The palmetto leader. (Columbia, S.C.) 1925-196?, December 05, 1931, Image 1
MEET *
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VOL. VII.?NO. 48.
: iL-??
..... |*?The Parade of Life" I
John "Van CronhhiTe
?a^o:o;?o^o;o<8^co>:wo^c<-oc-c?ooox>3
Hello, Everybody:
The world, we are told, is a stage;
we are the players . . . living! . .
~' yearning! . . . strivng! . . .
No fiction is so interesting the
recounting of actual life from day
to day .... the loves! . . . the fears!
?? . . . the hatest- r~.~v"the sorrows\ ~
_?the joys!.. ... the intrigues!.. ...
Of such is life. Foif a few nio
ments each weekrrjers peek behind J
the headlines oi^Sne press ~Let's
witness the PARADE OF LIFE!
1 * * d*
The press headlines seldom tell
the entire history. - They, tell so.'
much, and yet, they- tell-so^ iit-tte d
. .. Just today we glanced at a head- j
line: "GIRL COMMITS SUICIDE thH
, LEAP?F^ROM JBUILDING." A part
of tm? parade of life, but oh, the
stpry that was probably behind that
short headline.
. < * * *
The band' starts *up! The .parade
begins! America bids farewell , to
Italy's Grandi!
We don't know just what Musso-1
lini's right hand man accomplished j
here in America but, believe you me, ,
he certainly is a gif-ted press agent, i
During hi? short visit to America
Grandi had his name all over the
front pages pf the American Press.
Up in Washington they say Hoover)
alid Grandi got together on many
i questions. Perhaps so. We don't
know. But we do know th'aTfc^ certainly
did make.the Mussolinized Italy
more popular over here.
_ * ; < ' *
k . . One thing that particularly- impressed
us about Grandi was his
first class nerve. All official Ameri- j
ca was on edge for fear some airtiFacist
would attm3c the distinguished
visitor. Grandi went where he would
and quietly accepted the heavy mili? |
tary guard that was .given him with- '
out protestations. .Strike up .the1
band! Let's send Grandi back tp his '
native countrv with^aheers!
* ** j
The parade . passes on! Chicago
comes to the reviewing stand!
In the windy city we discover that
there 7s an honset-to-goodness 110
BO COLLEGE. They tell us , that
degrees are awarded in panhandling
and that (it is possible to get a master's
degree in the "art of bumming."
This year the college has an ela
? borate program under the presidency
of John .MacBeth, recognized king
of the hoboes.?Said he in his inaugural
address. "The hobo., is ?stu- |
dious?so studious he won't let work ]
interfere with his studies."
Like as not the matriculation will
i/e large mis winter.
- : _?*? ? ~ -?J
Washington?comes?byi?:?:?:?ami
we hear a lot of talk between a
United States Senator and a Governor
concerning who makes the most
^ money. But let's see how it all
started.
Wr '* Not 'so lpng ago, Pennsylvania's
GoverTKTf Pinchot suggested that- See ?
rotary of # the Treasury, Andy Mellon,
purchase about one million dol-?
lars in Pennsylvania's \ "prosperity
bonds" to aid unemployment. Secretary
Mellon promptly refused. Everything
would have been all right
: : if?tilings-had stopped there. -? 'Btk
Settator Davis, who has no love
?for~Gtrv7 Pmchot, said- 'he- thought -itwould
be a swell idea for Pinchot to
put a million dollars into the bonds.,
'. Pinchot came back by suggesting
thai both he and Senator Davis make
public their income tax returns and
make-proportionate donations-to?re
lief funds. ; "
Davijt didn't' think so much o?_this,
L i f 1
iuea dux. tua come back ;with the sug~
v' ' gestion that both Jbe and . Pinchot
give, their entire- incomes to relief.
All of which -seems to be a lai*ge
size argument wi<th two politicians
makintr fools of themselves. And, if
caBh basis, the unemployed will get
some "REAL" money.
* * *.
The parade of life moves on! St.
? Louis!?Some thirteen years ago a
doughboy in the trenches of France
stopped two (Herman attacks singlehanded.
Finding a damaged machine
gun this doughboy quickly repaired
it, and, holding his position against
a hostile barrage and direct artillery
fire, broke two German counter-ktK
tacks against the American lines. As
a matter of fact, this doughboy was
the only "buck private" mentioned
by General Perfthing in his Memoirs.
