng from Its legitimate use of orderInu and stabilizing (he flow of farm products to the market, to the mutual bonellt of producer and consumer. 1 have no apprehensions on this point. In the ttrst place, a loose organization, such as any union of farmers must be at best, cannot he so arid trarny and promptly controlled as a great corporation. The one Is a lumbering democracy and the other an agile autocracy. In the second place, with all possible power of org nlzntlon, the farmers cannot succeed to nny great extent, or for pny considerable length Of time, In fixing prices. The great law of supply and demand works In various and surprising ways, to the undoing of the best laid plans that attempt to foil It In the third place, their power will avail the farmer* nothing If it be afcuaed. In oar time LSJ LI 9EBBMgBBS^Ms-HttaBBa of a dlsposMou tedMRa ptleft. Tbtro seems, oo the contrary, to bo a commonly beneficial purpose to roollao a stability that will flv> a? ordoriy and abundant flow of farm prodncta to the consumer and ensure reasonable and dependable returns to the producer. . it In view of- thp supreme importance to the national well-being of a prosperous and contented agricultural population, wo should bo prepared to go a long way la assisting the farmers to K*t so equitable share of the wealth they produce, through the Inauguration of reforms that will procure a continuous and increasing stream of farm products. They are far from getting a fair share now. Considering his capital and the long hours of labor pat In by the average farmer and his family, he Is remunerated less than any other occupational class, with the possible exception of teachers, religious and lay*. Though we know that the ^present general distress of the farmers Is exceptional and Is linked with the Inevitable economic readjustment following the war. It mast be MnioniharhH tV* n t a UKamwW .v ?V...VV.?,U I vyi vOvlll* I Ing one-third of the Industrial product and half the total population of the nation, the rural communities ordl-' narlly enjoy but a fifth to a quarter of the net annual national gain. Notwithstanding the taste of prosperity that the farmers bad during the war, there Is teday a lower standard of Using among ths cotton farmers of the South than In any other pursuit In the country. In concluslen. It seems to me that the farmers are chiefly striving Cor a generally beneficial Integration of their business, of ths same kind and character that other business enjoys. If It should be found on examination that the attainment of this end requires methods different from those which other activities have followed for the same purpose should we not sympathetically consider the plea far the right to co-operate, If only from ear own enlightened self Interest, In ohtainlng an abundant and steady flow o| farm products? In oxamlnlng' the agricultural sltna tlon with a view to Its Improvetqeht, we shall be most helpful If we main- ! tain a detached and Judicial viewpoint, j remembering that existing wrongs may i be chiefly an accident of unayitunetrl- j cal economic growth Instead of a- creation of malevolent design and consplracy. We Amer' ana are prone, as Professor David Friday well says In hla admirable hook, "Profits. Wages and Prices," to seek a "criminal Intent behind every difficult and undesirable economic situation." I can positively assert from my contact with men of large affairs, including bankers, thai, i as a whole, they are endeavoring to I fulfil! as tliey see ihern the obligations j thut go with their power. Preoccupied with the grave problems and heavy tasks of their own Immediate affairs, they have not turned their thoughtful personal attention or thplr constructive abilities to the deficiencies ef agricultural business organization. Agriculture, It inuy be said, suffers from their pre vccupatlon and neglect rather than from any purposeful exploitation by them. They ought now to begin to i respond to the furmers* difficulties, , which they must realize are their own. ' On t tie other hand, my contacts with the farmers have filled me with respect for them-?for their sanity, their patience, their balance. Within the last year, and particularly at a meeting called by the Kansas State Hoard of Agriculture and at another called by the Committee of Seventeen, I havs met many of the leaders of the new farm movement, uiul I testify In all sincerity that they are endeavorlsg to ileal with their problems, not as promoters of a narrow class Interest, not :is exploiters of the hapless consumer, not us merciless monopolists, but as honest inent bent on the Improvement ,?f the common weal. We can and nmst meet such men snd u?>, a cause h?t!f vay. Their business Is our bus'.nous?'the nation's business. FOR SALE?Eggs tor sale fr^m my prize winning C. R. 1. ttcus, $1.00. Utility stock $2.00 per setting. tf D. W. Knight, Jeffe? on, S. C. WOOD ON SUBSCRIP ON?The Advertiser will accept wood in payment for subscription. Oak cut 12 to 14 inches long. Time to Plant and the best varieties of vegetable and field seeds to plant for each [ purpose is told in the \ | 1922 Catalog of j woods SEEDS Now ready to be mailed, fre" ( on request. Reduced prices are quoted or Seeds, Poultry Supplies, and Feeds, Garden Tools and Spray Materials. Write for your copy today. T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen, 17 S. 14th St., Richmond, Va. no tax now LUDEN'S ! menthol cough drops price straig GIVE QUICE RELIEF . I - -- ? > . I H ITt. /ffr J LOCAL