But today, this same buck private
is appealing to the government for
a job. Says he: VAty I ask is the
# - privilege of becoming a plain exdoughboy
with a job to enable me
to make an honest living." , .
Ami Arbor, Michigan!-The parade
halts whiljB we_witness a most a
IE ATI
:^M1P AUC
3
I : , . ?
. ' COLUMBIA,
?
Married Recently ??M
r.". \VUliaw Lester flavis, who,
before her marriage in August, was
Miss Martha Lavinia Scott, attras*-.
t i veftniiirfitni' oil M ^ l.-.l; I'l... ..l.....
Scott of Columbia.
The marriage of' Miss Martha ~trr=~
virria Scott, daughter of Mrs. Julia
Thacker Scobtfj of Columbia to Mr.
William Lester Davis, of Batesburg,
which took place iii August*.will be
of much interest to their many
friends in these two cities. Mr. and
Mrs. Davis were quietly married "in
the presence" of a fdw of the close
relatives of their families.
Mrs. Davis received her high
school training in?Greeipsboro, X. C.,
and did her college work at Benedict
college. During the school year
1 t?rU)-:51, Mrs. Davis taught in the
publjc school of Batesburg.
\ 'Mr. Davis is a resident of (Mali's
burg, and is proprietor of one of the
principal tailoring establishments of
that city. He received his profession
al training as a tailor at Hamirton
Institute in Virginia. Mr. Davis is
a young man of many fine characer_
__ - T "
After a reception which will be
tendered them on Monday night, Dec.
7, at the home of the bride's mother
on Oak street, the couple will motor
to Bacesburg where they will make
then- home. **'
Loses Head Catching
?"-- Train
uaivesion, icx., i\ov. .so?tuy ine
.Assoc iatgiLNegro PreSs)?Fallin;; be-"
neath a roach on a_ Santa Ec rassetu
ger train Rufus ' Edwards, was instantly
kilLrd. Witnesses said Edwards
tried to catch the coach, but
l'eil under the train when his foot
?liia head .was cif. nil musing
incident:
j Some months ago a law student
at the University of Michigan .made,
the statement that men in public of:fice
when introduced to common cvery-day
citizens didn't hear one word
Hhn y'H7nn fiajd, ,
; /\ lew uays ago vnat law stuuem
had the opportunity to prove his
stuteTnent. The Governor of Michigan
came to Ann Arbor. He was
introduced to the law student. Said
the law student: "How do you do,
this morning." And, believe it or
not the-Governdr absent-mindedly replied:
"I'm glad to make your ac1
quaintance."
r__ ^?f
New York! and we attend the -banquet
of the Association for _the Advancement
of Atheism. On Thanks'*
giving day Ihlst' llfilqufc as.suiinlion
t *
held a banquet to protest Thanksgiving
Day. Their meeting was chrhrjtened
the first "Annual Blamegiving
Service." The toastmaster arose t?
explain that it was time to make a
i list---of- the thingswere TOt
good and give blame for them. That
they did, iand everyone had a good
laugh. . .
Sounds something like a political
meeting.
?...
' New York, again! The University
' Li x. - e fr-t + r 1 an
kjl v. u1111111ji<i na? assets ui ^no,ioi748.
And more, the yearly income
of that institution is approximately
$12,000,000. It strikes us as significant
of something or other that the
I yearly income of a colleg<? should be
more than the-income of the state
of South Carolina.
- Well,^the music fades in the-distance,
and thus another chapter if
closed. But, the PARADE OF LIFP
continues on! , .. . new worlds foi
man to conquer! , . . new ambitioni
?.... .. new hope! . . . new loves! .
Next week we'll peek behind th<
. headlih^s ?ajraim _
UAX CI
>ITORIUM
, S.C., SATURDAY, DECEMBl
.. . ~~ h
Hy JOHN R. IIA)
f Washington, Nov. 25, 1931?Following
the meeting of the Republilean
National Committee in June ol
11928, nt which time. Mr. Iloover wa?
'nominated for the o ce of resident
| of the United" States, there was set
' ers Division of the Republican NaI
tional Committee, with headquarters
|trr-Washinj;tori,"D. C., and I was ttpked
j to become Chairman of this Division,
;The organization of the division con..sisted
of,_.rtn 'Executive f7ommitt.ee
consisting of nine persons, an orgnnizatioii
Committe. of sixty-one
members a Speaker's Bureau of twenj
ty-three members, a First ' Voter's
, Bureau of Twenty-eight persons and
an Advisory ('< nimitten of three hundreil
representative men and women
' .^oports of the activities oi
I tees showed that during the last
presidential campaign, contacts were
made in various ways with over* two
j millions of Negro voters.
these Bureaux, field organizers and
j special workers?more than one hundred
and twenty persons. 1 The work
'of this division was .considered as a
very potent factor in the success of
the Republican ticket and the .suggestion
t nut some steps be takori t<
preserve in tact the information gain,
cd in this effort was accepted by the
Republican Commitee.
Following this suggestion, a few of
thnso \vlir> Ko#1 ...I 1
........ nuiivvu in xne nvsi
campaign met and organized the National
Republican League, "ami issued
the following statement:
??Declaration
1 "Under Our System of Government,
the tosuonsibliily .of shaking
platforms ami dhv* ting civic polieieis
assumed by vcrtf in p.rflbkr.I parti.
to whose principles the voters art
asked to subscribe,
rt?^Believing a3~\ve do iir~ptu'ty 1'ealty'and
with full faith in virtue ol
party alignment,- we, hereby renew
our allegiance to the -Republican Patty
. and to further our interns there
in. suhsarmo t? th.? prog, am for settings
up of an Organization to b<
known and styled as "The Nationa
Negro Republican League" wich hoaib
quarters' at Washington, Pi G."
Following this program the Le.agut
has been functioning in a quiet \vaj
in the fendeavor to interest the Negro
voters of the co\mry in . exercifcing
the privileges of franchise.
There has been no attempt to abuse
any other organization or to disc-red
-k the W(u!< of any biTU c-'.so in am
way whatever. .?
The League stands for:
1. Universal Suffrage. ' * - 2.
Better educational facilities ir
the South for Negroes. '
't?ft?The abolish merit1'of the yn -esitl
..L'd -"Jim -Crow cars."
' 4. Discontinuance of discrJmna
tory laws and segregation.
5. The same military training foi
colored youths as for whites.
6- The removal of. an imaginary
dead line in the recognition of tin
fitness l'or promotions in military am
naval service.
7. Removal, of. the. jieimage.. ;iy?
tern in the South. 8.
An economic wage scale to In
applied to white 'and colored alike,
certain sections of our cities an<
iBeuer housing , conditions Ti
?towns. - i_ - . .
10. Better sanitary conditions fo
employees in industrial plants.
_1_ 11 Reforms in llie.uehal institu
"ttons of. the-?>outh.
12. A fair and impartial trial Ir
jurv instead of lynching.
"13. Recognition of the Negro'
ritrlu and fitness to sit on juries.
-r1-f.Fair play and equal opportu
nity.
?The League ,fias been interested ii
securing recognition *of the full stat
tut of ttB~ Amet ican Citizens, and. par
ticularly, fair dealing towards all .par
ties. It has interested itself in help
ing to securo appointments or col
ored people to oflice with some de
gree of success as evidence by th
following memorandum:
?residential ,Appointee??And Othe
. Colored Men and Women Employed
by The Federal Government.
Federal" Government recognition o
Negro citizens has increased contin
uously during the past ten years ur
til today there are nearly fifty-fiv
thousand colore^ xnen and wnfrne
holding positions under the Admini?
tration of President Hoover.
Two- important all Negro commis
sions have been named thus far i
>. the Hoover Administration. The firs
i is the National Memorial Commission
1 giowing out of an Act of Congres
r approved March 4, 1920. The pui
i pose of this commission is to constru<
a bulding as a tribute to the ^ N<
? groes' contribution to the achiev*
ment?, of America.. , '
? - . . J. L ,
HARITY
M,ONDAV,
;tfo i
ER 5, 1931. .
iifo - --
VKINS, President
rr 4une 4, 1930, Secretary of State
. , Stimson appointed an all Colored ofj,
ftcial commission for the study of ed,
ucation on the Island of Haiti.
7"j Among other colored men and wo;
men holding important Presidential
. anointments and Other appointive pof^sftlOTis
at present in tfie Federal Gov,
ernment include Charles E. Mitchell,
I Envoy Extraordainary and Minister
i Plemipotentiar to Liberia; David E.