ITEMS > n The Chesterfield boys defeated the Che raw hoys in a basket ball game by s{ the scor of twenty to 7 at Chesterfield g Wednesday aftetnoon. Dr .Henderson has moved his fam- w ily from Conway to Chesterfield, m and are now living on Green street. cj The next time you went some canned corn, poet or beans ask for the ^ Flag Brand at A. F. Davis Market. There will be a box supper at the ai home of Mr. Wildon Davis' on Feb- S( ruary 11, 1922 at 8 P. M. Proceeds will go for the benefit of Peniel Church. Publio is invited. ^ Mr. P C. Campbell, of near Angelus, was in The Advertiser office re- ^ cently. Mr. CampbelL has been a candidate for the Statd Legislature on r his how. famous plattorm, "Peace and Liberty." He says he is not fully de- tl cided but is thinking of allowing his F name to be used again. C I have the full line of Purina Chicken Feeds. Use the Hen Chow and Chicken Chowder( laying mash) and you will have a balanced ration for. " laying hens which will insure vou an ! * increased production of eggs. *' W. P. ODOM. * Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Knight now occupy the house formerly occupied ? by Dr. Teal. Why feed your Baby Chicks on corn dough or corn bread which kill* more chicks than anything else when you can buy Purina Baby Chick Feed and save their lives? W. P. ODOM. The Fttlc daughter of Mr. J. N. Davis is improving after a severe attack of pneumonia. You will find the most successful ; 1 dairymen feeding Cow Chow to their ! I cows in odcr to get more milk and J butter. Cow Chow will increase the , flow of ""ilk. W. P. ODOM M *?. A. t ' arnard of Hoffman, N. 0., is ?.ae gu t of Mrs. L. J. Dorrnan. J Pig Chow is a balanced ration for growing pigs, and will make more r ,e?t and la* i (or the outlay than anything you i feed. Pigs fed on this Chow will never p?t chickens. W. P. ODOM. A full line of Heine canned t >da and pickles at the A. F. Davis Mar-: ~ ket. 1' - is Nothing better to eat' tbar . Heinz - ro ...i. I can e?. I ange Fertilize s or Meal for your Seed. W. P. ODOM, Mr. P. A. Murray, Jr., of Ch^raw, was in town Wednesday. Peter Knotts embibed rather freely last Sunday of denatured alcohol. Therefore, it was uncertain for several days whether Peter Knotts would live or not. But he did, !f you have any more Seed to dispose of I shall be glad to handle them on a cash or exchange basis. The mills tell * e they will not " e running longer than three weeks now. w p. ODOM. Rev. L. L. Bedcnbeau, the presiding elder for Florence district, preached a fine sermon at St. Pauls Sunday morning. The fire alarm was turned in Mon u-y night but it turned to be false as the editor was only burning out his chimney. Miss Sinclair will give a musical recital at the school auditorium Saturday evening, Feb-uary 4 at 7:30. J lwBm i \ V^^H | , fC Ji ? .1 F.S.R0Y5! Norfolk, Va. Tarboro, N. C. Columbia, S. C Macon, Ga. Birmingham,A 1 > . r ... - 1 1 1 . 1 ! 111 See m at lk? filling iUti?n before tying f?rtUiMr, 1 sCai witk the Pe- j iriM Gubbo Co. A. Ray Rivers. tf j Miss. Do/is and Mr. Dan Laney >ent the week-end with Mr. and Mn, . F. Robeson at Biff Springs. Try our cakes just enc* and you ill stop baking the111. "Just like ' other used to make" and so much teaper. A. F. Davis Market. ] Dr. Teal has moved in his new i renty-room house on main street. Se*d Oats in Red Rust Proof, Burl j id Fulghums. Sow more oats this ring. W P. ODOM. Mrs. Madge Curtis and little &athine Hunley have returned home af- 1 ;r a two weeks visit at Packsville. 1 Mill Feed^ Peanut Meal, Cotton *ed Meal and Hulls at prices that are j ght. W. P. ODOM. There will be a valentine party at le court house Saturday evening, ebruary 14th. The proceeds to go to hesterfield's new club. Everybody ivited. Flnnrt FU.... ? 1 ?? a J I - . aww* m MTW ?HV llOUr ?IUU ie price that makes it more. I am siting flour for less than many mills re asking for it. 1 hare 300 barrels > go this way. Supply your wants be* 3re you hare to pay the incrrease. W. P. ODOM. ^Iake It Your Regular 1 Get Out Before \ Hay, Corn Flour, M La ??It's An Easy Waj J. C. RIVE In Warehouse Bacl H. H. LI FUNERAL DIRECT rv.-i:? Ve/uanuy Depei We carry a full line of C Supplies with W. H. Porte Two Motor Funeral Carsfor colored. 'Phone No. 3 TRAM HAHM I.D.k RCOISTCRKO rER GUANO C # Richmond, Va. Lyn Charlotte, N. C. Wa Spartanburg, S.C. Atlfi Columbus,Ga. Mot la. Baltimore, Md. Tok Mrs. T. W. Qasking left ytfUrday fc.r a visit to her dahghter, Mrs. L. S. Ogborn of Darlington I can make you soma flat# yriaaa an FERTILIZERS for tba CASH on ARRIVAL. I buy for tba cask; and soil For tba sama. W. P. ODOM. Little Miss Sara Robeson of McBee is attending school at Cheaterlaid. Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Harral spent Sunday in Ruby. Gao. E. Nissan & Co., bare authorised ma to |Ito a tan par. cant, reduction on all wagons sold in tba next thirty days. Saa ma far your wagons. W. P. ODOM. Mr. and Mrs. R. B. and Mr. and Mrs. Charlie Laney spent Sunday af ternoon in town, HELP WANTED?Middle-aged white woman, with no family, to keep house for small family. Apply ltox 162; Cheraw, S. C. 2tp-5 FOR SALE?8 shares of atoclc of Bank of Chesterfield. Mrs. H. M. Odom. Business Habit to Prices ou Buy l and Oats [eat and rd /To Save Money RS & COi : of Our Oid Stand; IAVITT OR 8 EMBALMER idadility Service :oftins, Caskets and Burial r, Chesterfield, S. C. -one for white people, one 1. \ I | ' ' I 3 I f 4 * OMPANY ichburg, Va. ishington,N.C, rnta, Qcu ltgomery, Ala. da Ohio