U-i :i y G .ncial of the Unite:! Slates;
T:< <:s A. _Cobb.-J-uiige 'of the. Miiniei."
pal Court, District of Columbia; Jef;
ferson S. Coage; Recorder of Deeds,
District of Columbia; Charles W. An|
derson, Collector of Internal Reven,ue;
Hubert T. Delaney, assistant UA^dted
States District Attorney; Franj
- i.. F. ti les. nssDV'int Unit h! Spat es
, District Attorney; Washington Rho|
ados, assistant United States District';
Attorney; James A. Jackson, busi'r
ness specialist, in Education, U. S.
I Division, De'ment of Commerce; Am-'
' brose Caliver, specialist in Education,
: U. S. Oflice of Education; Mrs. Cor)
el'c--Ueoke. member of?Die?district ufl
Columbia Board of Public Welfare;
J. W. Clifford, narcotic agent, U. S.
: Customs inspecetor; Mrs. Mary* Mc\
Neil, Dr. J. H. Johnson and* Rev. F.
T. A Bennett, members of the Dis
trict of Columbia Board of Education
James G. Carter, United States Con
sul, Calais, France; William C. Hues^
- ton, asistant Solicitor, -Post Office
Department; William H. Lewis, Jr.,
Special Assistant U, S. Attorney Gen
l. n TT r> ? '
erui; ueorge n. tseauoian, assistant
,'U. S. Attorney;, William H. Hunt,
second secretary and consul at Monrovia,
Liberia; Clifton R. Wharton,
consul at Las Palmes, William J.
. 1 1 erbv. tjniiod States Consul at Nan;
tes, France; Lewis R. Mehlinger,- At;
tovney, Department of JustiOe^ Oli;
ver Randolph, assistant U. S. Attor;
ney; Kara Philips and Mrs. Georgia.
S. Johnson, Commissioners of Concil
iation, Department oT Labor; Herf
bert T. Dotson, assistant U. S. Atr
torney; John W. Schanck, assistant
- U. S. Atorney.
j There are at present 54,684 color
ed men and women in . the employ of
! the Federal Government'drawing sall
aries of $69;900,087.
Dept. Colored Employees Salaries
r i Greasare 5,505 t $7,111,576
' {"State : . - ? 81 . 107,34(1
Justice ?5 53.504
s I Interior 558 572,112
-j Post Office- 28,400-. 38,500,000
' W"" 5.914 -j 5.149,488
Navy 5,427 6}537,278
'Commerce- . 686 675.629
' Labor 92 118,702
Agriculture 709 900,442
= In addrtion.-t'o-the1 above 3,603;-nth-"
ei- colored men and women .with salurns
aggregating -4,141,209 are empi
<yed in othor' activities of
(. | Federal Government.
I I have no apology for advocating
j ! the principles of the Republican Par-"
\ I ty and advising Negro voters to sup1
! port it in view of the record of the
?vDcnioer atie Progriwiv-and its program_*
against the best interest of the Nc~gT07~
For instrtncP:""1 *'?"* -"~
e - When thg Democratic Party took
d.vothe Federal Government in 11*..'5
1 with the inauguration of President
n | Wt .'draw r'il im., the loilowtng o.'iv
ces wi re held by Negroes and had been
t> for a number of years unden Jiepuhf
t ni) adminhliaiions:..
'=- ?eL' uLtieL Stales Register, <rf tfye Treasury."
'
i' " Utiiled Mafes Re- or.ler of Deeds ?'
,, : oii.-.i Si .at?PtaU-tant '.Attorney
G.i.eiiii:
I UuiU'd S'.nU-s 1 Spec i:d D'atrict At
lorncy, Washington. I). C.
n United States ~ Assistant District
. Attorney, Chicago, 111. J ?- '
t'V| ved Slates Assistant - District
--.AJdo rney, Boston. Mass:
Auditor U. S. Navy.
Collector of Internal Revenue, New
" York City.
6 United States Minister to Haiti.
r Most of these and numerous other
minor Negro oft ice holders were rcmoved
and their places were not filled
f by Negroes.
lu- Congress, Democrats introduced
i. bills to priovide for "Jim Crow" ears
/ H i <> T"\ ? 'C! Iflir.. If O 071 ro.,n
n 1 ''"iw' *vv
i- i hey introduced bills to provide
ft r segno# :tion of races in the vari_
ous'governmental departments (H. R.
n 13, 712 Feb. 23, 1913;H. R. 5,968,
,t June 10, 1913; H. R. 11, Dec.- 6, 1915;
t- IK R. 539, Dec. 6, 1915; H. R. 5,7Q/
is ' Dcjjj 15, 1915)
- Also to require all transportation
:t companies and firms an<F persons
B- vvithi-l the district of Colubia to pros'
vide penalties for violations (H. R
^12,840, March 1, 1PT6.
> DECEMBI
" ruu
(By Associated Negro Press)
_>a Mrs. Jennie Dee 'Motrin, Director
of Women's Industries' a( Tuskegee
Institute and wife of Dr. U. R.
Moton,- who was awarded tin lionorarary
degree of Master of Arts by
tion. of her outstanding service in the
development of the department "Vhich
she heads at Tuskegee ami in promoting
and advancing the .siiuid aids of j
home-life in Alabama and the South.
To The Ministers- and
Laymen of the S. C.
Conference of the
JVL*E. Church: . j
\ _. ' ; ... i
Dear Brothers:
The General Conference, yl"
will, in many respects, he like the
Conference of 1920. so we will need !
our best men, our most 'informed i
men to represent our great.. South |
Carolina Conference.
We khow that all loyal members j
of the,Church will support the laymen
and ministerial delegates who ,
take an interest?in Chiflin?College, ^
our Church school at Orangeburg, S.
C. As ministerial delegates wo need
to send .-rut h i.icn as Doctors A. 11.
Howard, J. F. Page, J. Bi Taylor,
C. R. Brown. N. W. Green. .1. F. F.
Jenkins, H. tH. Cooper and R. F
Freeman, ...... ...
All the laymen should vote first
for Doctor J. B.. Randolph, the Frcsident
of our Church 'school along
with-Messrs. I. B. English, C. W.
Caldwell and others,
C. II. DANGEKFlKl.l).
"Lynchings And What
They Mean1'?Now
Avaihrntc^^"
^cuthern Commission ! sues SO
Page Impeachment Of "Jud??e
Lynch" And His Court.
plete report of the Southern Conimi-sion
on the studv <>f EynelVih?^"which
was briefly siihy.nnrix- d in the ne\V:naners
fomc days, ug",. has j'' -' come
from the press ;nd is now ready for
distribution, according to an aanou.i""c'oment
from the C > ndssion's hradUuartors
ill . y o(tv ^
entitled 'Lynching and What They
Mean," records the gee. i.il -liudiiiefs
of. the (hiiumi.-.sie'i i-i' e -i:;..t ' ion wj
the 21 lj ,>lii.pe:s ,of ouch of wlii; h
was studied in detail on the ground..
" Ii al-o -o,-; Inrl:i a hl bWl";'
tmn.'iT.I'finC I'tIm iOifilit t i ? i V'.l
ching retort! of the lifst Ihirty year.'."
Among the subjects cyvore i ; re- th >
number of lynching* by states, alleged
crimes of the victims, at-.itud'/s
and opinions out of which lynching.;
~ gJ'OW, lyjlctt Ullitll CO.u)i i i HU.loi.
cR a r a c ter isticsT > f" tfiob p.<yc ho tog y and
mob action, popular reactions, to lynching,
and its a feet upon the commit -
nily,?Tlir. corn-India r cemitter is drvoted
to suggestions for the reduction
and elimination of mob violence.
-I A li.i-fT^ ,rwlici..n v. pi.vt tinv;
' been published and it is stated that
copies will be sc-nt at,once to r.everal
thousand city and county officials,
j judges, educators, e'itors,* and others
' | in positions of influence. Judging by
i the interest created by the prclimi!
nary announcement some- days ago.
1' the Commission anticipates for the
j report?n wbbspr ai tU-mand atid, ,t
I favorable reception.
I Those ordering copies of the report
i are requested to remit twenty five cent
j per copy to assist in raying the hea !
vy cost of printing and mailing. The
- address of the Commission is. 7Q-5
Standard Building, Atlanta,
V '
CIRCUS
= R 7th :
X ]
:e: five cents per copy
Rev. A. C. L. Arbouin
Receives*- N aluralization
Papers ??
KcV. A. C. L.:: Arbouin. a theological
student new at Benedict. College
and graduate {of the Liberal Arts
eouFse-at the same school, along with
four other foreigners received his natyn-nliziviiyn
l.mpm November 5ih.
.' kI':;' Gv,i.i onipljinento';! Reverend
Arbouin for his knowledge of?the st__governmems
01 {he British and The
United States, ' " ? <
At IPenedicc he is considered one
of the most loyal students and alumnf
of the hist hut Ion. 1 le has served
as representative to the Intor-aia- ?
tiunal Student Volunteer Convention. .
D.es Moines, Iowa; Campaign Director
for the. augmenting of the Col
lege Kndowment Fund Ivy the Alum- *
ni Association; President Alumni
Association, under whose presidency
the Association took on new life; assisiant
Student-TnsTriictor in the Department
oT Biology^?and .wffl re^
ceive .Iii.s B. I), this^year^Raving re
turned to the college to complete his
Theological wbrk.
He has pnstored some of the most
prominent churches in the state and
is now pasturing the First Baptist
dress on the occasion, of his gradnation
was so far reaching that a
Uniyersiiy. of luyttlh Carolina professor
who addressed- [the graduating
class made special .mention of it.
lie is also a graduate of Dickson
School of Memory, Chicago, 111.
The high .esteem in-which his Alma
Mater holds him. is seen , in her recalling
hen four years after he re-,
ceived his degree to conduct the *
Week ..I- J'rnv..?. "V, I7.--i.i- ?
. .ivhvuivi I> JUSLiy
piuiUil of Irer son.
ALLEN ITNTVERSITY
NOTES. \
Allen University Club Number 1
Trbv ii! the part ol hosts and hostesscs
to the iootbiOJ. squad in the University
refectory Tuesday evening,
November 24. Members of the Club
nrado shn.i speeches expressing their
confidence in the ability of the team
to come* ou-t victorious in their approaching
encounter with Benedict/
An old timer, Hannibal II. Howard^ .
reminisced over the old days when
t'oHtbali way young- and trow he and
his comrades displayed their wares.
Mrs. uctavia I'eguese spoke words of
cheer. Asst. Captain Dicks spoke
for. the team, .and Coach r^amison NjmmiiseU
the Club that if the boys
played their best victory should come
A never say die spirit was prevalent
around the campus all week urior to
till' <> <!%',, r?unlia?t n IV B
vii tury Thursday at game lime,
Miss Helen Hagan, ,,th6 noted pianist,
gave, a high class recital in our
auditorium last Tuesday evening before
aji appreciative audience of students
and friends. Miss Hagan has
traveled extensively at home and aln-oad
acquiring and practicing her
art.. - <?
rre-'ident Sims .is back after havmg
been -away attending the Piedmonts
Conference at Greenville. While
there he was unanimously endorsed
for the bishopric. On his return to
roundly.
President Sims was acting chair- ?
man. of "the Local Recreational'Committee
that put over the gigantic
toiium last Sunday. He also Is president
oT"Thc Columbia Forum for
sor 11. \V..|Baumgardner of our fac?
i ny is secretary for both organiza
lions. - Professor liaumgardner has
for the past two years written all
the editorials for The Palmetto Lea- ,
deiv'For a n.umber .of jyears he has
served as editor of the section "Our
Forum" in the Omega Psi Phi Fraternity
journal, The Oracle.
The. faculty ainL-Jtuclents were .
very glad to haVe - the great poet
Langston Ilughes read in the Auditorium
Sunday before last. Mr.
Hughes pleased his audience? ;
menseiy.
Many Allenites were present to
leTuT ^neeutrngemgnt to~ the boys
Thariksg^vjng clay. An old stand-by
seen holding tvhe watch was Tally
Addison former star pltfyer and
Coach at Allen. Tally is preaching
at Clinton now and directing printing
department at Sims High in Union.
The College paper, The Allen Jour
mil, has been published twice during
tjie present' year. The . Journal IB * .-j
i e.l by I,aniar Bradley of the senior
class. ~~ ? *;????? t 2
The Student Council is organized \ '
and working for .the interest of the
school. Ilcr.ry Mur'ph, of the Junior
clnrs is president. , j